ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study addresses violence of fans during football matches. It focuses on group dynamics and sociodemographic variables as determinants of serious disturbances. Overall, 505 male and female football fans, who were either ‘fanatic’ or ‘moderate’ fans from Naples and Bologna, Italy, completed a questionnaire on attitudes towards football and violence in stadiums, and related matters, and gave self‐descriptions and descriptions of their own and other football clubs. It was hypothesized that, if ‘fanatic’ fans identify more strongly with their club than ‘moderate’ fans do, they should discriminate more sharply between the fan clubs and more likely participate in disturbances. Violent behaviour was also assumed to depend on the norms associated with different fan clubs. Moreover, participation in disturbances was hypothesized to depend on sociodemographic variables. The results suggest that individuals become more aggressive in groups, that the behaviour is controlled by group norms and, hence, that aggression depends on the group's acceptance of violence. The study also supports a rather traditional picture of ‘hooligans’: the football fans who participate in disturbances are, in general, young, unemployed, poorly educated fanatics who attributed their violenc

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examines elements of the health belief model as predictors of intentions to self‐examine breasts in two samples of women. Undergraduate samples from London and Harare are compared on levels of knowledge of breast cancer and breast self‐examination (BSE), and on scales measuring perceived susceptibility to breast cancer, exposure to information and experience of breast cancer and perceived costs, barriers and benefits of BSE. Analysis of results indicates that an education campaign to promote awareness and the practice of BSE which incorporates factors of the health belief model could increase the number of Zimbabwean women performing this valuable preventive health behavi

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper argues that many psychological explanations underlying health and social behaviour stress the importance of the relationship between attractiveness and self‐esteem. The nature of this relationship is not well understood, yet can have important implications for the individual in areas of medical intervention which involve treatment on aesthetic grounds. A survey of psychosocial factors among 1018 children aged 11‐12 years is reported. The study examined the association between perception of physical attractiveness and self‐esteem in order to clarify the relationship between self‐esteem and self versus others' perception of attractiveness. Self‐ratings of attractiveness were linked to judges' ratings to determine whether subjects underrated, over‐rated, or accurately perceived their own physical attractiveness. The results showed that although ratings of general facial attractiveness by others were associated with self‐perceived attractiveness, in the specific area of dental health, attractiveness (as judged by others) was not. There were no significant relationships between ratings of attractiveness by others and self‐esteem. Self‐perception of attractiveness, however, was significantly associated with self‐esteem. Further analyses showed that children who under‐rated their own facial attractiveness had a lower mean score for self‐esteem than over‐raters or accurate perceivers (who did not differ significantly). In contrast, under‐raters of dental attractiveness had a lower mean score for self‐esteem than over‐raters, but did not differ significantly from accurate perceivers. Over‐raters of dental attractiveness had a higher mean score for self‐esteem than accurate perceivers. These finding suggest that if an over‐rater were to receive treatment on aesthetic grounds it is unlikely, given that they have high self‐esteem already, that such intervention will have a profound psychological impact. These data indicate the importance of determining the way in which individuals evaluate their appearance compared to others, and may help to clarify previously equivocal findings concerning the relationship

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe literature on psychological stress among women consistently points to the adverse effects of child rearing on mothers, particularly those caring for children with physical or mental handicaps. Early studies of the effects on family functioning of caring for a child with severe learning difficulties adopted a pathological approach in which it was assumed that psychological distress was inevitable among family members, particularly mothers. Recent research has emphasised that many families cope with and adapt to the stress they experience, and seeks to discover how they do so.The paper reports on a study of 166 mothers caring for a child with severe learning difficulties. The aim of the study was to investigate both the factors associated with maternal stress and those which might mediate or buffer the effects of stress. The study used the Folkman and Lazarus' (1979) transactional model of stress. Stress is the condition that results when person/environment transactions lead the individual to perceive a discrepancy between the demands of a situation and his/her resources or ability to cope with those demands. The nature and type of coping generated by a person will be determined by the coping resources in the person's environment. The model identifies five categories of coping resource: utilitarian resources, health/morale, social networks, general and specific beliefs, and problem solving skills. In our study, the five coping resources were represented by the mother's social class and appraisal of her financial worries, physical health, social support, acceptance of and adjustment to the child, and assessment of coping skills. Stress was measured by the Malaise Inventory (Rutter, 1970).Four of the five coping resources were found to be significant contributors in a hierarchical regression analysis of stress scores, contributing additional variance beyond that of behavioural and other child characteristics. Altogether, 55% of the variance in stress scores was explained.

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010101

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY