ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030101

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLiving systems trace the birth, growth, maturity, sensecence and death sequence. So‐called inanimate systems such as cities, corporations and civilizations also evolve and age and may die if corrective measures are not instituted. Beyond a certain size, uncontrolled growth and gigantism become a burden, which contribute to the malfunction of the system. In this paper questions are raised about size vs function and the forces which drive a system from its stationary state to other emerging, nonequilibrium states. These forces may be economic, entropic, or in the case of civilizations, be the uncreative malaise which settles in after the bureaucracy becomes too firmly entrenche

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMorphology is the study of forms and structures but also of the underlying interconnections and continuity of forms and structures. The academically recognized tools of deductive and inductive logic, and mathematics are often insufficient for interdisciplinary research. Morphology was resuscitated by Goethe two centuries ago for the study of total organisms as an alternative to reductionistic and mechanistic description and explanation. The morphological approach to description or explanation complements the genealogical mode. Since Goethe's time, morphology has had numerous applications to the Hydro/lithosphere (the material forms of the world), the Biosphere (the world of lifeforms), and the Noosphere. Explanation of the meaning and use of morphology, and recent, classical, and original examples of its use are presented.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractArguments and evidence are presented demonstrating the presence of Darwinian evolution within large public and private organizations by virtue of their use of advanced computerized data base systems. A brief synopsis of modern evolutionary theory and data processing as practiced in public and private organizations is presented to display the underlying information processing basis of each. Key functional equivalences in both kinds of systems are noted and their implications for understanding the behavior of both individuals and nations in light of the spread of computerized data base technology is assessed.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper we discuss the structural foundations of micro‐economic exchange. To treat various features of the exchange in a general form, we formulate an algebraic system to serve as an abstraction of a bookkeeping system. First, we introduce the concept of an algebraic system to describe the micro‐economic activities of economic units. Next, we formulate an axiomatic system to capture the essence of economic transactions. Finally, we explicate the bookkeeping system in terms of this axiomatic system and make clear various notions concerning the micro‐economic activities of economic units. In this paper we consider only basic properties of this algebraic system; these become the mathematical foundation for a theory of an economic s

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPhysical and biological systems are composed with many levels of organization. To these different levels of organization are associated different levels of description, i.e. large classes of models relative to each of these levels. For instance, in ecology, roughly one distinguishes three levels of organization, the individual level, the population level and the ecosystem level, and consequently three large classes of models may be found, individual strategy models, population dynamical models (like the Leslie model) and ecosystem dynamical models (like the Lotka‐Volterra model). In this work, we present general methods to jump from one level to the next. For a two level system, one obtains two weakly coupled sets of equations (each one being relative to each level). The coupling terms allow one to study the interactions between the levels. This general method is then applied to ecology (coupled individual and population levels), to molecular and cellular biology (coupled chemical and cellular levels), and to economics (coupled sectorial and regional levels). One of our particular interests is to be able to obtain experimental verifications of the inter‐level coupling effects, which means simultaneous using of experimental data relative to both levels for the same sys

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe following figure (p. 53) was omitted from “Strategic Planning for Research and Management of the Albacore Tuna Fishery” by D. J. Mackett, published inSystems ResearchVol. 2, No. 3, pp. 201–210. This figure, Fig. 4, is a graphic display of the final results of the design process described in the ar

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the Ross Ashby Memorial Lecture [3] Robert Rosen raises valuable questions about the mechanistic representations of natural causes found in conventional systems theory and the physical sciences. While I applaud his frustration with the often simplistic representations of nature offered by physics and systems theory, I rather, doubt that adding a new level of complexity to mathematical descriptions will solve the problem. Any reformulation of the mathematical representation of nature would still seem to incorporate the most radical oversimplification of the Neutonian model, the implication that causality in the natural world is of the same form as the abstract relations we use to describe and predict it.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractI think Mr Henshaw and I have little common ground, if indeed he thinks I say what I saybecauseof “lack of attention to the problem

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY