摘要:

AbstractEnvironmentally more acceptable processes in the chemical industrys.From its very beginning the chemical industry has always made every effort to cut the consumption of raw materials and energy in its processes and to diminish the release of by‐products and waste streams into the environment. These efforts at technically improving the various processes are presently being intensified by economical and political pressures of rising raw material costs and the rising costs of releasing harmful substances into the environment. Ways of reducing these influences on the environment by chemical processes and of improving process economics will be reported from the experience of Bayer AG. The examples show that it is possible to combine the indispensable with the practicable, and that in this way the burden on the environment can be kept as low as may be consistent with the image of the industrial societ

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330560102

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330560103

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInteractions between physical and industrial chemistry.The most important interactions for the two areas of chemistry are found in the following three fields: (1)states of materials (states of aggregation) and thermodynamics; (2) kinetics of molecular processes as a basis for macroscopic models; (3) methods of testing and measurement and development of equipment. The „classical state”︁ of each of these areas is first sketched out and then the principal developments which are still in course of flux; directions of future development are then deduced. Such directions are exposed to be: extension of the scope of application of supercritical states as solvents and reaction media, as part of a general expansion of industrial application of elevated pressures; increase in knowledge of nonlinear dynamics of chemical systems with regard to transient behaviour and control mechanisms; increase in basic research on molecular structure and dynamics at the interfaces of dispersed systems – especially micelles and catalyst surface – using „in situ”︁ methods, and more extensive utilization of the results in indus

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330560104

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330560105

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBonding of material by hot isostatic pressing (HIP).The HIP process is presented and its applications are described. One of these applications is the gas pressure bonding, which opens up new possibilities in joining materials. The process and the possibilities are demonstrated by some examples. In comparison with other joining techniques, gas pressure bonding is a flexible process. Also the production of parts is possible with little or no machining. The strength of the joint corresponds to the strength of weakest material of the joint if there are no brittle phases. In this case the formation of these phases can be prevented by choosing appropriate parameters, thus ensuring a strong bond.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330560106

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIntercrystalline stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in high temperature hot blast stoves.After a brief survey of known cases of stress corrosion cracking and today's protective or repair measures, the results of lab tests are presented which provide new knowledge about the course of nitrate stress corrosion cracking. The lab tests are dynamic stress corrosion cracking tests allowing direct simulation of SCC‐attack on structural steels under operational conditions. It thus becomes possible to specifically intervene in the mechanism of SCC. Modifying the factors material, tensile stress, and medium provides a basis for the construction of hot blast stoves not sensitive to SC

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330560107

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPossibilities and problems of process design.In times of economic constraint the necessity of optimization of processes means that process design becomes increasingly important as methodical and automated approach to process developments. The present contibution considers some examples of process design, together with their methodological realization and also examines the attendant, partly unsolved problems.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330560108

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330560109

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330560110

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330560111

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY