ISSN:0044-3263    

DOI:10.1002/jpln.19781410102

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Wechselwirkung zwischen Kaolinit und Aminosäurekomponenten der organischen Substanz des BodensDie Wechselwirkungen zwischen der organischen Substanz des Bodens und dem Tonmineral Kaolinit wurden experimentell untersucht. Die organische Substanz wurde aus fünf Böden extrahiert, die Extrakte wurden einer Behandlung mit Kationenaustauscherharz unterzogen und ohne weitere Reinigung benutzt. Nach Umsetzung mit dem Ton wurde die organische Substanz teilweise irreversibel adsorbiert, während der größte Teil des adsorbierten Materials mit 0.5 n‐NaOH freigesetzt wurde. Die Aminosäurekomponente der organischen Substanz wurde bevorzugt vom Ton

ISSN:0044-3263    

DOI:10.1002/jpln.19781410103

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Adsorption isotherms as regulators controlling heavy metal transport in soilsThe adsorption and desorption of Pb2+and Cd2+from equilibrium solutions with heavy metal contents up to 5000 μg/1 were determined in bulk experiments for soil samples from an acid Braunerde developed in loess loam, taken from the humic surface layer of the mineral soil (0–10 cm) and from the subsoil fairly free from organic matter (30–40 cm). Pb and Cd in solutions were determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy.Pb was more strongly retained in the solid phase than Cd, and higher amounts of heavy metals were retained in the humic surface soil than in the subsoil free of organic matter. In the case of Pb adsorption/desorption showed slight hysteresis in the subsoil.The quantity/intensity (Q/I) relationships found in the experiments could be described by theFreundlichequation.The Q/I‐relationships were substituted in the general transport equation. With a simulation model the transport of Pb and Cd through the soil with vertical water flow was calculated by the use of the Continuous Simulation Programming Language (CSMP).Two different cases were considered: a small, continuous increase in the heavy metal input of the soil surface, and a high, instantaneous peak input. Simulation of the transport and distribution mechanisms induced by the inputs over a period of 10 years showed strong retention of lead in the surface layer and consequently a strong damping of the concentration peak in the soil solution. In contrast, cadmium is distributed more quickly over the whole profile, yet the concentration peak in the solution phase is, too, damped considerably in the surface layer by temporary retention in the solid phase. The results of the simulation runs are in accordance with the situation in real soils where often strong accumulation of Pb is found in the top soil, while Cd is accumulated only sl

ISSN:0044-3263    

DOI:10.1002/jpln.19781410104

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Bildung röntgenamorpher Aluminium‐o‐phosphate aus Fällungs‐ und UmfällungsreaktionenEs wurden die Bildungsbedingungen und pH‐Bereiche der röntgenamorphen Aluminiumphosphate Al(OH)2H2PO4(analog dem Variszit) und Al(OH)NaPO4(analog dem Montebrasit) untersucht. Diese Al‐Phosphate wurden aus den Kombinationen zwischen Al(OH)BCl3‐Bund Na3‐AHAPO4hergestellt, wobei Basizität B und Azidität A von 0 bis 3 variierten. Die Ausgangskonzentrationen von Al = PO4waren 10−2und 10−4molar.Der Existenzbereich von Al(OH)2H2PO4liegt etwa zwischen pH 2,5 und 8,6 mit einem Löslichkeitsprodukt pkLvon 28,06  0,05. Das Bildungsmaximum liegt im sauren Bereich.Der Existenzbereich des basischen Al(OH)NaPO4, dessen Maximum im alkalischen Bereich liegt, beginnt bei pH von etwa 5 und endet mit der Bildung von Al(OH)4−. Ein Löslichkeitsprodukt konnte nicht berechnet werden, da die Al‐Messungen oberhalb pH 5 nicht mehr ausreichend genau waren.Beide Al‐phosphate bilden sich u.a. durch Umfällung aus frischgefälltem Al2O3 nH2O und können ‐ besonders amorphes Al(OH)2H2PO4‐ auch

ISSN:0044-3263    

DOI:10.1002/jpln.19781410105

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Comparison of different methods for the determination of the potassium availability of soilsExtractable K was determined in 148 soil samples by using three different lactate solutions (AL, DL, CAL), 0.1 m HCl and 0.0125 m CaCl2as extracting agents.The extractable portion of the total exchangeable K (K(NH4)) was found to decrease with increasing content of the<6,3 μm particle size fraction in the samples.Correlation coefficients were calculated for characterizing the relationship between extracted amounts of K (K values) and the „K numbers”︁. The latter serve as a basis for fertilizer recommendations in the Netherlands, where they have been checked in a great number of field trials. The K number depicts the K supplying power of soils as determined by HCl soluble K, content of the<16 μm size fraction, and pH.The K (CaCl2) values were found to correlate more closely with the K numbers than the amounts of K extracted with lactate solutions. This is because the influence of particle size on K(CaCl2) is eliminated as shown by multiple regression analysis.The strength of bonding of the easily exchangeable K is reflected much better by the K(CaCl2) values than by the lactate values. Improvement of K fertilizer recommendations by taking K(CaCl2) data as a basis can thus be expected.The different methods of recommendation for K fertilization in the Fed. Republic of Germany and in the Netherlands are illustrated for the soils derived fro

ISSN:0044-3263    

DOI:10.1002/jpln.19781410106

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Degradation of aniline, 4‐chloroaniline and 3,4‐dichloroaniline in various soilsThe degradation of aniline, 4‐chloroaniline and 3,4‐dichloroaniline was investigated in laboratory experiments with 4 different soil types and a concentration of 1ppm. The experiment time was 10‐16 weeks. Aniline was mineralized during 10 weeks from 16,2 to 26,3%, while the degradation rate was 12,3 to 17,2% with 4‐chloroaniline. With 3,4‐dichloroaniline degradation was reduced to 3,9 to 11,9%.At the end of the experiment 60% and more of the14C‐activity was bound to the soil complex and could not be extracted by different solvents. Because of the low degradation of chloroanilines and the strong sorption there should be an accumulation in the soil. Anilines are metabolites of different chemicals used in p

ISSN:0044-3263    

DOI:10.1002/jpln.19781410107

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRye‐grass was grown in six different soils with four additions of75Se‐labelled selenite through six cutting in a pot experiment. Following the last cutting, the soils were extracted with a series of solvents to fractionate the residual soil selenium. The plant content of added and total selenium was determined. The results showed that equilibrium between added and native selenium was obtained before the third cutting, giving a nearly constant LSe‐value for the last four cuttings. The LSe‐values differed between the soils, and there was a positive correlation between the LSe‐values and the plant uptake of native selenium. In accordance with this, the best correlation with the total selenium concentration in the plants was obtained with the isotopically exchangeable selenium in the soil after the last cutting. It is concluded that isotopically exchangeable selenium approximates the fraction of soil selenium from which plant uptake of seleni

ISSN:0044-3263    

DOI:10.1002/jpln.19781410108

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Einfluß von Calciumcarbonat auf die Verfügbarkeit von ManganDie vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von CaCO3auf die Verfügbarkeit von gedüngtem (MnSO4bzw. MnEDTA, markiert mit54Mn) und nativem Boden‐Mn. Als Versuchspflanze diente Raygras.Durch CaCO3‐Zusatz zum Boden nimmt die Verfügbarkeit von Mn ab, und zwar sowohl vom Dünger als auch von nativem Boden‐Mn. In jedem Fall war aber natives Boden‐Mn die Hauptquelle von Mn für die Pflanzen, über 90% des Mn in den Pflanzen stammten aus dem nativen Boden‐Mn. Von den beiden Mn‐Düngerformen war die Mn‐Aufnahme aus MnEDTA deutlich besser als aus MnSO4; die Anwendung von Mn‐Chelaten auf stark kalkhaltigen Böden

ISSN:0044-3263    

DOI:10.1002/jpln.19781410109

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The influence of different Cl−/SO42−ratios in nutrient solutions applied to vines (Vitis viniferaL), on grape yields, mineral composition of leaves and stems, and bud suspectibility to frostA nutrient culture experiment with vines was carried out to investigate the influence of different Cl−/SO42−ratios on grape yields, the mineral composition of leaves and one year old stems, as well as the frost susceptibility of the buds.Cuttings of the cultivar „Grüner Veltliner”︁ were grown for a two year period in hydroponic cultures before the onset of the experiment in the third year. The four treatments applied which differed only in Cl−/SO42−ratio were as follows, the ratios being expressed in me/l: 1) 4 Cl−/0.5 SO42−, 2) 2.5 Cl−/2.0 SO42−, 3) 1 Cl−/3.5 SO42−and 4) traces of Cl−/4.5 SO42−.The results may be summarized as follows:1When the proportion of chloride in the nutrient solution was high (treatments 1 and 2) grape yields were on average only about half those obtained in the higher sulphate treatments (treatments 3 and 4).2In the transition from the chloride to sulphate treatments, the Ca, Mg and K contents of the leaves fell. The same was also true for the contents of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. In the one year old stems the Fe content increased markedly, and to about the same extent as the fall in Zn content. A distinct negative correlation was observed between the chloride and nitrate contents in the leaves as well as in the one year old stems.3The highest frost suspectibility of the buds was obtained with

ISSN:0044-3263    

DOI:10.1002/jpln.19781410110

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Determination of plant analysis criteria characterizing the magnesium nutrition of oats, spring wheat and maizeCereal plants from pot trials were analyzed for criteria of optimal Mg nutrition. The critical Mg concentration in dry matter of aerial parts fromoatsandspring wheatat the beginning of the shooting stage was found to be 1.8 and 1.3 per mille Mg respectively. The critical Mg concentration withmaizeis about 2,2 per mille in dry matter of yount leaves at tasseling stage.Because the Mg content of oats (based on dry matter) decreases significantly during the shooting stage, it seems advisable to have additional data (Mg content of green matter, Mg/N ratio, Mg/Ca ratio) which are less influenced by plant age.The Mg/Ca ratio appears to be well suited for evaluating the nutritional status of cereals. Minimum critical Mg/Ca ratios (based on per mille contents) are 0,23 for spring wheat, 0.3 for oats and 0.4 for maize.

ISSN:0044-3263    

DOI:10.1002/jpln.19781410111

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY