摘要:

AbstractRheological properties – Explanation, measurement, determination, and significance.The non‐Newtonian viscous (structurally viscous, dilatant, plastic, thioxotropic, rheopexic) and elastic properties of liquids are explained with the aid of examples and the main methods of measurement are described. In the case of elastic behaviour, particular attention is given to similarity of measurements obtained by different methods (normal stress measurements, relaxation experiments, vibrational measurements). The second part of the paper is concerned with analytical determination of rheological properties via special material functions, their dimensionless formulation, and their consideration in the dimensional analysis of physical processes. The significance of non‐Newtonian properties in the description of physical processes is demonstrated by an ex

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330600103

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330600102

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSafety measures in the storage of chemical products. New recommendations from the Federation of the Chemical Industry.Accidents in the storage of chemical products are comparatively rare, but can have enormous consequences for the vicinity if large quantities of materials are involved. Hazards are presented by the possibility of combustion, explosion, and thermal decomposition of the products, by the spread of toxic substances, and by the generation of dangerous decomposition products or contaminated fire‐extinguishing water in case of fire. This paper considers the safe storage of explosive substances and protective measures to prevent thermal decomposition, especially of fertilizers. It also reports on the determination of dangerous combustion products and on measures for preventive fire‐fighting measures and retention of fire extinguishing water in the case of plant protection agents. New legislation and a number of proposals by the Federation of the Chemical Industry are descri

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330600104

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProduction of amino acid by biotechnological methods.Amino‐acids are needed for human and animal nutrition, pharmacy, cosmetics, agriculture, and industry. Particular interest focusses on the production of protein‐forming ß‐amino acids. Among the four methods of industrial production – chemical synthesis, extraction, enzymatic synthesis, and fermentation – the biotechnological process is attracting increasing attention. A joint development programme of KFA Jülich and GBF Braunschweig led to development of the enzyme membrane reactor (EMR) at Degussa. This reactor performs enzyme‐catalysed racemate resolution to produceL‐amino acids on a laboratory and pilot scale. The concept has meanwhile been successfully implemented in production and can be used for other applications too. Fermentation processes are being tested for more complex reac

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330600105

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPurification of waste water containing ammonia – Comparison of proces and costs.The present case study compares three processes for reduction of ammonia in liquid effluents with respect to process engineering and treatment costs: stripping with steam, stripping with air, and liquid membrane technology. The specific purification costs are estimated for plant capacities between 1 and 50 m3/h, for NH3feed concentrations between 50 and 2000 ppm, and for waste water feed temperatures between 5 and 80ßC. Moreover, the NH3exiting concentration is varied between 1 and 500 ppm. In the standard case, the estimates are based on a decrease to 5 or 50 ppm NH3in the waste water. Two cases are considered: in one, it is assumed that the ammonium sulphate solution produced by all three processes must be evaporated down to a disposable form. Alternatively, it is assumed that the ammonium sulphate can be used without further work

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330600106

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330600109

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330600110

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330600111

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330600112

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330600113

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY