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Proceedings of the Chemical Society. February 1959 |
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Proceedings of the Chemical Society ,
Volume 1,
Issue February,
1959,
Page 29-72
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摘要:
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY FEBRUARY 1959 REPORT OF COUNCIL FOR 1957-1958 I. General Whilst this increase is gratifying and suggests that Period of Report. The financial section of this Fellows generally have approved the innovations of Report relates to the twelve months ended September recent Years (e-g. new subscription StI-LIctUre im-30th 1958 and the record of appointments meetings Proved format for ProceedjWS SYmPosia etc.) it and other events covers a similar period. has to be noted that the increase in numbers arises Statistical on Fellowship or hblica-from a decline in the number of resignations not tions however covers the calendar year 1958 since from any increase in the number Of new this corresponds with the subscription period.During the past four years the number of Fellows under 27 years of age has actually declined (Table 2). II. Fellowship The Council has under consideration proposals for 1. Statistics. The Council is again pleased to making the benefits of Fellowship more widely record an increase in Fellowship during the year known amongst Potential Fellows. (Table 1) to the record total of 9,539. TABLE 1 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 Number of Fellows on January 1st .. 9,249 9,123 8,936 9,074 9,389 Additions Elections .. .. .. .. 670 678 656 765 595 Reinstatements .. .. .. 26 27 29 24 37 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. -3 -~ _._~696 705 __ 688 -789 -632 Deductions Deaths .. .. .. .. .. 71 60 61 52 54 Resignations ,. .. .. .. 553 712 288 293 277 Removals .... .. .. 167 117 199 129 150 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. 1 3 2 -1 822 -892 -550 -474 -482 Net change in year .. .. .. -126 -187 +138 +315 +150 "umber of Fellows at December 31st.. 9,123 8,936 9,074 9,389 9,539 29 TABLE 2 Number of Fellows Year under 27 years of age at December 31st 1955 .. .. .. 2,005 1956 .. .. . . 1,933 1957 .. .. .. 1,875 1958 .. .. .. 1,766 The geographical distribution of Fellows is given in Table 3. TABLE 3 British Isles United Kingdom .. .. 6,350 Republic of Ireland .. 54 -6,404 The Commonwealth Australia .. .. .. 303 Canada .. .. .. 247 East Africa .. .. .. 23 Hong Kong .. .. .. 17 hdia .. .. .. .. 147 Malaya .. .. .. 22 New Zealand .. .. 74 Nigeria .... .. 14 Pakistan .. .. .. 32 Rhodesia and Nyasaland . . 12 South Africa .. .. 95 West Indies .. .. .. 25 Miscellaneous .. .. 38 -1,049 Other Countries Argentina . . .. .. 12 Belgium .. .. .. 20 Brazil .. .. ,. 14 Czechoslovakia .. .. 23 Denmark .. .. .. 18 EDPt .. .. .. 31 France .. .. .. 58 Germany . . .. .. 48 Holland . . .. .. 34 Hungary . . .. .. 15 Israel .. .. .. .. 53 Italy .. .. .. .. 46 Japan .. .. .. 82 Jugoslavia .. .. .. 10 Mexico .. .. .. 16 Norway .. .. .. 13 Spain .. .. .. .. 16 Sweden .. .. .. 25 Switzerland .. .. .. 71 U.S.A. .. .. .. 1,417 Miscellaneous .. .. 64 __ 2,086 9,539 PROCEEDINGS 2. Honorary Fellows. The Council has reported with deep regret the deaths of two distinguished Honorary Fellows of the Society.FrCdCric Joliot- Curie (elected Honorary Fellow on May 17th 1945) died on August 14th 1958 and Niels Janniksen Bjerrum (elected Honorary Fellow on February 3rd 1938) died on September 30th 1958. The following were elected to Honorary Fellow- ship on January 16th 1958 Odd Hassel (Oslo); George Bogdan Kistiakowsky (Harvard) ; Wolfgang Pauli (Zurich) ; Edgar William Richard Steacie (Ottawa). 3. Congratulations. The congratulations of the Society have been conveyed to the following whose names appeared in the New Year or Birthday Honours Lists Professor H. J. EmelCus (C.B.E.) Professor G. Gee (C.B.E.) Professor C. K. Ingold (Knight Bachelor) Dr. C. H. Johnson (C.B.E.) Professor H. A.Krebs (Knight Bachelor) Dr. R. Lessing (C.B.E.) Dr. H. W. Melville (K.C.B.) Mr. E. H. Nurse (C.B.E.) Dr. R. W. West (C.B.E.) Mr. J. Wilson (C.B.E.) Dr. W. J. Worboys (Knight Bachelor). Council was also pleased to convey the congratula- tions of the Society to Sir Alexander Todd on the award of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry and to Professor Dame Kathleen Lonsdale on the award of a Davy Medal by The Royal Society. III. Publications 1. Journal. (a) For the Journal the post-War recovery was substantially complete in 1952 and sufficient time has elapsed since then to make it opportune to consider the probable future size of the Journal. However it is first necessary to discuss one aspect of the Journal for 1958. (b) The customary statistics for the Journal for the calendar year 1958 are in Tables 4-7 attached.The one aspect requiring comment is shown in Table 5 namely that the number of papers and notes received during 1958 was 1,005 which is less than in any of the preceding four years and substantially less than the maximum of 1,084 in 1955. The number of papers and notes published during 1958 was 976 which was 50 less than in the year 1957 (1,026) though very similar to the number (971) published during 1956. It is easier to consider the results for 1958 on the basis of papers and notes published because these figures have been analysed more closely both for the past and preceding years. The surprising fact is revealed in Table 4 that the small size of the 1958 Journal compared with 1957 arose entirely because 74 fewer organic papers were published in 1958 than in 1957 (476 compared with FEBRUARY 1959 31 TABLE 4.Numbers of items in the Journal 1938 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 Papers (General Physical and Inorganic). . 102 194 180 135 168 200 164 173 , (Physical Organic) .. .. .. -134 93 125 153 140 175 170 , (Organic) .. .. .. .. 275 556 492 581 474 508 550 476 Notes .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 116 101 120 113 123 137 157 6-Lectures and Addresses . . .. .. 9 6 6 7 4 Obituary Notices . . .. .. . 37 21 14 22 12 17 -Annual General Meeting .. .. .. 1 2 1 1 1 1-Extraordinary General Meeting . . .. --1--1--Bye-laws of The Chemical Society .. .. --Editorial Nomenclature Report .. .. -1 1 1 1 1 1-I.U.P.A.C.List of Atomic Weights.. .. 1-1 1-1 1-452 1,030 889 995 926 997 1,028 976 TABLE 5. Communications to the Journal 1938 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 Papers and Notes received .. .. .. 507 1,046 946 1,019 1,084 1,05 1 1,048 1,005 Less rejected or withdrawn .. .. 11 59 52 49 68 56 67 57 496 987 894 970 1,016 995 98 1 948 Papers and Notes published .. .. 404 1,OOO 866 961 908 971 1,026 976 No. of pages (Papers and Notes) .. .. 1,917 4,901 4,028 4,552 4,297 4,864 5,099 4,784 No. of pages (total excluding Index Volume) 2,120 5,056 4,200 4,712 4,496 4,988 Average no. of pages per Communication.. 4.75 4.90 4.65 4.73 4-73 5.01 4.97 4.90 TABLE 6. Communicationsfrom outside the United Kingdom (Parentheses indicate publication jointly with a British laboratory) 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 Australia .... .. .. .. 50 62(2) 46(2)" 72(7) 56(8)b 45(10)a Commonwealth (countries not separately listed) .. .. .. .. .. 5(1) 9(2) 7 14(2) Canada.. .. .. .. .* .. 2 6(1) 12(4)d 5& Egypt *. .. .. .. .. .. 8 16 15 11 France .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 8(2) 10 11 Hungary . . .. .. .. .. 7 -4 6 India Pakistan and Ceylon .. .. 6 13 15 28" Irish Republic .. .. .. .. 5 5 lO(2) 12(2) Israel . .. .. *. .. .. 20 15 ll(1) 12(2) Italy .. .. .. .. .. .. -9 1 3 New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. 12(1) 14(1) 10 5(2) South Africa .. .. .. .. .. 7 8(1) 9 18 U.S.A. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7(1) 24(3) 7( l)a 6(2)b Miscellaneous . . *. .. .. .. 4(1) 5(1) 13(2)d llCa ~~~-140(4) 194(13) 166(12) 216(17) 167(20) o 6 c indicate one each jointly; d indicates 3 jointly.TABLE 7. Percentage distribution in the Journal 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 Papers (General Physical and Inorganic). . 19.4 20-8 14.0 18.5 21.1 16.0 17.7 , (Physical Organic) . . ,. .. 13.4 10.8 13.0 16.9 14.4 17.0 17.4 , (Organic) .. .. .. .. 55-6 56-7 60.5 52.2 52.3 53.6 48.8 Notes .. .. .. .. .. . 11-6 11.7 12-5 12-4 12.2 13.4 16.1 550). The number of papers classified as physical organic remained about the same (170 compared with 173 the number classified as general physical and inorganic actually rose (from 164 to 173) and the number of notes was the highest on record (157 in 1958,137 in 1957). In passing it may be remarked that it is probably too early yet to decide whether the increase in the proportion of notes as opposed to papers is real or accidental.The proportion of papers in the Journal (48.8%) devoted to organic chemistry is seen from Table 7 to be the lowest since 1952 and figures available else- where (cf. e.g. J. 1953 1962) indicate that they are the lowest since 1948 when the classification as physical organic was introduced. However the per- centage distribution of papers between the three classes used in the JuurnaZ varies very considerably from year to year; and it can be doubted whether the drop of 4.8 % from 1957 to 1958 is in fact significant when the other figures for organic papers in Table 7 range from 52-2% to 60.5 %. This doubt is reinforced when one considers the actual numbers of organic papers given for various years in Table 4 where wide variations occur and where 476 is not quite the lowest number.An obvious possibility-that the decrease in the number of organic papers might be due to the inception in 1957 and the expansion during 1958 of commercial journals-is conclusively contradicted by a detailed examination. The final conclusion reached on this point must be that the decrease in the number of organic papers in the single year 1958 may well be fortuitous and should not be read as inaugurating a trend. Contributions from industrial laboratories and industrial research organisations in 1958 were 101 including 7 published jointly with academic institu- tions; this represents 10.35 % of the total (the figures for 1957 and 1956 were 9.0 and 10.1% respectively).Contributions from Government sources totalled 40 4.1 % (1957,4*9%) including 4 jointly with academic institutions. Contributions from outside the United Kingdom published during 1958 numbered 167 18.0% (1957 17.8%). This analysis shows no abnormality or pronounced development. (c) The number of papers published during any arbitrary successive twelve months can be very materially affected by labour troubles sickness or retirement of key workers and rate of recovery from holidays at the printers; occasionally too pressure of other work on the editors falls at an inconvenient moment for the printers of the Journal. An example is the large difference in the sizes of the Journal for the calendar year 1958 (4,784 pages) and for the Society’s financial year October lst 1957 to September 30th 1958 (4,175 pages).In considering PROCEEDINGS overall trends it is better therefore to use the numbers of papers and notes received for which there are more records as in Table 5. Table 5 shows appreciable yearly variations from 1952 onwards but little evidence of upward trend. It is possible that the figure 1,046 for papers and notes received during 1952 included a contribution from the backlog due to the war. However within reason- able variations the Journal has maintained constant size for the last seven years. Now during the last few years the number of research students at Universities has remained about constant; there has been an increase in the number of chemists in industry but their contribution to the total size of the Journal would hardly be expected to overweigh the annual variations in our figures.How- ever during the last five years there has also been a significant increase in instrumentation and invention of time-saving techniques which could be expected to lead to faster production of publishabk work from the University departments on which the size of the Journal largely depends. This should have led theoretically to a steady increase in size but our figures give no evidence of this. It is true that the inception of new commercial British journals of chemistry and the pressure of administrative duties on many senior academic workers may militate against this and if this is so an increase in the size of the Journal may set in within the next few years.The view that increased receipts may be expected for the Journal is moreover a natural consequence of the increasing attention being given to scientific edu- cation both in Universities and Technical Colleges. However the figures at present available to us give no indication of this over the last seven years (though of course the present size of the Journal is approxi- mately twice what it was before the war); according to recent figures variation in receipts of manuscripts between 1,OOO and 1,100 a year appear “normal”. 2. Proceedings. The Society’s Proceedings con-tinued in 1958 in the form initiated in 1957. During the year 128 (1 957,112) scientific short Communica- tions were submitted for publication and 27 (1957 25) were rejected; 93 (1957,78) were published in the twelve issues of the year.During 1958 Proceedings contained also 7 lectures 14 obituary notices and 22 articles and reports on various topics in addition to the Report of Council and recurring items. 3. Annual Reports of the Progress of Chemistry for 1957. Volume LIV. These contain 386 pages (417 in Volume LIII). 4. QrcarterZy Reviews. Volume XI1 (1958) contains 17 articles occupying 366 pages. Volume XI (1957) contained 19 articles occupying 393 pages. FEBRUARY 1959 5. Current Chemical Papers. Some statistics are shown in Tables 8 and 9. The figures do not appear to vary significantly from those for the previous year.6. Special Publications. Special bblication No. 7 was “Inorganic Ligands with Solubility Products of Inorganic Substances” which was Part I1 of “Stability Constants of Metal-ion Complexes” com- piled by J. Bjerrum G. Schwarzenbach and L. G. Sillkn under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It was published early in 1958 following close on Part I. Special Publications Nos. 8 9 and 10 being the reports of the Symposia held at the Anniversary Meetings at Cambridge in 1957 were published in 1958. Special Publication No. 11 was a considerable book entitled “Tables of Interatomic Distances and Configuration in Molecules and Ions” compiled under the scientific editorship of Dr.L. E. Sutton. It was issued in October 1958. The financial aspects issued during 1958 was in part due to delays m handling this new type of work during the preceding year. It threw a considerable burden on the editorial Staff. In addition Reports of a Symposium on ‘‘Current Trends in Heterocyclic Chemistry” held at Canberra Australia in September 1957 and of a Symposium “Steric Effects in Conjugated Systems” held at the University Hull in July 1958 were published during 1958 by Buttenvorths Scientific Publiwtions. IV. Other activities 1. Symposia. A three-day Symposium on “Steric Effects in Conjugated Systems” was held in July at the University of Hull. The Society also organised a three-day Symposium on Theoretical Organic Chemistry under the auspices of the Section of Organic Chemistry of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.This meeting planned to commemorate the Centen- TABLE 8. Current Chemical Papers :Summary Titles of papers listed .. .. Pages of C.C.P. .. .. .. Total number of journals scanned .. Journals yielding titles .. .. Issues of journals yielding titles .. Issues of journals not yielding titles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. of this publication were greatly aided by the Depart- ment of the United States Army through its European Research Office. TABLE 9 Languages used in papers included in Current Chemical Papers Approximate percentages 1956 1957 1958 English German. . . ... .. . . .. 55.1 13-0 55.8 11.8 56.8 13.6 Russian .. .. . . 12.1 11-5 11.8 Japanese French .. .. .. .. . . 6-5 6-1 6-1 5.6 4.7 5.6 Czech .. .. .. 2.1 3-6 2.2 Italian . . .. .. 1.8 1-6 1.8 Polish . . .. .. 0.5 1.2 1.0 Miscellaneous .. .. 2.8 2.8 2.5 _I 100.0 100.0 100.0 Special Publication No. 12 covering all three Symposia held at the Anniversary Meetings at Bristol in 1958 was published in the Autumn of that year new arrangements for more rapid publication of these Symposium reports obviously bearing fruit. The relatively large number of Special Publications 1955 1956 1957 I958 .. 21,360 22,278 24,755 26,030 .. 706 731 820 835 .. 469 521 512 519 .. 381 401 412 457 .. 2,277 2,265 2,577 2,726 .. 1,438 1,503 1,189 1,037 ary of August KekulC’s ideas on the valency of carbon was held in September in London and was attended by over 600 participants from some 25 countries.The Anniversary Meetings were held in Brktol at the end of March when Symposia were held on “Developments in Aromatic Chemistry” “Applica- tions of Electron and Nuclear Resonance in Chemistry” and “Recent Work on the Inorganic Chemistry of Sulphur”. Committees have been appointed to organise the next International Conference on Co-ordination Chemistry to be held in London in April 1959. This meeting is being organised by the Society under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2. Lectures. Professor L. Ruzicka visited Londori in June to deliver his Faraday Lecture “The History of the Isoprene Rule.” Professor W.Klemm de- livered a Centenary Lecture on “Metalloids and their Compounds with the Alkali Metals” at Oxford Cambridge Edinburgh and London in March. The Heinrich Wieland Memorial Lecture was delivered by Professor R. Huisgen in London in May. The In-augural Simonsen Lecture on “Some Aspects of Sesquiterpenoid Chemistry” by Professor D. H. R. Barton was delivered in London in January. Profes- sor R. M. Barrer delivered his Tilden Lecture “Crystalline lon-exchangers” in London Cardiff Durham and Leeds and Professor B. Lythgoe de- livered his Tilden Lecture “Some Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the Vitamins D,” in London Dublin and Southampton. The Liversidge Lecture on “Some Isothermal Reactions of Free Radicals Studied by Kinetic Spectroscopy” was delivered by Professor R.G. W. Norrish in London and Oxford. 3. Corday-Morgan Medal andprize. The award for 1956 was made to Dr. K. W. Bagnall in consideration of his contributions to the knowledge of the chem- istry of polonium. 4. Library. The Report of the Joint Library Committee is given as an Appendix. V. Finance and administration 1. Accounting Period. The Accounts as presented cover the first full twelve-month period since the change in the date of the end of the financial year to September 30th. A direct comparison with the previous nine-month period cannot therefore be made. 2. The General Purposes Account. Although the main income on this Account comes from Fellows’ subscriptions the Society was able to take full advantage of the exceptionally high rates of interest offered on short-term deposits for most of the year with the result that income from this source con- siderably increased.All capital improvements in Burlington House authorised to date have now been completed and after making full provision for this expenditure there was a surplus for the year on General Purposes Account of E2,223. 3. The Publications Account. The Publications Account showed a surplus of &5,871,after a transfer of &5,000had been made to General Reserve. This Account includes a payment of E1,913 from The Chemical Council. This represents one-quarter of the grant for publications for the year 1957 which had been reserved to cover the expected deficit in the months Octo ber-December 1957.Since January 1958 the Society has had the benefit of the increased selling price for the Journal and thus is able to show a surplus in the Account for the twelve months. The surplus is however much larger than could have been predicted a year ago because the Journal pub-lished in the twelve months was smaller than in recent years (4,175 pages compared with an average of approximately 5,000 pages per year). This reduc- tion in size is not expected to recur in 1958-59. PROCEEDINGS The Council has referred in previous reports to the decline in the circulation of the Journal amongst Fellows of the Society. Whilst reasons for this were in the past by no means entirely financial it was to be expected that the substantial increase in the price charged to Fellows would lead to a further steep decline in circulation and this is shown in the graph.3500 ll Distribution 3000 2500 2000 (Overseas) 1500 7000 500 Von-fe//ows 0 I I I I I! ‘2 79.53 I 4 7955 1956 1957 1958 In spite of this reduced circulation to Fellows the increase in price has produced an additional income from Fellows of some &5,700,and the saving arising from the reduction in the number of copies printed amounts to a further &3,000. On the other hand an increasing number of Fellows take the Annual Reports Quarterly Reviews and Current Chemical Papers and the sale of all publications to non-Fellows continues to increase.4. Library Account. The Council wishes to record its grateful thanks to The Chemical Council and to Industry for the grant of &2,000to assist the Library. This payment included E963 towards capital expenditure. FEBRUARY 1959 5. Investments. Minor changes have occurred in the Society’s investments. The holdings are shown in the schedule attached to the Accounts. 6. International Conference on Co-ordination Chemistry. In order to meet expenses in connection with the Conference an appeal for financial assistance was issued in March 1958 and the sum of &3,338 was received mainly by donations. The Council wishes gratefully to acknowledge the generosity of the following firms which have con- tributed towards the expenses of the Conference Albright & Wilson Limited Anchor Chemical Company Limited Bakelite Limited B.B.Chemical Company Limited J. M. Beckett & Son Limited Beecham Research Laboratories Limited A. Boake Roberts & Company Limited Boots Pure Drug Company Limited B.P. Trading Limited British Aluminium Company Limited British American Tobacco Company Limited The British Drug Houses Limited British Nylon Spinners Limited British Oxygen Research & Development Limited British Sidac Limited Brotherton & Company Limited W. J. Bush & Company Limited Cadbury Brothers Limited Calor Gas (Distributing) Company Limited Coalite & Chemical Products Limited Cooper McDougall & Robertson Limited Courtaulds Limited Thomas De La Rue & Company Limited Derbyshire Stone Limited The Distillers Company Limited Dunlop Rubber Company Limited Esso Research Limited Norman Evans & Rais Limited Ferranti Limited Fisons Limited The Geigy Company Limited General Electric Company Limited Glaxo Laboratories Limited Griffin & George (Technical Services) Limited Arthur Guinness Son & Company (Park Royal) Limited Hardman & Holden Limited Hickson & Welch Limited Hopkin & Williams Limited Humphreys & Glasgow Limited Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Johnson Matthey & Company Limited Kaylene (Chemicals) Limited Kodak Limited Lankro Chemicals Limited Laporte Industries Limited Leicester Love11 & Company Limited London & Scandinavian Metallurgical Company Limited Lunevale Products Limited J.Lyons & Company Limited McKechnie Brothers Limited May & Baker Limited Mirvale Chemical Company Limited The Mond Nickel Company Limited Monsanto Chemicals Limited Pfizer Limited Pilkington Brothers Limited Pure Chemicals Limited Reckitt & Sons Limited Roche Products Limited Rowntree & Company Limited Shell Research Limited Smith Kline & French Laboratories Limited Peter Spence & Sons Limited John & E. Sturge Limited Unilever Limited Ward Blenkinsop and Company Limited The Wellcome Foundation Limited White Tomkins & Courage Limited.7. Council.The following new Members of Cound were appointed President Professor H. J. Emelkus Vice-presidents who have not filled the Office of President Mr. R. P. Bell Dr. F. G. Mann Honorary Secretary Professor A. W. Johnson Elected Ordinary Members of Council Dr. R. G. R. Bacon Professor R. C. Cookson Mr. A. C. Farthing Dr. R. H. Hall Dr. B. A. Hems Dr. L. H. Long Dr. R. H. Thomson Dr. A. I. Vogel Dr. W. B. Whalley Professor W. F. K. Wynne-Jones 8. Local Representatives. In order to increase the representation of the Society in the Commonwealth the Council has appointed a number of new Local Representatives in Commonwealth countries as follows East Africa.... Ghana .. .. Hong Kong . . Malaya .. .. Nigeria .. . . Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland . . West Indies.. .. Professor M. Crawford Dr. F. G. T. 0.Torto Professor J. E. Driver Professor R. A. Robinson Professor C. W. L. Bevan Professor S. H. Harper Professor L. J. Haynes Cambridge Exeter . . Glasgow Liverpool Manchester PROCEEDINGS .. Dr. A. R. Katritzky in place of Dr. V. M. Clark. .. Dr. J. S. Whitehurst in place of Dr. K. Schofield . . Dr. G. L. Buchanan in place of Dr. D. S. Payne . . Dr. R. J. S. Beer in place of Dr. A. K. Holliday . . Dr. J. Honeyman in place of Mr. A. C. Farthing Dr. H. Smith in place of Dr. G. D. Meakins In order to improve the representation of the Society in the Newcastle and Durham area an addi- tional Local Representative has been authorised for Tees-side and Dr.I. J. Faulkner has been appointed. The following changes have taken place owing to retirement of Local Representatives Aberdeen .. Dr. P. Meares in place of Dr. R. H. Thomson Australia . . Dr. J. F. Duncan in place of Dr. K. H. Pausacker Northern Ireland Dr. M. F. Grundon in place of Dr. R. G. R. Bacon VI. Acknowledgments The Council wishes to record its warmest apprecia- tion of the many Fellows and others who have generously placed their services freely at the disposal of the Society and have assisted with its meetings publications or other activities. Appendix Report of the Joint Library Committee for the Period October 1957-September 1958 The past year has perhaps been notable chiefly because it was the first for some time without major building operations in or near the Library.Installa- tion of the lift was completed in January and was at once acclaimed by both staff and readers. It has proved of immense value in enabling staff to handle the widely distributed book stock with far less fatigue and greater speed than hitherto. The overhaul of the book stock has now been completed and the end of the recataloguing pro- gramme is in sight though considerable work re- mains to be done amongst the historical and special collections of the Library. The use made of the photocopying service has continued to grow. This year 7,560 pages were copied as against 4,737 in the nine months covered by the last report and it is worth noting the con- siderable growth in the use made of microfilm-2,794 frames in 1958 against the 965 frames in nine months of 1957.This is undoubtedly due to the use made of this service by overseas readers of Current Chemical Papers whose demands have been stimulated by the inclusion of an order form with Current Chemical Papers. A notable addition to the photocopying service was the presentation of a semi-automatic camera by Dr. A. Seidell of Washington which will enable the Library to supply up to one hundred feet of micro- film in one length. The continued growth of science is reflected in the increasing number of journals taken by the Library. Twenty-four new titles were added during the year bringing the total number of current titles to 576.The Library received 103 books by presentation and the Society’s cordial thanks have been tendered to the donors for their generosity. The use made of the library either by personal visit or by post remains relatively constant as the following figures show. Bound Attendances Books borrowed Books Pamphlets Vols. of added added periodicals 1957-1958 .. .. .. 7,455 7,787 (3,601 by post) 315 45 333 1957 (Jan. to Sept.) .. .. 5,514 5,489 (2,590 by post) 206 16 198 FEBRUARY 1959 37 ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30th 1958 FEBRUARY 38 PROCEEDINGS 1959 39 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY AND EXPENDITURE 1958 INCOME Accoms FOR THE YEARENDED 30-m SEPTEMBER 1957 (12 1957158 months) (9 months) Expenditure Income General Purposes General Purposes E E f f E f E € Administration Fellows' Subscriptions 4,257 Salaries Superannuation etc.. 6,219 13,545 For 1957/58 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18,197 404 House Expenses etc. 498 199 For previous years .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 246 ^___ 803 Stationery Postages and Office Expenses' 1,109 13,744 18,443 470 Miscellaneous .. 374 2,315 Income from Investments .. .. .. .. .. .. *. 3,260 5,934 8,200 1,561 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. 3,802 860 Meetings .. .. .. 825 281 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 585 208 Local Representatives .. 958 461 Travelling .. .. ,. 603 9,900 Capital improvements .. .. 5,628 -4,151 Less Grant from Chemical Council .5,749 5,628 Transfers PubIications Account- 1,659 Cost of free publications to Fellows under 27 years of age .. 2,022 Library Account- 770 Capital Expenditure .. .. .. .. .. 2,948 1,366 Maintenance .. *. .. .. .. 1,823 800 Staff Pensions Fund .. .. .. .. .. .. 860 4,595 7,653 Balance being Excess of Income over Expenditure carried to Balance 94 Sheet .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. 2,223 E17,901 €26,090 E17,901 E26,090 Staff Pensions Fund Staff Pensions Fund E E E E 758 Pensions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,058 800 Transfer from General Purposes Account .. *. .. .. .. 860 9 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 172 Income from Investments .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 210 207 Balance being Excess of In'cbme oier Expenditure carried to Balance Sht% 5 2 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 ~ E974 El ,073 f 1,073 40 PROCEEDINGSFEBRUARY1959 41 INCOMEAND EXPENDITWRE ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 3ch.H SEPTEMBER 1958 1957 (9 months) Expenditure 1957158 (12 months) 1957 (9 months) Income 1957/58(12 months) Publications Publications € € € E E E f. f 9,835 38,581 4,422 52,838 4,399 3,337 4,847 Journal and Proceedings of the Chemical Society Salaries and General Expenses . . .. .. .. .. .. Printing and Paper .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Distribution .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry . . .. .. .. Quarterly Reviews . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Current Chemical Papers . . .. .. .. .. .. .. Transfer to General Reserve .... .. .. .. .. Balance being Excess of Income over Expenditure carried' to Balance Sheet .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13,664 42,558 7,332 63,554 4,966 5,144 7,197 5,000 5,871 41,317 6,235 5,163 4,986 26 57,727 298 1,659 5,737- Sales and Revenue from Advertisements Journal and Proceedings of the ChemicaI Society . . Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry .. Quarterly Reviews. . .. .. *. .. .. Current Chemical Papers. . .. .. .. .. Other Publications .. .. .. .. .. Income from Investments . . .. .. .. Transfer from General Purposes Aiount Grant The Chemical Council . . .. .. .. Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. .. .. Cost of free publications to Fellows under 27 years of age *. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62,601 7,986 7,524 9,27 1 18 87,400 368 2,022 1,913 29 f65,421- €91,732 €65,421- €91,732 E Special Publications Fund f f.Special PubIications Fund € 2,028 9 402 Cost of Publications. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Miscellaneous Balance being Exces" of Incbme bier &~ndi&ie ca%ed to'Balande Sh&t 4,128 23 1,368 2,259 102 78 Sales and Royalties . . Income from Investments Deposit Interest .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,094 146 279 €2,439- €5,519- €2,439- €5,5 19 - f 1,941 558 11 € Capital Expenditure Books and Periodicals Binding .. .. Furniture .. .. . . .. .. Library .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. E 3,137 729 45 E E 1,740 770 € 2,510 Library Contributions for Capital Expenditure Grant The Chemical Council .. Transfer from General Purposes Account Contributions towards Maintenance .... .. .. .. .. .. .. f 963 2,948 € 3,911 5,253 221 1,003 259 56 2,510 6,792 Maintenance Salaries Superannuation etc. .. Re-binding . . .. .. .. House Exmnses. etc. .. .. .. .. .. Stationery Postages and Office Expenses Miscellaneous . . .. .. *. .. .. ,. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . 7,413 291 1.651 294 108 3,911 9,757 1,366 3,128 968 353 218 378 261 6,672 Through the Chemical Council Chemical Society .. Royal Institute of Chemistry .. Society of Chemical Industry . . Faraday Society.. Society for Analytical chemisiri Biochemical Society .. Chemical Council (Direct Grant) From other sources .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . 1,823 4,177 1,292 471 291 505 1,037 9,596 75 37 8 1 20 Association of British Chemical Manufacturers Institute of Brewing ..*. Society of Dyers and Colou&ti . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 50 11 161 f9,302 €1 3,668 - €9,302- €13,668 -. FEBRUARY 42 PROCEEDINGS 1959 43 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY GENERAL BALANCE SHEET 30TH SEPTEMBER 1958 1957 1958 1957 1958 Liabilities Assets f € E f f. E € f. E f 23,714 Sundry Creditors .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14,846 Investments as per Schedule at cost or value when acquired Receipts in Advance 17,821 General Reserve .. .. .. .. ,. 17,768 3. 4,521 Fellows' Subscriptions .. .. .. ,. .. 4,557 Special Funds 15,592 Publications Sales .. .. .. .. .. .. 18,458 10,979 Publications .. .. .. .. .. .. 10,979 20,113 23,015 4,011 Special Publications .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,011 General Reserve 5,406 Staff Pensions ,. .. .. ,. . 5,423 29,339 Balance at 1st October 1957 .. 29,339 20,413 Add Transfer from Publications Income and Expenditure 52,646 General Purposes . . .. .. .. 52,949 -Account .. .. .. .. .. *. .. 5,000 .-90,863 91,130 29,339 34,339 18,528 Sundry Debtors .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1,569 I. Life Composition Fees 3,710 Stock of Paper .. 5,896 5,935 Balance at 1st October 1957 . .. .. .. .. 6,039 44,846 Balances at Banks iincluding Deposits) 'and Cash in Hand .. 57,887 104 Add Receipts during year .. .. .. .. .. 61 6,039 6,100 Special Funds 10,979 Publications .. .. ,. .. .. *. .. 10,979 Special Publications- 6,921 Balance at 1st October 1957 .. .. 7,323 402 Add Excess of Income over Expendiiure for the year ..1,368 8,69 1 Staff Pensions- 5,502 Balance at 1st October 1957 .. .. *. 5,709 -Add Profit on change of Investments .. .. .. 7 207 Excess of Income over Expenditure for the year . . 5 5,721 24,011 25,391 Accumulated Fund 45,290 Balance at 1st October 1957 .. .. .. .. .. 54,731 -Deduct Net Loss on change of Investments .. .. .. 64 54,667 8,568 Add Sale of Surplus Library Books . . .. .. .. 17 779 Profit on change of Tnvestments .. .. .. .. Balance of Perkin Legacy ,. *. .. .. 13 Excess of Income over Expenditure for the year- 94 General Purposes .. .. .. .. ,* 2,223 -Publications .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,871 8,094 54,73 1 62,791 -. El 57,947 El 66,482 El 57,947 El 66,482 The Chemical Society has undertaken the organisation of the 1959 International Conference on Co-ordination Chemistry and up to the 30th September 1958 €3,338 had been received mainly by donations and E272 had been spent on expenses for the Conference.These figures are not included in the above accounts. MICHAEL Honorary Treasurer. W. PERRIN We have examined the General Balance Sheet the Trust and Lecture Fund Balance Sheet and accompanying Income and Expenditure Accounts with the Books and Vouchers of the Society and certify them to be in accordance therewith and in our opinion correct. We have also verified the Balances with the Bankers and the Investments. FINSBURY HOUSE W. B. KEEN& Co. CIRCUS BLOMFIELD E.C.2 Chartered Accountants. STREET 15th JANUARY, 1959.FEBRUARY 44 PROCEEDINGS 1959 45 TRUST AND LECTURE FUNDS INCOME ACCOUNTS 1958 AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEARENDED 30m SEPTEMBER 1957 (9 months) Expenditure 1957158 (12 months) 1927 (9 months) Income L957/58(12 months) € tk Centenary Fund Centenary Fund f; 589 Expenses of Lecturers and Delegates ........ .. 787 763 Income from Investments .. .. .. .. *. .. .. *. .. .. .. 1,115 39 Miscellaneous .. ........ 56 18 Deposit Interest .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 f. 153 Balance being Excess'df Income over Expenditure caked to Balance' Sheet * 285 €781 f1,128 €781 €1,128 I -Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize Fund Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize Fund *. 210 Prize ...... .............. 210 289 Income from Investments .............. *. .. .. 370 5 Medal ...... ........ ...... 53 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. 13 30 Miscellaneous .. .... .... 30 47 Balance being Excess of Income over Expenditure carried to B&~nce'Sheet 138 €292 E383 f292 €383 3p -i=E. Corday-Morgan Memorial Fund Cordsly-MorganMemorial F'und 500 Grant to the Corday-Morgan Memorial Fund Executive .... 500 362 Income from Investments ........ ...... .. .. .. .. 593 9 Memorial Expenses (Clause 12 of the Will) .... .. *. 98 Deposit Interest .... .. .. .. .. 40 19 Miscellaneous .. ........ 32 158 Balance being Excess of Expenditure over*l&comk; carrikh to Bkance' Sheet .. .. ,. .. - 92 Balance being Excess of Income over Expenditure carried to Balance' Sheet --€528 €633 E528 €633 Faraday Lecture Fund Faraday Lecture Fund -Honorarium ................26 9 Jncome from Investment .... .. .. .. .. 16 -Medal ........ ...... .. .... 4-Balance being Excess of Expenditure over-Incom;; carri&l to Biance'Sheet .. .. .. .. 55 1 Miscellaneous .. ........ 41 -8 Balance being Excess 'of Income over Expenditure carried to Balance' Sheet E9 571 €9 €7 1 Robert John Flintoff Trust Robert John Flintoff Tmt -75 Prize .......... .......... - 26 Income from Investments .... .. .. .. .. 35 4 Miscellaneous .................. 2 53 Balance being Excess of Expenditure over'incomi; carried to Glance'Sheet .. .. .. .. - 33 -Balance being Excess of Income over Expenditure carried to Balance Sheet --€79 E35 f79 €35 -__ 3pp Edward Frank Harrison Memorial Trust Ellward Frank Harrison Memorial Trust 105 Prize ...... ........ .... .. I46 Income from Investments .... .. .. .. .. 47 21 Miscellaneous .. ........ 2 80 Balance being Excess of Expenditure over'incom; caked to Balance' Sheet. . *. .. .. - -Balance being Excess of Income over Expenditure carried to li%ance'Sheet 45 -_-El 26 €47 €126 E47 Research Fund Research Fund -Grants awarded .. *. 733 -576 Income from Investments .......... .. .. .. .. *. .. 755 41 Honoraria Longstaff Medallkt and'Hugo Muller. Lecturer .. .. 9 Deposit Interest *. ...... .. .. .. .. .. *. 21 38 Miscellaneous .. .... .. ...... .... 57 3 Grants repaid or not ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47 509 Balance being Excess of Income over Expenditure carried to Balance Sheet 33 €588 2823 f588 f823 -i __ Special Lectures Fund Special Lectures Fund 26 Honoraria ................ 68 50 Income from Investments ............ .. .. .. .. .. 63 3 Miscellaneous .. ............ 7-Deposit Interest .... .. .. .. 3 21 Balance being Excess 'of Income over Expenditure carried to Balance' Sheet -Balance being Excess'df Expenditure over'incomk; carried to &lance-Sheet : .. .. .. 9 -- E50 f75 To -€75 Tilden Lecture Fund Tilden Lecture Fund -Honoraria .... ........ .. .. .. 32 68 Income from Investments .. .......... .. .. .. .. .. 80 1 Lecture Expenses .. ........ .. .... 37 -Deposit Interest .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 3 Miscellaneous .. .... .. 4 f. 64 Balance being Excess b'f Income over Expenditure; caied to Balance.Sheet 10 €68 €83 a8 E83 FEBRUARY 46 PROCEEDINGS 1959 47 TRUST AND LECTURE FUNDS BALANCE SHEET 30TH SEPTEMBER 1958 1957 Liabilities 1958 1957 Assers 1958 E E f f Ef s E E 227 Sundry Creditors .. .. .+ .. .. .. .. .. 480 297 Sundry Debtors .. .... .... .. .. *. 28 1 Centenary Fund Investments as per Schedule at 'cost or value when acquired Capital Account- 31,138 Centenary Fund .. .. .. .. .-.. 31,138 31,163 Balance at 1st October 1957 . .. .. .. .. .. 31,168 7,401 Corday-Morgan Medai and Prize Find .. .. .. ...... 7,504 5 Add Contributions for the year .. ...... .. 7 12,239 Corday-Morgan Memorial Fund .. .. .. .. .. .... 12,239 31,175 469 Faraday Lecture Fund .... .-.. ........ 469 Income Account- 1,Ooo Robert John Flintoff Trust .... .. .. .. .. .. 1,ooo 469 Balance at 1st October 1957 .... .. .. 622 1,101 Edward Frank Harrison Memorial Trust .. .. .. *. .. .. 1,101 153 Add Excess of Income over Expenditure for the year' .. .. 285 23,923 Research Fund .... .. .. .. ...... 23,923 907 1,615 Special Lectures Fund * .. .. .. .. .. ...... 2,115 .I 3 1,790 32,082 1,979 Tilden Lecture Fund .... .. .. .... .. .. 1,979 Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize Fund 80,865 81,468 Capital Account- 3,171 Balances at Bank (including Deposits) .. ........ .. 3,9 16 5,943 Balance at 1st October 1957 .... .. f. .. .. 5,978-35 Add Profit on Change of Investments. ... .. .. .. 5,978 Income Account- 1,873 Balance at 1st October 1957 .... .... .. 1,920 47 Add Excess of Income over Expenditure for the year .... 138 2,058 7,898 8,036 Corday-Morgan Memorial Fund Capital Account- 10,188 Balance at 1st October 1957 .. .. .. .. .. .. 10,188 Income Account- 3,002 Balance at 1st October 1957 .. .. .. .. 2,844 -Add Excess of Income over Expenditure for the yea; .. .. 92 158 Deduct Excess of Expenditure over Income for the period. ... 2,936 13,032 13,124 Faraday Lecture Fund 502 Balance at 1st October 1957 .... 510 -8 Add Excess of Income over Expenditure'for thk'period' .. .. -Deduct Excess of Expenditure over lncome for the year .... 55 510 455 Robert John Flintoff Trust 1,132-Balance at 1st October 1957 ...... .. 1,079 Add Excess of Income over Expenditure' for the year .... .. 33 53 Deduct Excess of Expenditure over Income for the period .... -1,079 1,112 Edward Frank Harrison Memorial Trust 1,199 Balance at 1st October 1957 .. .... .. .. .. 1,119 Add Excess of Income over Expenditure for the year ...... 45 80 Deduct Excess of Expenditure over Income for the period .. .. -1,119 1,164 Research Fund 24,182 Balance at 1st October 1957 ........ 24,691 509 Add Excess of Income over Expenditure-for the. year .... 33 24,691 24,724 Special Lectures Fund 1,788 Balance at 1st October 1957 .. .... .. .. .* -Add Simonsen Endowment .... .. .. 21 Excess of Income over Expenditure for thk period' .. .. 2,309 -Deduct Excess of Expenditure over Income for the year .... 9 1,809 2,300 Tilden Lecture Fund 2,112 Balance at 1st October 1957 ........ .. *. 2,178 -2 Add Sale of Fractional Share ........ .... 64 Excess of Income over Expenditure for the year .. .. .. 10 2,178 2,188 €84,333 i585,665 €84,3 3 3 ~- PROCEEDINGS FEBRUARY 1959 49 SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS AT 30TH SEPTEMBER 1958 GENERAL FUNDS Cost or Value whenCost orAcauiredValue Nomind Details € when Acquired f. E Nominal Details € -E €1. 500 0s.Od. €3. 553 9s.9d. €1. 165 0s.Od. €1. 000 0s.od. €2. 989 8s.18. El.500 0s.Od. €1.000 0s.Od. €1.000 0s.od. €1. 000 0s.od. €1. 100 0s.Od. Sl.000 0s.Od. €1. 000 0s.od. 1. 100 €2. 260 19s .9d. €1. OOO 0s.Od. E2. 261 1s.lld. E2. 175 13r .4d. €2.000 0s.Od. €1. 200 0s.Od. €982 12s .Od. €745 9s.3d. €746 1s.Od. E750 0s. Od. €1. 000 0s.Od. €1.000 0s.od. €454 0s. 6d. €170 0s.Od. €1. 608 2s.6d.$22. 817 14s .4d. El.OOO 0s. od. General Reserve Funding Stock. 1959/69 ........ .. .. Funding Stock. 1956/61 .. .. .. 3i Liverpool Corporation Stock. 1961/66 ........ 3% Ceylon Stock. 1959164 .. .. 33 % Agricultural Mortgage Corpoiation. Ltd. Dlb .Stock. 1!961/63 .. 34% Covent Garden Properties. Ltd. Red .Deb.Stock. 1968 .. 4% Cable and Wireless (Holding). Ltd. 10 year Red .Unsec.Stock. 1960 .. ...... 4% Dominion and General Trust. Ltd. Red .Deb.Stock. 195bj64 .. 44% Rugby Portland Cement Co. Ltd. Unsec .Stock. 1957/626% British and Commonwealth Shipping Co. Ltd. Cum .Red.Prdf. €1 shares ................ (Market Value €16.068) 3% SavingsBonds. 1955/65 ...... 3 Sheffield Corporation Stock. i667/69 .... .... 4%% Nelson Financiai Trust; itd. Deb .Stock. 1970 .. Special Funds PUBLICATIONS 1.489 3.017 1.169 963 2.583 1. 439 1. 020 95 1 I.015 982 987 1.040 1.113 33% Conversion Stock. 1961. or after .. .. ..... I. 567 3 % Savings Bonds. 1955/65 .. .... .. ....1.000 3 % Savings Bonds. 1960/70 .. ....2. 276 3 % British Electricity Guaranteed Stock. 1968/73 ....2. 002 3 %3% Southern Rhodesia Stock. 1971/73 ..........1.OOO 3 % British Transport Guaranteed’Stock. .i978/88 ......I. 929 Commonwealth of Australia Registered Stock. 196;i/66 ....1. 205 (Market Value €8. 942) SPECIALPUBLICATIONS 33% Conversion Stock. 1961. or after 569 3 % British Transport Guaranteed Stock. ‘i978/88 720 3% British Electricity Guaranteed Stock. 1968/73 .. .. . 751 4 % Government of the Fed .of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Stock; 1972/74 9743Q A London County Consolidated Stock. 1968/73 997 (Market Value €3.174) STAFFPENSIONS 3; % Conversion Stock. 1961. or after .... .... 323 3 Savings Bonds. 1955/65 .......... 170 3% ....2. 452 3)% Southern Rhodesia Stock. 1955/65 .. .. .. 975 444 British Electricity Stock. 1967/69 ....1.503 Sheffield Corporation. Red .Deb.StoLk. 1967/69 (Market Value €4.993) 4.011 5.423 10. 979 17. 768 20.413 E2.609 14s . €3.459 7s. El.000 0s. a.747 4s. f2. 546 1s. €2.053 7s. €2. OOO 0s. f2. 425 8s. fA3.000 0s. El.000 0s. €766 0s. €1.OOO 0s. €925 0s. 6750 0s. 800 750 €500 0s. €53 0s. 900 1.OOO €1.OOO 0s. 1.000 €2.000 0s. €850 0s. €900 0s. €300 0s. 812 U50 0s. €650 0s. €600 0s. 440 300 €360 0s. €450 0s. 400 1. 500 €612 0s. €580 0s. €640 0s. €168 0s. €600 0s. €325 0s. 500 m 0s. 1.ooo 500 E275 0s. 4d. 3d. Od. 6d. 4d. 5d. Od. 9d. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od.Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. Od. 34 % 3% 3% 3% 3% 34 A 3* x 4% 3rt % 4% 54 A 6% 74% 8% 49 % 6)% 5% 44% 54A 5s % 5a % 4% 3% 4% 5% Brought forward General Pwposes Conversion Stock. 1961. or after .. .. .. .. L. Savings Bonds. 1965/75 .. .. .. .. .. Funding Stock. 1959/69 .. .. .. British Electricity Guaranteed Stock. 1968/73 .. .. *. Consolidated Stock. 1957. or after .. .. .. .. Commonwealth of Australia Treasury Bonds. 1961/64 . .. Canadian Pacific Railway Perp .Deb.Stock .... .. London Trust Co. Ltd. Red .Deb.Stock .... .. .. Rolls.Royce. Ltd. Red .Deb.Stock. 1974/84 .. .. .. Olympia. Ltd. 1st Mort .Red.Deb.Stock .. Wankie Colliery Co. Ltd. Mort .Deb.Stock. 1962i78 Rotary Hoes. Ltd. Red .Cum.Pref.€1 shares .. Scottish and Mercantile Investment Co.Ltd. Cum .Ref El shaies British Petroleum Co. Ltd. Cum .First Pref .Stock Charterhouse Investment Trust. Ltd. Cum .Pref.Stock J.&N .Phillips &Co. Ltd. Cum .Pref.€1 shares Geo.G.Sandeman &Sons. Ltd. Cum .Pref.€1 shares .. London Midland Associated Properties. Ltd. Cum .Ref.Stock Peachey Property Corporation. Ltd. Cum .Pref.€1 shares Hertfordshire &Essex Water Co. Red .Pref.Stock. 1972 Bowater Paper Corporation. Ltd. Conv .Unsec.Loan Stock. 19?8/82Electric Construction Co. Ltd. Conv .Unsec.Loan Stock. 1972177 Bath &Portland Stone Firms. Ltd. Ord .Stock Boots Pure Drug Co. Ltd. Ord .5s.shares .. British Insulated Callender’s Cables. Ltd. Ord .Stick .~ Cable &Wireless (Holding). Ltd. Ord .Stock .... Charterhouse Investment Trust. Ltd. Ord .Stock .... Commercial Union Assurance Co. Ltd. 5s.shares .. Consolidated Zinc Corporation. Ltd. Ord .El shares . Glaxo Laboratories. Ltd. Ord .Stock Goodlass Wall &Lead Industries. Ltd. Ord Stock’ Hawker Siddeley Group. Ltd. Ord .€1 shares .. .. .. Home and Colonial Stores. Ltd. Ord .10s.shares .. Imperial Chemical Industries. Ltd. Ord .Stock .. .. .. British Transport Guaranteed ‘Stock. .i978/88 .. .. .. Lherpool Corporation. Red .Stock. 1960/70 .. .. Commonwealth of Australia Registered Stock. 1984/66 . .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. Leyland Motors. Ltd. Qrd .Stock Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Cb.,Ltd.. Def Stock ’ Shell Transport and Trading Co. Ltd. Ord .Stock .... Smiths Stamping Works (Coventry). Ltd. Ord .Stock Thames Grit and Aggregates.Ltd. Ord .Stock .... .. Trust Houses. Ltd. Ord .€I shares .... .. .. .. Tube Investments. Ltd. Ord .Stock .. .. .. John Shaw and Sons (Wolverhampton). Ltd ..5s.shares .... Wankie Colliery Co. Ltd. Ord .10s.shares .. .. .. .. .. West of England Sack Contractors. Ltd. Ord .Stock .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. a. .. .. 2.045 3.016 973 5. 704 2. 549 1. 978 1.603 2.435 2. 553 838 576 I. 007 853 682 840 940 779 35 930 938 775 884 1. 940 883 986 670 625 1. 020 732 932 631 470 701 497 894 794 968 I.000 504 543 889 691 700 926 785 467 768 38. 181 52949 (Market Value €50. 7 19) Carried forward .. 238,181 €91. 130 FEBRUARY 50 PROCEEDINGS 1959 51 §CHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS AT 30TH SEPTEMBER 1958 TRUST AND LECTURE FUNDS Cost or Value Cost or Value Nominal Details when Acquired Nominal Details when Acquired € € € € Centenary Fund Brought forward ..50,881 E2,637 10s. 6d. 39% Conversion Stock 1961 or after . . .. .. .. .. .. 2,300 Faraday Lecture Fund €2,477 13s. lld. 3% Savings Bonds 1955/65 .... .. .. .. .. .. 2,492 f473 8s. 9d. 38% Conversion Stock 1961 or after . . .. .. ...... 469 .I €2,500 0s. Od. 3% Savings Bonds 1960/70 .. .. .... .. .. 2,534 €2,705 18s. 7d. 29 % Savings Bonds 1964167 .... .... 2,500 (Market Value €320) €2,279 13s. Od. 3% British Transport Guaranteed *Stock,'i978/88 .. .... 2,237 I. €2,500 0s. Od. 3% British Electricity Guaranteed Stock 1968/73 .... .. 2,499 Robert John Flintoff Trust €4,933 15s.lld. 4% Consolidated Stock 1957 or after .... 4,500 €523 2s. 2d. 34% Conversion Stock 1961 or after ........ 500 E2,302 19s. 6d. 34 A Agricultural Mortgage Corporation Ltd. Deb. Stalk 19?5/78 .. .. 2,OOo €545 19s. 4d. 3 % British Transport Guaranteed Stock,'i978/88 ........ 500 €1,540 2s. 7d. 42 % Glasgow Corporation Stock 1966/68 . . .. 1.500 1,OOo I. €1,970 1s. Od. 3% New Zealand Stock 1973/77 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2;Ooo (Market Value E724) €1,716 15s. 2d. 34 A Northern Ireland Stock. 1969/71 .. .. .... 1.700 €A3,500 0s. Od 33% Commonwealth of Australia Treasury Bonds 1961/64 .. . . 2,936 Edward Frank Harrison Memorial Trust E2,Ooo 0s. od. 5& % Hertfordshire & Essex Water Co. Red. Pref. Stock 1972 * ,-.. 1,940 €61 15s. 8d. 38% Conversion Stock 1961 or after ........50 31y138 €1,489 10s. 6d. 3% British Transport Guaranteed Stock,*i978/88 .. .. .... 1,051 (Market Value €25,625) 1,101 Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize Fund (Market Value €1,055) €1,951 8s. 2d. 3; % War Stock 1952 or after .. .. 1,826 Research Fund a35 3s. 1Od. 3% British Transport Guaranteed'Stock,'i978/88 .. .. .. *. 575 €4,177 16s. Id. 3&% Conversion Stock 1961 or after .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,626 €640 15s. 5d. 4% Consolidated Stock 1957 or after .. .. .. .. 648 €500 0s. Od. 4% Defence Bonds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 500 €774 6s. 3d. 3% British Guiana Government Stock 1975/80' ' .. .. ,I 690 €1,835 0s. Od. 2; % Funding Stock 1956/6i * . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,835 €137 10s. Od. 3% Federated Malay States Government Stock 1960/?0 .. .. .. 120 €1,500 0s.Od. 3% Savings Bonds 1955/65 . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,515 €137 10s. Od. 3a % Bournemouth Corporation Red. Stock 1958/62 . . .. .. .. 134 €4,000 0s. Od. 3% Savings Bonds 1960/70 .. .. .. 4,060 €300 0s. Od. 38% Hertfordshire County Red. Stock 1954/59 .. .. .. *. .. 298 €3,755 2s. Id. 3% British Transport Guaranteed Stock 'i978/88 . .. . .. .. .. 3,568 €134 0s. od. Barclays Bank (D. C. & O.) Ord. Stock .. .. .. .. *. 201 &3,719 8s. 2d. 3% British Electricity Guaranteed Stock 1968/73 .. .. .. 3,724 €258 0s. Od. Mitchells & Butlers Ltd. Ord. Stock .. .. .. .. .. 714 24,000 0s. Od. 3% Commonwealth of Australia Registered Stock 1984/66 . . .. .. 4,015 €206 0s. Od. Watney Mann Ltd. Def. Ord. Stock .. .. .. 597 21,116 7s. Od. 3% New Zealand Stock 1973177 .... .. .. .. .. .. 1,080 €83 0s. od. Imperial Tobacco Co. (G.B. & I.) Ltd. orb Stock .. .. 263 23,923 1,080 Cardinal Investment Trust Ltd. Def. 5s. shares .. .. .. .. 321 (Market Value €19,150) 914 Commercial Union Assurance Co. Ltd. 5s. shares .. 1,117 7,504 Special Lectures Fund (Market Value &7,447) &1,669 17s. 3d. 3 % British Transport Guaranteed Stock 1978/88 .. .. .. .. 1,615 Corday-Morgan Memorial Fund €643 19s. 1Id. 4% New Zealand Stock 1976/78 .. .... .. .. .. .. 500 €1,530 2s. 5d. 34 % Conversion Stock 1961 or after ...... .. .. 1,426 (Market Value €1,674) 2,115 E1,973 16s. 1 Id. 39 % War Stock 1952 or after *. .. .. .. 1,880 E477 1s. 1Od. 3% British Electricity Guaranteed'Stock,' l968/?3 .. .. .. 45 1 €1,062 10s. 1Id. 3% British Gas Guaranteed Stock 1990/95 .... .. .. .. 894 Tilden Lecture Fund €413 13s. 7d. 4% Consolidated Stock 1957 .. .. ". 413 &419 4s. 1Od. 3% Funding Stock 1959/69 .. .. .. .. 387 €217 12s. 6d. 3% London County Consolidated'Stock,' 1962/87 .. .. .. .. 208 €792 10s. 8d. 3 % British Transport Guaranteed'Stock,'i978/88 .. .. .. .. 725 21,035 0s. 7d. 3% Redemption Stock 1986/96 .. .. .. .. .. .. 929 204 National Provincial Bank Ltd. €1 shares . .. .. 679 €137 10s. Od. 44 % Kenya Government Stock 196i/71 . . .. .. .. .. .. 149 €220 0s. Od. 3% Metropolitan Water Board (Kent Water Works) Deb. Stock .. .. 188 €300 0s. od. 44% New Zealand Government Stock 1970/73 .. .. .. .. 299 (Market Value €1,812) 1,979 E1,OOo 0s. Od. 4% South Staffordshire Waterworks Red. Pref. Stock '1971 .... .. 1,047 E300 0s. Od. 3%A Hull Corporation Red. Stock 1973/75 .. .. .. .. 304 6340 0s. Od. 48 % Alliance Trust Ltd. Deb. Stock 1956 or afier .. .. .. .. 344 I, El08 0s. Od. Barclays Bank Ltd. Ord. Stock .... .. .. 237 E618 0s. Od. Ind Coope & Allsopp Ltd. Ord. Stodk .. .. .. .. .. 685 fA12 0s. Od. H. & G. Simmonds Ltd. Ord. Stock .. .. .. 824 El60 0s. od. Imperial Tobacco Co. (G.B. & I.) Ltd. Ord Stock .. .. .. 506 El08 0s. Od. Thomas Tilling Ltd. Ord. Stock .. *. .. 107 a9 0s. Od. London & Lancashire Insurance Co.; Ltd. Ord. Stock .. .. .. 448 68 Phoenix Assurance Co. Ltd. El shares .. ,. .. 1,088 12,239 (Market Value €1 1,344) Carried forward .. €50,881 681,468 PROCEEDINGS THE PLACE OF CHEMISTRY.XI.* IN ISRAEL By DAVID GINSBURG (ISRAEL INSTITUTE HAIFA) OF TECHNOLOGY I HOPE I may be pardoned if a subjective note creeps into this account. It is very difficult to avoid injecting into an article having the above title whether con-sciously or subconsciously a note as to what the place of chemistry in Israel should be. The reason for this is obvious. Israel has completed only the first decade of its existence as a sovereign state. Although the Jewish people has a long and illustrious spiritual heritage the application of modern science and tech- nology to the development of the Jewish settlement in Palestine is perhaps forty years old. The traditions of a centre of learning such as the Yeshiva of Yavneh some two thousand years old have been maintained throughout the long centuries of the Exile.Never has and never can there be a Jewish Science or a Jewish Chemistry; the contribution of Jews to science has been made in many countries but only during the current century was a body of scientists concentrated in Palestine later Israel. Clearly time the mainstay of tradition is lacking and we are today still in the process of creating a local scientific standard. Eventually this will crystal- lise in the more aesthetic geometry of tradition. Lt is therefore perhaps pardonable if certain personal views are herein expressed particularly since these are representative of a goodly portion of Israeli chemists. One of the basic purposes of Israel’s existencc is to make it possible for any Jew who so desires to establish a home in it.The “ingathering of the exiles” has therefore been the basic policy of every Xsraeli government. There are obvious security con- siderations which are part and parcel of this policy. Israel has more than doubled its population during the first ten years of its existence. This achievement was made possible in part through huge financial help on the part of world Jewry and by the Israeli- German reparations agreement and in part by the sacrifices made by the Israeli population. However it also necessitated government control over all phases of the local economy. Perfect overall co- ordination of this control has not been achieved and industrialisation is a case in point. Security considerations necessitated geographical spreading of the incoming immigrants rather than their centralisation.Although it is clear that industrial plants should be as close as possible to seaports and indeed much of the chemical industry is located in Haifa Bay alternatively the existence of certain raw materials in the Negev coincided with the necessity of establishment of settlements in this undeveloped area of the country. Chemical plants were therefore erected in Beersheba Oron Timna etc. Furthermore new jobs had to be created for the new immigrants. Under more normal economic and security conditions the Timna copper plant might not have appeared absolutely necessary. It was in principle possible to purchase copper abroad and to stockpile it in various locations.However the chem- ical process developed to utilise the local low-content copper deposits of the Negev is economically feasible and the erection of the Timna plant created jobs. The decision by the Government to erect this plant was therefore not made on purely economic grounds. This decision created new problems in that living conditions in the Negev are more difficult than e.g. near Haifa Bay and it is necessary to pay higher wages to draw professional workers to the Negev. This has been partially solved by passing a law exempting wage-earners in certain parts of the Negev from income tax. Further difficulties are caused by the fact that the labour government’s philosophy favours the creation of a welfare state.Labour policy operates of course in the direction of raising the worker’s living standard and does not contribute towards the lowering of production costs. One of Israel’s immediate economic problems is to raise productivity per man and this is particularly necessary in order to expand industrial production for export. The biggest single industrial producer in Israel is the Federation of Labour which owns steel cement glass and other plants as well as a controlling interest in a host of other factories. The paradoxical situation which has already developed and can be avoided only by increased efficiency and productivity is the necessity for dismissing workers by the Federation whose members they are in order to lower produc- tion costs.Only increased productivity can hope to lower potential future unemployment and the Federation of Labour is pressing this point home to its members. Much of the recent immigration into Israel con- sists of people of a low educational level. Their children receive the same education and training as those of the more veteran Israeli population but the training of the adults to be efficient and productive workers is a very difficult problem to solve. The Government and the Federation of Labour have set up a large variety of training courses for new immigrants. Few industrial establishments are * For earlier articles in this series see PFOC.Chem. SOC.,1957 185 190,273,276 313; 1958,93,96 135 307. FEBRUARY 1959 in a position to run on-the-job training programmes.These courses utilise skilled professional manpower which is thus not available for other needs. This situation will be alleviated as more professionally trained men and women graduate from the institu- tions of higher learning and as more trained people arrive from abroad. Undoubtedly the major figure in the development of chemistry in Israel was Chaim Weizmann legendary figure who became the first President of Israel. His thinking and vision were responsible more than those of any other person for the creation of the institutions which today train chemists and chemical engineers in this country. Weizmann was instrumental both in the establish- ment of the Technion as a technical high school which in recent years has greatly expanded and is the only institution of higher learning which trains engineers including chemical engineers in Israel and of the Hebrew University.Finally he established the Daniel Sieff Research Institute the core of the research establishment which later became the Weizmann Institute of Science. The present position of training of chemists in Israel can be understood in terms of the waves of immigration into Palestine. The first professors of chemistry were trained mainly in the German tradi- tion a tradition not always in phase with the spirit of a pioneering country which must try to compress into a few years the development which normally takes generations. The second generation which is in process of replacing these men is made up of the products of many schools and traditions and this cross-fertilisation has led to vigorous research at the three major institutions now training chemists in Israel the Hebrew University of Jerusalem the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa and the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot.The Hebrew University has at present fifty students entering its school of chemistry. Students are awarded the degree of Master of Science after four years of study. They are required in addition to their major work of chemistry to take courses in a minor field such as biology physics microbiology etc. A research thesis is required in their last year and depending upon the staff member supervising the thesis the course of study may de facto be extended to four and a half or five years.Basically the course of study is modelled upon the European system. Oral examinations are held at the end of various courses but general examinations are given at the end of the second year and at the end of the fourth or final year. Superior students as determined by the results of the M.S. examinations may continue research in the various branches of chemistry towards the Ph.D. degree and the average residence of a student for the work on his doctoral thesis is two to three years. Formal course work (eight hours per week) is re- quired during the Ph.D. residence. Many of the leaders in Israeli chemistry hold Ph.D. degrees awarded by the Hebrew University and are now members of the senior staff of the University itself and of the other scientific institutions in the country.For many years the chemistry department at the Israel Institute of Technology was a service organisa- tion whose primary function was to teach chemistry to the engineering students of this Institute. Only five years ago was a Faculty of Science established and the negative implications of the previously exist- ing state of affairs begun to be rectified. This was important not only in raising the standards of teach- ing and research in chemistry at this Institute but also because the Institute of Technology was the natural milieu for the expansion of applied research both by virtue of its natural bent in this direction and of its proximity to the geographical centre of the Israeli chemical industry in Haifa Bay.Whilst previously only chemical engineers were trained at the Israel Institute of Technology at present forty-five chemical engineering students and twenty-five chemistry students enter its doors an- nually. Although the latter number will be increased somewhat it is planned that it will always be smaller than that entering the University the numerical emphasis being placed on the training of chemical engineers. A course of study of four years in chemistry leads to the B.S. degree. It may in certain respects be con- sidered a resonance hybrid of the European and the American tradition. Whilst written semestral exami- nations are held throughout many tutorials are given and the weekly hours spent in laboratory work far exceed those in comparable American courses.A B.S. thesis is required in the fourth year and a particular source of satisfaction to the staff has been the fact that several of these theses have led to original publishable and/or patentable results. The residence time for obtaining a Master of Science degree is normally one year during which additional advanced-course work must be success- fully completed (eight hours per week) and an original research thesis must be submitted. A suc-cessful experiment which it was possible to carry out because of the individual treatment given to small numbers of students has been to allow superior students to choose a subject of wider scope for their B.S.thesis during their fourth undergraduate year. Continuation of this research in the fifth year has led to several excellent M.S. theses certainly of higher quality than that produced by the average Master’s student. Comprehensive examinations are given both at the B.S. and at the M.S. level. A recent edict introduced during the past academic year for all students at the Institute wishing to work towards the D.Sc. degree is the requirement of a qualifying examination. (This degree of course is not com- parable with the British D.Sc. degree but rather with the Ph.D. degree.) The Weizmann Institute of Science has heretofore trained chemists only on the graduate level. By arrangement with the Hebrew University several members of the Weizmann Institute staff were recog- nised as research supervisors of Ph.D.students who worked full time in Rehovot but were awarded their degrees by the Hebrew University. Although this arrangement will be continued the Weizmann Insti- tute has announced the opening of its own graduate school in various fields including chemistry com- mencing with the fall of 1958. Advanced-course work will be required from the candidates in residence. As stated above only the Israel Institute of Technology is charged with the training of chemical engineers in Israel. The bulk of the practitioners of this profession have been “produced” in Haifa. They hold most of the industrial posts in the Israeli chem- ical industry and in the military research and Atomic Energy establishments.Although a detailed description of the evolution of the local philosophy of engineering training for local needs which has undergone far-flung changes is outside the scope of this article a brief statement must be made in so far as it concerns chemical engineers. Again because of chronology of tradition it was at one time felt in emulation of the German view that 1 mechanical engineer + 1 chemist -1 chemical 2 engineer. The view has changed and Israel is in this respect as is Britain committed to the American viewpoint as to development of chemical engineering. At present the first one and a half years of the four-year B.S. curriculum are devoted to the basic sciences of physics chemistry and mathematics and to the basic engineering sciences.Thus the chemical engineer’s training begins to differ from the chem- ist’s in the second year when a subject such as applied mechanics replaces one such as analytical chemistry. Specialisation in chemical engineering per se begins in the third year. Of special import to the development of chemistry in Israel is the increased interest on the part of the Hebrew University and the Weizmann Institute in applied research. During the past year a start has been made towards introduction of such an emphasis in the University curriculum but it will take some time before this is more apparent in the research programme. PROCEEDINGS Several other research institutions must be mentioned in so far as applied chemical research in Israel is concerned.The Agricultural Research Station of the Ministry of Agriculture has for many years been conducting applied research in soil chem- istry and in various chemical aspects of agriculture. The chemical laboratories of the Ministry of Defence constitute one of the important applied- chemical research groups in the country. Research and development has been carried out in many aspects of fundamental and applied chemistry and many of the contributions of these laboratories have been used by the Defence Army of Israel. The laboratories of the Atomic Energy Commis- sion conduct research in nuclear chemistry and this work will increase when Israel’s first atomic reactor starts operations.A nuclear engineering training programme was initiated two years ago in Haifa in anticipation of future requirements and during this period the Weizmann Institute has inaugurated specialised courses in radiochemistry. The Research Council of Israel maintains several chemical laboratories. Its policy has been to establish laboratories in various branches of applied chem- istry then to transfer these to existing academic institutions. It has thus contributed towards the creation of an applied approach at the Hebrew Uni- versity by transferring its petrochemical laboratory to that institution. It has aided the Israel Institute of Technology in transferring to Haifa its applied organic chemistry laboratory. It has transferred its forest products laboratory to the auspices of the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the existence of this laboratory has been instrumental in the develop- ment of various processes being used in the local paper mills.The chemical laboratories of the Re- search Council are at present engaged mainly in one ambitious research project-the economical desalting of brackish water a problem of world-wide im- portance. It may be noted in passing that not a little of the vision of the Research Council emanates from its busy chairman Mr. David Ben Gurion. Perhaps the most important industrial chemical research laboratories are those of Israel Mining In- dustries Ltd. Whilst emphasis is laid on the field of inorganic chemistry it also has an excellent organic research and development group particularly interested in the field of petrochemicals.Few local industries maintain research and development laboratories. Amongst those who do are the two heavy inorganic chemical enterprises Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd. of Haifa Bay (phos- phates sulphuric acid ammonia etc.) and the Palestine Potash Company (potash bromine etc.). In the smaller chemical industries the example of other countries e.g. Holland has been followed in FEBRUARY 1959 55 that a number of plants has banded together in an association which maintains a central laboratory for the benefit of all its members. The citrus industry the rubber industry and the ceramic industry may be named as examples. The last two maintain their central laboratories on the campus of the Israel Insti- tute of Technology and thus reap the benefits of the proximity of an academic staff interested in applied problems.The Israel Chemical Society at present numbers in its menibership about 600 of the thousand chemists and chemical engineers in the country. It has five sections Beersheba (established last year and indica- tive of the growing chemical industry in the Negev or Southern part of Israel) Haifa Jerusalem Rehovot and Tel Aviv. It is not yet in a position to maintain a Journal but there is a chemical section of the Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel published as its name implies under the auspices of the Research Council. The bulk of chemical research in Israel is at present published in established journals abroad.Dr. Weizmann always preached that Israel because of its poverty in raw materials must turn to utilisation of its brain power in the development for example of a fine chemicals industry. In the main it may be said that Israeli chemists have not faced this challenge. Many of the best minds are engaged primarily in the pursuit of esoteric research interests albeit that these may find industrial applications in the future. To a certain extent a vicious circle exists in that the chemical industry is not yet at the stage of supporting research at the academic institutions and it utilises academic scientists only to a minimal extent. The Research Council various other govern- mental bodies the academic institutions industry indeed the chemists themselves are still groping for the most effective and efficient way to use their com- bined facilities and talent for the good of the country.The individual tends to feel thwarted when his plans-to himself so obviously to the general good-are pigeon-holed twisted or vetoed by apathy self-interest financial stringency or ignor- ance. Yet-in this country of hectic pioneering activity progress is made because it must be made; and Government plans include the establishment of many more chemical industries. A glance over the positive results even those of the last few years shows a vitality and an achievement in which Israelis can feel no small pride. COMMUNICATIONS Photochemical Cleavage of a Triterpenoid cycZoHexadiene By R.L. AUTREY and W. H. REUSCH D. H. R. BARTON (IMPERIALCOLLEGE, LONDON,S.W.7) THEconversion of ergosterol through precalciferoll into calciferol illustrates a common behaviour of steroidal 5 :7-dieneq2 the mechanistic details of which have been mainly elucidated by the elegant work of Havinga and his colleague^.^ So far as we are aware this is the only structural system in which such a cleavage has been demonstrated. We now report a second example of this type of reaction. Irradiation with ultraviolet light of methyl de- hydroursolate acetate4 (I; R = Ac; R' = C0,Me) under nitrogen in dry ether (reflux temperature) caused the disappearance of the diene band at 283 mp and the appearance of a new band at approx.240 mp (E = approx. 9,000). Removal of the ether gave non-crystalline material which when refluxed in ethanol without irradiation was smoothly trans- ferred into the seco-triene (11; R = Ac; R' = Me) (57%) map. 151-152" [a],-Amax. 215 and 261 mp (E = 85" (c 0.87 in CCl,) 16,000 and 19,700 respectively) Amin. 230 mp (E = 9,950). This com- pound showed strong (>C =CH& absorption at 893 cm.-l (CCl solution) and gave formaldehyde the dicarboxylic acid (111; R = Ac; R' = H) (38%) m.p. 180-185" [a],0" (c 1-10 in CHCI,) and an oily keto-ester (IV; R = Me) on ozonolysis. The acid (111; R = Ac; R' = H) was hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy-acid (111; R = R' = H) which on methylation (CH,Na and benzoylation gave (111; R = Bz; R' = Me) m.p.100-101" [a], + 14" (C 2.40 in CCl,) Amax. 230 mp (E = 12,700.) The constitution of the ester (111; R = Bz; R' = Me) was confirmed by the following synthesis. Oxidation of the known5 racemic keto-ester6 (V; R = Bz) with chromic acid to the diacid (111; R = Bz; R' = H) Velluz Petit Michel and Rousseau Compt. rend. 1948 226 1287; Velluz Petit and Amiard Bull. SOC.chim. France 1948 1I1 5. Fieser and Fieser "Natural Products Related to Phenanthrene," 3rd Edn. Reinhold New York 1949 P. 168 el seq.; for other references see Harrison and Lythgoe Proc. 1957 261 ;Inhoffen Quinkert Hess and Erdmann Chem. Ber. 1956 89 2273. Rappoldt Keverling Buisman and Havinga Rec. Trav. chim. 1958 77 327 and earlier papers. Ruzicka Jeger and Redel Helv.Chim. Acta 1943 26 1235. ti Sondheimer and Elad J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1958 80 1967; see also Gaspert Halsall and Willis J. 1958 624; Kalvoda and Loeffel Helv. Chim. Acta 1957 40 2340. We are most grateful to Dr. Franz Sondheimer Weizmann Institute of Science for a gift of this compound. PROCEEDINGS followed by methylation to the desired benzoate di-all new compounds described in this communication. methyl ester (111; R = Bz; R' = Me) m.p. Ultraviolet spectra were taken in ethanol. All m.ps. 101-103" gave the racemic form. The infrared were taken on the Kofler block. spectrum of this was identical (22 bands; CCI4 solu- tion) with that of the optically active material (see above). The keto-ester (IV; R = Me) on vigorous alkaline hydrolysis gave the crystalline keto-acid (IV; R = H) m.p.152-157". Irradiation of dehydro-a-amyrin (I; R = H; R' = Me)4*7and its esters causes a similar spectral change to that reported above. The product (Amax. 240 mp) from dehydro- a-amyrin itself is more stable thermal- ly than that from the ester acetate (I; R = Ac; R' = C02Me) (see above) and by dinitrobenzoylation a crystalline ester m.p. 116-121" Amax 213 mp (E = 51,200) hshoulder 220 mp (E = 47,400) was obtained. The infrared spectra of this compound and its analogues show no >C=CH band. We tentatively formulate these compounds as (VI) because of these facts and from analogy with the i i) 9 precalciferol-calciferol thermal ~hange.l>~ The previous compoundss obtained by irradiation of the triterpenoid 9 1 l-diene system are products of photochemical closure9 of the triene systems described in the present communication.We hope (i) hv (ii) O3 (iii) CrO to discuss their structures in our full paper. The cleavages of cyclohexadienes and of ortho-type cycfohexadienones'O can both be represented by Two of us (R.L.A. and W.H.R.) acknowledge the the expression (VII) + (VIII) which is in principle award of Post-doctorate Fellowships by the U.S. of general applicability. National Science Foundation. Satisfactory analytical data have been secured for (Received December 23rd 1958.) Ewen Spring and Vickerstaff J. 1939 1303. a Jeger Redel and Nowak Helv. Clzim. Acta 1946 29 1241. Dauben Bell Hutton Laws Rheiner. and Urscheler J.AmPr. Clzern. Soc. 1958 80 4116. *O Barton and Quinkert Proc. 1958 197. Azoferrocenes By G. R. KNOX (UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFELD) azo-derivatives of ferrocene have re-reaction with anhydrous ferrous chloride the desired HITHERTO mained inaccessible. E.g. ferrocene with diazonium products (111; R = Me or Ph) in good yield. 1 1'-salts under acid conditions yielded only arylated Diphenylazoferrocene crystallised from acetone in ferrocenes,l and attempted diazotisation completely destroyed the ferrocene nucleus of aminoferrocene.2 @kN+RLi -@=NR -@N=NR A direct synthesis of alkylferrocenes from alkyl(or LR ary1)lithiums and fulvenes was recently de~cribed,~ tn Qu Li+ and replacement of fulvenes by diazocyclopentadi- a ene4 (I) appeared to be a logical extension.Phenyl- or methyl-lithium with an equimolar quantity of black needles m.p. 183-185 O ; 1:1 '-dimethylaze diazocyclopentadiene (I) in ether gave a dark red ferrocene was purified by recrystallisation from solid presumably the salt (11) and thence by ligroin (b.p. 40-60') and sublimation in a high Broadhead and Pauson J. 1955 367. Nesmeyanov and Perevalova Uspekhi Khim. 1958 27 3. Knox and Pauson Proc. Chem. SOC., 1958 289. De Puy and Doering J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1953 75 5955. FEBRUARY 1959 vacuum forming maroon-coloured needles m.p. 101-103 *. Monophenylazoferroce (IV) was prepared by adding cyclupentadienyl-li thiwn to phenylazocyclo-pentadienyl-lithium (II) and treating the mixture with anhydrous ferrous chloride.Chromatography yielded phenylazoferrocene (IV) as well as ferrocene and the bis-compound (111). The monophenylazo- compound (IV) crystallised from ligroin (b.p. 40-60") as violet needles m.p. 109-1 10". The parent aminoferrocenes and their simple derivatives were readily obtained from the azofer- rocenes which together with the isolation of deriva- tives of aniline provided direct evidence for the structure of the compounds 011) and (IV). Catalytic hydrogenation of phenylazoferrocene employing Adams catalyst in glacial acetic acid gave a high yield of aminoferrocene (V) identified by its melting point' and by conversion into methoxycarbonyl- aminoferrocene.6 Similarly 1 :1'-diaminoferrocene obtained by the reduction of 1:1'-diphenylazofer-rocene was characterised by conversion into the known 1:1 '-di(benzyloxycarbonylamino)ferrocenes and into 1 :1 '-di(methoxycarbony1amino)ferrocene.Methyl carbanilate was isolated as a product from the latter reaction. Catalytic hydrogenation in methanol gave phenylhydrazoferrocene (VI) and 1 :1 '-di(phenylhydrazo)ferrocene both of which are rapidly oxidised back to the parent azo-compounds in air. The author thanks Dr. P. L. Pauson for advice and the D.S.I.R. for a maintenance grant. (Received Decen~ber loth 1958.) An authentic sample was kindly presented by Dr. K. Schlogl (see Schliigl and Seiler Naturwiss 1958 45 337). Rosenblum Thesis Harvard 1953. Paramagnetic Resonance Absorption in Peroxydicobalt Complexes By I.BERNAL (RCA LABORATORIES NEWJERSEY,U.S.A.) PRINCETON and E. A. V. EBSWORTH and J. A. WEIL (PRINCETON NEWJERSEY, UNIVERSITY U.S.A.) THEelectronic structure of the deep green complex show a room-temperature spectrum with hyperfine cations of the type [(NH3)5Co-0.0-Co(NH3),]5+ structure almost independent of concentration. As (denoted M below) is not yet clearly understood. Werneret al.lJ and others3 have postulated the above formula as implying the presence of two different cobalt atoms with formal valencies of $3 and +4. Alternative structures in which the two cobalt atoms are equivalent involve co-ordination from an 0 group to two Co3+atoms or delocalisation of the single unpaired electron required by Werner's formula over both cobalt atoms and the peroxy- bridge.We have recently prepared the sulphate M(S04),HS0,,3H,0 and the nitrate M(NO,) and have studied their paramagnetic resonance absorp- tion using a Varian V-4500 spectrometer with a reflection cavity at 9500 Mc./sec. The powders ex- hibit strong magnetic resonance absorption at room temperature with symmetrical derivative curves at g = 2.023and with a width between extrema of 165 oersteds for the sulphate. Preliminary studies on single crystals show only small anisotropy effects. Solu- tions in concentrated sulphuric or phosphoric acid Werner and Mylius 2.anorg. Chem. 1898 16 245. * Werner Annalen 1910 375 9. Gleu and Rehm 2.anorg. Chem. 1938 237 79. can be seen in the Figure there are 15 peaks (spacing 11 oersteds) centred at g = 2.025 and incompletely resolved with the high-field peaks less prominent than the low-field peaks.This asymmetry is being investigated further. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum at room temperature of a 0.1 msolution of [(NH3),Co-O-O~Co(NH3),](N0,), in con-centrated sulphuric acid. The molar magnetic moment of the sulphate% is 1-63 Bohr magnetons indicating the presence of one unpaired electron. The 15 hyperfine lines strong- ly suggest that this electron has equal probability on the two cobalt atoms (I -7/2) demonstrating their equivalence. It is thus impossible to assign integral valency states to them in this particular cation. The optical spectra show strong absorptions identical for both potassium bromide pellets and acid solutions demonstrating the stability of the cations in these solutions.The complexes were re- PROCEEDINGS crystallised several times to achieve suitable purity; chemical analysis gives agreement with the postulated formulae. Further studies of the paramagnetic and optical spectra as well as a single-crystal X-ray investigation are under way. (Received December 21sf 1958.) The Action of Aluminium Bromide on Phenyl s-Butyl Ether By M. J. S. DEWAR and N. A. PUTTNAM (QUEEN MILEENDROAD LONDON E.l) MARYCOLLEGE TARBELL observed that in the and PETROPOULOS~ rearrangement of benzyl phenyl ether with aluminium bromide in various solvents conversion into o-benzyl- phenol (55%) and phenol (40%) was complete in a few seconds at -40" and that no p-benzylphenol could be isolated.They considered this to be strong evidence that the reaction is intramolecular; for electrophilic substitution of phenol usually takes place most readily in the para-position. The extra- ordinary facility of the rearrangement is also con- sistent with an intramolecular mechanism. Hart and Elia2 studied the analogous rearrange- ments of optically active cc-methylbenzyl phenyl and p-tolyl ether. The phenyl ether gave predominantly o-cc-methylbenzylphenol(85%) and the product was optically active; rearrangement of the tolyl ether gave 4-methyl-2- cc-methy 1benzy lphenol with 76 % retention of activity. This high stereospecificity clear- ly indicates an intramolecular mechanism.In a general survey of acid-catalysed rearrange- ments of alkyl aryl ethers we have examined the rearrangement of phenyl s-butyl ether in a chloro- benzene solution of aluminium bromide at 70" and at 5-10'. In each case the products isolated were o-(22 %) p-(2 %) and m-s-butylphenol (trace) and phenol (33%). Phenol was not buty'lated by s-butyl bromide under these conditions. These results are quite different from those obtained with solid aluminium chloride or a solution of sulphuric acid in acetic acid as catalyst; in each of these cases rearrangement of the ether gave a mix- ture of isomers in which p-s-butylphenol predomi- nated and phenol could readily be butylated (with s-butyl chloride or butan-2-01) to a very similar mixture of products.It therefore seems likely that the rearrangement catalysed by aluminium bromide 3s intramolecular and that its mechanism is analogous to that of the intramoleculaI.3 acid-catalysed rearrangement of N-nitroaniline which gives a very similar mixture of products. The rearrangements catalysed by alumin- ium chloride seem to be predominantly intermole- cular although a detailed study suggests that they also take place to some extent by the intramolecular route. The annexed mechanism accounts well for our results X being the acid catalyst and S the solvent (if any). The intermediate complex (I) can either (1) PhOBu + X-+Ph-O ,Bu --tv-Complex-t Bu-C6H4*OH X +S (3) BUS + PhOH t-(Ph0X)-Bu+ -+ Bu.C,H**OH (4) (1) rearrange directly via a n-complex or (2) undergo heterolysis to a butyl cation and a phenol ester.In the latter case the ion can then either (3) substitute the phenol giving rearrangement products by an intermolecular route or (4) attack the solvent. When the reaction is carried out homogeneously (AlBr catalyst) in chlorobenzene solution all the carbonium ions are presumably removed by irreversi bie reaction with the solvent; butylphenols would therefore only be formed intramolecularly. This suppression of the intermolecular path does not happen with aluminium chloride as a catalyst since this causes a surface reaction. Nor does it happen with sulphuric acid in acetic acid because here the reaction of butyl ions with solvent gives a butylating agent (s-butyl acetate).In both these cases the intermolecular path can therefore predominate. One of us (N.A.P.) gratefully acknowledges a Postgraduate Studentship from the University of London. (Received,January 12th 1958.) Tarbell and Petropoulos J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1952 74 244. Hart and Elia ibid. 1954 76 3031. Hughes and Jones J. 1950 2678. FEBKUARY 1959 59 Cyclic Organic Boron Compounds. Part InI.* B-Aminoborazoles and their Polycondensates By M. F. LAPPERT (NORTHERN HOLLOWAY N.7) POLYTECHNIC ROAD,LONDON THEaim of this investigation was to obtain a poly- cyclic borazole because (i) compounds having in- organic polycyclic nuclei are virtually unknown and (ii) the polymeric form of such a compound should be much more stable thermally than a carbon poly- mer.The key to the preparation was a novel amine elimination reaction 2 >B.NHR -+ >B.N(R)-B< + R-NH Addition of boron trichloride (1 mol.) to ethyl- amine (6 mols.) in rz-pentane at -80" afforded ethyl- ammonium chloride (3 mols.) trisethylaminoboron B(NHEt) (55 %) b.p. 62-63"/10 mm. nD201.4380 d2O 0,833; the borazole (I; Y = NHEt) b.p. 145-150"/0~1 mm. nD20 1.4826 d2O 0.933; and a polyborazole as distillation residue. When trisethylaminoboron (1 6.6 8.) was heated (33 hr.) under reflux at 200" there was almost quantitative conversion into the borazole (I; Y -NHEt) with accompanying elimination of ethyl- amine. The borazole was moderately stable at 200" but at 300" the elimination of ethylamine continued for about 14 hr.; the weight of ethylamine evolved then corresponded to the production of the condensa- tion product (11).At 320" evolution of ethylamine continued and after 5 hr. the loss corresponded ap- proximately to the formation of a linear decacyclic borazole. 6-8g. of ethylamine had been evolved and a further loss in weight of 2.36 g. occurred on pyrolysis (9 hr.) at -600". The ultimate product appeared to be highly cross-linked. Et Et Et Y$"\$lY EtNHyON\e-R-eRN\?NHEt EtN,B,NEt EtN,B,NEt EtN ,NEt (1) y NHEt Fht (n) The constitutions of the trisaminoboron and the hrazole were established by analysis and molecular- weight determination. The structure of the borazole was also supported by its infrared spectrum which showed strongest absorption at 1492 cm.-l.Earlier workers have assigned absorption in this region in borazoles to the oscillation of the BN ring system.l * Part 11. J.. 1958. 3256. The spectrum of the final polymer showed broad absorption with a maximum at -1470 cm.-l and a weak band at -2930 cm.-l (CH stretching mode); this confirms that the polymer is a polyborazole. The polymer was only slowly attacked by cold water but was hydrolysed by boiling water to boric acid and ethylamine. To demonstrate that the amine elimination was of wider application the interaction of ethylamine (in excess) and alkoxyboron chlorides was investigated. Di-n-butyl chloro boronate2 gave di-n-butyl ethyl- aminoboronate (BuO),B.NHEt b.p.49-51 "/0.1 mm. nD201.4178 dP2O0.846; and n-butyl dichloro- borinate3 gave n-butyl bisethylamino borinate BuO.B(NHEt), b.p. 38-39"/0-2 mm. nDZo1.4280 d4200.839. Pyrolysis of either compound afforded ethylamine and the borazole (I; Y = OBu) b.p. 153-156"/0*4 mm. nD2* 1.4544 dp2O 0.935 Ijmax. 1436 cm.-l. The infrared spectra of both borazoles showed medium intensity bands in the 720 cm.-' region (I; Y = NHEt max. 717 and 710 cm.-l; Y = OBu maX.728 cm.-l); these may arise from the out-of- plane vibrations of the N,B,N or O,B,N skeleton by analogy with the assignment made in Part I4for the 735 and 720 cm.-l bands in metaborates as characteristic of the 0&03 skeleton. Whatever the cause of these bands however strong absorption near 720 cm.-l is likely to prove diagnostic of B-amino-or B-alkoxy-borazoles; the polymer showed a doublet at -741 and -720 cm.-l.The non-polymeric compounds trismonoalkyl- aminoborons [only trisethylaminoboron is known5] B-aminoborazoles6 aminoboron alkoxides' and the B-alkoxyborazoles are all of considerable interest. The author thanks Mr. H. Pyszora for the infrared spectral measurements made at the National College of Rubber Technology (Northern Polytechnic). He also gratefully acknowledges continued encourage- ment by Dr. W. Gerrard. (Received December 31st 1958.) Crawford and Edsall,J. Chem. Phys. 1939,7,223;Price Fraser Robinson and Longuet-Higgins Discuss. Faraday Sac. 1950,9 131 ;Becher and Frick Z. anorg. Chem. 1958,295 83.Gerrard and Lappert J. 1951 2545; Lappert J. 1956 1768. Gerrard and Lappert J. 1951 2545; 1955 3084. Lappert J. 1958 3790. Kraus and Brown J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1930 52 4414. Gould U.S.P. 2,754,177/1956. Gerrard Lappert and Pearce J. 1957 381; Chenr. andInd. 1958 292. PROCEEDINGS The Hydrogen-bonding of Monocarboxylates in Aqueous Solution By D. L. MARTINand F. J. C. Rossorn (DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF CHEMISTRY OF EDINBURGH) DIMERIC formic acetic propionic and n-butyric acid /0 have been reported to exist in aqueous solution1 but RC \ previous attempts to study the equilibria have been O-H--0 hampered by variations in activity coefficients. The \ hydrogen-ion concentrations h of sodium carb- C*R oxylate-carboxylic acid buffers in 3~-sodium (per- -0/ chlorate) have been measured potentiometrically at in the solid.s Although free rotation is possible about 25" f0-05'.Data obtained for a wide range of h and the hydrogen bond in solution the ions HA2-are of total carboxylate concentration A were analysed expected to exist predominantly in the extended form by methods developed in studying isop~lyacids.~-~ owing to electrostatic repulsion. The dimers may also The single mononuclear association exist in the extended form in the cyclic form which occurs in the vapour or as an equilibrium mixture Hf + A-+HA ................K11 of both configurations. The trends K, >K, >K12 > K, which are also in the expected order for ion- predominates for A 5 5 x 10-,~,but the poly- ion ion-dipole and dipole-dipole interactions sug- nuclear equilibria gest that the dimers are predominantly in the ex- tended form.The absence of a marked "chelate HA + A-+HA; ............K12 effect," as measured by H+ + HA +H,A2 ............K,, 2HA$H2A2 ............KD 2HA; +H2A + 2A-...... x = KDIK, appears to support this hypothesis. However the and x with increasing are also apparent at higher concentrations. Further increase of K22/KI1 KD/K12 association (to H2A3- H3A3,etc.) appears to occur chain length is compatible with increasingstabilisation in the range 0.7~<A <1.0~ with propionate and of the cyclic form. butyrate but not in the formate and acetate systems. Crystalline formic6 and acetic acid' exist as infinite Values of the stoicheiometric equilibrium constants chains in the extended form whereas p-nitropro- are tabulated.These equilibrium constants indicate pionic* and long-chain fatty acidss consist of cyclic Acid 1% Kll log K12 log K22 log KD HCOZH 3.900 f0.005 -0.50 f0.04 3.16 f 0.01 -1.24 f0.04 MeC0,H 5.014 f0.009 -0.34 f 0.03 4.63 f 0.01 -0.73 & 0.03 Et.C02H 5-161 f0.006 -0.35 f0.03 5.01 f0.03 -0.50 & 0.04 Pr"-CO,H 5.132 f0.007 -0.24 f0.03 5.11 & 0.03 -0.26 & 0.04 for example that a maximal amount of -10% is in dimers. Raman spectral0 are consistent with the the form HA< in all the 1 :1buffers at A = O-~M,and same structural differences in dioxan solution. The that the amount of H2A2in the acids increases from formation of higher complexes H2Ai H3A, etc.is -10% in formic acid to -33 % in butyric acid at only possible via the extended form of H,A,. Many the same concentration. physicochemical properties of concentrated aqueous solutions of the lower fatty acids indicate extensive The species are assumed to associate by hydrogen- oligomerisation~ bonding rather than by micellar interaction of alkyl tails. The hydrogen ion has previously We thank Professor L. G. Sillh for his interest been identified in solution,4 and is to exist in and the Department of Scientific and Industrial the extended form Research for financial support. (Received January 8th 1959.) Nash and Monk J. 1957 4274 and references therein. Rossotti and Rossotti Acta Chem. Scand. 1956 10,957. Ingri Lagerstrom Frydman and SillCn ibid.1957 11 1034. Kolthoff and Bosch J. Phys. Chem. 1932,36 1685 Skinner Stewart and Speakman J. 1954 180. II Holtzberg Post and Fankuchen Acta Cryst. 1953 6 127. Jones and Templeton ibid. 1958 11,484. Sutor Calvert and Llewellyn ibid. 1954 7 767. von Sydow Arkiv Kemi 1956,9 231. lo Batuev Izvest. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.,Ser. Fiz. 1947 11 336; 1948 12 611. FEBRUARY 1959 61 Six-membered Heterocyclic Sandwich Compoundsof Transition Metals By B. MOORE and G. WILKINSON (INORGANIC RESEARCH IMPERIAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORIES COLLEGE LONDON,S.W.7) UNTILrecently when carbonylthiophen derivatives of chromium1 and iron C,H,SCr(CO) and C,H,SFe(CO) 2 were prepared transition-metal com- pounds in which a heterocyclic ring was bound to the metal atom in a manner analogous to the bond- ing in wcyclopentadienyl and arene metal complexes were unknown.The main hindrance to the preparation of many heterocyclic “sandwich-bonded” derivatives is the donor function associated with the presence of lone pairs of electrons on the heteroatoms; this is par- ticularly true for nitrogen heterocyclic compounds pyridine for example being a well-known donor. It seemed reasonable to assume that the blocking of this donor function should allow the binding of aro- matic heterocyclic systems to metal atoms by the de- Iocalised “sandwich bond”. Such blocking can be achieved by the formation of donor-acceptor com- plexes with metallic or non-metallic acceptor com- pounds by the formation of salts e.g.pyridinium or pyrylium salts or in other ways. In the case of six-membered nitrogen heterocycle compounds for example a simple way is the formation of the methiodides and the direct reaction of such com- pounds with metal carbonyls has allowed us to prepare the corresponding heterocyclic metal com- pounds. Thus on refluxing molybdenum hexacarbonyl with 1 -methylpyridinium iodide in tetrahydrofuran carbon monoxide is lost and after removal of sol- vent beautiful yellow crystals (decomposing at 120”) of tricarbonyl-n-1-methylpyridinemolybdenum io-dide can be obtained from ethanol-petroleum (Found C 27.0; H 2.0; 0 12.2; N 3-5;I 30.8; Mo 23.0. C,H,O,NIMo requires C 26.9; H 2.0; N 3.5;0 11.9; I 31.8; Mo 2309%). The compound is sparingly soluble in non-polar solvents but is soluble in ethanol; its yellow aqueous solutions give precipitates with the reagents which precipitate 7r-cycZopentadienyl and arene metal cations such as silicotungstic acid and Reinecke’s salt.The structure of the ion is undoubtedly of the type (I; R = CHd; the infrared spectrum in the C-0 stretching region is consistent with this view. It seems reasonable to assume that the positive charge originally on the nitrogen atom is delocalised in the complex. Other heterocyclic compounds behave similarly and we have obtained for example tricarbonyl-r-1 -methylquinoline- and tricarbonyl-7r- 1 0-met hylacrid- ine-molybdenum iodide as red crystals as well as derivatives from other metal carbonyls such as those of chromium and tungsten.It is noteworthy that metal derivatives from naphthalene and anthracene have not been reported so far. There seems no reason why there should not exist derivatives with two heterocyclic systems or mixed heterocyclic arene or .rr-cyclopentadienyl systems bound to metal atoms the formulae of which can readily be predicted by application of the formal inert-gas structure rules and experiments to check these possibilities are in progress. (Received December 29th 1958.) Fischer and Ofele Ber. 1958 91 2395. Burton Green Abel and Wilkinson Chem. and Ind. 1958 1592. The Reactions of Methoxyl Radicals By R. SHAWand A. F. TROTMAN-DICKENSON (CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, THEUNIVERSITY EDINBURGH) SEVERAL workers1 have shown that methoxyl radicals produced by the decomposition of peroxides will abstract hydrogen atoms from large molecules by reaction (1).CH,-O + RIH = CH,.OH + R1 . . . . . .(1) They obtained a rough measure of the relative re- activities of the compounds by determining the pro- portion of methoxyl radicals that formed methanol. Values of kl could not be deduced from these observations because the competing reactions were ill-defined. These rate constants are of interest because alkoxyl radicals may play a part in the gas- phase oxidation of hydrocarbons. Furthermore few series of transfer reactions which are important theoretically because of their simplicity have been investigated. None of those that have been studied McBay and Tucker J.Urg. Chem. 1954,19,869; McBay Tucker,and Milligan ibid. 1954 19 1003; Rust Seubold, and Vaughan J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1950,72 338. in the gas phase involve identifiable oxygen-containing radicals. The relative rate of attack of methoxyl radicals on two hydrocarbons has been found by determining the amounts of each removed from a mixture by the radicak2 The rate constant of reaction (2) may then be related to that of reaction (1) by the equation CH,*O + R2H = CH,*OH +-R2 . . .. ..(2) -k1 = log[RIH] initial -log[RIH]final k h[R2H1initial -log[R2H1fGZ Accurately measured quantities of two hydro-carbons were circulated by an automatic Toepler pump through a system containing traps a reaction vessel in an electric furnace and capillaries to control the rates of flow.Methyl nitrite which was the source of methoxyl was bled into the stream just ahead of the reaction vessel. Between 300" and 400" the methyl nitrite rapidly decomposes a proportion of the molecules forming methoxyl radicals and nitric oxide. Some of these methoxyl radicals ab- stracted hydrogen from a hydrocarbon yielding methanol and an alkyl radical which reacted with the nitric oxide. More nitric oxide was sometimes added to ensure that none of the alkyl radicals re- acted with hydrocarbons; it had no effect on the value of kl/k2.A cold trap placed after the reaction vessel reduced the concentration of the less-volatile products. At the end of a run the products were con- densed in a trap at -183".The residual hydrocar- bons were then determined by gas chromatography with a Janak detector and an alumina column whose selective affinity for polar oxygenated products made the present work possible. The value of k,/k2did not PROCEEDINGS alter when the concentrations of hydrocarbons were varied between 1 :2 and 2 :1. The results can be expI;essed in terms of the Arrhenius parameters and rate constant for propane as follows Hydro-Runs log A carbon Ethane 18 0*08*0*23 Propane -cycZoPropane 7 n-Butane 5 0 - isoButane 18 0.38f0-17 E (cal.mole-l) k(350") 1200f700 0.46 0 1 - 0-59 - 1.21 -1300~500 1.24 These results show that methoxyl is rather un- selective and suggest that it has a reactivity midway between that of a methyl radical and a chlorine atom.3 The reactions of other hydrocarbons will be studied in due course.The accuracy of the results is as high as that of most of the information available on transfer re-actions of radicals. It cannot be readily improved because of the restricted temperature range and because methyl nitrite in the presence of nitric oxide is not a very efficient source of methoxyl radicals. A large quantity of nitric oxide is formed while a reasonable fraction of the hydrocarbons is con-sumed. Its presence interferes with the analysis. It is hoped to overcome this difficulty and at the same time to extend the temperature range greatly by using other sources of methoxyl radicals. We are indebted to the Institute of Petroleum for a grant.(Received January 6th 1959.) Pritchard Pyke and Trotman-Dickenson J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1955 77 2629; Knox Smith and Trotman- Dickenson Trans. Faraday SOC.,1958 54,1509. Trotman-Dickenson "Gas Kinetics," Butterworths London 1955 ;Knox and Nelson Trans.Faraday SOC.,in the press. Removal of the Nitrogen from Diterpenoid Alkaloids An Abnormal Carboxylic Acid By 0.E. EDWARDS and R. HOWE (DrvxSIoN OF PURE CHEMISTRY NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CANADA) RESEARCH THEconversion of the simple Aconitum Delphinium and Garrya alkaloids into nitrogen-free compounds with oxygen at position 16 would provide a route to possible correlation with diterpenes of known stereo- chemistry. This would firmly establish the skeleton and relative and absolute stereochemistry of these bases.We have now succeeded in converting the azo- methine (I)* obtained from atisinel into the very un- usual tetracarbocyclic acid (II; R = C02H) thus providing a generally applicable route to the nitrogen-free compounds. The nitrogen was removed from base (I) by treat- ment with aqueous nitrous acid. The course of the reaction was probably as annexed. The major pro- duct (30-60%) was the hemiacetal (III) m.p. 165" [M]~ -56". This was quantitatively oxidised by bro- mine water to a lactone with m.p. la" [cc] -37" max. 1725 cm.-l. * The structure shown while probably correct has not been rigorously proved.' Dvornik and Edwards Chem. and Ind. 1958 623. FEBRUARY 1959 Wolff-Kishner reduction of the hemiacetal (111) gave an alcohol (11; R = CH,.OH) m.p.96" [aID HO .H HCO Products --38" which was converted by sodium dichromate into an aldehyde (11; R = CHO) m.p. 131" [cc] -94" nax. 2680 1696 cm.-l and thence by the Kiliani reagent into an acid m.p. 215-217" [a] -43" max. 1693 (w) 1675 (s) 1274 (w) 1256 (m) Cm.-l. The acid was not extracted from ether by 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide and its sodium salt was ether-soluble. Its pK,' in 75% ethanol was 9.6.1. Its ultraviolet spectrum had the band typical for a carboxylic acid but displaced to longer wavelength (hax 225 mp E 100). Final proof of its carboxylic acid character came from the disappearance of the carbonyl band and appearance of the typical bands at 1545 and 1565 cm.-l in the infrared spectrum of its sodium salt.We conclude that the reaction sequence has proceeded as hoped and that we have in hand an extremely weak carboxylic acid. Provided the sug-gested atisine skeleton and stereochemistryl are cor- rect this acid must be represented by (IV). We attribute the abnormal ultraviolet maximum of the acid and the displaced infrared maxima of the acid aldehyde and lactone to extreme steric hindrance of their carbonyl groups and suggest that the high pK,' of the acid is due to steric hindrance of solvation of the carboxylate ion. Attempts are under way to synthesise the mirror image of (IV) from agathenedicarboxylic acid and to effect parallel degradation of more substituted atisine derivatives.From the latter an established degradation sequence1 could lead to the podocarpic family3of acids. refer to absolute ethanol solutions and infra- red spectra to Nujol mulls. (Received January 12th 1959.) t Dextropimaric and isodextropimaric acids have pK,' 7.1 and 7.8 respectively in the same solvent. 1The longest reported wavelength for this band for aliphatic acids is 214 mp for 2-butyl-2-ethylnonanoic acid.a However tetrahydroisodextropimaric acid has A,,,,. 219 mp. Cason and Sumrell J. Org. Chem. 1951 16 1177. Wenkert and Jackson J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1958 80 211 217. NEWS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS The Ciba Fellowship Trust.-The Ciba Fellowship Trust has been founded by Ciba Clayton Limited Ciba Laboratories Limited Ciba (A.R.L.) Limited and the Clayton Aniline Company Limited for the purpose of improving and increasing the interchange of ideas between scientists in the United Kingdom and on the Continent.The Trustees are Sir Arthur Vere Harvey Lord Hives and Sir Alexander Todd. Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretary to the Ciba Fellowship Trust Ciba (A.R.L.) Limited Duxford Cambridge. Library.-The Library will close for the Easter Holiday from 1 p.m. on Thursday March 26th until 9.30 a.m. on Wednesday April lst 1959. The Science Museum South Kensington.-Mr. A. Barclay Keeper of the Department of Chemistry and Mr. E. W.White Deputy Keeper in the Depart- ment of Aeronautics will retire on March 31st. Dr. S.E. Janson,Deputy Keeper in the Department of Chemistry will succeed Mr.Barclay as Keeper on April 1st. Mr. I; Greenaway and Mr. W.Winton are appointed Deputy Keepers from the same date. Congresses etc.-As part of the VII Latin American Congress of Chemistry to be held in Mexico City from March 29th to April 3rd a Sym- posium is being arranged on "Recent Progress in Organic Chemistry". Further information can be obtained from Dr. Albert0 Sandoval Instituto de Quimica Ciudad Universitaria Mexico 20 D.F. Mexico. PROCEEDINGS A Symposium on Chemical Thermodynamics sponsored by the Commission on Chemical Thermo- dynamics Subcommission on Experimental Thermo- chemistry and Subcommission on Experimental Thermodynamics of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Bunsen-Gesellschaft will be held at Wattens Austria on August 20-25th 1959.Enquiries should be addressed to Dr. F. Vorlander Secretary Deutsche Bunsen-Gesellschaft Carl-Bosch-Haus Varrentrappstrasse 40-42 Frank- furt a.M. Germany. A Symposium on Therapeutics organised by the Italian Section of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry will be held in Gardone Italy on August 20-27th 1959. Further details may be obtained from Dr. Rudolf Morf C/o Sandoz S.A. Basel 13 Switzerland. The 121st Annual Meeting of the British Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science will be held at York on September 2-9th 1959. Further details may be obtained from the Secretary British Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2.The 2nd International Congress on Air Pollution will be held in New York on September 9-10th 1959. Enquiries should be addressed to the American Society for Mechanical Engineers 29 West 39th Street New York 18 U.S.A. An International Congress of Clinical Chemistry will be held in Edinburgh on August 14-19th 1960. Further details may be obtained from Dr. S. C. Frazer Clinical Laboratory Royal Infirmary Edinburgh. The 7th International Congress of Soil Science organised by the International Society of Soil Science will be held in Madison Wisconsin U.S.A. on August 15-20th 1960. Enquiries should be addressed to Professor Richard Bradfield Depart- ment of Agronomy Cornell University Ithaca New York. An International Congress of Histochemistry will be held in Paris on August 29-September lst 1960.Details may be obtained from the Secretary-General Dr. Wegmann 45 rue des Saints-Pkres Paris 6. Deaths of Fellows.-We regret to announce the deaths of the following Fellows Dr. I. M. Aitken (14.12.58) of Imperial College of Science and Tech- nology; Mr. I; G. Cousins (17.12.58) of Bristol; Mr. H. Davies (7.1.59) of Nottingham; Dr.H. D. K. Drew (29.12.58) formerly of Queen Mary College; Sir Jnanendra Ghosh (21.1.59) Chairman of the Indian Government Planning Commission for Edu- cation Health and Scientific Research; Sir James Myers (4.12.58) Director of Education of the Uni- versity of Manchester; and Dr. T.B. Smith (21.1 1.58) of Sheffield. Election of New Fellows.-80 Candidates whose names were published in the Proceedings for December were elected to the Fellowship on January 15th 1959.Personal.-Mr. M. H. M. Arnold has been appointed Managing Director of Bowmans Chem- icals Ltd. Widnes. Mr. A. L. Bacharach who is a London County Council representative on the Governing Body of the National College of Food Technology London has been co-opted as a member of the Governing Body of the Borough Polytechnic London S.E.1. He is already a member of the Food Technology Advisory Committee and of the Education Com- mittee. Professor G. M. Badger Professor of Organic Chemistry in the University of Adelaide who has received one of the awards under the Royal Society and Nuffield Foundation Commonwealth Bursaries Scheme has been elected to a Fellowship of St.John’s College Cambridge. This Fellowship is one which the College offers annually to a scholar from the Dominions on leave of absence in England. Dr. A. W. Baldwin Associate Research Manager of Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Dyestuffs Division has been appointed Personal Assistant to the Research Director Mr. J. D. Rose. Dr. F. H. Banfield has been nominated as a member of the governing body of Ewe11 County Technical College to represent the Surrey Education Committee. Professor R. G. Baskett Professor of Agricultural Chemistry Queen’s University Belfast and Head of the Chemical and Animal Nutrition Division of the Ministry of Agriculture for Northern Ireland has been appointed Director of the National Institute for Research in Dairying Reading University from August 1st next.Professor C. A. Coulson is to visit the United States until the beginning of May to deliver the Fisher Baker Lectures at Cornell University. British chem- ists who have in recent years been invited to deliver these Lectures include Sir Christopher Ingold Pro- fessor H. J. EmelCus Mr. R. P. Bell and Professor J. M. Robertson. Professor I; S. Dainton left this country at the end of January for America where he is spending four months as Arthur D. Little Visiting Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Di-. D. A. Hull has received from the Coke Oven Managers’ Association their reward of merit for 1957-58 consisting of a Silver-Gilt Medal and cheque for a paper on “The Use of Ozone in the Treatment of Coke Oven Effluents”.The Earl of Halsbury who is to relinquish his appointment with the National Research Develop- ment Corporation and Mr. S. Barratt Chairman of FEBRUARY 1959 Albright and Wilson are being invited to join the Board of Joseph Lucas (Industries) Ltd. on April 1st. Mr. E. Le Q. Herbert Managing Director of Shell Refining Co. Ltd. has been nominated for election as President of The Royal Institute of Chemistry for two years. The new President takes office at the close of the Annual General Meeting on April 17th. Mr. J. K. Johanesson Chief Chemist Wellington City Council Laboratory New Zealand has been awarded the Imperial Chemical Industries Prize for 1958 for work in the field of analytical methods in connection with water supplies.Sir Harry Melville will receive the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science at the University of Exeter on March 17th. Mu. W. Murray has been appointed Joint Managing Director of the Northwestern Rubber Company. Sir Eric Rideal has been elected Chairman of the new Surface Activity Group of the Society of Chemical Industry. Professor F. S. Spring F.R.S., will be relinquish- ing the Freeland Chair of Chemistry at the Royal College of Science and Technology Glasgow in July to take up the appointment of director of research of Laporte Industries Ltd. Mr. H. Stromberg has left Ashburton Chemical Works Ltd.to take up the position of Managing Director of the Chemicals Division of the Walker and Martin Ltd. Bolton Group. Dr. P.H. Sykes has resigned from the Board of the British Oxygen Company and has been ap- pointed to the Board of Albert E. Reed and Co. as Research and Development Director of the Reed Paper Group. Dr. J. C. Tatlow has been appointed to the newly established chair of Organic Chemistry at Birmingham University. Dr. Norman Wright has been appointed Deputy Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. FORTHCOMING SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS London Thursday March 12th at 7.30 p.m. Irving Langmuir Memorial Lecture. To be given by Sir Eric Rideal M.B.E. M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House London W.1. This meeting was to have taken place on November 6th 1958. Aberdeen (Meetings will be held at Marischal College unless otherwise stated.) Tuesday March loth at 7.45 p.m. Lecture “The Triplet State in Chemistry,” by Pro- fessor G. Porter M.A. Ph.D. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Wednesday March 1 lth at 5 p.m. Lecture “The Study of Rapid Chemical Reactions,” by Professor G. Porter M.A. Ph.D. To be given at the Dounreay Experimental Reactor Establishment. Birmingham Friday March 6th at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “X-Ray Analytical Evidence on the Exact Conformation of Molecules,” by Mrs. D. M. Hodgkin Ph.D. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with Birming- ham University Chemical Society to be held in the Chemistry Department The University.Bristol (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department The University.) Thursday March 5th at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “Some Aspects of Modern Refinery Opera- tions,” by Mr. D. T. Leahy B.Sc. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday March 12th at 5.15 p.m. Lecture by Dr. M. C. Whiting. Joint Meeting with the Student Chemical Society. Thursday March 26th at 6.30 p.m. Annual General Meeting of the Royal Institute of Chemistry followed by Scientific Films. Cambridge (Meetings will be held in the University Chemical Laboratory Lensfield Road.) Monday March 2nd at 5 p.m. Lecture “Mass-spectrometric Investigation of Free Radicals,” by Dr.A. J. B. Robertson M.A. Friday March 6th at 8.30 p.m. Lecture “The Interface between a Metal and an Electrolyte. A Problem of Physics and of Chem- istry,” by Professor N. F. Mott F.R.S. Joint Meet- ing with the University Chemical Society. Monday March 9th at 5 p.m. Lecture “Elimination Reactions of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Amine Oxides,” by Dr. J. McKenna M.Sc. A.R.I.C. Durham Monday March 9th at 5 p.m. Lecture “Homolysis or Heterolysis,” by Dr. A. Maccoll M.Sc. Joint Meeting with the Durham Colleges Chemical Society to be held in the Science Laboratories The University. Edinburgh Thursday March 19th at 7.30 p.m. Visit to Research Laboratories of the National Coal Board Glasgow Road.Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Hull Thursday March 5th at 6 p.m. Lecture “The Stability of Metal Complexes,” by Dr. H. M. N. H. Irving M.A. F.R.I.C. Joint Meet- ing with the University Student Chemical Society to be held in the Organic Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University. Irish Republic Wednesday March 18th at 7.45 p.m. Lecture “Amine Oxidation,” by Professor H. B. Henbest Ph.D. A.R.C.S. A.R.I.C. To be given in the University Chemical Laboratory Trinity College Dublin. LeedS (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University.) Tuesday March 3rd at 6.30 p.m. Lecture by Dr. F. C. Tompkins F.R.S. Joint Meet- ing with Leeds University Chemical Society.Monday March 9th at 6.30 p.m. Royal Institute of Chemistry Lecture “Gibberellic Acid; a Plant-growth Promoter,” by Dr. B. E. Cross M.A. Manchester Friday March 6th at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “Reflections on the Electronic Theory of Organic Chemistry,” by Sir Robert Robinson O.M. D.Sc. LL.D. F.R.S. to be given in the Large Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University. Newcastle upon Tyne (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department King’s College.) Friday March 6th at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “The Teichoic Acids,” by Professor J. Baddiley D.Sc. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry. PROCEEDINGS Wednesday March 18th at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “Polyethers,” by Professor G. Gee F.R.S.Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Northern Ireland Tuesday March 3rd at 7.45 p.m. Lecture “Some Colloid Problems in Industrial Research,” by Dr. J. L. Moilliet. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry to be held in the Chemistry Department Queen’s University Belfast. North Wales Thursday March 12th at 5.45 p.m. Tilden Lecture “Nucleotides and Bacterial Cell-wall Constituents,” by Professor J. Baddiley D.Sc. Ph.D. Joint Meeting with the University College of North Wales Chemical Society to be held in the Depart- ment of Chemistry University College of North Wales. Nottingham and Leicester Monday March 9th at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “The Role of Chemical Research in Fer- mentation,” by Dr.A. H. Cook F.R.I.C. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the University of Leicester Chem- ical Society to be held at the University Leicester. Oxford Monday March 2nd at 8.15 p.m. Lecture “Recent Developments in the Inorganic Chemistry of Fluorine,” by Dr. A. G. Sharpe. Joint Meeting with Oxford University Alembic Club to be held in the Inorganic Chemistry Lecture Theatre. Sheffield Friday March 20th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “Colour,” by Dr. E. Averton. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry to be held at the City Memorial Hall. Southampton Friday March 6th at 5 p.m. Lecture “Nitric Oxide Complexes,” by Dr. J. Lewis A.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the University Chem- ical Society to be held in the Chemistry Department The University.South Wales Monday March 2nd at 5.30 p.m. Lecture ‘The Chemistry of Vitamin BI2,” by Profes- sor A. W. Johnson D.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. To be given in the Chemistry Department University Col-lege Cardiff. FEBRUARY 1959 67 ~~ Thursday March 5th at 5.30 p.m. Lecture “The Influence of Structure on Infrared Spectra,” by Dr. L. J. Bellamy. Joint Meeting with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society to be held in the Chemistry Department University College Swansea. ~~ Tees-side Thursday March 5th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “Research on the Treatment of Phenolic Effluents,” by Dr. D. A. Hall F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry to be held at the Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough.OBITUARY NOTICES SIR JAMES SWINBURNE” 1858-1 SIRJAMESSWINBURNE, Bt. F.R.S. the last surviving founder-member of the Faraday Society died on March 30th 1958 just over a month after celebrating his 100th birthday. A distant relative of the poet Algernon Charles Swinburne he came of North- umbrian stock. He was born at Inverness on February 28th. 1858 the third son of Captain T. A. Swinburne R.N. of Eilean Shona and succeeded to the baronetcy (created in 1660) on the death of the eighth baronet in 1934. He was educated at Clifton College. After a short time at a locomotive works in Manchester he re- ceived his engineering training on Tyneside from 1874 to 1881. He became associated with Mr. (later Sir) Joseph W.Swan-who was to become the Founder-President of the Faraday Society-in the development of the carbon filament electric lamp. He was sent to Antwerp to prove the workability of Swan’s Belgian Patents and assisted in starting lamp factories in Paris and Boston Mass. About 1885 he became technical assistant and later manager of Crompton’s dynamo works. In this period he invented a watt-hour meter and designed his “hedge- hog” transformer so named from the prickly appear- ance given by the iron wires that formed its core. Though criticised by some it enjoyed popularity as a useful plant unit. He ceased to specialise in electrical engineering a subject on which he had contributed many papers to the J. Inst. Elect. Eng. and in 1899 set up as a Con- sulting Engineer at 82 Victoria Street London.In this capacity Swinburne found his true vocation. He concentrated on patent work of which he had acquired a foretaste in his early association with Swan. By the combination of his own inventive genius with the study of the inventions-or alleged inven- tions-of others he accumulated an unrivalled insight into patent law and procedure. For thirty years or more he occupied an eminent position as expert witness in the battles fought over the major inven- tions of the time the Welsbach gas mantle the Dunlop tyre the tungsten-filament lamp and others. By his unflinching candour not lacking occasional * Reprinted with permission from Trans. Faruday SOC. Swinburne Trans. Faruduy SOC.,191 1 6 212.Reports of Patents Cases Vol. 25 1908. 958 humorous asides and by lifting the material points from the irrelevant verbiage of patent specifications he contrived to present his evidence with clarity and simplicity and without any appearance of partisan- ship. An outstanding example of the care with which he prepared himself for cross-examination and for giving guidance to the Court is the paper1 on “Separation of Oxygen by Cold” he read before the Faraday Society during his Presidency. It seems obvious that this study which included a reference to his book on Entropy (1904) formed the basis of his evidence2 in the famous case British Liquid Air Co. Ltd. v. British Oxygen Co. Ltd. in which the respective claims of the Claude and the Linde process were fought out and on which today’s great oxygen in- dustry is founded.In this case such giants as Sir William Ramsay Sir James Dewar Dugald Clerk C. Vernon Boys and Swinburne were poised against each other as expert witnesses a guarantee that the Court was treated to truly scientific argument. The story of how Swinburne became one of the founders of the plastics industry has often been told. He was shown by a Patent Agent a resinous lump looking like frozen beer made by an Austrian chem- ist Luft by the phenol-formaldehyde reaction. Con- sidered useless by organic chemists who regarded non-crystallisable compounds as intractable messes it stimulated Swin burne’s imagination and unortho- dox mind to make a useful product of it.Meanwhile L. H. Baekeland in America pursued the same idea and filed his fundamental patent one day before Swinburne filed his for using sodium hydroxide as catalyst. Both inventors followed their own lines Swin- burne concentrating on metal coatings. He formed the Damard Lacquer Company. The seemingly French title is in fact an apt description in very col- loquial English coined by Swinburne’s puckish humour for a “very” hard material. During the first world war the rivals came to a gentlemen’s agree- ment which eventually led to the formation of Bakelite Ltd. with Swinburne as Chairman a posi- tion he held until 1948 when he became Honorary President. His fertile mind roamed over an unusually wide range of activities.He had a share with C. P. Sand- berg in salvaging bullion from the “Egypt” sunk off Ushant in May 1922 when as always he devised original gadgets in that case an under-water “eye”. He once approached the writer with a request to let him carry out some dangerous experiments in a “glove box” many years before this became standard equipmentin “hot” laboratories for nuclear research. He showed his interest in sociology with a book on “Population and the Social Problem”. He was an accomplished musician building his own organ and at the age of 92 having taken up clock and watch repair wrote “The Mechanism of the Watch”. Swinburne’s achievements were recognised by his election into the Royal Society in 1906. He was PROCEEDINGS elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society in 1894.He was President of the Institution of Electrical En- gineers 190243 ;of the Plastics Institute 1937-38. Having been one of the brilliant company of Vice- Presidents of the Faraday Society at its formation in 1903 he served as President 1909-11. The Society felt gratified to welcome him and Lady Swinburne at its Jubilee Meeting at the Royal Institution. An unquenchable sense of humour was an important part of his philosophical make-up. Re- minded when interviewed on his 100th birthday of his major achievements he repeatedly stressed “it was great fun”. Swinburne was twice married first in 1886 to Ellen daughter of Dr. R. H. Wilson of Gateshead by whom he had two sons and secondly in 1898 to Lilian daughter of Sir Godfrey Carey of Guernsey by whom he had two daughters one of whom survives him.R. LESSING. ERNEST LAURENCE KENNAWAY 1881-1958 KENNAWAY, ERNESTLAURENCE who had been a Fellow of the Society since 1926 died in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital London on January lst 1958 in his 77th year. He was the most distinguished cancer-research worker of his generation. By his pioneer investigations of the cancer-producing properties of coal tar and of simpler artificial tars prepared by pyrolytic and other means culminating in his discovery of the first of the cancer-producing pure hydrocarbons he inaugurated a new era in cancer research and decisively re-orientated its course. In the later stages of these investigations he was assisted by collaborators trained in disciplines other than his own namely W.V. Mayneord I. Hieger J. W. Cook and C. L. Hewett. His achievements coupled with his personal distinction brought him many honours and awards. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1934 and received a Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1941. He was created a Knight Bachelor in 1947 and received many honorary fellowships and honorary memberships medals and prizes from medical and other bodies at home and abroad. Curiously enough no university saw fit to honour him probably because his self-effacing and modest disposition caused him to be little known outside his own professional circles. He was not an easy man to know; but those who knew him well had a great affection for him.Kennaway was born in Exeter on May 23rd 1881. His grandfather William Kennaway who was twice Mayor of Exeter had played a leading part in combating the cholera epidemic in that city in 1832. As a small boy Sir Ernest had rather delicate health and for a time was kept away from his private school in Exeter and was encouraged to spend much of his time out of doors. At that early stage of his life he became interested in natural history and could recognise birds by their sounds as well as by sight. He developed a sense of keen perception and powers of detailed observation which remained with him throughout his life. These powers are revealed in many of his writings on a wide variety of subjects. A notebook which he kept as a boy aged 8 to 10 years has been preserved and gives remarkably vivid accounts of birds and their behaviour as well as a detailed description of the great blizzard of March 1891.After receiving private tuition in Exeter Kennaway became a student at University College London in 1898 and in the following year entered New College Oxford. He graduated at Oxford with first class honours in physiology and later qualified in medicine after completing his clinical studies at the Middlesex Hospital. He took his D.M. degree at Oxford in 1911 and obtained the London D.Sc. degree in Physiological Chemistry in 1915. His training for a research career in medical science was thus broadly based and this coupled with his excellent memory for detail and his vast knowledge in many fields fitted him ideally for his future role as leader of a mixed team of scientific collaborators.He became Demonstrator of Physiology at Guy’s Hospital in 1909 and in 1914 was appointed FEBRUARY 1959 Chemical Pathologist at the Bland-Sutton Institute of the Middlesex Hospital a post which he held until his appointment in 1921 as Chemical Patho- logist in the Research Institute of the Cancer Hospital (Free). Ten years later he became Director of the Research Institute (now the Chester Beatty Research Institute of the Institute of Cancer Research; Royal Cancer Hospital) and Professor of Experimental Pathology in the University of London. After his retirement in 1946 Kennaway was given hospitality in the pathological labor- atories of St.Bartholomew’s Hospital and worked there till nearly the day of his death. For almost the last thirty years of his life he battled unceas-ingly against an increasing measure of ill-health. He never spoke of the disability which afflicted him for so long. Courage grim determination and an iron self-discipline enabled him to overcome adversity. A serious street accident a few months before his retirement resulted in his confine- ment to bed for a long period. “Months later,” wrote F. L. Warren “he re-taught himself to walk with a determination that left his helpers exhausted but himself as always triumphant.” After this he had a series of operations for a variety of conditions and on one occasion abroad a most severe and alarming attack of asthma.But his spirit was resilient and his mental energy never flagged. To his younger colleagues Kennaway was always kind and full of encouragement. His interest in their affairs was often shown through an almost boyish nervous excitement and he rejoiced with them in their successes. Towards his peers he was often suspicious and distrustful finding sinister motives where usually none existed. He was a man of com- plete intellectual integrity and expected the same in others. Sir Ernest’s earlier work was mainly in the field of physiological chemistry. He investigated some aspects of purine metabolism and the biochemistry of diabetes. With Kossel during a brief period in Heidelberg he worked on nitroclupeine.With J. S. Haldane he studied acclimatisation to reduced atmospheric pressures and with C. H. Browning he studied the Wassermann reaction and also some features of the antiseptic action of acridine com- pounds But his enduring work was in the field of cancer research-experimental work on carcinogenic substances and epidemiological studies mainly in association with Lady Kennaway who was his constant assistant and supporter; these last studies were concerned with the incidence of cancer of various organs in relation to sex occupation environment race and social class. Only a few years ago Kennaway himself published his own account of the researches which he initiated with the object of elucidating the nature of the cancer-producing constituent(s) of coal tar (Brit.Med. J. 1955 11 749). He relates the various stages of these researches with the parts played by himself and his various collaborators. This work had a three-fold outcome (a)the discovery of the cancer- producing properties of a pure synthetic hydro- carbon 1 :2 5 6-dibenzanthracene;(b)the isolation from coal-tar pitch of an even more potent cancer- producing hydrocarbon and its identification as 3 4-benzopyrene; and (c) the synthesis of a group of synthetic cancer-producing hydrocarbons related to 1 :2-benzanthracene and analogous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the establishment of generalisations regarding the structural conditions favourable for activity within this group.This work was essentially team work in which the members of the team played complementary parts. But Kennaway was the leader of the team and its inspiration. It is with his name more than any other that the dis- covery of the carcinogenic chemical compounds will be associated in the annals of cancer research. J. W. COOK. ERNEST BOWMAN LUDLAM 1879-1958 ERNESTBOWMANLUDLAMwas born in 1879 at Middleton Derbyshire. His parents were members of the Society of Friends and it was in the National School of this society at Ackworth Yorkshire that he received his early education. As head boy of this school he proceeded with a scholarship to Man-Chester Grammar School; thence with another scholarship to University College Liverpool.Here he had a distinguished career obtaining a double first-class B.Sc. degree (in mathematics physics and hemistry in 1899 and in chemistry in 1900) the Sir John Brummer Scholarship in Chemistry and the Le Blanc Medal in Metallurgy. His breadth of in- terest was exhibited during this period by the fact that in addition to his severely scientific work he attended courses in logic psychology ethics theory and art of education and history of education. He also participated to the full in student activities being captain of the association football eleven member of the tennis six secretary of the chemical society treasurer of the physical society and a member of thc editorial board of the students’ magazine. For two years after graduation Ludlam was demonstrator in Chemistry and lecturer in Metal- lurgy at Bristol University College.He felt that he could be of more service to science however in the schools and from 1902 to 1908 he was Head of the Science Department in his own first school at Ack- worth. From this post he was called to succeed W. A. Shenstone F.R.S. as Head of the Chemical Depart- ment at Clifton College Bristol. Both at Bristol and at Ackworth he took a leading part in the establish- ment of the Adult School Movement. Despite his educational activities Ludlam always maintained the keenest interest in research. In 1906 he conducted investigations at Kiel University with Professor Lenard on electrochemistry and on the chemical action of light; this work received recogni- tion by a D.Sc.degree from Liverpool University in 1908. The results of further research with Professor Lenard on the action of ultraviolet light on chlorine carried out in Heidelberg in 191 1 were published in the Philosophical Magazine. The First World War brought many blows to Dr. Ludlam as an active and earnest member of the Society of Friends who had no hesitation in uphold- ing its principles. He lost his position at Clifton Col- lege and research work that he started at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge under Sir J. J. Thomson had to be discontinued in 1915 when he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment as a con- scientious objector. Two more convictions followed his release but Dr. Ludlam’s own convictions remained unshaken.In 1919 he returned to the Cavendish Laboratory at the request of Sir J. J. Thomson to work on the separation of the isotopes of chlorine. Various methods-fractional distillation diffusion and elec- trolytic separation-were attempted but the results were uniformly negative. This was not surprising considering the techniques available at that time. PROCEEDINGS Dr. Ludlam however added to his degrees a Cambridge B.A. in 1921 and M.A. in 1923. Mean- while he had accepted an invitation from Sir James Walker to join the staff of the Department of Chem- istry at the University of Edinburgh where he at last found security of tenure remaining in office until his retiral as Senior Lecturer in Physical Chemistry in 1944.The Second World War fortunately left him unmolested. At Edinburgh Dr. Ludlam was able to satisfy his love for teaching his love for research and his love for students. As a teacher he was unorthodox but successful both in elementary and advanced classes. As a director of research he supervised the theses of a large number of Ph.D. students some of whom have since achieved eminence themselves. One out- standing example who must be mentioned is Sir Harry Melville. It was in the field of social service however that Dr. Ludlam’s genius found its fullest expression. He was keenly interested in any organisation concerned with staff or student welfare and held prominent positions in most of them. His favourite project undoubtedly was the ‘Cosmopolitan Club’.This organisation open to students of all nationalities met each Sunday for fifteen years at the home of Ernest and Olive Ludlam and the friendly atmos- phere made a deep impression on all who attended. Such activities did not cease with his retiral for from 1944 to 1947 Dr. and Mrs. Ludlam were the Wardens at Woodbrooke College of the Society of Friends. Then failing health forced him to return to Edinburgh where he died after a long illness on August 13th 1958. He is survived by his wife and by three children all of whom took medical degrees at the University of Edinburgh. Dr. Ludlam was a member of the Chemical Society for 56 years. J. KENDALL. APPLICATIONS FOR FELLOWSHIP (Fellows wishing to lodge objections to the election of these candidates should communicate with the Honorary Secretaries within ten days of the publication of this issue of Proceedings.Such objections will be treated as confidential. The forms of application are available in the Rooms of the Society for inspection by Fellows.) Allen Robert H. B.A. Ph.D. 601 Crescent Drive Midland Michigan USA. Allison John Patrick B.Sc. 23 Burnhill Road B~ken- ham Kent. Archer David Alan. 191 Rutland Road West Bridgford Nottingham Amold Malcblm Dennis. 62 Manor Road Swinton Mexborough Yorks. Baklien Asbjorn Rearch Department APPM Ltd. Burnie Tasmania Australia. Bamford Claire B.Sc. Kylemore Highwold Chipstead Surrey. Bates David William Thomas Sudlow. c/o “Nirvana,” West End Skidley Nr.Cottingham E. Yorks. Bengough William Ivor Ph.D. Department of Chemical Technology Royal College of Science and Technology Glasgow C. 1. Binon Fernand D. & SC. 177 Avenue Croix du Feu Bruxelles 11 Belgium. Bishop Brian Cecil B.Sc. 305 Shenley Fields Road Selly Oak Birmingham 29. Bishop John Harold. 18 Hoveland Lane Galmington Taunton Somerset. FEBRUARY 1959 Blatchly John Marcus M.A. King's School Bruton Somerset. Braddock John Michael Fulks B.Sc. 39 Uppingham Ave. Stanmore Middlesex. Braven James B.Sc. 26 Broad Park Road Peverell Plymouth Devon. Brion Christopher Edwards B.Sc. The Chemistry Department University of Bristol Woodland Road Bristol 8. Brown Donald Houston Ph.D. 4 Howard Street, Kilmarnock Ayrshire.Bruck Stephen Desiderius M.A. Ph.D. 1222 Prospect Drive Kynlyn Apts. Wilmington 3 Delaware U.S.A. Butler Anthony Robert B.Sc. 20 Sunny Nook Gardens South Croydon Surrey. Cadiot Paul D. b Sc. 1 bis rue de I'Englise Thiais (S), France. Cavell Ronald George BSc. Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia Vancouver 8 B.C., Canada. Chissick Seymour Solomon B.Sc. 82 Howard Road Walthamstow London E. 17. Clark Jim Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 14 Lee Green Mirfield Yorks. Colinese David Lewis. 324 Bitterne Road Southampton. Connolly Donald J. B.Sc. Department of Chemistry Cornell University Ithaca New York U.S.A. Cooper Mervyn Kenneth B.Sc. 26 Swan Street New- castle 2N N.S.W. Australia. Cooper Robert Edward Ph.D. A.R.I.C.10 Medmerry Hill Bevendean Brighton 7 Sussex. Cottam Bernard Joseph B.Sc. 50 Deri Road Penylan Cardiff. Cotton Frank Albert A.B. Ph.D. Dept. of Chemistry Room 6-433 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge 39 Mass. U.S.A. Cutler Anthony John Britten B.Sc. 22 Cox Lane, Chessington Surrey. Daly John Joseph B.Sc. Monsanto Research S.A., Binzstrasse 39 Zurich 3/45 Switzerland. Davies Ronald. 36 Grafton Street Warrington Lancs. Dobinson Frank Ph.D. 122 Gough Road Edgbaston Birmingham 15. Doyle Michael John. 8 Annesley Drive Shirley Croydon Surrey. Farmer Victor Colin Ph.D. Macaulay Institute for Soil Research Craigiebuckler Aberdeen. Farrell Patrick George B.Sc. Washington Singer Laboratories Perry Road Exeter Devon. Feates Francis Stanley Ph.D.A.R.I.C. 31 Blenheim Close Didcot Berks. Feist William Charles B.S. Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder Colorado U.S.A. Finan Patrick Ignatius Anthony M.Sc. M.I.C.I. Dept. of Chemistry King's Buildings West Mains Road Edinburgh 9. Foffani Antonio D.Chem. Via Marghera 43 Padova Italy. Ginman Ronald Frederick Arthur B.Sc. 70 Upper Wickham Lane Welling Kent. Greasley Patricia Margaret BSc. 170 Leicester Road Syston Leicester. Greenwood Duncan Joseph Ph.D. Dept. of Chemistry, The National Vegetable Research Station Welles-bourne Wanvicks. Grinter Roger B.Sc. Washington Singer Laboratories Perry Road Exeter Devon. Haigh Thomas Douglas B.Sc. 26 Stanmore Road, Hillyfields Bedford. Hall Harry Brian M.Sc.A.R.I.C. 21 Bow Fell Road Mirehouse Whitehaven Cumberland. Hall Raymond Francis. Ferens Hall Cottingham Yorks. Hanson Richard Wadsworth B.Sc. 18 Archibald Road Exeter Devon. Head John Oliver B.Sc. 3 Hertford Road East Finchley London N.2. Herbert Ernest Le Quesne B.Sc. M.I.Chem.E. F.R.I.C. Clements House 14/18 Gresham Street London E.C.2. Higginbottom Robert B.Sc. 16 Andrews Ave. Flixton Nr. Manchester. Hilpern Jill Wanda B.Sc. Pond Cottage Fawley, Henley-on-Thames Oxon. Hoare David Gurney. Cleverley Hook Green Meop-ham Kent. Holt John Stuart. 5 Southpark Road Wimbledon, London S.W.19. How Mervyn John. Hawridge View Bellingdon, Chesham Bucks. Hutcheson John W. A.B. M.Sc. Trinidad House Old Burlington Street London W.l.Ibbitson Douglas Arthur Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 86 Palmerston Street Derby. Kennedy Thomas B.A. 417 5th Avenue Lyndhurst New Jersey U.S.A. Lagowski Joseph John M.S.,Ph.D. 77 Panton Street Cambridge. Leddy James J. Ph.D. 2003 Swede Road Midland Michigan U.S.A. Leyshon Keith. 12 Marlborough Road Roath Park Cardiff. Lukaszewski George Michael B.Sc. 30 Montserrat Road Putney London S.W. 15. McLoughlin Bernard Joseph MSc. 2 Gardner Road Prestwich Nr. Manchester. Maisey Roy Frederick Ph.D. 133 London Road, Horndean Hants. Manson David Leslie B.Sc. 38 Elmfield Ave. Aberdeen. Manuel Thomas Asbury A.M. Chemistry Dept., Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge 38 Mass. U.S.A. Marr George. Needler Hall Cottingham E. Yorks. Marsden John Henry Edgar B.Sc.12 Devizes Road Salisbury Wilts. Matz Rudolph B.Sc. P.O. Box 79 Beersheba Israel. Mayer Elizabeth Bracha M.Sc. 11 Pam Mansions, Prince of Wales Drive London S.W.ll. Mayr Giovanna. Wale Regina Margherita 41 Milano Italy. Mehmedbasich Enver B.S. 7569 Russell Street Detroit 11 Michigan U.S.A. Michelson Malvin J. M.S.Dept. of Chemistry Univer- sity of Colorado Boulder Colorado U.S.A. Mitchell Alan Grant B.Pharm. 24a Steynton Ave. Bexley Kent. Munn Peter William B.Sc. 28 Leechcroft Road, Wallington Surrey. Munro John Duncan 38 Rutland Park Sheffield 10. Nair Vattavila Sivasankara Krishnan M.Sc. Ph.D., A.R.I.C. Vattavila Melarannoor Trivandrum 2, Kerala State India. Nakazaki Masao Ph.D. Dept. of Chemistry Institute of Polytechnics Osaka City University Kita-ku, Osaka Japan.Nevett Brian Anthony B.Sc. 436 Staines Road Twicken- ham Middx. O'Drobinak John Donald B.S. Apt. B Varsity Apart- ments West Lafayette Indiana U.S.A. Olofson Roy Arne M.S. Rm. 205 William James Hall Harvard University Cambridge 38 Mass. U.S.A. Page Donald Charles 67 Salisbury Street Hull Yorks. Paterson Russell. 22 Rodney Road Gourock Renfrew- shire. Phillips Anthony David. 15 West End Avenue Nottage Porthcawl Glamorgan. Phillips Brian. 54 Brookside South E. Barnet Herts. Plorde Donald Edward B.Sc. Chemistry Dept. Univer- sity of Colorado Boulder Colorado U.S.A. Pullman Bernard D. 6s Sc. Laboratoire de Chimie Theorique 34 rue D'ulm Paris 5e France. Reynolds Christopher Finch.Owls Rattle Bickington Newton Abbot Devon. Richards Alan Ph.D. 88 Helme Lane Meltham, Huddersfield. Ross Sidney David Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 83a Downs Park Road Clapton London E.5. Rubin Mordecai B, Ph.D. Dept. of Chemistry Carnegie Institute of Technology Pittsburgh 13 Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Rull Thomas. 8 rue Madeleine Antony (Seine) France. Sandbach John Anthony B.Sc. 26 Lee Terrace Black- heath London S.E.3. Scheidt Francis M. Ph.D. 21 14 Kentucky Midland Michigan U.S.A. Sethna Suresh M.Sc. Ph.D. Chemistry Dept. Faculty of Science M.S. University of Baroda Baroda India. Simpson Geoffrey Stewart. 3 Merton Avenue Hollins Oldham Lancs. Smith Anthony Joseph BSc. 27 Ashbrook Avenue Den ton Manches ter. Smith Grant Newey A.B.Ph.D. The Dow Chemical Co. Midland Michigan U.S.A. Smithers Michael James B.Sc. 11 The Terrace H.M. Dockyard Chatham Kent. Stock Leon M. Ph.D. Department of Chemistry Uni- versity of Chicago Chicago 37 Illinois U.S.A. Swaddle Thomas Wilson B.Sc. 14 Valley Gardens Gateshead 9 Co. Durham. Taylor David Roy B.Sc. Chancellor Hall U.C.W.I. Mona Kingston 7 Jamaica W.I. Taylor Roger B.Sc. 27 Halstead Gardens Winchmore Hill London N.21. Thomson James. 10 Baronscourt Road Edinburgh 8. Thornton Charles Barrie B.Sc. 176 Old Montague Street Whitechapel London E. 1. Tovborg Jensen Aksel M.Sc. D.Phi1. Ved Kanalen 55 Copenhagen K. Denmark. Uhle Frederick C. Ph.D. Dept. of Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School 25 Shattuck Street Boston 15 Mass.USA. Underwood John Graham. 1 Rainsbrook Avenue, Rugby Warwicks. Venkateswaran Pinayur Sriraman B.k. Dept. of Organic Chemistry Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 3 South India. Vickers Edward Jervis B.A. 4 Stanley Road Broughton Park Salford 7 Lancs. Viney David John Ferens Hall Cottingham E. Yorks. Wall Leo Aloysius Ph-D. 2911 Tilden Street N.W. Washington 3 D.C. U.S.A. Warrington Michael. 1A Cannon Street Eccles Man- Chester. Waters David. 17 Melbury Road Knowle Bristol 4. Weininger Stephen Joel B.A. Graduate House, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge 39, Mass. U.S.A. Williams Selwyn Donald B.Sc. 51 Hill Rise Sundon Park Luton Beds. Willis Edwin. 33 Upper Fountain Street Sowerby Bridge Yorks. Wilson Kenneth Bruce Ph.D.3 Westfield Road Cheadle Hulme Cheshire. Yahya Vejdet Oktekin. 80 Durham Road Finsbury Park London N.7. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY Beilstein's Handbuch der organischen Chemie. 4th edn. Edited by F. Richter. 3rd Supplement covering literature 1930-1949. Vol. 1. Part 2. Pp. 1389. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. 1958. (Presented by the publishers.) SteroidnA diagnostika v klinickej a laboratbrnej praxi. M. s. KandrAC. Pp. 390. Vydavatel'stvo Slovenskej Akadtmie Vied. Bratislava. 1955. (Presented by Dr. W. Klyne.) Hybrid lithno-hlinitl a pPibuznA Einidla v organickt chemii. J. Rudinger and M. Ferles. Pp. 570. Nakladatelstvi Ceskoslovenskd Akademie Wd. Prague. 1956. (Presented by Dr. W. Klyne.) A contribution to the chemistry of furoxanes and o-dinitroso-compounds.Academic thesis by R. S. Buriks. Pp. 53. Uitgeverij Excelsior. The Hague. 1958. (Presented by the publishers.) Pyridotriazoles and pyrido-oxadiazolones. Academic thesis by R. Borgers. Pp. 69. Uitgeverij Excelsior. The Hague. 1958. (Presented by the publishers.) Biochemical Preparations. Vol. 6. Edited by C. S. Vestling. Pp. 105. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York. 1958. Organic syntheses with isotopes. A. Murray and D. Ll. Williams. Part 11. Organic compounds labeled with isotopes of the halogens hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphorus and sulfur. Pp. 950. Interscience Publishers Inc. New York. 1958. The B.D.H. book of organic reagents. 10th edn. Pp. 175. British Drug Houses Ltd. Poole. 1958. (Presented by the publishers.) Analytical method the determination of boron in gaseous carbon dioxide.Issued by the United King- dom Atomic Energy Authority Industrial Group, Chemical Services Department Operations Branch. (IGO-AM/W-176.) Pp. 10. United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Industrial Group. Wamngton Lancs. 1958. Handbuch der analytischen Chemie. Edited by W. Fresenius and 0. Jander. Part 3. Quantitative Bestim- mungs-und Trennungsmethoden. Vol. VIb alpha. Ele- mente der sechsten Nebengruppe. Chrom. Edited by H. Garschagen W. Kimpel and J. Weise. Pp. 41 1. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. 1958. Tables of dielectric dispersion data for pure liquids and dilute solutions. F. Buckley and A. A. Maryott. (National Bureau of Standards Circular No. 589.) Pp.95. United States Government Printing Office. Washington. 1958. (Presented by the publishers.) Japan's Electrochemical Industry 1958. Edited by M. Anzai. Pp. 1 18. Electrochemical Society of Japan. Tokyo. 1958. (Presented by the publishers.)
ISSN:0369-8718
DOI:10.1039/PS9590000029
出版商:RSC
年代:1959
数据来源: RSC
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