ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020101

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe hierarchy of systems is described as parallel to the hierarchy of military titles: General systems as the universe; Major General Systems as the earth; the Major Systems of earth—physical, biological and social—each with its subsystems; ‘kernel’ systems, which try to describe the ‘core of the diverse major systems’ (these divide into ecological‐evolutionary systems which have the quality of being ‘resurgent’) and ‘corporal’ systems, such as organisms and organizations. Then there are the ‘private’ systems, which are the ‘minute particulars’ of the real world. Cutting across this hierarchy are the ideologies, which might well be called ‘lieutenant’ systems, as they are in place of images of the more complex systems of the real world. The General Systems movement might help ideologies to become more realistic; it is showing some ecological resurgence, and it has to sustain both its ‘special’ aspect as mathematical modelling and its more general, philosophical aspect. It must also be aware that systems emerge from a matrix of chaos, a

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSocieties maintain many systems that help order individuals' activities. Some are technical, some economical, etc. Systems designed to remove or prevent social ills form a special class. They restrict or enhance certain types of collective competence: To help solve, variedly and flexibly, individuals' problems. Finding ways for systematic enhancement turns out to be difficult. In this paper the concept of a support system is described, as a research tool to strengthen such collective competence. The concept focuses on the users of systems. How can they achieve or increase specific forms of collective competence—either by themselves, or helped by research? The paper stresses a design point of view in research, which is user‐oriented and application‐d

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe systems view of the world includes a system of concepts, a body of theory, a theory of practice and methodologies of research on, planning for and design of systems. The making of systems scientists involves their learning all these things. But the educational media used in systems education are mechanistically conceived however systemic the messages they deliver. Therefore, there is a fundamental contradiction between the media and the message, and, we believe, the media dominate.Mechanically conceived education is analytic. It disassembles that which is to be learned reducing it to a number of discrete and disconnected parts. But systems learning is a whole that cannot be easily divided into independent parts. The essential properties of this whole are lost when it is taken apart. The parts, as well, lose their essential properties when they are separated from the whole.Analysis of a system reveals its structure; synthesis is also required to appreciate its function. Thus analysis and synthesis are complementary; neither replaces the other. Systems learning incorporates both.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis era of unprecedented acceleration in technological change is producing severe ‘institutional disarticulation’. The resulting turbulence in organizational environments generates seemingly intractable managerial problems, exacerbated by a growing cleavage between espoused and operative values. In the United States and elsewhere, the urgent need is for a comprehensive societal system design which will effectively integrate appropriate management values and practices with correspondingly optimal organization structures and processes, in a rearticulated (transformed) institutional framework. Microchip technologies are now providing potential for systemic implementation and cybernetic integration of such societal redesign. The crucial question is: Do we have the wit and the will to move toward realization of such a major and transforming undertak

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper overviews characteristics of systems science and three basic types of societies—the pre‐industrial society, industrial society and information (or post‐industrial) society. The meanings of systems knowledge, methodology and metamethodology are discussed. It is argued that systems science is a product of the information society and that it represents a new dimension in science, complementary to traditional sc

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper attempts to provide an evaluative and prescriptive overview of the young field of systems science as exemplified by one of its ‘specialties’ general systems theory (GST). Subjective observation and some data on seven vital signs are presented to measure the progress of the field over the last two decades. Thirty‐three specific obstacles inhibiting current research in systems science are presented. Suggestions for overcoming these obstacles are cited as a prescription for improved progress in the field. A sampling of some of the potential near‐term developments that may be expected in the three rather distinct areas of research on systems isomorphies, improvement of systems methodologies, and the utility of systems applications are illustrated with mini‐case studies. Throughout, there is an attempt to identify ‘key’ questions and practical mechanisms that might serve as a stimulus for research. Finally, a set of criteria defining a general theory of systems is suggested and illustrated with a case study. The paper concludes with a projection of the long‐term contributions that systems science may make toward a resolution of the growing chasm between high‐tech solutions and high‐value nee

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs an emerging paradigm systems inquiry depends upon the credibility of those entities selected as ‘relevant’ and given the notation of ‘system’. The complexity of the subject of inquiry (the ‘real world’), the artificiality of the boundaries selectively imposed on some features of that ‘reality’ and the conditioned limitations of the imposer of such boundaries, combine to challenge, or at least call into question, the credibility of that paradigm. This paper discusses the significance of boundaries and their imposition as determining factors in specifying not just the quality of systems inquiries but, perhaps more importantly, the fundamental nature of such inquiries themselves. In addition, the conditioned limitations within which the inquirer seeks to identify and make manifest those understandings which are both systemic and relevant are examined together with the potential consequences of such limitations. The paper does not claim to exhaust the argument, m

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY