摘要:

AbstractA theoretical model of adolescent behavior is examined separately for males and females (N= 722). The model hypothesizes that depression and self‐derogation may lead to a lack of purpose in life, which, in turn, may lead to suicide ideation and substance use. Confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation procedures were used to examine the model, using Bentler's (1984) EQS computer program, which is available from BMDP. For both the men and women, the model adequately accounted for the data although there were some important differences between the sexes. In response to psychic discomfort (i.e., Depression and Self‐derogation), men are more apt to turn to drugs and alcohol, whereas women consider suicide. Conversely, the situation changes in response to feelings of meaninglessness or a lack of purpose in life. Here, the females appear to turn to substance use, whereas the males react with thoughts of suic

ISSN:0021-9762    

DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(198601)42:1<5::AID-JCLP2270420102>3.0.CO;2-9

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDepression often is characterized by a subjective sense of social inadequacy. Behavioral theories explain this as an accurate perception of a social skills deficit. Cognitive theories explain the experience as the result of a negatively biased self‐appraisal, although social skills may be adequate. In order to test these two alternative explanations, 10 depressed and 16 nondepressed female undergraduate students participated in a social interaction task. Performance ratings made by self and others were compared. The depressed subjects did not exhibit either a social skills deficit or a negative bias in their self‐evaluation of social skill. However, there were other indications of a negative bias among the depressed subjects. The results do not provide differential support for either cognitive or behavioral theories of depression, but have implications for b

ISSN:0021-9762    

DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(198601)42:1<21::AID-JCLP2270420103>3.0.CO;2-G

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe factorial and discriminant validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES‐D) scale was examined for a sample of 116 parents who were praticipating in family support programs designed to prevent child abuse and neglect. Participants' self‐reports of depressive symptoms as measured by the CES‐D were analyzed in relation to their self‐esteem (measured with the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem scale) and state and trait anxiety (measured with Spielberger's State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory). Factorial validity was adequate, and results indicated a moderate correlation between the CES‐D and self‐esteem and state anxiety. However, a high correlation was obtained between the CES‐D and trait anxiety, which suggests that the CES‐D measures in large part the related conceptual psychological domain of predisposit

ISSN:0021-9762    

DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(198601)42:1<28::AID-JCLP2270420104>3.0.CO;2-T

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDespite the nearly universal finding that life event stress is related to psychopathology, the strength of these relationships is weak. In an attempt to increase the strength of the correlation between life event stress and psychopathology, this study evaluated the simultaneous contribution of life event stress and coping style, as well as the independent contribution of each, to psychopathology. Seventy‐six male and 74 female college students served as primary subjects, while an additional 57 male and 60 female college students served as a cross validation sample. Each subject completed the Life Experiences Survey, the Coping Strategies Inventory, and the MMPI. Sex differences were found in the type of coping style related to psychopathology, the relative contributions of coping style and negative life stress to psychopathology, and the percentage of variance accounted for in psychopathology. Future research was recommended to include other variables, such as chronic life stress and physiological reactivity, and to control better for such methodological problems as response set

ISSN:0021-9762    

DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(198601)42:1<34::AID-JCLP2270420105>3.0.CO;2-0

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper describes two studies that assessed the strength of the relationship between the appraisal of one's problem solving effectiveness and depressive symptomatology. Assessment of problem solving appraisal included the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI). In the first study, 268 college undergraduates completed the PSI and the Beck Depression Inventory. Regression analyses indicated that all three problem solving dimensions were significant predictors of depressive symptoms. The second study compared subjects who were diagnosed as experiencing unipolar major depressive disorder with demographically similar normal controls. Results from multivariate analyses indicated that the depressed group appraised their overall problem solving attempts as less effective, rated their problem solving attempts to be less systematic, and reported lowered ability to maintian personal control in problem situations.

ISSN:0021-9762    

DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(198601)42:1<42::AID-JCLP2270420106>3.0.CO;2-2

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe problem of patient/client noncompliance with regimens of prescribed medication is addressed, with attention to the incidence and illogical nature of this behavior. The psychological theory of cognitive dissonance is suggested as appropriate to an understanding of some aspects of noncompliance because medicinal preparations represent stimuli that are not necessarily neutral. A medication's perceptual properties may have important and specific meanings for patients or clients that may support or detract from compliance. Recent research and empirical evidence that reflects on this concept are reviewed. With further efforts, it may be possible to enhance compliance through perceptual engineering.

ISSN:0021-9762    

DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(198601)42:1<49::AID-JCLP2270420107>3.0.CO;2-F

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHand‐dynamometer induced muscle tension was manipulated in the context of an experimental paradigm that included tests of discrimination and generalization with rigorously defined schizophrenic and affective patients, as well as schizotypic and normal controls (totalN= 44). The experiment was designed to test predictions that derive from Broen and Storms' (1967) learning/motivational analysis of schizophrenic performance deficits. The results failed to support the theoretical predictions, but did reveal that the ability to maintain induced muscle tension within prescribed limits discriminated reliably between the groups (p⩽.03) and that this discriminability increased with increasing tension demands (p⩽.001). The data are discussed in terms of possible relations to basic sensory/motor (i.e., neuromuscular and/or proprioceptive) mechanisms as well as to more central psychological (i.e., attentional/cognitive) mechanisms, and directions for future research are out

ISSN:0021-9762    

DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(198601)42:1<54::AID-JCLP2270420108>3.0.CO;2-Q

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study assessed premorbid functioning in 40 male, Caucasian schizophrenics, on the abbreviated Phillips Premorbid Adjustment Scale. Subjects with poorer premorbid adjustment tended to be process rather than reactive (p<.01), early in age of onset (p<.01), and neurologically impaired (p<.01). Neurological impairment as a predisposing factor in early social incompetence was suggested after it was found that the subset of process vs. reactive, age of onset, and neurological impairment accounted for 46% of the variance in Phillips scores.

ISSN:0021-9762    

DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(198601)42:1<62::AID-JCLP2270420109>3.0.CO;2-S

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study reports on the associations between a number of personality factors and spouse mental health, happiness, and communication (N= 78). Lower Affiliative Drive and higher Sensitivity to Rejection emerge in this sample as being associated in wives (but not husbands) with increased psychological morbidity. Wives had higher levels of both Need for Affiliation and Sensitivity to Rejection than husbands, which possibly may lead to higher internal conflict for them. Although causality cannot necessarily be assumed, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that wives' mental health is more “relationship related” than that of husba

ISSN:0021-9762    

DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(198601)42:1<68::AID-JCLP2270420110>3.0.CO;2-#

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne hundred and eleven respondents who had achieved at least a 15‐pound (6.80 kg) weight loss in a 20‐week cognitive‐behavioral treatment program for obesity were asked 6 to 10 years after treatment to describe their current use of cognitive and behavioral activities during periods of weight maintenance, loss, and gain. Eleven scales were constructed to measure the self‐reported frequency with which the cognitive and behavioral efforts were extended for (1) Weight Monitoring; (2) Food Record Monitoring; (3) Calorie Counting; (4) Shopping; (5) Food Storage and Preparation; (6) Meal Times; (7) Snack Times; (8) Social Occasions; (9) Taste and Satisfaction; (10) Physical Activity; and (11) Sports/Exercise. A multivariate repeated‐analysis of variance indicated that the respondents increased the mean frequencies with which all 11 of the cognitive and behavioral efforts were used during times of weight loss; these mean frequencies decreased during times of maintenance and decreased still further during times of weight gain. The conclusion was drawn that the respondents were able to differentiate among the types of attitudes and behaviors that they used during times of gain, maintenance,

ISSN:0021-9762    

DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(198601)42:1<77::AID-JCLP2270420111>3.0.CO;2-Z

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY