ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850080101

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIntegrative Study Contemplates principles of integration revealed by life at its many hierarchic levels. Since living systems can be understood only by reference to their transformations over time, the objects of integrative study are narratives (histories, case histories, works of literature, etc.). The discourse does not stop at any disciplinary boundary, yet integrative study is not anarchic but is guided by frameworks of thought which it constructs. In this form of study the asymmetry between teacher and student, speaker and audience is greatly reduced; participants derive from a diversity of backgrounds; the common language, the language of everyday life is used; communication is primarily oral, face‐to‐face, rather than via the written word. Integrative study takes place where we are, with the people among whom we live, and exerts a benign integrative influence on the community in which it takes pl

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850080102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFoundations of thermodynamics are reviewed in terms of the elementary processes driving spontaneous evolution in physical systems. These processes lead to ergodic and mixing behavior as well as to conservation of macroscopic quantities such as total energy; finally a tendency towards order through instabilities results when the environment is cold enough. Instabilities are in turn considered as processes driving a spontaneous evolution in complex systems in their natural environment; again ergodic and mixing behavior is exhibited as well as new conserved quantities. As a result, a second thermodynamics is built which relates complexity to the corpuscular nature of matter. Thus, general properties of complex systems are pointed out, such as spontaneous and irreversible tendency towards complexity, development by stages and information flow between systems of different complexity.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850080103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850080104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines causal models used to explain conflict interactions between aid donors and aid recipients in the Third World and proposals to resolve the conflicts. These adversarial relationships are accentuated by efforts to change economic systems and policies without addressing the underlying belief systems of policy makers and governing elites in Third World nations. Several theories are examined, including cognitive dissonance, information theory, spiral loops and dissipative structures which attempt to explain decision making processes. It is proposed that, new information to change the decision making process is not so much lacking as it is ignored, being at odds with accepted paradigms and the self‐interest and beliefs of elite groups, whose goals may not be consistent.It is concluded that strategies, which seek acceptance of policy adjustments without concern for a prerequisite paradigm shift in elite belief systems, are not likely to succeed. The success in resolving the domestic internal conflict among these coalitions may be a prerequisite to the resolution of adversarial relationships of national systems with international institutions. Some strategies are suggested at arriving at this resolutio

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850080105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInformation is needed by a variety of users for various purposes in private and public enterprises. Colleges and universities help meet this need by conducting research and educating people in information science. The relevant education and research is provided by these institutions through business, computer science, and other programs (including library science, communication, and engineering). Each of these approaches has inherent shortcommings that will prevent them from delivering complete and integrated information science education and research. This paper examines the various approaches, explains the shortcommings, and proposes an alternative approach to resolve the difficulties.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850080106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Center of Gravity of organizational power, and organizational entropy, were calculated for various structures. It was found that as the Center of Gravity recedes away from the President, entropy increases.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850080107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis is the seventh installment of a series of articles which traces the development of the modern inquiring system (IS), a system dedicated to the acquisition, production and dissemination of knowledge. The main idea behind this series is to resurrect classic works which bear relevance to the systems movement, in general, and to the understanding of how the modern inquiring system has evolved in particular.Previous installments of this series, Parts I to VI, have appeared inSystems Researchas follows: Part I and II in Vol.5,(3), 1988; Part III and IV in Vol.5,(4), 1988; Part V in Vol.6,(2); and Part VI in Vol.6,(3). Readers are referred to those publications [14][15][16][13][11][7]respectively. They are also invited to submit appropriate sequels to these articles by sending them to the author‐editor whose address appears above. Contributions are welcom

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850080109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY