摘要:

14. NUCLEIC ACIDS Part (ii)By M. J. Waring (Department of Pharmacology University of Cambridge Cambridge) Preparation of Nucleic Acids.-Preparative procedures were covered at length in the 1966 Annual Reports. Improved methods have been described for preparing DNA and r-RNA from bacterial and DNA from mammalian tissues,2 based on deproteinisation with phenol-cresol mixtures. Very good separations of the individual nucleic acids from other macromolecules were achieved without the use of enzymes (except to lyse the cells of Gram-positive bacteria). There have however been warnings that extraction with phenol can lead to aggregation of r-RNA3 or to selective loss of minor DNA components of the A significant advance is the description of methods for preparing DNA using a dextran-polyethyleneglycol-water two-phase system.5 This method of separation originally applied to the nucleic acids by Albert~son,~ has several advantages for work with DNA and RNA.Adapted for the prepara- tion of DNA it is simple and rapid no enzymic digestions are necessary and the DNA is not precipitated at any stage. It can probably be modified for the isolation of RNA too,' and has already been used to purify the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of E. coli.' The partition of double-stranded single-stranded and renatured DNA in the two-phase system has also been de~cribed.~ A recurrent problem in purifying DNA is the persistence of amino-acids in the preparations. One recent report adds a little to the view that the amino- acids may belong with the DNA by showing that the associated amino-acids differ reproducibly between DNA samples from different species and even between samples from different tissues of a single species." Much less widely known however is the complementary problem of whether nucleic acids associated with purified preparations of other substances are contaminants or not.There is now reason to believe that the DNA component of crystalline cytochrome b, long believed to be specifically associated with the enzyme is purely adventitious. l1 K. S. Kirby E. Fox-Carter and M. Guest Biochem. J. 1967 104,258. ' K. S. Kirby and E. A. Cook Biochem. J.. 1967,104,254. ' E. K. Wagner L. Katz and S. Penman Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1967,28 152. D. M. Skinner and L. L. Triplett Biochem.Biophys. Res. Comm. 1967,28 892. L. Rudin and Per-Ake Albertsson Biochirn. Biophys Acta 1967 134,37. J. Favre and D. Pettijohn Europetrii J. Biochem. 1967,3,33. ' P. A. Albertsson Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1965 103 1. C. Babinet Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1967,26 639. L. Rudin Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1967 134 199; B. Alberts Biochemistry 1967. 6. 2527; D. Pettijohn European J. Biochem. 1967,3. 25. lo J. S. Salser and M. E. Balis Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1967 149 220. L. A. Burgoyne and R. H. Symons Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1966,129,502. 494 M. J. Wuring A number of groups have reported progress in the fractionation of different species of RNA using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. '2-14 The method is applicable to both high-molecular weight and 'soluble' RNA and can also be used with DNA.A particular virtue of the method is the high reproducibility of relative electrophoretic mobilities which are linearly related to the logarithm of the molecular weight of RNA over a wide range.13 Other promising methods for fractionation are electrophoresis in agarose gels,' gel filtration,16 chrom- atography on benzoylated-naphthoylatedDEAE-cell~lose,'~ and equilibrium centrifugation in density gradients of caesium salts other than the usual chloride and sulphate. * RNA.-A novel polymer. The adenosine-5'-diphosphate-ribose moiety of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) can be polymerised by an enzyme found in liver The reaction appears to be a transglycosidation between ribose residues of NAD with the elimination of nicotinamide mono- nu~leotide'~~~' (Scheme 1).I P -C(5)-C(4)-C(3tC(2)-C( 1jAdenine P -C(5jC(4)-C(3)-C(2)-C( 1)-Adenine P -C(5)-C(4)-C(3)-C(2)-C( 1tNicotinamide p -C(StC(4)-C(3)-C(2)-C( 1) 8 8 I I SCHEME 1 The C(lbC(2)ribose-ribose linkage is suggested by the results of methyla-tion studies. l9 The polymer seems to be heterogeneous ; sedimentation shows a broad peak with a maximum about 34 S.21It can be hydrolysed by venom phosphodiesterase and by a new phosphodiesterase from liver.22 The syn- thesising enzyme has recently been solubilised. ' l2 A. Peacock and C. Wesley Dingman Biochemistry 1967 6 1818; M. Cannon and E. G. Richards Biochem. J. l967,103,23C; U. E. Loening Biochem. J. 1967,102,251.l3 D. H. L. Bishop J. R. Claybrook and S. Spiegelman J. Mol. Biol. 1967,26 373. l4 J. Hindley J. Mol. Biol. 1967,30 125. l5 W. McIndoe and H. Munro Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1967,134,458. l6 T. Hohn and H. Schaller Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1967 138,466. l7 J. W. Sedat R. B. Kelly and R. L. Sinsheimer J. Mol. Biol. 1967 26 537. '' L. Zolotor and R. Engler Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1967,145 52. l9 P. Chambon. J. D. Weill J. Doly M. T. Strosser and P. Mandel Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1966,25,638. 2o Y. Nishizuka K. Ueda K. Nakazawa and 0. Hayaishi J. Biol. Chem. 1967 242 3164; S. Fujimura S. Hasegawa and T. Sugimura Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1967 134 496; T. Sugimura S. Fujimura S. Hasegawa and Y. Kawamura ibid. 1967,138,438. '' S. Hasegawa S. Fujimura Y.Shimizu and T. Sugimura Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1967 149 369; R. H. Reeder K. Ueda T. Honjo Y.Nishizuka and 0.Hayaishi J. Biol. Chem. 1967,242,3172. 22 M. Futai and D. Mizuno J. Biol. Chem. 1967,242,5301;M. Futai D. Mizuno and T. Sugimura Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.,1967,28 395. 23 Y. Shimizu S. Hasegawa S. Fujimura and T. Sugimura Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm 1967 29 80. Nucleic Acids 495 5s-RNA. The existence of a new species of cellular RNA distinct from the three recognised major types was first reported in 1964.24This new class of RNA has a sedimentation coefficient of 5S and appears to be of ribosomal origin hence the descriptions 5S-RNA or 5S r-RNA. It has been found in ribosomes from many different sources,14* 25 suggesting that it is ubiquitous,26 and it is associated with the larger ribosomal scbunit.It constitutes about 3 ”/ of the total RNA of the cell which corresponds to roughly one molecule per ribosome.26,27 The function of SS-RNA remains obscure but it is stable28 and does not appear to represent either a precursor or a degradation product of other forms of RNA.26 There is some evidence that it can partially compete with t-RNA for binding to ribosome^.^' The most remarkable development has been the determination3’ in Sanger’s laboratory of the complete nucleotide sequence of E. coli 5S-RNA-remarkable because it contains no ‘minor’ nucleotides which would facilitate oligonucleo- tide mapping.31 This advance was made possible by a greatly improved procedure for fractionating nu~leotides.~ The SS-RNA sequence (Figure 1)( 1) shows a surprising feature in that there is considerable internal homology of nucleotide arrangement which becomes apparent if the chain is considered in two parts.This led to a speculation that 5S-RNA may have evolved from a smaller RNA by duplication of part of the gene which coded for its ~ynthesis.~’ Three hypothetical three-dimensional structures have been suggested for 5S-RNA.30*33~34a The arrangement shown in Figure l(1) was based on measurements which indicate that the fraction of bases involved in double- stranded helices is at least 60% of the t~tal.~“ The nucleotide sequence of SS-RNA from KB (human carcinoma) cells has been reported.34b Hindley has repciated evidence from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ‘fingerprinting’ of crude soluble RNA that there may exist further novel species of naturally-occurring RNA.Transfer RNA. Two further complete nucleotide sequences have been reported yeast phenylalanine t-RNA3’ (Figure 1)(2)and yeast valine t-RNA36 24 R. Rosset R. Monier and J. Julien Bull. SOC.Chim.biol. 1964,46 87 ;D. G. Comb and S. Katz J. Mol. Biol. 1964,8 790. 25 J. Marcot-Queiroz J. Julien R. Rosset and R. Monier Bull. SOC. Chim. hiol. 1965. 47 183; D. D. Brown and E. Littna J. Mol. Biol. 1966 20 95; J. H. Parish K. S. Kirby and E. S. Klucis J. Mol. Biol.,1966 22 393; B. G. Forget and S. M. Weissman Nature 1967. 213. 878; F. Galibert J. Lelong J. Larsen and M. Boiron Biochim. Br~phys. Acta. 1967 142 89. 26 D.G. Comb and T. Zehavi-Willner J. Md. Biol. 1967,23 441. 27 E. Knight jun. and J. E. Darnell J. Mol. Biol. 1967,28. 491. J. D. Watson and K. K. Ralph J. Mol. Biol. 1967,26 541. 29 D. G. Comb and N. Sarkar J. Mol. Biol. 1967,25 317. 30 G. G. Brownlee F. Sanger and B. G. Barrel] Nature 1967,215 735. 31 G. G. Brownlee and F. Sanger J. Mol. Biol. 1967,23,337. 32 F. Sanger G. G. Brownlee and B. G. Barrel] J. Mol. Biol. 1965 13 373. 33 C. R. Cantor Nature 1967,216 513. 34 (a) H. Boedtker and D. G. Kelling Bzochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1967 29 758; (b) B. G. Forget and S. M. Weissmann Science 1967 158 1695. 35 U. L. Bajbhandary S. H. Chang A. Stuart R. D. Faulkner R. M. Hoskinson and H. G. Khorana Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,57 751. 36 A. A. Bayev T.V. Venkstern A. D. Mirsabekov A. I. Krutilina L. Li and V. D. Axelrod Molekularnaya Biologiya 1967 1 754. 496 M. J. Waring ,C-G-C A QC 4 u A 1 A\ '-U -G -A' G G, / c-C-G' 1 C-c-c-u' 4G-A-G' U-A-G-G-G -A e tJ c c C G I A "P 0 no 1 FIGURE The nucleotide sequences and possible secondary structure of E. coli SS-RNA(l) yeast phenyialanine t-RNA(2),35 and yeast valirie t-RNA(3)36 H /c-0 497 n w u 498 M. J. Waring (Figure 1)(3) bringing the total known to six. Both molecules can readily be written in the familiar 'clover leaf form (compare the structures given in 1966 Report page 557) which reveals clear homologies with the other structures. Again the terminal sequences can form a helical region of seven base-pairs one a G:U pair (an additional G:U pair is possible in the valine t-RNA); there are three major loops one containing dihydrouracil residues another consisting of seven unpaired bases (including the presumed anticodon) sus- tained by a helical region with five base-pairs and the third also containing seven bases (including the common sequence TJIC) adjacent to five base-pairs ; between the anticodon and TJIC loops there is in each case a small loop which seems to be a special feature of each molecule.However one presumed similarity has been lost the anticodon in valine t-RNA is not separated from a dimethylguanosine residue by a constant number of nucleotides as it is in the other five t-RNAs.It is salutary to note that by assuming homology with known t-RNA sequences both groups of workers were able to deduce sub- stantially correct preliminary sequences for their t-RNAs even though the available data could have been accommodated into an enormously large number of different sequence^.^' Support for the clover-leaf model as a valid representation of t-RNA secondary structure has been gained from studies on the susceptibility of various sequences to chemical and enzymatic attack.38 Another aspect attracting increasing interest concerns the relationship between structure and function in t-RNA.38 39 A notable advance is the publication of a molecular model (Figure 2) for the anticodon arm in t-RNA.40 At a time when dubious molecular model building studies are becoming increasingly frequent this study serves as a timely reminder of how successful molecular models must have their origins in a rigorous appraisal of all the available evidence.The model is based on the chemically determined sequences and X-ray diffraction results on double- helical RNA; in addition it makes the assumption that stacking of bases in the anticodon loop should be a maximum. There is independent evidence for helical structure and base-stacking in t-RNA.41" The first five bases of the loop (the third fourth and fifth being the anticodon) are stacked on top of the helical stem as if continuing the helix; the remaining two bases complete the 3' U. L. Rajbhandary A. Stuart R. D. Faulkner S. H. Chang and H. G.Khorana Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1966 31 425; A. A. Bayev T. V. Venkstern. A D. Mirzabekov A I. Krutilina V. A. Axelrod L. Li and V. A. Engelhardt 'Genetic Elements Properties and Function' ed. D. Shugar Academic Press New York 1967 p. 287. 38 H. G. Zachau D. Dutting H. Feldmann F. Melchers and W. Karau Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Bid 1966 31 417; J. A. Nelson S. C. Ristow and R. W. Holley Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1967,149,590; A. A. Bayev I. Fodor A. D. Mirsabekov V. D. Axelrod and L. Ya. Kasarinova Molekularnaya Biologiya 1967 1 859. 39 K. Miura Progr. Nucleic Acid Rex 1967 6 39; C. Li and J.-C. Su Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1967,28 1068. 40 W. Fuller and A. Hodgson Nature 1967 215 817. 41 (a) D. B. Millar and M. Mackenzie Biochemistry 1967 6 2520; (b) F.H. C. Crick J. Mol. Biol. 1966 19 548; D. So11 J. Cherayil and R. Bock J. Mol. Biol. 1907 29 97; D. So11 and U. L. Rajbhandary J. Mol. Biol. 1967,29 113. Nucleic Acids 499 loop and are less well-ordered. Pairing between codon and anticodon can then occur by hydrogen bonding the stereochemistry of which is as if the inter- acting triplets were simply constituents of a regular RNA double helix. A particularly attractive feature of the model is that by small variations in the positioning of the anticodon third base a highly satisfactory stereochemical explanation for the observed 'wobble' in codon-anticodon recognition can be derived (see the 1966 Report and ref. 41/11. A FIGURE 2 The molecular modelproposed4' to describe the base- pairing interaction between the codon of messenger RNA and the anticodon of transfer RNA (drawing supplied by W.Fuller Department of Biophysics King's College London) 500 M. J. Waring Evidence that t-RNAs may exist in more than one conformational state has been ac~umulating.~’ Biological activity seems to be confined to one state,43 and it is possible that ‘denatured’ or ‘inactive’ forms may be related to bio- synthetic precursors of mature t-RNA.44 High-molecular weight RNA. It has been known for some years that ribo- somes from bacterial sources are smaller than those of plants and animals and moreover that the sizes of r-RNA molecules extracted from them differ in the same sense. As well as confirming these observations recent reports suggest that three type-classes of r-RNA should be recognised 29s and 18s r-RNA from 80s animal ribosomes.25s and 16s r-RNA from 80s plant ribosomes and 23s and 16s r-RNA from bacterial ribosomes.45 (These sedimentation values are approximate and rounded to the nearest integer.) The 70s-type ribosomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts yield r-RNAs more or less indistinguishable from those of bacteria.45. 46 As yet nucleotide sequence determination on r-RNA has not progressed very far. Terminal sequences are known in some cases4’ (the 5’ end of the major E. coli 16s r-RNA begins pApApApUpG . . . that of its 23s r-RNA begins pGpGpU . . .),48 ‘fingerprinting’ of oligonucleotide fragments has been de~eloped,‘~ and alkali-stable dinucleotide sequences containing 2’-O-methyl ribose have been ~tudied.~’ The sequence at the 3’-end of bacteriophage MS2 RNA has been shown to be... GpUpUpApCpCpApCpCpCpA.51 The view that the secondary structure of r-RNA in solution consists of double helical ‘hairpin loops’ of varying stability joined by more flexible single-stranded regions has been strengthened by optical and enzymic degrada- tion studies.52 Although heterogeneous the hairpin loops seem to have an average length of 10-20 residue^;'^ the study of their X-ray diffraction patterns has now been published in full together with results on the more 42 J. R. Fresco A. Adams R. Ascione D. Henley and T. Lindahl Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1966 31 527; T. Lindahl J. Biol. Chem.1967 242 1970 T. Lindahl A. Adams and J. Fresco J. Biol. Chem.. 1967,242,3129;T. Ishida and N. Sueoka Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,1967 58,1080;M. N. Thang W. Guschlbauer H. G. Zachau and M. Grunberg-Manago J. Mol. Biol. 1967 26,403. 43 T. Lindahl A. Adams M. Geroch and J. R. Fresco Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967 57 178; A. Adams T. Lindahl and J. R. Fresco Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,1967,57 1684. 44 R. H. Burdon J. Mol. Biol. 1967,30 571. 45 E. Stutz and H. Noll Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967 57 774; U. E. Loening and J. Ingle; Nature 1967 215 363; P. J. Rogers B. N. Preston E. B. Titchener and A. W. Linnane Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1967 27 405; R. E. Click and B. L. Tint J. Mol. Biol. 1967 25 111 M. M. Taylor J. E. Glasgow and R. Storck Proc.Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967.57 164. 46 H. Kuntzel and H. Noll Nature 1967 215 1340; E. N. Svetailo I. I. Philippovich and N. M. Sissakian J. Mol. Biol. 1967 24 405; L. S. Dure J. L. Epler and W. E. Barnett Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,58 1883. 47 B. G. Lane and T. Tamaoki 1. Mol. Biol. 1967,27 335; M Sugiura and M. Takanami Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967 58 1595; D. McIlreavy and J. Midgley Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1967 142,47. M. Takanami J. Mol. Biol. 1967,29 323. 49 H. Gould S. Bonanou and K. Kanagalingam J. Mol. Biol. 1966 22 397. J. L. Nichols and B. G. Lane J. Mol. Biol. 1967,30 477. 51 R. De Wachter and W. Fiers J. Mol. Biol. 1967,30 507. ’’ R.A. Cox Biochem. J. 1966 98 841; R. A. Cox and K. Kanagalingam Biochem. J. 1967 103,431.Nucleic Acids 501 perfectly double-helical RNA of reovirus. The importance of base-stacking has been empha~ised,~~ and the possible role of intramolecular hydrogen bonds involving the 2’-hydroxy-group of ribose 55 Interestingly X-ray diffraction studies of a DNA-RNA hybrid56 indicate that its conformation is almost identical to the helical A forrii of DNA and unlike that of RNA. No change in conformation occurs when the relative humidity is varied perhaps as a consequence of the sugar 2’-hydroxy-group present in one strand.56 There is disagreement about the conformation of r-RNA in ribosomes some workers believe that it possesses secondary structure similar to its conformation in free ~olution,~’ while others maintain that it exists in an essentially single-stranded form.58 These differences could be resolved if detailed X-ray diffraction measurements on ribosomes became feasible the discovery of apparent crystallisation of ribosomes in cooled chick embryo cells59 might provide just such an opportunity. DNA.-While attempts to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule remain daunting for the present a great deal can be (and has been) learnt by use of hybridisation techniques and isolation of specific fractions. Recent advances include the resolution of the complementary strands of some DNAs by virtue of the fact that one of the strands can partially hybridise with synthetic purine-containing polynucleotides.60 The capacity to hybridise is due to the presence on one of the strands.of pyrimidine-rich clusters which are believed to act as initiation signals for RNA synthesis.61 Frequently the complementary strands may also be separated by centrifugation in alkaline caesium chloride gradients (where the DNA is denatured) a particularly impressive recent example is the resolution of the strands of the satellite DNA found in mouse cells.62 The occurrence of this DNA presents something of a mystery; it constitutes about 10% of the total DNA in mouse cells and it recovers secondary structure surprisingly rapidly after denatura- ti~n,~~ indicating that it consists of a relatively short nucleotide sequence 53 W. Fuller F. Hutchinson M. Spencer and M. H. F. Wilkins J. Mol. Biol. 1967 27 507; S. Arnott M. H. F.Wilkins W. Fuller and R. Langridge ibid. 1967 27 525; S. Arnott M. H. F. Wilkins W. Fuller and R. Langridge ibid. 1967 27 535; S. Arnott M. H. F. Wilkins W. Fuller J. H. Venable and R. Langridge ibid. 1967 27 549. ” R. Cox and K. Kanagalingam Biochem. J. 1967,103,749. 55 J. Brahms and C. H. Sadron Nature 1966,212 1309. 56 G. Milman R. Langridge and M.J. Chamberlin Proc. Nut. Acud. Sci. U.S.A.,1967,57 1804. ” R I. Cotter P. McPhie and W. B. Gratzer Nature 1967 216 864; C. A. Bush and H. A. Scheraga Biochemistry 1967,6 3036. ’* A. V. Furano D. F. Bradley and L. G. Childers Biochemistry 1966 5 3044; M. Artman N. Silman and H. Engelberg Biochem. J. 1967.104,878. 59 B. Byers J. Mol. Biol.. 1967,26 155 T.Humphreys and E. Bell Biorhem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1967,27,443.6” Z. Hradecna and W. Szybalski Virology 1967,32,633; P. Sheldrick and W. Szybalski J. Mol. Biol. 1967,29,217;H. Kubinski and J. A. Rose Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci.U.S.A.,1967,57. 1720; K. Taylor Z. Hradecnq and W. Szybalski ibid. 1967 57 1618. 61 W. Szybalski H. Kubinski and P. Sheldrick Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Bid 1966. 31 123. 62 W. G.Flamm M. McCallum and P. M. B. Walker Proc. Nat. Acad Sci U S A . 1967.57. 1729 63 M. Waring and R. J. Britten Science 1966. lS4. 791 502 M. J. Wuring repeated an enormous number of time^,^^^^^ but its function is quite unknown. With DNA from bacteriophage h it is also possible to fractionate the com- plementary strands in alkaline caesium ~hloride,~’ but in addition it is possible to break native molecules into ‘halves’ by hydrodynamic shear;66 since the two halves have different base-compositions they too can be resolved in caesium chloride.The ends of h DNA molecules are of special interest(p. 503). Recently the 5’-terminal nucleotides have been identified A at the right (AT-rich) half and G at the left (GC-rich) half.65 Denaturation. When DNA is dialysed against distilled water in the cold there is some evidence for the existence of intermediate states of denat~ration.~~ This finding is reminiscent of an earlier observation made by use of low-angle X-ray scattering that intermediate states having roughly half the mass per unit length of normal DNA may occur when DNA is denatured in the presence of formaldehyde.68 The latter type of intermediate state might have the form of intercalated nucleic acid double helices.68* 69 Reich has described an intriguing experimental model for internal denaturation of linear DNA molecules based on a study of molecules with density-labelled ‘repaired’ ends.70 Studies of partially denatured viral DNA molecules visualised in the electron microscope have provided evidence that strand separation commences at characteristic positions in DNA molecule^.^ In strongly alkaline solutions the time required for strand separation increases with the square of the molecular weight of the DNA.72 Breaks.A discontinuity in one of the strands of a double-helical DNA molecule does not mean that the molecule will fragment; the two parts of the broken strand are retained in place by their hydrogen bonds with the other continuous strand.However the molecule as a whole acquires a point of ‘free rotation’ enabling its ends to rotate freely with respect to each other which has implications for repli~ation,~~ while the presence of the gap itself can affect the infectivity of viral DNA74or act as a prerequisite for genetic re~ombination.~~ Breaks in DNA strands may arise by irradiati~n,’~ by decay of incorporated 32Patoms,77.78 and by treatment with reducing agents 64 H. E. Bond W. G. Flamm H. E. Burr and S. B. Bond J. Mol. Biol. 1967 27 289. 65 R. Wu and A. D. Kaiser Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,57 170. 66 A. D. Hershey and E. Burgi Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1965,53 325. 67 H. J. Lin and E. Chargaff Biochirn.Biophys. Acta. 1967,145 398. 68 V. Luzzati A. Mathis F. Masson and J. Witz. J. Mol. Biol. 1964 10 28. 69 S. McGavin H. R. Wilson and G. C. Barr J. Mol. Biol. 1966,22 187. 70 W. Beers A. Cerami and E. Reich Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,58 1624. 71 R. B. Inman J. Mol. Biol. 1967,28 103; E. A. C. Follett and L. V. Crawford ibid. 1967,28,461. 72 P. F. Davison J. Mol. Biol.,1966 22 97. 73 0. Maalse and N. 0. Kjeldgaard ‘Control of Macromolecular Synthesis’ Benjamin New York 1966 pp. 188-197. 74 D. Freifelder Virology 1967 30 328. 75 .A W. Kozinski and Z. Z. Felgenhauer J. Virology 1967 1 1193. 76 W. C. Summers and W. Szybalski J. Mol. Biol. 1967,26 107. ” J. Abelson and C. A. Thomas jun. J. Mol. Biol. 1966 18 262. 78 H. Ogawa and J-I. Tornizawa.J. Mol. Biol.. 1967,30 1. Nucleic Acids 503 in the presence of oxygen.79 They may also occur nat~rally,’~.~~ as in the case of bacteriophage T5 DNA which appears to contain four specifically-located gaps. Terminal redundancv and circularity. During the last few years much has been learnt about the anatomy of viral DNA molecules principally because they are small and frequently available in pure monodisperse form. This topic has been well reviewed.81 One of the earliest examples was DNA of bacterio- phage h referred to already. Lambda DNA is a linear molecule with cohesive ends at each end of the double helix the 5’-phosphate-ended strand continues for a short distance as a single chain with unpaired bases. The single-stranded regions at each end are self-complementary so that under conditions favouring sequence-matching circular and concatenated structures can form.66 Cohesive ends have been detected in the DNA of several other bacterio- phages.81*83 In the case of h there is reason to believe that circles and con- catemers of the type illustrated (Figure 3) as well as covalently closed circular duplexes derived from ‘Hershey circles’ are normal intermediates in the infection and replication process.84 Cohesive ends are produced by limited exonuclease digestion of DNAs from phages T2 T4 T3 and T7.85*86 From this it is concluded that these DNAs are terminally redundant that is to say the sequence of base-pairs forming a short region at one end of the molecule is repeated at the other end.In addition it has been shown by several ingenious methods that the specific characteristic nucleotide sequence of T2 (or T4) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ‘Hershey circles’ JIIII IIIIIIIIIII IIIIIII111 111 111 1111 IIIIII111 1111 1111 FIGURE3 Diagrammatic representation of the formation of circular duplexes and concatenates by bacteriophage h DNA 79 V. C. Bode J. Mol. Biol. 1967,26 125. R. McGrath and R. Williams Biophys. J. 1967,7 309. C. A. Thomas jun. J. Gen. Physiol. 1966 49 No. 6 part 2 p. 143; C. A. Thomas jun. and L. A. MacHattie Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1967,36,485; J. A. Cohen Science 1967,158 343. 82 H. B. Strack and A. D. Kaiser J. Mol. Biol. 1965 12 36; J. C. Wang and N. Davidson ibid. 1966 15 111. 3. G. Wetmur N. Davidson and J.V. Scaletti Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1966. 25 684; J. C. Wang J. Mol. Biol. 1967 28 403. 84 V. C. Bode and A. D. Kaiser J. M 01. Biol. 1965 14 399 ;H. Ogawa and J.-I. Tomizawa ibid. 1967 23 265; L. A. Salzman and A. Weissbach ibid. 1967 28 53. L. A. MacHattie D. A. Ritchie C. A. Thomas,jun. and C. C. Richardson J. Mol. Biol. 1967 23 355; D. A. Ritchie C. A. Thomas jun. L. A. MacHattie and P. C. Wensink ibid. 1967 23 365. 86 G. Streisinger J. Emrich and M. M. Stahl Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,57 292. 504 M. J. Waring DNA appears in circularly permuted form among different individual DNA 86 as if the (linear) molecules had arisen from circular molecules by breakage at many different points. In contrast the nucleotide sequences of T3 and T7 DNA molecules are in each case unique not circularly permuted.8 The fascinating conclusion that the length of T4 DNA is determined by the space inside the phage head so that each particle contains on average a ‘headful’ was reached by showing that the length of the terminally redundant regions is increased in deletion mutants.86 Many viruses contain genuinely circular DNA molecules.In some instances e.g. bacteriophage 4x174,the DNA is a single circular polydeoxynucleotide chain,87 but in most cases the molecule is a circular double helix.88 The fundamental feature underlying the properties of circular double-helical DNA molecules (closed circular duplexes) is that the two constituent strands are topologically bonded.89 This leads to two principal effects (a) the strands cannot be separated without breakage of one of them and (b)the topological bonding number (Le.the number of times the strands wind round each other) is invariant so that unless it is equal to n/m (where n is the total number of base-pairs and rn is the number per turn of the helix) the only way the molecule can attain a fully stable state is to develop supercoils or twists on top of its circular structure.Both these phenomena are observed. It is consistently found that closed circular duplex DNA has a twisted appearance in the electron microscope and an abnormally high sedimentation coefficient resulting from its rather compact structure.88 Denaturing treatments cause it to collapse into a highly compact form-a consequence of effect (a) above.Many other special physico-chemical properties of closed circular duplexes have been re-ported.81*g’ Apart from viruses and the intracellular replicative forms of some bacteriophage^^^ there are other sources of twisted circular DNA such as bacterial pla~mids,~~ sex factors,93 and mitochondria1 DNAs.~~ Since tertiary twists in circular DNA derive from the ratio n/m referred to above and since n and the topological bonding number are invariant for a given DNA the number of supercoils will vary with changes in m.Such changes 13’ D. Freifelder A. K. Kleinschmidt and R. L. Sinsheimer Science 1964 146,254. J. Vinograd J. Lebowitz R. Radloff R. Watson and P. Laipis Proc. Nut. Acud. Sci. U.S.A. 1965,53 1104; L. V. Crawford J. Mol. Biol.1965 13 362; H. Bujard J. Virologv 1967. 1. 1135. 89 J. Vinograd and J. Lebowitz J. Gen. Physiol. 1966 49 No. 6 part 2 p. 103. 90 H. V. Thorne J. Mol. Biol. 1967 24 203; D. Bourgaux-Ramoisy N. van Tieghem and P. Bourgaux J. Gen. Virology 1967 1 589. 91 R. Jaenisch P. H. Hofschneider and A. Preuss J. Mol. Bid 1966 21 501; T. F. Roth and M. Hayashi Science 1966 154 658; D. S. Ray A. Preuss and P. H. Hofschneider J. Mol. Biol. 1966,21,485. 92 T. F. Roth and D. R. Helinski Proc. Nut. Acud. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,58 650. 93 F. T. Hickson T. F. Roth and D. R. He!inski Proc. Not. Acud. Sci. U.S.A. 1967 58 1731. 94 P. Borst G. J. C. M. Ruttenberg and A. M. Kroon Biochim. Biophys. Actu. 1967 149 140; P. Borst E. F. J. Van Bruggen G. J. C. M. Ruttenberg and A. M. Kroon ibid.1967 149 156; I. B. Dawid and D. R. Wolstenholme J. Mol. Biol. 1967 28 233; C. J. Avers Proc. Nut. Acud. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,58,620. Nucleic Acids 505 may result from variations in the ionic composition of the mediumg5 and also from the binding of intercalating dyes such as ethidium bromide,96 to DNA. This latter method has been developed to provide a simple technique for establishing the absolute sense of the supercoils and for estimating their number.97 Since supercoiling is a function of the value of rn it is not surprising that binding of ethidium bromide which increases rn must ultimately be limited by the capacity of the DNA circle to accommodate supercoils; this forms the basis for a method of detecting supercoiled DNA.98 Perhaps the most dramatic discovery of the year was made using this method mito- chondrial DNA contains a considerable proportion of molecules which appear to be catenated circles.99 The evidence that the circular DNA molecules are catenated rather than joined in some other way rests almost entirely on electron microscopic examination an example is shown in the Plate.It is clear that a higher order of molecular structure analysis has become accessible to experimental study and the origin of catenated circular DNA may well provide an insight into some profound biological problems. 99 Enzymes.-Pol-vnucleotide ligase In January 1967 was published the first description of an enzyme which joins polynucleotide chains together."' By the end of the year it had been purified many hundred-fold and the reaction had been characterised.Assays for the enzyme include (a) conversion of 'Hershey circles' of h DNA to covalently closed circular duplexes,"'~ (b)conversion of 32P-labelled 5'-phosphate terminals to a form resistant to hydrolysis by alkaline phospha- tase,'0'-'03 (c) joining of a polynucleotide strand t+o one which is covalently linked to cellul~se,'~~ and (d)restoration of the transforming activity of DNA inactivated by 'nicking' with pancreatic DNAse.lo5 One enzyme has been purifiedfrom E. ~oli'~'* lo31lo6and another from E. coli infected with bacterio- phage T4.1°2* lo' The substrate for both enzymes is double-helical DNA in which one strand is intact and the other while still hydrogen-bonded (that is 95 J.C. Wang D. Baumgarten and B. M. Olivera Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,58 1852. 96 W. Fuller and M. J. Waring Ber. Bunsengesellschaft Phys. Chem. 1964,68 805 ;M. J. Waring J. Mol. Biol. 1965 13 269; W. Fuller 'Genetic Elements Properties and Function' ed. D. Shugar Academic Press New York 1967 p. 17. L. V. Crawford and M. J. Waring J. Mol. Biol. 1967,25,23; L. V. Crawford and M. J. Waring J. Gen. Virology 1967 1 387. R. Radloff W. Bauer and J. Vinograd Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,57 1514. 99 B. Hudson and J. Vinograd Nature 1967 216 647; D. A. Clayton and J. Vinograd Nature 1967,216,652. loo M. Gellert Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,1967,57 148. lo' M. L. Gefter A. Becker and J. Hurwitz Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967 58 240. lo2 B.Weiss and C. C. Richardson Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,57 1021. lo3 B. M. Olivera and I. R. Lehman Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,57 1426. lo4 N. R. Couarelli N. E. Melechen T. M. Jovin and A. Kornberg Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1967,28,578. lo' E. K. F. Bautz Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1967,28,641. lo6 S. B. Zimmerman J. W. Little C. H. Oshinsky and M. Gellert Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,57 1841. lo' A. Becker G. Lyn M. Gefter and J. Hurwitz Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,SS 1996. 9' PLATE.Electron micrographs of mitrochondrial DNA showing its occurrence us catenated circlesg9 (photographs supplied by B. Hudson Division of Biology California Institute of Technology). Nucleic A citls 507 base-paired) to the first strand has a break exposing a free 3'-hydroxy-group and a 5' phosphate.Each enzyme requires a cofactor :ATP for the T4-induced enzyme,'02*107 and surprisingly NAD for the E. coli enzyme.'o3' lo' In both cases there is evidence for an enzyme-AMP intermediate the AMP being released concomitantly with the synthesis of the phosphodiester bond (Scheme 2).'07 E coli enzyme -OH @-# T4 Enzyme-AMPxIll II enzyme ATP Enzyme +AMP IIIIII SCHEME2 The enzymes are variously known as polynucleotide ligase polynucleotide- joining enzyme and DNA sealase; their role in vivo is doubtless concerned with the repair of radiation-induced damage and possibly also with genetic recombination. RNA polymerase. In the transcription of DNA templates into RNA by RNA polymerase the polyribonucleotide chains are initiated predominantly with purine nucle~tides.'~~ There is evidently a good deal of specificity in the sites at which initiation occurs for the ratio of ATP to GTP termini depends upon the source of the DNA template; the ratio shifts in favour of GTP termini when the DNA is denatured and more initiation sites become avail- able.Iog With the separated halves of h DNA produced by shear breakage transcription demonstrably occurs preferentially on the AT-rich half.Enzymes have been found which cleave the y-phosphate from the S-triphos- phate end at which a growing RNA chain was initiated."' DNA polymerase. The long-awaited demonstration of the synthesis of biologically active DNA in the test-tube has finally been achieved.'" Korn-berg's highly purified DNA-dependent DNA polymerase from E.coli will synthesise a complementary (-)-strand using the circular single-stranded DNA of bacteriophage M13 as template [the (+)-~trand]."~ The newly synthesised (-)-strands. being linear rather than circular can be separated lo' B. M. Olivera and I. R. Lehman Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967 57 1700; J. W. Little S. B. Zimmerman C. K. Oshinsky and M. Gellert ibid. 1967 58 2004. log U. Maitra Y. Nakata and J. Hurwitz J. BioI. Chem. 1967,242,4908;J. S. Krakow and W. J. Horsley ibid. 1967,242 4796. 'lo S. N. Cohen U. Maitra and J. Hurwitz J. Mol. Biol. 1967,26 19; S. N. Cohen and J. Hurwitz Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,1967,57 1759. U. Maitra S.N. Cohen and J. Hurwitz Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.,1966,31 113 112 M. Goulian A. Kornberg and R. L. Sinsheirner Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1968,SY '13 S. Mitra. P. Reichard. R. B. Inman. 1-L Bertsch. and A Kornberg. J Mol Bid. 1967.24. 429 R 508 M. J. Waring from the template strands in alkali and shown to start with the 5'-(mono)- phosphates of each of the four deoxyribonucleotides :ll3 thus replication can be initiated without covalent linkage to the template without a specific initiation point on the template and with elimination of the terminal pyro- phosphoryl group of the initial deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate. The ( +)-strand constituting vegetative 4x174 DNA may be replicated similarly and in the presence of polynucleotide ligase the new (-)-strand is closed yielding a closed circular duplex DNA which displays the properties of natural 4x174 replicative form (RF) DNA.' l4 If the (-)-circles are synthesised with use of 5-bromodeoxy-UTP rather than TTP they can be released from the partially synthetic RF separated from the template in a density gradient and employed to proceed with the synthesis of totally synthetic RF which is shown to be infectious.' l2 Bacteriophage-induced RNA replicases.There is now general agreement that the replication of bacteriophage RNA involves intermediate structures containing (-)-strands complementary to the vegetative (+)-strand.' 15 l6 Two types of intermediate have been identified:l16 the first is believed to consist of antiparallel duplexes containing a ( +)-strand hydrogen-bonded to a complete or partially complete (-)-strand (the Hofschneider structure," HS) and the second contains in addition growing ( +)-strands at various stages of completion (the Franklin structure,"' FS).In the case of bacterio-phage QP-RNA replicase the following sequence of events appears to take place Template QP-RNA + HS + FS + product QP-RNA By using Py-32P-labelled nucleoside triphosphates to identify the ends of strands it has been established"' that the (-)-strand is synthesised from its 5'-end to its 3'-end as in the synthesis of DNA and RNA by the DNA- dependent po1ymerases,l2' but that a reversal of polarity occurs with the synthesis of new (+)-strands-they are polymerised in a 3' + 5' direction.Such a reaction involves formation of a phosphodiester link between the 5'-triphosphate at the end of a growing chain and the 3'-hydroxy-group of an incoming nucleoside triphosphate (Scheme 3).' l9 The discovery of this polarity reversal explains how two antiparallel strands can grow simultaneously in the same sidereal direction which is of considerable interest in the context of '14 M. Goulian and A. Kornberg Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.U.S.A.,1967,58 1723. 'I' N. Granboulan and R. M. Franklin J. Mol. Biol. 1966 22 173; R. L. Erikson E. Erikson and J. A. Gordon ibid. 1966 22 257; R. Erikson and E. Erikson J. Virology 1967 1 523; R. B. Kelly and R. L. Sinsheimer,J. Mol. Biol. 1967,29,237;C. Weissmann G. Feix H. Slor and R. Pollet Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.U.S.A. 1967,57,1870; R. Pollet P. Knolle and C. Weissmann ibid. 1967 58,766. N. R. Pace D. H. L. Bishop and S. Spiegelman Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,1967,58 71 1. '" B. Francke and P. H. Hofschneider Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1966,56 1883. R. M. Franklin Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,1966,55 1504. D. H. L. Bishop N. R. Pace and S. Spiegelman Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967,58 1790 A. Kornberg 'Enzymatic Synthesis of DNA' Wiley New York and London 1961 ; U. Maitra and J. Hurwitz Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,1965 54 815; H. Bremer M. W. Konrad K. Gaines and G. S. Stent J. Mol. Biol. 1965 13. 540. Nucleic Acids 509 5 growth -3' /p (-)-strand pp-GpGpAp . . . . . . pUpC-OH pQp-A-OH Established mode of normal chain growth. L/ n (+)-strand HOXpCpUp .. . . . . pApG-p HO-Uppp Novel mode of chain growth CP P' 3 growth ?51 Growth mechanisms for the (+)-and (-))-strands of bacteriophage Qf3 SCHEME 3 DNA synthesis where the molecule appears to be replicated at a single growing-point which traverses the chromosome in one direction.' The availability of purified QP-replicase has made possible a Darwinian experiment in the test-tube; by adjusting conditions to favour fast growth of RNA chains and repeatedly priming a fresh reaction mixture with the product of the previous one QP-RNA 'evolved' into a molecule only 17% of its original length with a growth rate (in terms of production of new molecules) 15 times faster. lZ1 J. Cairns J. Mol. Biol. 1963,6 208. D. R.Mills,R.L. Peterson and S. Spiegelman Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,1967,58 217. R+

ISSN:0069-3030    

DOI:10.1039/OC9676400493

出版商:RSC    

年代:1967

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

15. BIOSYNTHESIS By R. Ramage (The Robert Robinson Laboratories The University of Liverpooo As in previous years this report will be selective in that it will deal only with publications most likely to interest organic chemists. Again there has been much activity in the al.kaloid field together with increasing interest in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. group. Alkaloids.-Bm~~,lisoqu~~o~~~eFull details have now appeared concerning the pathway from salutaridine (1) to thebaine (2) in Papaver sornniferurn. In a thorough investigation both salutaridinol-I (3) and salu- taridinol-II(4) were synthesised and the stereochemistry at C-7 was determined. It has been proposed2 that in the conversion of salutaridinol into thebaine (2) the phenolic hydroxy-group should displace the oxygen function at C-7 by an SN2' mechanism.Salutaridinol-I1 (4) has the required stereo~hemistry~ for such a reaction; however salutaridinol-I (3) was found to be the most effective precursor of thebaine (2). One interesting possibility proposed is a prior allylic rearrangement of (3) to give the isomeric dienol (5) having the desired stereochemistry for S,2 attack at C-5 by the phenolic group. One remaining problem in this area of morphine biosynthesis is the synthesis of (9,in labelled form possibly from thebaine (2). Two independent groups have now shown by use of specific labelling4 and [14C]carbon dioxide exposure tech- nique~,~ that morphine (6) is formed from thebaine (2) via codeinone (7; R1R2= 0) and codeine (7; R' = H R2 = OH).The latter group have confirmed,6 by [''C]carbon dioxide exposure that reticuline (8)is a precursor of thebaine (2) in P. sorniferurn L. Pure (-)-reticuline (8) was isolated from the plant in contrast to earlier in which partially racemic (8) was isolated. In the biosynthesis of sinomenine (9) irom sinoacutine (lo) isosinomenine (1 1) has been showng not to be involved. An alternative would be the inter- mediacy of the isomeric structure (12) which could yield (9) via the enol ether (13) as shown. Incorporation of (+)-[Me-14C 3H3]coclaurine (14; R' = OMe R2 = H) ' D. H. R. Barton. D. S. Bhakuni R. James and G. W. Kirby J. Chern. Sw. (C).1967 128 G. Stork 'The Alkaloids,' ed. Manike and Holmes Academic Press New York 1960 p. 243. G. Stork and W.N. White J. Arner. Chem. SOC., 1956,78,4689. A. R. Battersby E. Brochmann-Hanssen and J. A. Martin Chem. Cornrn. 1967,483. G. Blaschke H. I. Parker and H. Rapoport J. Arner. Chem. SOC. 1967,89 1540. R. 0.Martin M. E. Warren and H. Rapoport Biochemistry 1967,6,2355. ' E. Brochmann-Hanssen and B. Nielson Tetrahedron Letters 1965 1271. a A. R. Battersby G. W. Evans R. 0. Martin M. E. Warren and H. Rapoport Tetrahedron Letters 1965 1275. D. H. R. Barton Chern. in Britain 1967,3 330. 512 R. Ramage into crotonosine (15) in Croton linearis showed that ca. 70% of the methoxy- group activity was lost in the conversion. A full account has been published'O of the incorporation of norcoclaurine (14; R' = R2 = H) and N-methyl- coclaurine (14; R' = H R2 = Me) into mecambrine (16) and roemerine (17) in P.ciubium.The isolation" of the dienol (18) from C. Iinearis must be of biosynthetic importance. More elegant experiments12 with multiply labelled reticuline (8) and scoulerine (19) have been designed to elucidate the final stages in the transforma- tion of stylopine (20) to chelidonine (21). Of particular interest is the non- specific removal of hydrogen at C-9 in (8) during the biosynthesis of (21); however in the conversion of scoulerine (19) into narcotine (22) hydroxylation Me0 \ OH 0 D. H. R. Barton D. S. Bhakuni G. M. Chapman and G. W. Kirby J. Chem. SOC.(C) 1967 2134. l1 L. J. Haynes G. E. M. Husbands and K. L. Stuart J. Chem. SOC.(C) 1966 1680. l2 A. R. Battersby R. J. Francis M.Hirst R. Southgate and J. Staunton Chem. Corm. 1967,602. Biosyn thesis 513 .Me Me0 OMe 0 (13) (12) FMe / MFH (14) (16) p to nitrogen at C-13 was stereospecific. Feeding experiments with ( f)-[6-I4C 6-3H2]scoulerine showed that the 3H-loss from C-6 (~a. 40 %) was close to that expected (50%)for a stereospecific oxidation at C-6 en route to chelidonine (21). Leete has also shown13 that stylopine (20) is a progenitor of chelidonine (21) by feeding ( )-[6-'4C,14-3H]stylopine to Chefidonium majus. The theory' that the Erythrina alkaloids were derived from the diphenol (23) has been tested in a beautiful and complete manner by the Imperial College The diphenol (23) was incorporated to a negligible extent into erythratine (24; R' = OH R2 = H) and erythraline (25) in Erythrina crista-galli and E.rubrinervia notwithstanding the very good in vitro conversion of (23) into ( f)-erysodienone (26). N-Norprotosimonenine (27) was found to be an efficient precursor of (24; R' = OH R2 = H) and (25) a result which classifies these compounds as benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. The suggested sequence from N-norprotosinomenine (27) to erysodienone (26) involves the unusual dienone (28) and the biphenyl derivative (29). The ready oxidation of (29) to erysodienone (26) makes (29) a credible biosynthetic intermediate. Since erysodienone (26) is optically active one enantiomer of N-norproto- sinomenine (27) is probably the true precursor and the asymmetry is probably translated from (27) to (26) via an optically active biphenyl derivative.An l3 E. Leete and J. B. Murrell Phytochemistry 1967 6 231. l4 D. H. R. Barton and T. Cohen Festschrift A. Stoll Birkhauser A.-G. Basle 1957. p. 117. D. H. R. Barton R. James G. W. Kirby and D. A. Widdowson Chem. Comm. 1967,267. 514 R. Ramage Me0 \ ""01.; a Me0 OH OH (26) (27) (28) Biosynthesis 515 HO / Meos (29) (30) (31) excellent analogy seems to be the formation of (+)-neodihydrothebaine (30) from thebaine.l6*I7 Whether or not both aryl rings in (29) do become truly equivalent can be checked by suitable specific labelling. Erythratinone (3 l) shown to be present in E. crysta-galli was converted into [2-3H]erythratine (24; R' = OH R2 = H) and [2-3H]epierythratine (24; R' = H R2 = OH).The latter was transformed most efficiently into erythraline (25). Stereospecific 3H-labelling at C-9 of N-norprotosinomenine (27) would be invaluable in an examination of the dehydration step. Phenethylisoquinoline alkaloids. Earlier work' indicated that (&)-autumna-line (32; R' = OH R2= OMe R3 = OMe) was the key phenethylisoquino- ine precursor of colchicine (33; R = Ac) and demecolcine (33; R = Me) in Colchicum autumnale and C. byzantinum; other intermediates were being (32 ; R' = H R2 = OH R3 = H) and (33; R' = H R2 = OH R3 = OMe). Further workIg has shown the direction of coupling in autumnaline (32; R' = OH R2 = OMe R3= OMe) to be para-para unlike the ortho-para coupling of reticuline (8) involved in the biosynthesis of morphine.O-Methyl- androcymbine (34; R = H) earlier established as a precursor of colchicine has recently been shown to be present in C. auturnnale.20 Predictably (-)-autumnaline which has the same configuration at the asymmetric centre as colchicine (33; R = Ac) was the effective precursor of colchicine. (-)-[l-'H] Autumnaline gave colchicine which showed some loss of 3H-activity in comparison with an internal 3H standard but oxidation-reduction is less im- portant in C. byzantinum than in P. somnferurn. The N-methyl group of autum- naline was shown to be retained in demecolcine (33 ;R = Me) and [2-OMe-3H] demecolcine and [2-OMe-3H]desacetylcolchicine (33;R = H) were found to be precursors of colchicine (33; R = Ac). In order to elucidate the nature of the changes involved in the tropolone ring formation the fate of the lables at C-3 and C-4 of autumnaline was investigated.Carbon 4 is derived from C-3 of tyrosine and the specificity of incorporation of [3-'4C]tyrosine has been well l6 K. W. Bentley J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1967,89,2464. l7 D. M. Hall and W. W. T. Manser Chem. Comm. 1967 112. A. R. Battersby R. B. Herbert E. McDonald R. Ramage and J. H. Clements Chem. Comm. 1966,603. A. C. Barker A. R. Battersby E. McDonald R. Ramage and J. H. Clements Chem. Comm. 1967,390. 2o A. R. Battersby D. R. Julian and R. Ramage unpublished work. 516 R. Ramage established.2' ( &)-[ l-'4C,4-3H]Autumnaline was incorporated into colchicine (33 ;R = Ac) with ca. 50% loss of 3H-activity which suggests a stereospecific reaction at C-3 of 0-methylandrocymbine (34; R = H).A common reaction which occurs P to nitrogen in alkaloid biosynthesis is stereospecific hydroxyla- tion ;it was therefore postulated that 3~-hydroxy-O-methylandrocymbine (34; R = OH) was the precursor which underwent the tropolone-forming step. Alkaloid CC-12 which was isolated from C. cornigerurn has been shown22 to be 6-hydroxycolchicine ; this is evidence for the presence of a P-oxidase in the plant. ( -t)-[4- ''C]A~tumnaline was incorporated poorly in a nonspecific manner. It would be of considerable interest to know the oxidation level at C-2 in (34) at the tropolone-forming stage. To this end a study of the biosynthesis of CC-523 (35; R = Me) and speci~sine'~ (35; R = 0-hydroxybenzyl) is being undertaken.The 25 of a third group of phenethylisoquinoline alkaloids homoaporphines ensures further biosynthetic effort in this area. Arnaryllidaceae alkaloids. The conversion of caranine (36; R1= R2= H) into lycorine (36; R' = OH R2 = H) has been studied26 by feeding stereo- specifically labelled [2P-3H]caranine to Zephyranthes candida ; this gave [2c~-~H]lycorine (36; R' = OH R2 = H). The transformation occurred in good yield ca. 7% but the interpretation possible is limited until doubly labelled caranine is administered to 2.candida. A start has been made2' on the biosynthesis of mesembrine (37) which occurs in several plants of the Azzoacea family. [SMe-'4C]Methionine was fed to Sceletiurn stricturn L.Bol. ;it was found that only the methoxy- and N-methyl groups became labelled. As in the Arnaryllidaceae alkaloids [3-'4C]tyrosine and phenylalanine (uniformly labelled with I4C in the aromatic ring) were found to be nonequivalent ;the phenylalanine was incorporated into the aro- matic ring of mesembrine (37). Pyridine alkaloids. In a further study of the hemlock alkaloids2* [a-'4Cly- coniceine (38) was incoporated well into coniine (39 ;R = H) and JI-conhydrine (39; R = OH). Both conhydrine (40) and Y-conhydrine (39; R = OH) are further examples of stereospecific hydroxylation P to nitrogen. Unlike coniine (39;R = H) which has been shown2' to be derived from four acetate units the piperidine alkaloids sedamine (41) and lobinaline (42) have been found3' to be constructed from lysine and phenylalanine.Phenylalanine provides the aryl ring and the adjacent a-and 0-carbon atoms. A. R. Battersby and R. B. Herbert Proc. Chem. SOC. 1964,260. 22 A. D. Cross A. El-Hamidi L. Pijewska and F. Santavy Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 1966 31 374. M. Saleh S. El-Gangihi A. El-Hamidi and F. Santavi Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 1963 28 3413. 24 A. R. Battersby R. B. Bradbury R. B. Herbert M. H. G. Munro and R. Ramage Chem. Comm. 1967,450. 25 A. R. Battersby E. McDonald M. H. G. Munro and R. Ramage Chern. Comm. 1967,934. 26 W. C. Wildman and W. E. Heimer J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1967,89,5265. '' P. W. Jeffs W. C. Archie and D. S. Farrier J. Amer. Chem. SOC. 1967,89 2509. 28 E. Leete and N. Adityachandhury Phytochemistry 1967,6 219.29 E. Leete J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1963,85,3523; 1964,86,2509. 30 R. N. Gupta and I. D. Spencer Canad.J. Chem. 1967,45 1275. Biosynthesis 517 Me0 --NH.R Me0 OMe (32) (33) MeoMe0 q \ i & M e Me0 \ Me0 0 OMe (34) (35) KL\ Ho-% Me A careful examination3' of the origin of the nitrogen atoms of ricinine (43) shows clearly the danger of interpreting 15N results based on feeding of ['SN]a-amino-acids owing to transaminative equilibration with I4N in the plant systems. [a-"N]Glutamine and [a-lSN]aspartic acid gave the same non- specific incorporation as ['SN]ammonium nitrate ; however [''Nlnicotin-amide (44;R = CONH,) and ['5N]nicotinonitrile (44;R = CN) were in- corporated specifically into ricinine (43) in Ricinus communis L.An important p~blication~~ on the biosynthesis of glutamic acid in Nicotiana rustica L. by use of [14C]carbon dioxide has done much to reconcile the labelling pattern 31 G.Walter and K. S.Yang Phytochernistry 1967.6 1637. 32 L. C. Burns R. M. O'Neal and R. E. Koeppe J. Amer. Chem. Sot.. 1967.89. 3938 518 R. Ramage in nicotine (45) from [14C]carbon dioxide33 with the specific equal labelling of C-2' and C-5' produced by incorporation of [2-'4C]ornithine (46; R = C02H) in N. glutin~sa.~~ In an attempt to determine when equilibration of the label in [2-14C]ornithine took place Leete35 fed the organism with N-methyl- A'-[2-'4C]pyrrolinium chloride (47) and found that the nicotine (45) produced 3' 4' 1 (47) (48) (45) (46) was specifically labelled at C-2'.Thus the equilibration of label from [2-I4C] ornithine (46; R = C02H) must have taken place via a symmetrical inter- mediate such as putrescine (46 ;R = H) and not by tautomerism between (47) and (48). The absence of such a tautomerism is an important biosynthetic result. One early finding36 apparently inconsistent with the symmetrical inter- mediate hypothesis was the failure of [~t-'~N]ornithine (46; R = C0,H) to contribute "N to nicotine (45) in contrast to a reasonable incorporation into the pyrrolidine ring from [6-"N]ornithine when fed to root cultures of N. tabucum. This result may be due to transamination as in the case of ricinine (43). Further incorporation3' of [2,3,7-'4C]nicotinic acid (44; R = C02H) into nicotine (45) confirmed earlier and gave the expected [2,3-14C] 33 A.A. Liebman B. P. Mundy and H. Rapoport J. Amer. Chem. SOC. 1967,89,664. 3* E. Leete Chem. Id., 1955 537; L. J. Dewey R. U. Byerrum and C. D. Ball Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1955 18 141. 35 E. Leete American Chemical Society 154th Meeting Organic Section p. 136. 36 E. Leete E. G. Gros and T. J. Gilbertson Tetrahedron Letters 1964 587. 37 T. A. Scott and J. P. Glynn Photochemistry 1967,6,505. K. S. Yang R. K. Gholson and G. R. Waller J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1965,87,4184. Biosynthesis 519 nicotine. Previous work by Dawsonjg had shown that [6-3H]nicotinic acid (44;R = C02H) was incorporated into nicotine with loss of 3H in contrast to the other [3H]nicotinic acids and indicating the intermediacy of 1,6-di-hydronicotinic acid.The work of Dawsonj' and Leet~~~ shows that the pyri- dine ring and pyrrolidine ring of nicotine probably combine4' as shown (49). N.I.H. Shift Of great importance was the discovery that during enzymatic hydroxylation of aromatic substrates the substituent ('HY3H,C1 or Br) dis-placed by the entering hydroxy-group migrates to an adjacent position in the aromatic ring.41 Enzymatic hydroxylation of [5-3H]tryptophan gave 5-hydro~y[4-~H]tryptophan. Hydroxylation of a [2-jH]-or [2-2H]-phenol to give a catechol results in the loss of the The N.I.H. shift is thus limited to the introduction of the first phenolic group in an aromatic ring. 1soprenoids.-Cyclopenranoid rnonoterpenes. Following the classical work on plumeride4j (50)there has been a continued interest in this class of terpenes mainly owing to their proven44 biosynthetic relationship to complex indole ,-0.Glucose (50) (51) o+.H " 10 Glucose 10 10 0.Glucose :)02/ 3 Me Me 0 11 0 7 39 R. F. Dawson D. R Christmas A. F. D'Adamo M. L. Solt and A. F. Wolf J. Amer. Chem. SOC. 1960,82,2628. *' R. F. Dawson 'Science in Progress,' Yale Press 1962 p. 11 7. 'l G. Guroff C. Reifsnyder and J. Daly Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1966,24 720; G. Guroff M. Levitt J. Daly and S. Udenfriend ibid. 1966 25 253; G. Guroff K. Kondo and J. Daly ibid. 1966 25 622; J. Rawson J. Daly M. Weissbach B. Witkop and S. Udenfriend ibid. 1966 25 504; D. Jerina J. Daly W. Landis and S. Udenfriend J. Amer. Chem.SOC.,1967,89 3347; D. M. Jerina J. W. Daly and B. Witkop ibid. 1967,89 5488. 42 A. I. Scott and M. Yalpani Chem. Comm. 1967 945 and references cited. D. A. Yeowell and H. Schmidt Experientia 1964,20,250. ** A. R. Battersby R. T. Brown R. S. Kapil J. A. Martin and A. 0.Plunkett Chem. Comm. 1966 890. 520 R. Ramage labelling pattern in the ratios shown which indicates randomisation of the terminal methyl groups of the C-10 precursor e.g. geraniol (51). Further45 feeding of [2-'4C]mevalonate to Verbena officinalis gave 0.27 % incorporation into verbenalin (52) with equal activity at C-3 and C-11. The Skytanthus alkaloids have been shown46 to be isoprenoid by the specific incorporation of [2-'4C]mevalonate into p-skytanthine (53) in Skytanthus acutus M.By com- parison with the biosynthesis of sedamine (41) in which the piperidine ring is lysine-derived and coniine (39; R = H) acetate-derived this work shows that a third pathway exists for the formation of piperidine rings By use of 1.3-year-old plants equal labelling of C-3 and C-9 was obtained whereas no randomisation occurred during feeding experiments with 3-year-old plants. It will be important to determine the stage of divergence in the pathway of the young and old plants. Gentiopicroside (54) may be considered to be de- rived by cleavage of the C(7)-4(8) bond of a cyclopentanoid monoterpene skeleton e.g. (52). [2-'4C]Mevalonate was fed47 to S wertia caroliniensis K. and 0-04-4.06% incorporation into gentiopicroside (54) was obtained.Preliminary degradation again suggests randomisation of C-9 and C-10 in geraniol(51). Isoprenoid alkaloids.-Ergot afkaluids. 4-Dimethylallyltryptophan (55 ; R = CO,H) 4-dimethylallyltryptamine (55; R = H) and dimethylallyl-pyrophosphate were incor~orated~~ into agroclavine (56;R = H) and elymo- clavine (56; R = OH). Recent careful studies4' showed chanoclavine-I (57) but not isochanoclavine-I (58) to be a precursor of agroclavine (56; R = H) and [2-'4C]me~alonate gave the specific incorporations shown. It was later shown50 that the conversion of chanoclavine-I (57) into elymoclavine (56; R = OH) involved 100% retention of 3H at C-10 and 92 % retention of 3H at C-9. In chanoclavine-I (57) the labelled methyl group from [2-'4C]mevalonate * 17 1 (55) (56) (57) '' J.E. S. Huni H. Hiltebrand H. Schmid D. Groger S. Johne and K. Mothes Experientia 1966 22,656. 46 H. Anda H. R. Juneja E. J. Eisenbraun G. R. Waller W. R. Kays and H. H. Appel J. Amer. Chem. SOC. 1967,89,2476. 47 C. J. Coscia and R. Guarnaccia J. Amer. Chem. SOC. 1967,89 1280; H. Inouye S. Ueda and Y. Nakamura Tetrahedron Letters 1967 3221. 48 H. Plieninger H. Immel and A. Volkl Annalen 1967,706,223. 49 T. Fehr W. Acklin and D. Arigoni Chem. Comm. 1966 801 ; D. Groger D. Erge and H.-G. Floss Z. Naturforsch. 1966 216 827. H.-G. Floss U. Hornemann N. Schilling D. Groger and D. Erge Chem. Comm. 1967 105. Biosvnthesis 52 1 NH.Me NH.Me NH.Me (58) (59) (60) is trans to the olefinic hydrogen rather than cis as is more usual.This would be expected if the 4R-hydrogen was eliminated in the formation of the dimethyl- ally1 fragment; however it has been established” that the 4s-hydrogen is lost. Thus in the formation of the tetracyclic ergot alkaloids two cis-trans isomeri-sations take place. One possibility is that these isomerisations take place via intermediates of the type (59) and (60). Rotation of the single bond indicated followed by S,2’ attack by a suitable nucleophile would give chanoclavine-I (57) and isochanoclavine-I (58). Ipecacuanha alkaloids. The that loganin (61) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of the indole alkaloids and the structural elucidation of ipeco- side52 (62) have allowed rapid progress to be made in elucidation of the bio- synthesis of cephaelineS3 (63).[2-’4C]Geraniol (51) was administered to HO..Fi Glucose : * ..H Me0,C \ 0.Glucose H-‘ MeO,C&o (62) ” H.-G. Floss Chrm. Comm. 1967 804 ” A. R. Battersby B. Gregory H. Spencer. J. C. Turner M.-M. Janot P. Potier P. Francois and J. Levisalles Chem. Comm. 1967 219. 53 A. R. Battersby and B. Gregory Chem. Comni.. 196s. 134. 522 R. Ramage CO,Me OH Cephaelis ipecacuanha and cephaeline (63) and ipecoside (62) specifically labelled as shown were obtained. [OMe-3H 2-14C]loganin was shown to be an efficient and specific precursor for ipecoside (62) and cephaeline (63). lndole alkaloids. Further works4 with [2-'4C]loganin (61) derived from [2-'4C]geraniol administered to Menyanthes tr$ioliata has shown unam-biguously that it is a key intermediate for the biosynthesis of indole alkaloids.[2-14C]Loganin was fed to Vinca rosea and found to be incorporated speci- fically into the following alkaloids catharanthine (64) serpentine (65; ring c aromatised) ajmalicine (65) vindoline (66; R = Ac) and perivine (67). [l-3H]Loganin was found to be specifically incorporated into ajmaline (68) in Rauwoljia serpentina. Higher 1soprenoids.-Sesterterpenes. Further work5 59 56 on the biosynthesis of the fungal metabolites ophiobolin-B (69) and ophiobolin-A (70) with '*O has shown that the oxygen function at C-14 is derived from molecular oxygen and that the important oxygen at C-3 is supplied by the medium. [2-3H] Mevalonate was also admini~tered~~ to Cochliobus heterostrophus and the expected 3H-activity was found at C-4 which was interpreted as meaning that the 3-hydroxy-group had not exchanged with the medium via the anhydro-form.Degradation of ophiobolin-B (69) and ophiobolin-A (70) indicated that ca. 27% of 3H-activity at C-24 was lost in the transformation of ophiobolin-B (69) to ophiobolin-A (70). One very important finding from the feeding of [2-3H]mevalonate was that during the biosynthesis there is a hydrogen mi- gration from C-8 to C-15. The stereochemical course of this 1,5-shift [see(72)] 54 A. R. Battersby R. S. Kapil J. A. Martin and L. Mo Chem. Comm. 1968 133. 55 S. Nozoe M. Morisaki K. Tsuda and S. Okuda Tetrahedron Letters 1967 3365. 56 L. Canonica A. Fiecchi M. G. Kienle B. M. Ranzi A.Scalla T. Salvatori and E. Pella Tetra-hedron Letters 1967 3371. Biosynthesis 523 was studied” by use of 2s- and 2R-[2-3Hl]mevalonate. It was found that when the former was fed there was no migration of 3H which implies that the 8p-hydrogen does not migrate. When 2R[2-3H,]mevalonate was used migration to C-15 from C-8 occurred. Present ideas” on the biosynthesis of the ophio- bolin system are given by (71) to (73). Triterpenoids and steroids. Further fascinating work has been done on the mechanism of lanosterol (74)biosynthesis from 2,3-epoxysqualene (75 ;X = 0). C3H 80]2,3-epoxysqualene was converted by rat liver microsomes into lanosterol (74) with retention of l80in the 3P-hydro~y-group.’~ Labelled lanosterol (74) was not detected after incubation of 3H-labelled 2,3-dihydro- 2,3-dihydroxysqualene 2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxysqualeneor 2,3 ;22,23-diepoxy- squalene.Anaerobic incubation’’ of 22,23-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-squalene (76 ; R = Pr‘) and 22,23-epoxy-1,1’,2-trisnorsqualene (76; R = H) as substrates for the cyclase system led to the isolation of dihydrolanosterol (77; R = Pr’) and trisnorlanosterol (77 ; R = H) respectively. Non-enzymatic cyclisa-tion6’* 61*58 of squalene 2,3-epoxide under Lewis acid catalysis exhibited an important diversion from the enzymatic conversion into lanosterol (74). Two major products of the in uitro reaction were assigned structures (78) and (79). Both structures may be derived from (80).Non-enzymatic cyclisation 57 L. Canonica A. Fiecchi M. G. Kienle B.M. Ranzi and A. Scalla Tetrahedron Letters 1967 465 7. 58 E. E. von Tamelen J. D. Willett and R. B. Clayton J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1967,89 3371. 59 E. E. van Tamelen K. B. Sharpless,J. D. Willett R. B. Clayton and A. L. Burlingame J. Arner. Chem. Soc. 1967,89,3920. 6o E. E. van Tamelen J. Willett M. Schwartz and R. Nadeau J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1966,88 5937. 61 M. Kishi T. Kato and Y. Kitahara Chem. and Pharrn. Bull. (Japan) 1967,15,1071. 524 R. Ramage of terpene terminal expoxides gives the 3-hydroxylated AB ring system with the correct stereochemistry found in di- and tri-terpenes.62 Thus the main difference between enzymatic and non-enzymatic cyclisation of 2,3-epoxy- squalene (75 ;X = 0)is the polarisation of the 14,15-double bond. The in vitro reaction would be expected to proceed via (80) on electronic grounds whereas in the enzymatic reaction steric factors would seem to be more important and to lead to the reverse polarisation of the 14,15-double bond allowing partici- pation of the 18,lg-double bond in the cyclisation sequence which gives (81).The formation of(79) from cation (80) is analogous to the migration of the methyl group from C-8 to C-14 with concomitant formation of the 8,g-doubie bond in the biosynthesis of lanosterol (74). Based on the results from the chemical cyclisation van Tamelen62 proposed an alternative possibility to (81) as the key intermediate in lanosterol (75) biosynthesis. This new intermediate has the unusual structure (83) being derived from cation (80) via (82).The enzyme which effects the cyclisation of 2,3-epoxysqualene has been separated from hog liver microsomes in water-soluble form and has been par- tially purified.63 (f)-2,3-Iminosqualene (75; X = NH) was found64 to be an effective inhibitor for the enzyme 2,3-epoxysqualene cyclase. This can be explained by the greater basicity of (75; X = NH) in comparison with (75; X = 0)if the enzyme operates by acid-catalysis on the oxygen of 2,3-epoxy- squalene. Decahydro-2,3-iminosqualene was less effective and 2,3-epithio- squalene (75;X = S)was found to bea weak inhibitor. By utilising the inhibitory 20 (76) (77) 62 E. E. van Tamelen M. A. Schwartz E. J. Hessler and A. Storni Chem. Comm. 1966,409. 63 P. D. G. Dean P. R. 0.de Montellano K. Bloch and E.J. Corey J. Biol. Chem. 1967,242,3014. 64 E. J. Corey P. R. 0.de Montellano K. Lin,and P. D. G. Dean J. Amer. Chem. SOC. 1967,89 2797 Biosynthesis 525 HO (80) (82) (83) effect of (75; X = NH) on the enzymatic conversion of (75; X = 0) into lanosterol (74) it was possible to isolate 2,3-epoxysqualene by use of squalene as substrate with rat liver homogluate. 2,3 ;22,23-Diepoxysqualene was isolated in lesser amount. p-Amyrin (84) has been synthesised enzymatically from 2,3-epoxy[ 14C]squalene65 by use of a cell-free homogenate of Pisum sativum. The Harvard group has also effected the solubilsation and partial purification of 2,3-epoxysqualene-p-amyrincyclase from Pisum sativum. Further work has been done on the formation of the ethyl side-chain of p-sitosterol (85) and stigmasterol (86).By administering [Me- '4C,3H]methio- nine it was earlier found66 that only four hydrogen atoms of the ethyl sidechain in p-sitosterol (85) were derived from methionine. This led to the sugges- tion that the 24-ethylidene steroid (88) is an intermediate formed by depro- tonation of (87). In order to eliminate any error due to the large isotope effect between protium and tritium [Me-2H,]methionine was fed6' to the phyto- 65 E. J. Corey and P. R. 0.de Montellano J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1967,89,3362. 66 L. J. Goad A. S. A. Hamman A. Dennis and T. W. Goodwin Nature 1966 210 1322. '' A. R. H. Smith L. J. Goad T. W. Goodwin and E. Lederer Biochern. J. l967,104,56c. 526 R. Ramage flagellate Ochromonas malhamensis which produces periferasterol (86; 24-epimer of stigmasterol).As in the case of fhitosterol (85),onIy four hydrogen atoms of methionine were transferred from the sterol. Lederer studied6* the incorporation of [Me-2H,]methionine into stigmast-22-en-3P-01 (86) in slime mould Dictyoseliurn discoideum and found by mass spectroscopy that five hydrogen atoms had been transferred from [Me-2H,]methionine to the ethyl side-chain of (86). It would be interesting to know the fate of a tritium /‘ HO (84) (85) (91) (92) 6a M. Lenfant E. Zissmann and E. Lederer. Tetrahedron Letters 1967. 1049. Biosyn thes is 527 (93) (94) label at C-23 during the formation of stigmasterol (86) in D. discoideum. There appear therefore to be two alternative mechanisms for the neutralisation of cation (87).Two groups have reported6' the incorporation of [4-'4C]cholesterol (89) into tomatidine (90; X = NH) in Lycopersicon pirnpinellifolium and Solaniurn lycopersicum. In a very careful study" using [2-"C]- and [3-'4C]-mevalonate it was found that C-27 and C-26 were non-equivalent in tigogenin (90; X = 0). It was concluded that cholesterol is not an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroidal sapogenins and that previous incorporations6' were due to prior oxidation to A24-cholesterol. [4-'4C]Pregnenolone (91) was found7' to be a precursor of digipurpurogenin (92) in Digitalis purpurea and 38,14P-dihydroxy- pregnan-20-one (93) was shown7' to be a key intermediate during the bio- synthesis of digitosigenin (94) in D.lanata. Carotenoids. The incorporation of 5R-and 5S-[2-14C,5-3Hl]mevalonic acid into phytoene showed73 that in the oxidative combination of two molecules of all-nans-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate two SS-hydrogen atoms are lost. In each dehydrogenation from phytoene (95)to lycopene (96) one 5R-hydrogen atom is lost. The biosynthesis of a-carotene (97) and p-carotene (98) was in- vestigated by use of 4R-[2-'4C,4-3H Jmevalonic acid. There are eight 4R- hydrogen atoms in phyt~ene~~ but two 4R-hydrogen atoms were found75 to H(R) (95) \ *..\, Y\\ (s) H(R) 69 E. Heftmann E. R. Lieber and R. D. Bennett Phytochemistry 1967,6 837; R. Tschesche and H. Hulpke Z. N~turf~rs~h., 1966,216 893. 'O R. Joly and Ch. Tam Tetrahedron Letters 1967 3535." R. Tschesche and B. Brassat Z. Naturforsch. 1967,22b 679. '' R. Tschesche H. Hulpke and H. Scholten,2.Naturforsch. 1967 22b 677. 73 R. J. H. Williams G. Britton J. M. Charlton and T. W. Goodwin Biochem. J. 1967 104 767. 74 T. W. Goodwin and R. J. H. Williams Biochem. J. 1965,94,5c. 75 R. J. H. Williams G. Britton and T. W. Goodwin Biochern. J. 1967. 105.99 528 R. Ramage be absent in p-carotene (98) and only one 4R-hydrogen atom absent in a-carotene (97). This eliminates the possibility of ct-carotene (97) being derived biosynthetically from B-carotene (98). The alternative possibility of a-carotene as precursor of p-carotene was disproved by feeding [2-'4C,2-3H2]mevalonic acid. In this case a-carotene (97) was found to have lost one tritium label in comparison with p-carotene (98).The cyclisation mechanism must involve cation (99) which can deprotonate in two ways to give either a or p-carotene. Neurosporene (100) is thought to be the immediate precursor of the cyclic carotenes. Shikimate-derived Compomds-Comparison of the relative incorporation Biosynthesis 529 of 14C from [14C]carbon dioxide and [2-'4C]mevalonic acid suggested76 that the isoprenoid portions of plastoquinone (101) and p-carotene (98) were biosynthesised within the chloroplast whereas the side-chain of ubiquinone (102) was synthesised elsewhere within the cell. Further work that uniformly labelled p-hydroxy[ 14C]benzoic acid was incorporated into the quinonoid portion of ubiquinone (102) whereas plastoquinone (101) and a-tocopherol (103) from this substrate were unlabelled.Uniformly labelled ~-['~C]tyrosine was found to be an effective precursor of ubiquinone (102) and of plastoquinone (101). In the case of ubiquinone it was considered that the tyrosine was converted to p-hydroxybenzoic acid via p-coumaric acid. The transformation of tyrosine to plastoquinone (101) is rendered more complex by the incorporation of [3-14C]tyrosine into one of the ring methyl groups of (101) whereis the ubiquinone (102) isolated was inactive. The incorporation of (&)-[ 1,2-'4C]shikimic acid and uniformly labelled ( +)-['4C]shikimic acid into lawsone (104) has been rein~estigated,~~ and the aryl ring and one carbonyl group shown to be derived from shikimic acid.A of the biosynthesis of the fungal metabolite 5-methoxybenzofuran (105; R = OMe) and co-metabolites established that C-2 and C-3 are acetate- derived. Uniformly labelled ['4C]phenylalanine was found to contribute a C7 unit to [105; R = C(1')HOH*C(2')HOH*C(3')H3] in which C-1' was labelled. The neoflavanoids have been reviewed8' and a start made to investigation of the biosynthesis of this interesting class of natural products.*' ( &)-[3-'4C] 0 0 (102) '' D. R. Threlfall W. T. Griffths and T. W. Goodwin Biochem. J. 1967,103 831. 77 G. R. Whistance D. R. Threlfall and T. W. Goodwin Biochem. J. 1967 105 145. '* H. H. Zenk and E. Leisner 2. Naturforsch. 1967,22b 460. '' J. D. Bu'Lock A. T. Hudson and B. Kaye Chem.Comm. 1967,814. W. D. Ollis Experientia 1966 22 777. G. Kunesch and J. Polonsky Chem. Comm. 1967 31 7. 530 R. Ramage U03) (104) (105) Phenylalanine was administered to Calophyllum inophyllum and the calo- phyllolide (106) found to be specifically labelled at C-4. Phenylalanine is thought8’ to be converted into cinnamyl pyrophosphate which could com- bine with a C,-unit (Scheme) to give the dalbergiones and 4-phenylcoumarins. SCHEME

ISSN:0069-3030    

DOI:10.1039/OC9676400511

出版商:RSC    

年代:1967

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ERRATA Vol. 63,1966 Page 157 line 8*. For (structure XX . . read (structure 20. . Page 158 line 21. For analogous to XX read analogous to 20. Page 159 line 16. For R,CoF read R,COF. Page 160 line 16. For R,S or R,Ge have been interpreted read R,Si or R,Ge have been interpreted2''. Page 172 line 9*. For (P,O,F)-read (P,0,F)4-. line 8*. For FPO,-read FP0,2-. Page 173. Delete reference below formula. Page 176 line 23. For SbF40S0,F read SbF,SO,F. Page 188 Ref. 32. For M. N. Bucklish read M. N. Bukhsh. Page 346 line 4. For a-lithio-organoalkane read a-lithio-organoalane. Page 426 line 9. For opposite read same. Page 426 line 21. For cyclobutanes read cyclobutenes. Page 427 Footnote. For tetracyclone read cyclones. Page 432. The equilibrium sign between (71) and (74) should be in square brackets.Page 432 Formula (75). Insert Me at C-5. Page 434 line 12*. For H, 't 7-0read H z 8.0. Page 507 Ref. 53. Add Katsumi Kotera and Yuzo Nakagawa. Page 529 bottom line. For chained read chain. Page 530 line 9. For have been reported to read have been reported of. Page 532 line 12. For diastereoisomers were read diastereoisomers are. line 17. For asopressin read vasopressin. Page 595 line lo*. For Studies on Other a-Glugans read Studies on Other CX-GIUCIUIS. Page 643. Transfer formula to page 646. Page 646. Transfer formula to page 643. Page 745 Ref. 420. The C-C bond length in the C ring is 1.37 and not 1.73. Page 761. Ref. 563. For M. Sundaralingam read M. Sunderalingam. Page 761 line 22. The angle between the base and the ribose is displaced by more than 0.5 A from the plane of the remaining ring atoms and on the same side as C(5) shouZd read The angle between the base and the ribose planes is 55,. C(3') of the ribose is displaced by more than 05 A from the plane of the remaining ring atoms and on the same side as C(5'). Page 803. Add Nakagawa Y. 507. * From foot of main text.

ISSN:0069-3030    

DOI:10.1039/OC9676400531

出版商:RSC    

年代:1967

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Aalto V. 103 Aaron C. S. 197. Abel E. W. 236. Abelson J. 501. Abraham D. J. 155. Abraham E. P. 375. Abraham M. H. 219 224. Abraham N. A, 203 366. Abraham R. J. 16. Abrahamson E. W. 168. Abrahamsson S. 72 85. Abraitys V. Y. 165 253. Abramovitch R. A, 120 402 403. Acampora M. 391. Achenbach H. 442. Acklin W. 520. Acton N. 337. Adam G. 179 446. Adam W. 112. Adams A. 499. Adams J. H. 320. Adams J. Q. 34. Adams W. R. 179 381. Adcock W. 6 110. Adityachandhury N. 516. Adler A, 491. Adman E. 78. Adman R. 482. Adolphen G. 426. Advarie B. G. 397. Agadzhanyan Z. E. 472. Agami C. 312. Ageta H. 363. Agosta W. C. 305. Agwada V. 443. Agyar K. S. 353. Aharonson N. 247 Ahlstrom D.H. 146. Aishda T. 80. Ajelbo T. 359. Akasaki Y. 195 295. Akerkar A. S. 464. Akujama T. 161. Alakhov Yu. B. 460. Albert A. 376 402 416. Albertc B. 493. Albertsson. P. A,. 493. Albery W. J. 100,103. Albrand M. 247. Albright J. D. 204. Aldanova N. A. 458 460. Alder K. 142. Aldred E. L. 325. AUTHOR INDEX Aldridge D. C. 205. Alexander E. 325. Alger T. D. 12 112. Allan Z. J. 119. Allbutt A. D. 131. Allegra G. 92. Allen D. E. 458. Allen F. H. 79 352. Allen J. H. 164. 4llendorfer R. D. 33. Allerhand A. 17. Allgrove R. C. 419. Allinger N. L. 367. Allmann R. 86. Altenkirk B. 445. Altman J. 346. Altona C. 20 95 367. Amar D. 53. Amarasingham R. D. 442. Amberger E. 241. Amma E. L.234. Ammon H. L. 70 88. Amos A. T. 30. Ananchenko S.N. 63 365. Anastasi D. 470. Anastassiou A. G. 259. Anbar M. 115. Anca R. 71. Anchel M. 356. Anda H. 520. Andersen E. K. 76. Andersen N. H. 353 354. Anderson C. B. 404. Anderson G. W. 462 464. Anderson J. D. 204. Anderson J. E. 8 19 21. Anderson L. R. 267. Anderson W. A, 9. Ando O. 69. Ando T. 82 83 156 313. 423. Andreatta R. H. 453 458. Andrews S. D. 164 248. Andrews T. G. 295. Anet F. A. L. 17 24 132 157. Anet R. 488. Anfinsen C. B. 466 471. Ang S. K. 440. Angier R. B. 347 395. Anner G. 212. Ansell M. F.. 322. Antonov V. K. 453 472. Antonouicc I. 467. 533 Aoki K. 431. Aoki T. 377. Aono K. 16. Aoyagi S. 491.Aoyagi Y. 431. Aplin R. T. 62 362. Appel H. H. 426 520. Appel R. 262. Appelt J. 432. Applegate L. E. 27 223. Appleton R. A. 342 357. Applewhite T. H. 53. ApSimon J. ,W.. 5 357 369. Arase A. 264. Aratani T. 313. Archer D. A. 355. Archie W. C. 516. Arens J. F. 245 247 249 261. Argoudelis A. D. 410. Arigoni D. 520. Armbrecht F. M. 226. Armitage D. A. 236. Armstrong J. J. 205. Arnaud D. 16. Arndt R. R. 426. Arnett E. M. 112 278. Arnold D. R. 165 179 253 382. Arnone A, 27. Arnott S. 500. Arrington J. P. 176. Arsenault G. P. 460. Arthur H. R. 426. Artman M. 500. Arzoumanian H. 201 209 232 233 250 267. Asada S. 432. Asako T. 365. Asari T. 286. Ascione R. 499. Ash A.B. 463. Ashby E. C. 223 224. Ashby J. 419. Ashida T.; 68 69 77 78,87 292 293. Ashitaga H. 305. Asinger F. 375. Askani R. 182 283. Assenheim H. M. 29. Atherton N. M. 29 31. Atkins G. M.. jun. 262. Atkinson J. E. 414. Author Index Atkinson J. G. 255 Atkinson R. E. 205 246. Atkinson R. S. 376 377. Atona C. 84. Atta-ur-Rahman 441. Attschuler L. 119. Atwood J. L. 234. Audier H. E. 62 63. Audisio G. 253. Aue D. H. 343. Auerback J. 8. Augenstein L. 198. August B. 212. Ausloos P. 171. Austin P. W. 410. Avers C. J. 504. Avery E. C. 44. Avey H. P. 473. Aviram A, 415. Avitabile G. 66. Avram M. 157. Axelrod V. A, 497. Axelrod V. D. 495 497. Axenrod T. 197. Ayer W.A. 445. Ayscough P. B. 40. Azumi M. 33. Babad E. 346. Babinet C. 493. Bach E. 48. Bachmann G. B. 225. Baciocchi E. 117 118 Bader. R. F. 99. Badger G. M. 302. Bar F. 36. Baer F. 6. Bailey A. S. 284. Bailey E. J. 366. Bailey M. 71 77. Bailey N. A, 69 301. Baird M. S. 156. Baird N. C. 6. Baird W. C. jun. 336. Baizer M. M. 204. Bak B. 120. Bak D. A. 297 332. Baker B. R. 479. Baker F. W. 109. Baker R. 136 140 275 367 405. Balaban A. T. 135 302. Balasubramanian D. 476. Baldwin J. E. 88 143 158 167 336. Baldwin M. A, 148. Balis M. E. 493. Ball C. D. 518. Ball K. 414. Ballantine J. A. 112. Balls D. M.. 166 343. Balmain A. 94. Balny C. 164. Bamfield P. 385. Bangert K.F. 296. Banks R. E. 323. Banthorpe D. V. 148. Bapat J. B. 194 384. Barash L. 43. Barber M. 56 278 458 460. Barbier M. 255. Barborak J. C. 134 165. Barboutis S. J. 448. Bardakos V. 454. Bardos T. J. 483. Barkemeyer J. 466. Barker A. C. 50 429 515. Barlin G. B. 28. Barlow C. B. 405. Barltrop J. A. 184 186 190. Barnes C. S. 59. Barnes M. H. 430. Barnett W. E. 499. Barocio De La Lama X. 454. Barr G. C. 501. Barraclough D. J. 16. Barrell B. G. 495. Barrett G. C. 52 456. Barsukov L. I. 207. Barth G. 382. Bartlett P. D. 155 217 266. Bartlett R. S. 202. Barton D. H. R. 371 433 511 512 513. Barton G. W. 103. Barton T. J. 420 421. Bartsch H. 357. Bartulin J. 18 400. Bass K.C. 225. Basselier J. J. 197. Basset C. 356. Basu N. 361. Bates R. B. 49 352. Battelle L. 85. Batterham T. J. 28 59. Battersby A. R. 50 429 433 437 512 515 516 519 521 522. Battiste M. A. 137 275 335 421. . Bauer L. 121. Bauer V. J. 365. Bauer W. 504. Bauld N. L. 33 305. Baumgarten D. 504. Baumgarten H. E. 63 378. Baumgarten R. J. 172. Baumgartner P. 307. Bautz E. F. K. 507. Baxter I. 394. Bayev A. A. 495,497. Bayless J. 207 25 1. Bays. D. E. 49. Beacham J. 53 454 470 474 475. Beak P. 193 417. Beal J. L. 429. Bean G. P. 120 121. Beare S. D. 27. Becher J. 195. Bechmann F. 485. Beck A, 485. Beck J. R. 427. Beck W. 258. Becka L. N. 92. Becker A. 507. Becker D.346. Becker E. D. 490. Becker H. 198 489. Becker H.-D. 185. Becker H. P. 241. Becker L. W. 156. Becker W. 51. Becker W. E. 224. Beckett A. H. 51 425 436. Bednowitz A, 81. Bednowitz A. L. 67. Beecham A. F. 51 53 426 436 474. Beekhuis G. E. 192 390. Beer M. 480. Beer R. J. S. 83 395. Beers W. 501. Beesley T. E. 466. Beeson J. H. 378. Beetham D. 38. Begg G. 456. Beggiato G. 198. Begue J. P. 62. Behn N. S. 9. Belitz H.-D. 453. Bell C. L. 121. Bell E. 500. Bell E. A, 452. Bell E. R. 186. Bell R. P. 99. Bellas M. 181 280. Bellingham P. 121 401. Bellion-Jourdan J. 23. Bello J. 473. Belovsky O. 51. Benassi C. 454 455. Bendall V. I. 193. Bende H. 475. Benedict G. 228.Benisek W. F. 469. Benjamin B. M. 142. Bennett R. D. 527. Bennett R. G. 162. Bennington F. 429. Benoin P. R. 436. Benson S. W. 266. Benson W. R. 19. Bentley K. W. 202 433 515. Bentley P. H. 454 470. Author Index Bentley R. K. 247. Benveniste P. 253 360. Berchtold G. A. 179 383. Berezin G. H. 173. Berezin I. V. 108. Berezin L. V. 108. Berg J. H. 309. Bergelson L. D. 207. Bergin R. 74. Bergman R. G. 142. Bergmann E. D. 201. Berlin P. 407. Berliner E. 119. Bernardi L. 398. Bernardi R. 256. Bernardie L. 470. Bernauer K. 432. Berndt A, 36. Bernheim R. A. 24. Bernheimer R. 132. Bernstein S. 366. 369 372. Berscheid H. G. 371. Berson J. A. 142 159. Bertaccini G. 470.Bertelli D. J. 274 295. Berti G. 363. Bertrand N. 316. Bertrand W. S. 458. Bertsch L. L. 508. Besford L. S. 339. Bessho K. 426. Best D. C. 133. Bestmann H.-J.. 207 270. Bethell D.,456. Bettoni G. 52. Beugelmans R. 173 363. Beurskens P. T. 66. Bevan C. W. L.,204,360,439 Beyerman H C. 49 454. Beynon J. H. 56. Bezzi S. 83. Bhacca N. S. 27 404. Bhakuni D. S. 511 512. Bhat K. V. 372. Bhatnager A. K. 430. Bhatt M. V. 74 201 228. Bianchetti G. 339. Bianchini J.-P. 247. Bick I. R. C. 431. Bickel A. F. 126 130 182. 255. Bickelhaupt F. 942 336. Biellmann J. F. 15. Bielski B. H. J. 29. Biemann K. 442 460. Bienert M. 426. Biethan U. 344. Biffin M. E. C. 417. Bigelieson J. 104. Bijvoet J.M. 65. Billig F. 417. Biltoneu. R. I 474 Binder R. G. 53. Binger P. 234. Binkley R. W. 166. Binnig F. 302. Binsch G. 35 155. Birch A. J. 199 313 366. Bird C. L. 315. Bird C. W. 148 219. Birkenmeyer R. D. 199,450. Birkofer L. 239. Birks J. B. 161. Birnbaum E. R. 239. Birnbaum G. I. 96. Birninger H. 350. Birr Chr. 454. Bishop C. T. 405. Birum G. H. 265. Bishop D. H. L. 494 508 509. Bishop G. J. 19. Biswas K. K. 212. Bittman R. 228. Bixon M. 79. Bjamer K. 86 94 97. Black D. St. C. 194 384. Black P. J. 31 112. Blackborrow J. R. 117. Blackburn G. M. 485 488 489. Blaha K. 51 52. Blake C. C. F. 473. Blanchard E. P. 321 352. Blank D. R. 283. Blankley C. J. 213.Blaschke H. 188 283. Blass H. 239. Blattmann H.-R. 188 284. Bloch A. 483. Bloch J. C. 50. Bloch K. 524. Bloch R. 265. Block S. 84. Blomquist A. T. 291. Bloodworth A. J. 225 239. Bloomfield J. J. 210. Blout E. R. 477. Blum A. 19. Blume H. 186. Blunt J. W. 368. Boag J. W. 198. Bobbitt J. M. 185 429. Boccu E. 455. Boche G. 296 332. Bochkarev M. N. 241. Bochkarev V. N. 458. Bochkov A. F. 408. Bock R. 497. Bodanszky A. 466. Bodanszky M. 466 467. Bode V. C. 502. Bodor G. 67. Boddeker K. W.. 30. Boedker H. 481. Boedtker H. 495. Bohler P. 414. Bohm H. 430. Boekelheide V. 188 283,284. Boer F. P. 81. Boers-Boonekamp C. A. M. 454. Boersma I. 224. Boersma J. 225. Boeyens J.C. A. 37. Bogard T. L. 139. Boggs L. E. 453. Bohlmann F. 246 249. Bohn H. 471. Bohn M. 330. Boiron M. 495. Boles M. O. 473. Bollinger J. M. 21 127 129 131 278. Bollinger R. 185. Bollum F. J. 491. Bolton J. R. 30 41. Bolton P. D. 113. Bonanou S. 499. Bond H. E. 501. Bond S. B. 501. Bonet J. J. 173. Boni K. A. 107. Bonner W. H. 116. Bonnett P.-H. 246. Booher R. W. 427. Bootsma G. A. 66. Bopp R. J. 11 1. BorEiE S. 105 106 141. Borden D. G. 197. Borden G. W. 169 170. Borkman R. F. 162. Bormann D. 386. Borrell P. 187. Bors W. 489. Borst P. 504. Bose A. K. 15 381. Bosisio G. 470. Bosshard P. 375. Bottari F. 363. Bottini A. T. 340. Bottomley W. 27 Bouas-Laurent H. 182.Boudreaux G. J. 197. Bouk J. L. 265. Boulton A. J. 375 398. Boulton R. 116. Bourgaux P. 504. Bourgaux-Ramoisy D. 504. Bourn A. J. R. 17 24. Bourns A. N. 102. Bovey F. A, 475. Bowden K. 108 109. Bower H. J. 41. Bowers K. W. 29 30. Bowers. J. 331 Author Index Bowie J. H. 16 62 115 431. Bowman D. F. 308. Bowman D. H. 209,232 267. Boyce R. B. 489. Boykin D. W. 16. Boylan D. B. 261 385. Box M. C. 36 41. Bozjanov B. 437. Bracher B. H.. 68. Bradbury A. F. 457. Bradbury E. M. 474. Bradbury J. H. 28 474. Bradbury R. B. 433 516. Bradley D. F. 500. Bradley P. R. 145. Bradshaw A. W. 185. Bradshaw J. S. 187. Brady W. T. 155. Brahms J. 491 500. Braman B. A. 27. Brame E.G.,28. Brande G. L. 262. Brandenburg D. 468 Brandsma L. 247 249 261. Brant D. A. 475. Brassat B. 527. Brauman J. I. 108 182. Brawling H. 302. Braunstein D. M. 202. Bravo P. 391. Bremer H. 468 509. Bremner J. B. 161. Bremser W. 301. Brennan M. E. 137 335. Brenner J. B. 311. Brenner M. 454. Brenner W. 318 334. Bresch H. 357. Bresinksky E. 246. Bresler S. E. 29. Breslow D. S. 260. Breslow R. 35 43 125 165 278 287 317 318. Bressel V. 248. Breuer E. 202. Brewer J. P. N. 9 170 287. Briat B. 54. Brickman M. 119. Brieskorn C. H. 363. Briggs L. H. 460. Bright ci. M. 304. Bright R. E. 203. Brignell P. J. 28 107 121. Brinkhoff O. 468. Brittelli D. R. 304. Britten A. Z. 439.Britten R. J. 501. Britton E. C. 379. Britton G. 527. Britton R.W. 214. Britts K. 79 83 85. Brizzolara A. 258. Brockmann-Hanssen E. 51 1 Brodie H. J. 369. Broggi R. 92. Brois S. J. 19. Brook A. G. 179. 237. Brookhart M. 21 130 132. 135 275 339. Brooks C. J. W. 356. Broom A. D. 490. Broser W. 137 278. Brotherton R. J. 227. Brouwer D. M. 127 129. Brown A. C. 427. Brown C. J. 71 74 77 82. Brown D. D. 495. Brown D. J. 417. Brown D. M. 482. Brown D. R. 228. Brown E. A. 369. Brown E. D. 352. Brown H. C. 116,118 132 142 201,209 210 21 I 225 227 228 230 231 232 251 252 264 267. 337. Brown I. H. 198 488. Brown J. 278. Brown J. M. 138 276 340. Brown J. W. 363. Brown K. S. jun.183 203 453. Brown M. 199. Brown M. J. 485. Brown M. S. 33. Brown P. 59 60 115. Brown R.D. 112. Brown R. F. C. 168. Brown R. K. 409. Brown R. T. 437 519. Brown S. D. 429. Brown T. H. 30. Brown T. L. 221. Brownlee G. G. 495. Broy W. 375. Bruce J. M. 161 190. Bruce M. I. 56. Bruicer T. C. 406. Bruner H. 393. Brunn E. 153 396. Brunner E. 30. Brunner M. 37. Bryce T. A. 56 363. Bryce-Smith D. 164 180 181 182 190 279 280. Bubnov Yu-N. 228. Buchanan J. G. 408 410. Buchardt O. 195,401. Buckingham A. D. 23,24. Buckingham D. A. 457,465. Buckson R. L. 146. Bucourt R. 53 364. Budowsky E. I. 482 483. Budzikiewicz H. 55 56 426 443. Budzinski E. E. 41. Biichi G. 326 352. Buchi H.485 487. Biihler H. 453. Burgle P. 125 291. Bugg C. 72. Bujard H. 502. Bu'Lock J. D. 529. Bulten E. J. 241. Bumpus F. M. 468. Bunce N. J. 184. Buncel E. 145. Bunnenberg E. 48 54. Bunnett J. F. 102. Burckhardt U. 447. Burdon R. H. 499. Burg A. B. 10. Burgen A. S. U. 27. Burgess E. M. 262. Burgi E. 501. Burgoyne L. A. 493. Burian F. 66. Burikov V. M. 459. Burkhard J. 347. Burkhardt F. 53. Burkhardt S. 463. Burkoth T. L. 170 297 345. Burlingame A. L. 61 177 426 448 523. Burlitch J. M. 226. Burnell E. E. 23 24. Burnell R. H. 434 436 445. Bums L. C. 517. Butpitt R. D. 155. Burr H. E. 501. Burri K. 284. Bursey M. M. 55 60 61 113 114 177. Burstain I. G.,49 196. Burton D.J. 207. Burton K. 481. Bush C. A,,500. Bushell A. W. 142. Bushweller C. H. 418. Bussova G. I. 204. Buter J. 390. Butter P. E. 321. Buu-Ho~',N. P. 303. Buys H. R. 20. Buzby G. C. 364. Bycroft B. W. 445. Byerrum R.U. 518. Byers B. 500. Bynum E. 460. Byrd D. 333. Byrn S. R. 216. Cadena D. G. 40. Cadiot P.,62. Cady H. H. 72. Author Index 537 Caille S. Y. 118. Cairncross A. 321. Cairns J. 509. Calabrese J. C. 73. Calder A. 32. Calder I. C. 26 273 300 301. Calderon N. 253. Calf G. E. 117 401. Calin M. 21 129 130. Callahan F. M. 462 464. Callewaert G. L. 457. Calligaris M. 78. Callot H. 15. Calundann G. W. 276. Calvert J. G. 161 171 172. Calvin M. 385. Camerman N.198 488. Cameron D. W. 394. Campbell I. M. 363. Campbell J. R. 20 325. Campbell R. J. 164 174. Campbell S.A. 255. Campbell S. F. 144 326 338. Cannas M. 86. Cannell L. G. 337. Cannon M. 494. Canonica L. 359 360 522 523. Canters G. W. 37. Cantor C. R. 495. Cantrall E. W. 372. Cantrell T. S. 296 297 332 388. Caplin G. A. 413. Capon B. 125 161 406. Caputo J. A, 279. Caragheorgheopol A. 38. Carapellucci P. A. 47 163. Carboni,,R. A. 393. Cardenas C. G. 314. Cardillo G. 27. Carelli V. 398. Carey F. A. 146. Carey N. A. D. 241. Cargill R. L. 179 346. Carhart R. E. 399. Cariisle C. H. 473. Carlough K. H. 166. Carlson R. G. 9. Carlstrom D. 74. Carnduff J. 307. Carnduff N.P. 352. Carpenter J. G. D. 372. Carpenter W. 56 58. Carpenter W. R. 322. Carper W. R. 33. Carr R. P. 385. Carrington A. 29 30 34. Carrion J.-P. 454. Carroll R. D. 165. Carruthers W. 187. Carson J. F. 453. Carter J. 224. Carter M. K. 41. Carter 0.L. 72 98. Cartwright D. 83 395. Carty D. 281. Caruthers M. H. 485. Casa D. D. 434. Casalone G. L. 74. Casals P. F. 264. Casanova J. 263. Case W. A. 162. Casey C. P. 206 268. Cason J. 63. Caspi E. 55. Casnati G. 396. Cassady J. M. 355. Cassal J.-M. 195. Cassar L. 207. Cassuto A, 63. Casteliucci N. C. 316. Castine W. H. 202 357. Castle J. E. 393. Catsoulacos P. 202. Catterall G. 402. Caughlan C. N. 73 93. Cava M. P. 125 306 391 400 429.Cavill G. W. K. 151 351. Ceprini M. Q. 464. Cerami A. 501. Cerda E. 330. Cerfontain H. 118. Cerny J. 353. Cerratosa F. 247. Cervinka O. 51 429 455. Ceska G. W. 113. Cetina R. 108. Chachaty C. 41. Challand B. D. 179. Challis B. C. 101 117 118 122. Chalvet O. 108. Chamberlain T. R. 427. Chamberlin M. J. 500. Chambers C. 432. Chambers D. B. 240. Chambers R. D. 111 128. Chambon P. 494. Chan A. S. Y. 357. Chan K. C. 425. Chan R. P. K. 51 429. Chan S. I. 491. Chan W. R. 97 360. Chandra P. 7 488. Chandrashekar V. 413. Chandross E. A. 182. Chang H. W. 43. Chang L.-H. 160. Chang R.,34. Chang S. H. 495,497. Chang W. C. 468. Chas C.-C. W. 474. Chapman D. D. 322.Chapman D. J. 255. Chapman D. R. 237. Chapman F. W. 40. Chapman G. M. 512. Chapman 0. L. 161 169 170 179 185 189 196 381 401. Chargaff E. 501. Charlier M. 198. Charlton J. M. 527. Charney E. 52. Chasar D. W. 87. Chatterjee A, 426. Chawla A. 360. Chaykovsky M.,212. Cheeseman G. W. H. 28. Chen C. C. 468. Chen F. 17. Chen L. L. 468. Chen S. C. 170. Cheney B. V. 12. Cheng Y. S. 255. Cheradame H. 21. Cherayil J. 497. Chevli D. H. 111. Chew L. F. 466,467. Chi A. H. 468. Chia Y. T. 393. Chiang Y. 101 104. Chiba A. 68. Chichester C. O. 249. Chick M. J. 323. Chidsey C. 123. Chien J. C. W. 171. Chien S. W. 463 467. Childers L. G. 500. Chilton W. S. 51. Chin C. G. 165 298 345.Chippendale J. C. 30. Chiranjeevi S. 274. Chiusoli G. P. 207. Chizhov 0.S. 376. Chollar B. H. 52. Cholnoky L. 249. Chow Y. L. 6 19 170 197. Christ M. 258. Christl M. 396. Christmann K. F. 207. Christmas D. R. 519. Chu S. S. C. 91. Chu S. Q. 468. Chubb F. L. 116. Chuck R. J. 16 112. Chung Nan Shih 319. Chupp J. P. 216. Chuvaeva T. P. 464. Chzhu V. P. 117. Ciabattoni J. 286. Ciganek E. 158 280 339. Citron J. D. 238. Ciuffarin E. 108. Clagett D. C. 317. Clar E. 9 274. Clark D. T. 112. Clark J. 417. Clark H. C. 241. Clark R. D. 264 378. Clark V. M. 189. Clarke R. L. 212. Clarke S. C. 335. Clark-Lewis J. W. 412. Claybrook J. R. 494. Clayton C. J. 403 406. Clayton D.A. 506. Clayton R. B. 523. Clementi S. 384. Clements J. H. 515. Clerc J. T. 47. Cleveland P. G. 189 401. Clezy P. S. 431. Click R. E. 499. Closs G. L. 193 31 1. Closs J. L. 287. Closson R. D. 255. Clouse A. O. 27 223. Clovis J. S. 391. Coad J. R. 225. Coates G. E. 219 223. Cobb T. B. 6. Cocivera M. 146. Cockerill A. F. 102; 108. Coe P. L. 116. Coffen D. L. 261. Coffey R. S. 199. Cogliano J. A, 262. Cohen D. 309. Cohen E. 179. Cohen J. A. 502. Cohen J. I. 172. Cohen M. D. 488. Cohen. N. C. 196. Cohen S. D. 164. Cohen S. G. 172. Cohen S. N. 508. Cohen T. 513. Coke J. L. 133 148. Cole R. D. 469. Cole R. S. 164. Coleman H. G. 312. Coles L. 62. Collins C. J. 142. Collins D.J. 187. Collins P. M. 122 178 327. Collman J. P. 457. Colombo A. 92. Colon C. 170. Colpa J. P. 41. Colson J. G. 25. Comb D. G. 495. Combe M. G. 367. Combes G. 436. Comer F. W. 412. Author Index Comisarow M. B. 111 118 128 129 132. Conacher H. B. S. 258. Cone C. 460. Cone N. J. 443. Conia J. M. 48 63 207 264 265. Conklin L. E. 467. Conner D. S. 270. Connolly J. D. 94 360. Connor T. M. 11. Conrow K. 297 332. Cook A. F. 204. Cook E. A. 493. Cook F. 207 25 1. Cook J. B. 41. Cook J. D. 403. Cook P. J. 385. Cooke M. P. jun. 148. Cooks R. G. 59 60 62 115 448. Cookson R. C. 49 52 148 168 170 205 324 338 339. Coombes R. G. 118. Cooper G. H. 52. Cooper J. 339. Cooper M.A. 16. Cope A. C. 331. Coppens W. 151. Coppinger G. M. 186. Cordey-Hayes M. 240. Corey E. J. 140 156 206 207 208 209 212 214 222 237 250 263 268 269 270 312 334 352 410 524 525. Corfield P. W. R. 90. Cornforth J. W. 353. Coronelli C. 261. Corriu R. J. P. 118 238. Corsano S. 363. Corse J. 412. Cortes L. 166. Corty D. 207. Corvaja C. 32. Coscia C. J. 520. Cotter R. I. 500. Cotterrell G. P. 360. Cottrell P. T. 31. Coulambeau C. 49. Counsell R. C. 187. Courduvelis C. 257. Coussemant F. 104. Coutts R. T. 402. Couvillion J. L. 148 334. Coverdale C. E. 447. Cowan D. O. 30 163 187. Cowan P. M. 473. Cowley A. H. 10. Cox A. 189. Cox J. M. 447. Cox K. 322. Cox M. R. 66. Cox M.T. 385. Cox O. 195 340. Cox R. A, 499 500. Coxon J. M. 368. Cozzarelli N. R. 507. Crabbe P. 47 273. Crabtree J. H. 274. Craft L. 190. Craig J. C. 51. Craig L. C. 473. Craig W. G. 5 357. Cram D. J. 132 133 146 157 182 261 285. Cramer F. 350,481 485 487 491. Crandall J. K. 160 331. Crandall K. J. 176. Crane-Robinson C. 474. Craven G. M. 86. Crawford J. W. 346. Creed D. 190. Creegan F. J. 393. Creemers H. M. J. C. 239 241. Creger P. L. 256. Crelier A. M. 21 223. Creswell J. B. 160. Crick F. H. C. 497. Criegee R. 182 283. Cristol S. J. 151 303 311. Crombie L. 200 350 357. Cromwell B. T. 426. Cromwell N. H. 63. Crosby. D. G. 247. Cross A. D. 95 426 430 516. Cross B.E. 205. Cross R. J. 226. Crowe D. F. 212. Crowley A, 33. Crowley J. E. 286. Cruickshank D. W. J. 92. Crumrine D. 173. Cumming C. W. 307. Cundall R. B. 161. Cunliffe A. V. 8. Cupas C. 89. Cupas C. A, 127 129. Curme H. G. 164. Curphey T. J. 215 258. Curran E. L. 111. Curran W. V. 347. Currie M. 68. Curry N. A, 68. Curry T. H. 264. Curtis H. 163. Curtis R. F. 205 246. Cusack N. J. 480. Cushley R. J. 28. Cuts H. W. 165. Cuvigny T. 214. Cymerman Craig J. 429. Author Index Cyr N. 39. Cziesla M. 172. D’Adamo A. F. 519. Dahlbom R. 48. Dahmen A. 159. Dahn K. H. 254 352. Dailey B. P. 274. Dalla Croce P. 339. Dalling D. K. 13. Dalton C. 187. Daltrozzo E. 375. Daly J.519. Dalton J. C. 179. Daly J. W. 122 123 453. Dambmann C. 120. Damiani A. 91 92. Damodaran N. P. 352. Damrauer R. 226. D’Angelo J. 319. Daniel S. R. 225. Danieli N. 372. Daniels M. 489. Danilov V. I. 198. Danishefsky S. 213 365. Dannenberg H. 367. Danner B. 194 401. Darling S. D. 203. Darnall K. R. 484. Darnell J. E. 495. Darragh K. V. 226. Darrah,. H. K. 195. Das. B. C. 440 442 454. Das K. G. 62. Dastoor N. J. 51 452 435. Dauben H. J. 273. Dauben W. G. 61 169 173 177 314 322. Daudel R. 108. Daun S. J. 212. Dave H. R. 53. Davey J. M. 470. David C. 41. David I. B. 504. Davidsohn W. E. 236. Davidson N. 502. Davidson R. S. 372. Davies A. G. 223 225 239 240 241.Davies A. P. 448. Davies A. S. 161. Davies D. I. 311. Davies R. J. H. 488. Davies R. J. H. 489. Davis C. C. 204. Davis E. J. 464. Davis F. A. 383. Davis G. A. 179. Davis K. E. 261. Davis N. R. 237. Davis R. E, 77 89. Davison P. F. 501. Dawson R. F. 519. Day A. C. 164 193 248. Day R. J. 101. Day V. W. 82. Deadman W. G. 133. Deady L. W. 418. Dean P. D. G. 524. Dean R. R. 10. Deboer C. 165 317. DeBoer C. 35. DeBoer C. D. 166. de Boer E. 44. de Boer G. 489. DeBoer J. A. 244. de Boer Th. J. 312 317. de Caro G. 470. de Castiglione R. 470. Deer A. 466. DE Fabrizio E. 104. Degraff B. A, 171. de Graaf W. L. 142 336. Deguchi Y. ,33. Dehmlow E. V. 155. Dehn R. L. 212 334. de Jongh H.A. P. 447. de Jongh R. O. 183. DeLaigle D. 41. dela Mare P. B. D. 116 117. de Lange C. A. 23. Delavarenne S. Y. 152. Deletang C. 197. Delgado J. G. 430. de Ligny C. L. 113. Della E. W. 20. Delpuech J. J. 19. Demarco P. V. 5. de Mayo P. 173 175 178 179 353 393. deMeyer D. E. 164 187. de Montellano P. R. O. 524 525. Demus D. 23. Demushkin V. P. 483. Denisov Yu. V. 458. Denkewalter R. G. 466. Dennis A. 525. Denny R. 196. Denschlag H. O. 174. DePree D. O. 255. de Pinto G. 166 Deranleau D. 454. de Ridder J. J. 240. Dertouzos H. 226. Desai R. B. 397. De Santis P. 92 475 476. Deschamps M. N. 19. Descotes G. 389. Desiderato R. 75 82. Dessau R. M. 244. Destro R. 72. Detre G.212. Dev S. 214 352 360. Devissaguet J. P. 440. Devooght J. 240. de Vries J. X. 452. de Waal H. L. 426. De Wachter R. 499. Dewar M. J. S. 6 77 108 110 274 301. Dewar R. 86. Dewey L. J. 518. de Wolf N. 84. Deyrup C. L. 137 275 335. Diassi P. A. 369. Dickerman S. C. 309. Dickerson J. P. 409. Dickerson R. E. 473. Dickinson C. 72. Diehl P. 27. Diene A. 260. Dietrich H. 197. Dietz D. 17. Dietz F. 187. Dietz R. 31. Digan J. C. 285. Dijkstra G. 240. Dillard D. E. 11 1. Dilling W. L. 161 179 347. di Maio G. 273. Diment J. A, 427. Dimmel D. R. 330. Dimroth K. 36 308 324. Dinu D. 157. Dipasquo V. J. 134 347. Ditchfield R. 7. Dittmer D. C. 197 380 383. Dixon. J. A, 220.Dixon J. R. 342. Dixon W. T. 7. Dhami K. S. 13 112. Djerassi C. 48 49 52 54 56 58 59 60 61. 66 101 115 177 195 362 401 443. Doane W. B. 208. Dobler M. 69. Dodson R. M. 52. Donges K. H. 488. Dopke W. 426 433. Dope D. 177. Doer R. G. 270. Dorhofer G. 488. Doering W. von E. 134 205 297 319 346. Dorr F. 30. Dorscheln W. 392. Dolbier W. R. jun. 319. Dolby L. J. 163 439. DoejS L. 353,426 430. Dolesek Z.. 143. Dolling V.. 31 I. Dolman D. 107. Doly. J. 494. Dombro R. S. 453. Dominguez X. A. 430. Do-Minh Thap. 175. Donaldson J. D. 239. Donely S. W. 166. Donn B. 180. Donnelly D. M. X. 51. Donoghue E. 166. Donohue J. 80. Donzel B. 454. Dooley J. F. 392. Doolittle R.F. 455. Dorfman A. 452. Dorfman L. 166. Domes E. 63. Dose K. 198. Doskotch R. W. 429. Doty J. C. 164 187 197. Doucet J.-P. 119. Doughty R. A. 21. Douglas A. W. 17. Douglas B. 443. Douglas J. L. 412. Douraghi-Zadeh K. 216. Douvan I. 422. Douzou P. 164. Dowd P. 175. Downie I. M. 256. Downing A. P. 274. Doyle M. P. 146 217. Doyle T. W. 21. Draber W. 353 384. Drenth W. 146. Dreyer D. 130. Driesen H. E. 21 404. Drisko R. L. 163. Droll K. 53. Druey J. 155. D’Silva T. D. J. 21. Du Y. C. 468. Dubac J. 237. Dubois J.-E. 119. Duckworth A. C. 197. Duddy J. E. 128. Dudock B. S. 430. Durr H. 317. Diitting D. 497. Duff J. M. 179 237. Duffield A. M. 56 58 195 362 401. Duffner R.C. 343. Dufraisse C. 196 281. Dugan J. J. 442. Dugas H. 445. Dukes M. 200 357. Dulou R. 170. Dunkelbaum E. 227. Dunitz J. D. 69 78 79. Dunn G. L. 134 347. Dupin J.-F. 375. Dupraz C. A, 464. Dyrand D. A. 378. Durant F. 91. Durbetaki. A. J. 379. Author Index Dure L. S. 499. Durham L. J. 447. Durst T. 207 250. Dusold L. R. 60 177. Duss F. 62. Dusza J. P. 372. Dutta C. P. 426. Dutton W. A. 241. Duxbury J. M. 405. Duy N. 11 19. Dwarschak H. 453. Dyadyusha G. G. 198. Dyen M. E. 375. Eaborn C. 241 245. Eakin M. A, 137. Eastham J. F. 220. Eaton P. E. 178. Ebsworth E. A. V. 28. Eby J. M. 393. Eckell A. 391. Eckstein F. 484. Edgar A. R. 408. Edman P. 456. Edsall J.T. 475. Edwards 0.E. 197. Eckhaut Z. 240. Effenberger F. 155 308 382. Ege G. 302. EgC S. N. 392. Egger K. W. 160. Egli C. 440. Eglinton C. 358. Eglinton G. 70. Ehrenberg M. 77. Ehrenson S. 107. Eich J. J. 219. Eicher T. 291 318. Eilertsen R. 436. Eilertson R. 51. Einstein J. R. 488. Eisch J. J. 376. Eisenberg H. 491. Eisenbraun E. J. 66 520. Eisinger J. 198 487. Eisner U. 419. Ekong D. E. U. 357 360. Elad D. 161 170 198. Elan E. U. 264. Eke J. S. 372. Elchinov D. P. 31. Elderfield R. C. 416. El-Gangihi S. 516. El-Garby Younes M. 363. El-Hamidi A, 516. Eliseeva G. I. 483. Elix J. A, 170 273 302. Ellefson C.R. 400. Elleman D. D. 10. Ellestad G. A, 410. Elliott D. F.455. Elliott J. P. 41. Elliott M. 324. Ellis J. N. 190. Ellis L. E. 182. Ellis R. C. 414. El-Namaky H. M. 62. El-Sayed M. A, 162. Elsden D. F. 452 453. Elser W. 155. Emerson T. R. 491. Emig E. 404. Emrich J. 502. Emsley J. W. 112. Endean R. 470. Endo K. 353 355. Endres L. S. 378. Engel J. 473. Engel R. R. 271. Engelberg H. 500. Engelhardt V. A, 497. Engler R. 494. Englert G. 22 24. Ennis C. L. 294. Enslin P. R. 48. Epler J. L. 499. Eppinger K. 172. Eppley R. L. 220. Epstein W. W. 204. Erdtman H. 350. Erge D. 520. Erichomovitch L. 116. Erickson H. 480. Erikson R. 508. Erman W. F. 176 336. Ernst R. R. 25. Eros D. 264. Erspamer V. 470. Eschenmoser A, 212 334 386.Eser H. 79. Esko K. 454. Estlin J. A. 83 87. Eugster C. H. 452. Euster C. H. 375. Evanega G. 192. Evanega G. R. 390. Evanguelidoe E. K. 404. Evans D. 199. Evans D. F. 224. Evans D. H. 33. Evans F. J. 322. Evans G. W. 511. Evans J. M. 342. Evans S. A, 473. Evans T. R. 164. Evnin A. B. 283. Exley R. W. 193 325. Eyre D. H. 357. Eyring E. J. 481. Faber R. J. 33. Fabryova A, 429. Fachan L.. 360. Author Index 541 Fahr E. 488. Fahrenhorst E. 182. Fales H. M. 16. Fallis A. G. 174. Farcagiu D. 135 302. Farina M. 253. Faris B. 452. Faris J. L. 186. Farkas J. 483. Farley W. C. 420. Farnum D. G. 125 129,273 287. Farrell P. G. 118. Farrier D. S. 426 516. Fasman G.D. 491. Fatiadi A. J. 204 308. Faubl H.. 144 353. Faulkner R. D. 495. 497. Favaro G. 198. Favina M. 92. Favre J. 493. Fawcett J. K. 77 78. 292 299 445. Fedotov N. S. 238. Feeney J. 195,401. Fehlhaker H. 262. Fahlhaber H.-W. 371. Fehr T. 520. Fellenberger K. 156. Feibush B. 455. Feigina M. U. 460. Feigina M. Yu. 458. Feiler L. 155. Feix G. Feldl K. 258. Feldman M. Ya. 481. Feldmann H. 497. Felgenhauer Z. Z. 501. Felix D. 212 334. Feller H. 488. Fellion E. 440. Felner I. 386. Felsenfeld G. 489,491. Fenical W. 343. Fenoglio D. J. 6. Fenselau C. 61 177. Fenzl W. 228 233. Fergus B. J. 460. Ferguson G. 70 71 75 80 86 93 94 97 342 357. Ferguson J.. 182. Ferguson R. C. 28.Ferretti J. A. 9 11 28 474. Ferrier B. M. 134 346. Ferris J. P. 480. Fessel H. 458. Fttizon M. 62 63 202 357 368. Feuer H. 202. Fiecchi A. 359 360 522 523. Field F. H. 64. Fielden E. M. 115. Fieldhouse S. A. 237. Fiers W. 499. Fieser L. F. 216. Fieser M. 216. Ficini J. 309. Figeys H. P. 112 273. Filippakis S. E. 67,84. Filler R. 128. Finer E. G. 13. Finn F. M. 471. Finnegan R. A. 138 186. Finni G. R. 389. Finucane B. W. 371. Fischelson L. 350. Fischer A, 113 118 166 369. Fischer E. 187. Fischer H. 302. Fischer M. 57. Fischer M. S. 78. Fischer N. H. 352. Fischer U. 292. Fischli A, 386. Fisher B. D. 117. Fischer E. 161. Fishwick A. H. 223. Flamm W. G. 500 501. Flammang.R. 112. Flammang-Barbieux H. 304. Flautt T. J. 23. Flegal C. A. 138. Fleischer E. B. 86 89. Fleming I. 1 I 385. Fleming J. 155. Fleming J. E.. 85. Flentje H. 433. Fletcher R. 385. Flood S. H. 118. Flory P. J. 475. Floss H.-G.,520 521. Flowers M. C. 237. Fluherty A. L. 407. Flurry R. L. 108. Fodor G. 425. Fodor I. 497. Foell T. J. 203. Fohles J. 454. Fohlisch B. 125 291. Foglesong W. D. 143. Folgia T. A, 251. Follett E. A. C. 501 Follmann H. 485. Fonken G. J. 161. Fontaine A. E. 56. Fontana A. 454 455. Fonzes L. 436. Foote C. S.. 49 196. Forbes E. J. 196. Forbes W. F. 33. Ford D. N. 18. Forget B. G..495. Forrester A. R. 32. Forsen S.,9 17. Fort R. C. 16. Fort R.C. jun. 143. Fossel E. T. 134 346. Foster A. B. 405. Foster G. H. 422. Fowden L. 45 1. Fowler F. W. 251 376. Fowler J. S. 395. Fox J. J. 28 483. Fox S. W.. 485. Fox W. B. 267. Fox-Carter E. 493. Foy P. 63 368. Fraerkel G. 489. Fraenkel G. K. 29 33. Francis R.J. 512. Franck R. W. 8 365. Franck-Neumann M. 193 321. Francke B. 509. Francois P. 433 521. Frank D. 382. Frank W. C. 320. Frank A. 491. Frankel J. J. 200. Frankel M.. 461 462. Frankiss S. G. 28. Franklin J. L. 61. Franklin M. 508. Franklin R. M. 509. Franks M. 480. Fraczblau C. 452. Franzen V. 286. Franzus B. 336. Fraser G. M.. 145 149 150. Fraser R. R. 8. Frater F. 108. Fratcr G. 165. Fratini A. V. 79. Fraunberger F.453. Fray G. I. 181 190. Fredrichsons J. 98. Freed J. H. 36. Freedman R. 237. Freeman H. C. 458. Freeman J. P. 380 392. Freeman P. K. 166 343. Freeman R. 9 25 26. Frei K. 146. Freiberg W. 28. Frefelder D. 501 502. Freitag D. 295. Fresco J. R. 499. Freund H. G. 36 41. Frey D. W. 166. Frey H. M. 161 315. Friary R. J. 358. Fric I. 52. Friday. K. J. 127. Fridkin. M. 454. Fridrichsons J. 435. Fried J.. 203 363 366. Fried M. 473. Friedel R. A. 13. Friedman L. 103 207 251 286. Friedrich E. C. 136 275. Fritsch J. M. 43 260. Fritz G. 236. Frolke W. 487. Frost B. M. 38. Frost J. A. 164. Fry A. J. 164. Frye C. L. 238. Fuchs R. 279. Fiichtbauer W. 488.Fiirst A, 53. Fiirst G. 488. Fuganti C. 359. Fugman R. 31 1. Fuji K. 426. Fujimoto H. 238. Fujimura S. 494. Fujise Y. 295 346. Fujita E. 426. Fujita K. 332. Fujita S. 260. Fujitani K. 431. Fukuda K. 468. Fukumoto K. 431 433. Fukunaga T. 138 276. Fukuto M. 70. Fukuyami M. 383. Fulke J. W. B. 357. Fuller W. 497 500 504. Fulmor W. 274. Funasaka W. 156 313 423. Funderburk L. H. 102. Funke E. 396. Furano A. V. 500. Furth B. 343. Furukawa N. 286. Furukawa Y. 485. Furusaki A. 70 72 8 1. Futai M. 483 494. Futterer E. 375. Gaasbeek C. J. 126 255. Gabe E. J. 68. Gadsby B. W. 364. Gafield W. 51 53 721. Gagan J. M. F. 400. Gagnaire D. 10. Gagneux A. R. 452. Gaidis J.M. 6 220 273. Gaines K. 509. Gajewski J. J. 278 319. Gakovic Z. 110. Galbraith M. N. 371. Gale A. 366. Galibert F. 495. Galli R. 256. Author Index Gallo G. G. 339. Gal-Or L. 480. Gamaggi G. 326. Games M. L. 357. Ganis P. 66. Gano J. E. 336. Canter C. 16 18 331. Gaoni Y. 273. Garbisch E. W. jun. 200. Garbuglio. C. 83. Garcia-Blanco S. 71. Gardner P. D. 175 225 314. 316 423. Garg H. G. 483. Garnett J. L. 117 401. Garratt P. J. 26 273 300. 301. Gasc. J.-C. 364. Gaskell A. J. 435. Gassman P. G. 212 324. Gates J. W. jun.. 322. Gatsonis C. 192 289. Gatti A. R. 231. Gatti G. 21. Gaudiano G. 391. Gault I. 18. Gault R. 215. Gaulthier J. 77. Gautschi F. 212. Gavrilenko V.V. 200. Gay R. L. 214. Gebert U. 452. Gebicki J. M. 29. Gefter M. L. 507. Gegiou D. 187. Geise H. J. 84 95 367. Gelin R. 247. Gelin S. 247. Gellert M. 506 507. Gelling I. 417. Geluk H. W. 347. Genel F. 384. Genge C. A. 260. Gensler W. J. 389. Geoffre S. 77. Geoghegan P. 225 251. Geoghegan P. jun. 210. Georgi V. 452. Georgiev V. S. 430. Gerding J. J. Th. 44. Gerloch M. 65. Gerlock J. L. 111. Geroch M. 499. Gersmann H. R. 31. Gerson F. 29. Geske D. H. 29. Gestblom B. 9 25 26. Geuskens G. 41. Gevers E. C. T. 225. Gewald K. 375. Ghiringelli D. 398. Ghislandi V. 51. Gholson R. K. Ghosal M. 389. Ghosez L. 156. Giacometti G. 32. Giam G. S. 112. Gibbons C. S. 80. Gibert B.362. Gibian H. 364. Gibs G. J. 203 388. Gibson K. D. 475. Gibson W. K. 307. Gielen M. 239. Gigg R. 406. Giglio E. 91 92 475. Gilani S. S. H. 205. Gil-Av. E. 319 455. Gilbert A. 164 181 182 190 279 280. Gilbert B. C. 33. Gilbert. E. 489. Gill E. W. 54. Gill P. S. 30. Gillard R. D. 458. Gillis B. T. 200 395. Gilman H. 236-237. Gilow H. M. 119. Ginsburg D. 190 346. Giodano F. 78. Giroud-Abel B. 389. Givens R. S. 166. Gladyshev E. N. 241. Glarum S. H. 42. Glasby J. S. 70. Glasgow J. E. 499. Glass R. S. 140. Glazier E. S. 18. Gleicher G. J. 77 143 301. Gleiter R. 143. Glicenstein L. J. 23 1. Click A. H. 179 382. Click R. E. 474. Glineur M. 156. Glinski R. P. 409. Glockling F.238 240 241. Glover I. T. 142. Glusker J. P. 68. Glynn G. A, 213. Glynn J. P. 518. Goad L. J. 525. Godfrey M. 110. Gijdicke W. 462 465. Goth H. 392 452. Giithel G. F. 235. Goetz R. W. 21. Goffredo O. 470. Gold E. H. 156 190. Gold V. 104. Goldberg S. I. 51 427. Golden R. 109. Goldfarb T. D. 169. Goldman L. 204 445. Author Index Goldstein J. H. 13 14 17 112. Goldstein M. J. 138 340 346. Goldstein P. 70. Golinkin E. S. 145. Gollnick K. 161. Gomes A, 153 399. Gomes de Mesquita A. H. 83. Gompper R. 155 309. Good M. L. 18. Goodlett V. W. 155. Goodman M. 467 473 474. Goodman S. H. 80. Goodwin H. W. 21. Goodwin T. W. 255 525 527 529. Goan D.J. W. 225. Gorbarty M. L. 153. Gorbunoff M. J. 473. Gordon M. 11 I. Gordon M. E. 226. Gordon S. 274. Gordy W. 40 45. Gore J. 48 63. Gorman A. A. 51 425 435 443. Gorodetsky M.. 14. Gosden A. F. 322. Goto K. 433. Goto R. 195. Goto T. 62. Goto Y. 187. Gottarelli G. 48 53. Gotthardt H. 179 396. Could H. 499. Goulian M. 508. Govil G. 11 13. Govindachari T. R.,434,464. Gozzo. F.. 326. Graf G. 207. Graham D. W. 447. Graham S. H. 342. Graham W. A. 240. Graham W. H. 380. Gramaccioli C. M. 72. Granboulan N. 508. Grant D. M. 12 13. Grant P. M. 112. Gratzer W. B. 490 500. Grauberger M. A, 227. Gray R. T. 49. Gray W. R. 456. Gream G. E. 174. Gredey R. H. 167. Green C. P. 480.Green J. H. 489. Green J. W. 375. Green M. J. 52 370. Green M. L. H. 219. Green M. M. 59 60. S Greene F. D. 151 204 317. Greenstock C. L. 198. 488. Greenwald J. R. 207. Greenwood H. H. 187. Greenzaid P. 14. Gregory B. 433 521. Grellmann K. H. 190 397. Grenda V. G. 322. Grenda V. J. 365. Grenon B. J. 213. Grenz M. 249. Grid A. V. 119. Griesbaum K. 248 249 321. Griffin B. E. 484. Griffin G. W. 43 197 420. Griffin. 0.M. 40. Griffith D. L. 18. Griffith 0. F. 119. Griffiths J. 196. Grifiths W. E. 34. Griffiths W. T. 529. Grigat E. 216 375. Grigg R. 385 386. Grimison A, 112 489. Grimshaw J. 462. Grimvall S. 67. Grisdale. P. J. 108 197. Grob C. A, 152 340. Groger D. 519 520.Grohmann K. 273 299. Gnoj O. 369. Groppelli G. 320. Gros E. G. 518. Gross. E. 452. Gross H. 216. Gros. H. J.. 367. Grossman. L.. 482 491. Gro<tic. M. F.. 330. Grovec J. T. 125 287. Grovenstein E. 102. Grove. D. F. 334. Grove J. F. 205. Gruber R. 193 381. Gruen L. C. 101. Gruner H.. 182 283. Grunberg-Manago M. 499. Grundemann C. 378. Grunder H. T. 301. Grundon M. F. 427. Grunewald J. O. 176. Grunwald E. 113. Grunwald G. L. 170. Gishwendt M. 357. Guaroldi G. 266. Guarnaccia R. 520. Gubler B. 352. Giinthard H. H. 146. Gunther H. 7 159 301,375. Gunther P. 266. Guest M. 493. Gusten H. 7. Guether B. 258. Guggisberg E. A. 430. Guidici. T. A. 407. Guilhem J. 77. Guillemonat.A, 247. Guilleux J.-C. 367. Guimaraes 1. S. S. 362. Guise. G. B. 447. Gulaya V. E.. 364. Gum. G.. 117. Gunning H. E. 193 271 289. Gunstone. F. D.. 258. Gupta. R. N.. 516. Gurka. D. 112. Gurka D. F. 116. Gurney J. A, 284. Guroff G. 123 519. Gurst. J. E. 52. Gurudata O. 28. Gurudata. R. 113. Gurvich I. A, 359. Guschlbduer w., 489 499. Gusel'nikov. L. E. 237. Gut v. 454 Guthrie R. D. 90 405. Gutowski G. E. 409. Gutowsky H. S. 17 18 21 30. Guttman M.. 190. Gyorgyfy K. 249. Haase J. R. 309. Habaguchi K. 360. Habraken C. L.. 28. Hachmann J. 481. Hackett. P. 177. Haddadin M. J. 195 400 416. Haddon W. F. 177. Hafner K. 130 296. Hageman H. J. 20. Hahn B.-S. 133. Haines J.A. 484. Haines T. H. 263. Hal Won Chang 278. Hall C. D. 151 351. Hall D. 77. Hall D. M. 515. Hall D. N. 248. Hall E. S. 435. Hall F. H. 8. Hall. F. M. 113. Hall L. A. R. 284. Hall L. D. 404. Hall S. R. 71. Hall W. L. 146. Haller I. 167. Hallman P. S. 199. Halpern B. 466 467. Halsall T. G. 97 360. Halsey J. C. 273. Halstrcam J. 454. Halton B. 136 335. Ham N. S. 18. Hamada Y. 51. Hamanaka E. 352. Hameda Y. 433. Hamid A. M. 398. Hamilton J. A, 69. Hamilton L. 193 197 379 381. Hamilton W. A. 473. Hamilton W. C. 79. Hamlet P. 64. Hamlin R. 490. Hamman A. S. A. 525. Hammar W. J. 2.10 225 337. Hammond G. S. 164 166 167 172 178 179 181 187. Hammond W.B. 317 318. Hammons J. H. 108 142. Hampson P. 14 15 400. Hampton A, 491. Hampton K. G. 215. Hamrick P. 41. Hamrick P. J. jun. 38. Hanack M. 128 145 244. 311 321. Hanaoka M. 449. Hanbury P. 8. Hancock C. K. 108 113. Hancock V. 481. Hanessian S. 375 407 408. Hanifin J. W. 179. Hanlon S.. 474. Hanren A.. 291. 318. Hansen J. F. 185 421. Hansun A. W.. 70. Hanssgen D. 262. Hanstein W. 225. Hanus V. 430. Happ G. P. 197. Happe J. A, 27. Happer D. A. R. 457. Hara M. 179 198 382. Hara S. 356. Harada H. 449. Harada K. 454. Harayama T. 445. Harder R. J. 393. Hardham W. M. 164 181. Hardie B. A. 118. Hardman M. J. 369. Hardy D. G. 202 433. Hardy J. C. 188. Hardy P. M. 475.Harfenist E. J. 473. Hargreaves J. R. 341. Hargreaves M. K. 53. Harker D. 473. Harle E. 357. Author Index Harley-Mason J. 422 431 441 445. Harmony M. D. 322. Harper J. J. 134 347. Harper S. H. 324. Harpold M. A, 469. Harrell R. L. 237. Harrington W. F. 473. Harris D. 395. Harris M. R. 485. Harris. R. K. 8 13 17 19. Harris R. L. N. 61. Harrison A. C. 323. Harrison A. G. 427. Harrison B. L. 388. Harrison I. T. 271. Harrison J. W. 357. Harrison P. G. 223 240 241. Harrison S. 271. Hart E. J. 11 5. Hart H. 122 131 135 178 327 410. Hart N. K. 51 426 436. Hart R. R. 193. Hartenstein J. H. 134 346. Hartley B. S. 456. Hartley D. 364. Hartman R. 173. Hartmann M. 38. Hartmann W.179. Hartshorn M. P. 368 369. Hartshorn S. R. 120. Hartung H. 207. Harvey G. R. 376. Harzell G. E. 380. Hasegawa S. 494. Hassall C. H. 459 472. Hassner A. 202 251 376. Haszeldine R. N. 323. Hata. K. 187 260. Hatchard W. R. 393. Hattori M. 362. Hauser. C. R. 214 215. Hauser D. 382. Hauser H. 52. Hauser K. M. 37. Hauw C. 77. Havinga E. 20 183 184 186 401. Havlicek S. C. 400. Hawkinson S. 86. Haxo F. T. 255. Hayaishi O. 494. Hayanizu K. 8. Hayase Y. 446. Hayashi K. 41 239. Hayashi M. 504. Hayatsu H. 481 485. Hayes D. 479. Hayes D. H. 483. Hayes R. G. 31. Hayes-Baron F. 483. Haynes L. J. 512. Haywood-Farmer J. 137 275. Hazell A. C. 88. Hazenberg M. E. 445. Headows D.H. 474. Heaney H. 9 170 286 287. Heath M. J. 207 251. Hecht H. G. 7. Hechtl W. 296 332. Hecker E. 357. Hedgpeth H. 40. Hefferman M.L. 112. Heffron,P. J. 51,229. Heftmann E. 527. Hegarty B. F. 225. Heiba E. I. 244. Heilbronner E. 130 188,284 307. Heimbach P. 318 334. Heimer W. E. 516. Heine H. W. 377 379 421. Heinrich G. 186. Heinz G. 313. Heinzinger K. 107. Heiss A. H. 19. Helbig R. 485. Helene C. 198. Helgeson R. C. 182. Helinski D. R. 504. Heller M. 366 369. Hellin M. 104. Hellmann H. 155 182 281 311. Helmkamp G. K. 279. Hemingway J. C. 355. Henbest H. B. 367. Henderson M. S. 357. Henderson R. M. 110. Henderson W. A,,jun. 163. Hendy B. N. 145. Hengge E. 236. Henkel R.456. Henley D.,499. Henning J. C. M. 30. Hennion G. F. 228. Henoch F. E. 215. Henry M. C. 236,293. Henstock J. B. 324. Herber R. H. 239. Herbert R. B. 433 515 516. Herbig K. 153. Herkstroeter W. G. 164 187. Herling J. 319. Hermann A. M. 33. Hermes M. E. 259. Herout V. 49 354 371. Herr R. R. 199 410 451. Herriott A. W. 316. Hershey A. D. 501. Herter I. 56. Hertrich I. 128 244 321. Author Index Hertzberg S. 255. Hertzheim A, 375. Herzog H. L. 369. Hesp B. 190. Hess B. A. jun. 284. Hess L. D. 173. Hesse M. 425 430 436 437 438 442 443. Hessler E. J. 524. Hettler H. 485. Hewgill F. R. 308. Heyns K. 50 483. Hickmott P. W. 16 341. Hickson F. T. 504. Hiebert J.D. 204. Higuchi J. 42. Higuchi T. 116. Hikino H. 371. Hikino Y. 371. Hilbers C. W. 130. Hilgetag G. 257 322 365. Hill E. A, 13. Hill J. 186. Hill J. A. 219 224. Hill R. 43 278. Hille M. B.,'476. Hillman M. E. D. 229. Hiltebrand H. 519. Himmelreich J. 51. Hindley J. 494. Hine J. 111. Hine J. B. 145. Hinman R. L. 122. Hiraga K. 365. Hirai H. 359. Hirai S. 377 441. Hirata Y. 425 445. Hirayama M. 31. Hirose K. 62. Hirota N. 33. Hirschmann R. 466. Hirschfeld A, 449. Hirst M. 512. Hiskey R. G. 469. Hobbs C. F. 216. Hobbs J. J. i87. Hobson J. D. 216 439. Hochstetler A. R. 165. Hocks P. 371. Hodges R. J. 117. Hodgins T. 276. Hodgkin D. C. 476. Hodgkins J. E. 429. Hodgson A.497. Hodson H. F. 437. Hoft E. 216. Hogfeldt E. 104. Hohne E. 96 446. Hoek W. 347. Horig C. 378. Hoet P. 156. Hoeve H. G. 31. Hover H. 337. Hoffmann H. M. R. 145,149. Hoffmann R. 137 138 156 159 166 168 169,276. Hoffman R.A. 9 17. Hoffmann R. W. 125 248 335. Hoffmeister H. 371. Hoffsommer R. D. 199. Hofmann K. 471. Hofmeister H. 246. Hofschneider P. H. 504 509. Hogarty J. D. 395. Hogeveen M. 31 126 129 130 155 179 182 255 283. Hohn T. 494. Hohne 85. Hohorst F. A. 266. Holden J. R. 72. HoleySovsky V. 457. Holland C. V. 404. Holley R. W. 497. Hollis D. P. 14 474 488. Holmes J. D. 275. Holova J. M. 423. Holtz D. 110 144. Holub M. 354. Holy A. 484. Holzapfel C.W. 48. Homer J. 16. Koneyman J. 90. Honjo M. 485. Honjo T. 494. Honma Y. 194 417. Hootan K. A. 241. Hoover J. R. E. 134 344 347. Hope H. 396. Hardvik A. 83 9 I. Horii Z. 449. Horike A. 156 3 13. Horn D. H. S. 371. Horn K. 145. Hornby G. M. 97. Horneman U. 520. Horner L. 213 216. Horrocks A. R. 162. Horsfield A. 29 39. Horsley W. J. 507. Horspool W. M. 165 190 322. Horstmann C. 179 426. Horstmann Chr. 53. Hortmann A. G. 377. Hortan D. 27 404. Hoshino T.; 360. Hoskinson R. M. 495. Hospital M. 67. Hosszu J. L. 488. Hostettler H. U. 174. Hota N. K. 225. Houdard J. 192. Houghton R. P. 350. House H. O. 151 213. Houston D. 142. Housty J. 67. Howard A. S. 431. Howard E.G. 266. Howard-Flanders P. 489. Howarth M. 370. Howe I. 60. Howe R. K. 402. Howell C. F. 331. Hradecna Z. 500. Hrbek J. 51. Hruby V. J. 291. Hruska F. 16. Hsi N. 6. Hsing C. Y. 468. Hsu J. Z. 468. Hu S. C. 468. Huang C. W. 179. Huang P. C. 259. Huang W. T. 468. Huber H. 157 159 194 296 332 379. Hubert A. J. 285 334. Huckstep L. L.,443. Hudec J. 52 140 148 168 170 324 338 367. Hudson A. 42. Hudson A. T. 529. Hudson B. 506. Hudson B. G. 405. Hudson C. B. 453. Huebner C. F. 166. Huckel W. 31 1. Huni J. E. S. 519. Huffman J. W. 441. Hughes D. W. 430. Hughes G. A. 364. Hughes N. A. 406 409. Hughes N. W. 371. Huisgen R. 153 155 157 159 194 258 296 332 375 379 391 396.Huisman H. O. 370. Hulbert P. B. 51. Hulpke H. 527. Humbel R. E. 468. Humffray A. A. 115. Huml K. 74. Hummel K. F. 311. Humphrey J. S. 104 105. Humphreys D. 481. Humphreys T. 500. Hung J. C. 258. Hung J. C.-Y. 215. Hung Yu Chen 253. Hunkler D. 166 343. Hunt J. W. 41 198 488. Huntsman W. D. 244 264. Hurreck H. 278. Hurt W. S. 178. Author Index Hurtshouse M. B. 66. Hunvitz J.. 507 508 509. Husbands G. E. M. 512. Hussain A. 116. Hutchinson F. 500. Hutchison C. A. 36. Hutton H. M. 10 17 112. Huyffer P. S. 177. Hyde J. S. 35 36. Iball J. 91. Ichikawa T. 45. Idoux J. P. 108. Ihara M. 430. Ihrig A. M. 17. Iitaka Y. 360. Ike Y. 356. Ikegami S. 210 225 337.Ikehava M. 491. Ikekawa N. 194 417. Ikensue T. 113. Illuminati G. 117 118. Imai K. 372. Imamura A. 138 276. Imbach J. L. 63. Immel H. 520. Immer H. 6. Immitzi A. 92. Impicciatore M. 470. Inch T. D. 405. Ingle J. 499. Inhoffen H. H. 55. Inman R. B. 501 508. Innes M. 72. Inoue M. 40. Inoue Y. 491. Inouye H. 520. Inouye Y. 51 52. Inubushi Y. 363 445. Inukai T. 215. Ionescu M. 375. Ipaktschi J. 174. hie H. 449. Irie T. 137. Irikawa H. 445. Irving C. S. 197. Irving J. 421. Irwin R. M. 389 Isabe T. 33. Isaeva L. S. 119. Isakov I. V. 68. [saksson G. 85. Iselin B. 466. Ishida A. 370. Ishida T. 499. Ishii H. 445. Ishii Y. 239. Ishikawa M. 50 195 401. Iskander G.M. 313. Islam K. M. S. 70 71 75 93. Issidorides C. H. 195 400 416. Itai A. 359 360. Itano H. A. 460. Itaya T. 200. Itazaki H. 95. Ito M. 360. It6 S. 295 346 355. Itoh K. 39 42 239 305. Itoh M. 6 264 461. Itohard K. 44. Itzchaki J. 346. Ivanoff N. 191. Ivanov V. T. 53 458 472 474 475. Ivanschenko S. P., 207. Iwaizumi M. 33. Iwasak F. 93. Iwasaki F. F. 66. Iwasaki H. 66 93. Iwasaki M. 40,45. Iwata T. 50 51 433. Iyer V. S. 464. Iyoda J. 239. Izawa Y. 170. Izumiya N. 472. Izzo P. T. 274. Jablonski J. M. 286. Jackson A. 435. Jackson A. H. 202 375 385 387. 432. Jackson B. 414. Jackson R. A, 241. Jackson R. B. 78. Jackson W. M. 180. Jackson W. R. 367. Jacob T. A.466. Jacob T. M. 485,486. Jacobs F. 474. Jacobson J. L. 173. Jacquesy J. C. 367. Jacquesy R. 370 396. Jaeggi K. A. 205 373. Jaenisch R. 504. Jaffe H. H. 134. Jahnke H. K. J. 410. Jain D. V. S. 108. Jain M. K. 360 361. Jakubke H. D. 52 463. James F. C. 164. James R. 433 511 513. Jamieson N. C. 62 189. JanEulev J. 382. Janst M.-M. 433 521. Jansen A. B. A. 364. Janf J. 409. Janzen E. G. 33. Janzen L. G. 111. Japar S. 190. Jardetzky O. 27 474. Jardine F. H. 199. Jardine I. 200. Jarkovskf J. 119. Jarvis B. B. 151. Jautelat M. 214 263 312. Javansvitch A. P. 399. Javora P. H. 239. Jeffery E. A, 18 234. Jefford C. W. 337. Jeffrey G. A. 90,91 443. Jeffs P. W. 185 421 426 516.Jeger O. 173. Jemison R. W. 412. Jenkins J. K. 445. Jenkins P. A. 200. Jennings J. P. 52 53. Jennings K. R. 56 59. Jenny E. F. 155. Jenny W. 284. Jensen. B. 84. Jenscn. L. H.. 88. Jensen M. A. 7. Jensen S. L. 255. Jerina D. 519. Jerina D. M. 122 485. Jerkunica J. M. 106 141. kschkeit H. 456. Jewell J. S. 404. Jiang R. Q. 468. Jirkovsky I. 445. Jizba J. 371. Job B. E. 62. Jochims J. C. 21 37 404. Johl U. 483. Johne S. 519. Johns H. E. 198 488 489. Johns S. R. 51 426 427 432. 434 436 437. Johnson A. W. 125. 375,385 386. Johnson B. L. 335. Johnson C. D. 107 120 121 376 401. Johnson C. K. 79 379. Johnson C. S. jun. 30 34. Johnson F. 212. Johnson M. D. 117 225. Johnson M.G. 190. Johnson P. C. 353 354. Johnson P. Y. 179 383. Johnson R. M. 184. Johnson S. 119 469. Johnson S. M. 83. Johnson W. S. 350 365 447. Johnston D. B. R. 216 461. Johnstone R. A. W.. 62. Jolles P. 458. Joly R. 527. Jonas. J. 18. Jonas V.. 19. Jonathan. N. 274. Jones D. M.. 205 246. Jones D. N. 52 370. Jones G. 210. Author Index Jones G. H. 204. Jones. G. T.. 7. Jones J. H. 454 463. Jones J. I. 384. Jones J. K. N. 325 408. Jones J. R. 99 101 103. Jones L. B. 164. 170 331. Jones M. 31 1. 345. Jones M.. iun.. 134. 170 297 298 346. Jones P. F. 237. Jones R. N. 490. Jones V. K. 170 331. Jones. W. H. 128. Jones W. M.. 294 316. Jongeian H. 417. Jordanov D.430. Jorgenson M. J.. 179. Joris L.. 112. Joschek. H.-I. 286. Joseph J. P.. 372. Josephs. R. 473. Joshi B. S.. 434. Joshua C. P. 189. Joshua H. 466. Joule J. A, 435. 439. Joullie M. M. 153 399. Joussot-Dubien. J. 192. Jovin T. M.. 507. Juers D. F. 177. Jukes A. E. 116. Julia M.. 31 1. Julian D. R. 515. Julien J. 495. Juneja H. R. 520. Jung. H. A, 473. Jung P. 41. Junk G.. 55. Junker H.-N. 283. Jurd L. 412. Just. G. 198. Juvet R. S.. iun. 164. Kabalka G. W. 21 1,230,252 264. Kadunce R. E. 200. Kagan F. 199 451. Kagan H. B. 63. Kagel K. 260. Kaiser A. D. 501 502. Kaiser. E. M. 215. Kaiser E. T. 31 86. Kaiser R. 9. Kaiser. W. 239. Kaii A.. 195. Kakisawa H. 400. Kakudo M.68 69 77 78 80 87. 292 293. Kalatzis E. 120. Kalish. R.. 248. Kalman A.. 8 1. Kalvoda. J. 212. Kalyani. V.. 74. Kamachi K. 400. Kamal. A, 389. Kamat R. J. I1 1. Kamat V. N.. 434. Kamath. K. M. 74. Kametani. T.. 429 430. 431 433. Karninsky. L. S. 194 384. Kamiya K. 433 484. Kamiya. T. 441. Kan R. O. 161. Kanagalingam K.. 499 500. Kareda S. 43 I. Kaneko C. 195.401. Kaneko M. 491. Kankaanperl A, 104. Kanno S. 355. Kan6 H. 179 192 390 410 484. Kand K. 194 416. Kano S. 43 I. Kanqiia R. M. 185. Kanters J. A, 66. Kapecki J. A, 88. Kapil. R. S.. 519 522. Kaplan B. E. 343. Kaplan L. 180 182 270 279. 281. Kaplan L. R. 193. Kaplan M. 445. Kaplan M. L. 21. Kaplan M.S. 377. Kaplanis. J. W.. 371. Kapoor A. 464. Karabatsos G. J. 6 105. Karanigaokar C. G. 414. Karau. W. 497. Karger. M. H.. 155. Karie. I. L.. 83. Karle I. L. 79 83 85 87 421. Karle J. 87. Karmas G. 370. Karplus. M. 29 30. Kart Hans Muller 324. Karthra D. 473. Karai N. 80. Kasarinova L. Ya. 497. Kashiwagi M. 39 44. Kaspar E. 369. Kassebeer G. 189. Kast H.. 309. Kasturi T. R. 205 373. Katayama C.. 70. Katayama T. 249. Katchalski E. 454. Kato. H. 397. Kat6 M. 193 289. Kato N. 316. Kato T. 350. 355 485 523. Kato Y.,7. Katritzky A. R.. 28. 107. 120 121. 375. 376. 398. 401. Katsoyannis P. G. 468 469. Katsuhara. J.. 351. Katsui N. 432. Katz L. 490. 493. Katz S. 495.Katz T. J. 156 337 388. Katzenellenbogen J. A. 209 268 352. Kauer. J. C. 393. Kauffmann T. 268. Kaufman G. M.. 402. Kaufrnan. G. 207. 25i. Kaufmann H. 212. Kawakami J. H.. 210 225 337. Kawamura. Y..494. Kawanisi M. 175 193. Kawata K.. 377. 441. Kawazoe Y..16 121 402. Kaye B.. 529. Kay H. 205. Kayser R. A, 225. Kayser W. V. 104. Kazakova V. M. 31 35. Kazbekov. E. N.. 29. Kazic M. A. 324. Ke L. T.. 468. Keana J. F. W. 38. 365. Keana S. B. 38. Kearns D. R. 162. Kebarle P.. 193 289. Keefer L. K. 427. Keegstra. K.. 131. Keehn. P. M.. 182 286. Keenan R. E.. 367. Keese. R. 386. Kehiaian H. 184. Kei Wei. 181. Kellcr C. E. 275. Keller J. P. 31. Kellcr. P. 173. Keller R. A.163. Kellcy. D. J. 164. Kellie. A. E. 372. Kelling. D. G. 495. Kellogg R. E. 162. Kellogg. R. M. 192. 390. Kelly. D. P. 186. Kelly. R. B. 494 508. Kemp D. S.. 463 467. Kempter F. E. 415. Kendall F. H.. 101 104. Kende A. S.. 139 155 195 274 286 295 341. Kendrew J. C. 473 475. Kennar 0..445. Kennard 0.. 77 78 95 96 292. 299. Kennedy P. V.. 293. Kenner G. W. 202. 375 385 454 470 475. Kenyon R. W. 385. Kepler J. A,. 356. Kerber R. C. 292 323. Kerr K. A,. 74 77 78 292 299 445. Keske R. G. 399. Kessler. W. 466. Kettle M. F. A, 108. Kettle S. F. A, 228. Khan A. M. 200. Khan M. S. 224. Khan Z. M. 438. Khandelwal G. D. 190. Kharasch N. 170 189 198. 400. Khattak M.N..489. Khodair. A. 1. A. 63 198. Khorana H. G. 485 486 487 495 491. Khosla M. C. 468. Kiang A. K. 360 432 442. Kidd K. G. 11. Kiefer G.. 155 382. Kienle M. G.. 359 360 522 523. Kier L. B. 429. Kikuchi T. 430 433. 446. Kikugawa K. 48 I. Kikugawa Y.,202. Kilmurry L. 174. Kim C. J. 132. Kim S. H.. 90 91. King G. S. D. 86. King J. F. 131. King M. L. 430. King R. D. 407. King R. R. 369. King R. W.. 169. King T.P. 460 473. Kingle D. C. S.. 412. Kingsbury C. A. 133. Kinniard J. K. 19. Kinstle J. H.. 325. Kinstle. T. H.. 58 193. 433. Kintzinger J. P. 15. Kipkind G. M.. 31. Kirby. A. J. 186. Kirby. Ci. 433. Kirby G. W.. 388. 51 I. 512 513. Kirby K. S. 487 493 495. Kirk D.N. 368 369. Kirkwood. J. G. 110. Kirmse. W. 131 145. Kirkpatrick J. L. 443. Kirsche K. 85. Kirschke K. 376. Kirson I. 360. Kiryushkin A. A. 458 459 460. 475. Author Index Kise M. 286. Kiselev V. G. 228. Kisfaludy L. 464. Kishi M. 350 523. Kishi T. 484. Kispert. L. D. 39. Kissel W. J. 257. Kitahara Y. 78 87 292. 293 295 350 355 523. Kitaura Y.,185. Kitching W. 225. Kivity S. 462. Kjaer A. 48. Kieldgaard N. 501. Kjoge H. M. 83. Klayman D. L. 399. Klee W. A, 491. Klein F. M. 21 326. Klein J. 227. Kleinschmidt A. K. 502. Kleinspechn G. G. 197. Kliegman J. M. 397. Klingmiiller V. 53. Kliss R. M. 260. Kloosterziel H. 160 170. Klosterman H. J. 452. Klostermeyer H. 454 468.Klucis E. S. 495. Klump G. 346. Klumpp G. W. 134 142 336. Klusacek. H. 344. Klyne W. 47 48 51 52 273. 435. Kmet T. J.. 274. Knesel. G. A, 112. Knight E.,iun. 495. Knight J. C. 373. Knight S. A. 12. Knobler C. 85. Knolle 508. Knonenberg M. E. 401. Knorr R. 18 331 396. Knorre D. G. 491. Knothe L. 294. Knox J. R. 355. Knupfer H. 391. Knutson D. 186. Knutsson L. 151. Kobayashi K. 447 485. Kobayashi S. 371. Kobayashi Y. 463. Koch H. P. 66. Koch K. F. 161. Kochetkov N. K. 376 408 482 483. Kodama M. 355. Kobrich G. 222 233. Kohnlein W. 30. Koelle U. 18 274. Koenig D. F. 473. Koenig T. 105. Koeppe R. E. 517. Koerner von Gustorf E. 293. Kossel H. 485 487. Koster R.221 227 228 229 233. Koga T. 370. Kogan L. M. 364. Kohen F. 369. Kohnstam G. 145. KO Hqio 298 345. Kolesnikov S. P. 239. Kolnik S. S. 79. Koltzenburg G. 181 280. Komitsky F. jun. 61. KompiS I. 425 442. Kondo K. 113 519. Kondo Y. 113. Konita T. 363. Konno Y.,430. Konopinska D. 454. Konrad M. W. 509. Kopecky J. 340. Kopple K. D. 476. Koptyug V. A, 117. Kornberg A. 507 508 509. Korneva S. P. 241. Kornis G. 179. Korobko V. G. 439. Korpium O. 52. Korte F. 11 179 319. Korte W. D. 238. Koshland D. E. jun. 476. Koski W. S. 30 31. Kosman D. 38. Kosower E. M. 259. Kossanyi J. 343. Koster H. 483. Kotake M. 352 389. Kotera K. 51 376 433. Kotera N. 449. Kotick M. P. 483. Kotowycz G.11. Kouba J. 100. Kovacs A. L. 92 476. Kovacs J. 464. Kovats E. 351. Koyama H. 95,410 484. Kozinski A. W. 501. Kozyrev B. M. 31. Kramer D. M. 488. Kraft K. 181,280. Kraft M. 57. Krahn R. C. 51. Krakow J. S. 507. Kranse M. 347. Kranz E. 207 270. Krapchs A. P. 213. Krauch C. H. 179 198 488. Krauss H. J. 165. Krebs A. 333. Kreevoy M. M. 104 225. Krehn H. 357. Kreibich G. 357. Kreienbiihl P. 131. Kreien Buhl P. 21. Kreilick R. 33. Kreilick R. W. 37. Kresge A. J. 101 104 118. Krespan C. G. 266. Kress T. J. 400. Kressin H. 382. Kresze G. 375. Kretschmar H. C. 176 336. Krief A. 309. Krieger B. 369. Kriek E. 483. Krinsky N. I. 249. Krishnamurti M. 413. Krishna Rao G.S. 353. Kristinnsson H. 43 197. Kroner M. 333. Kroger C. F. 28. Krohn W. 396. Kronenberg M. E. 183 184. Kroon A. M. Kroon J. 66. Kropp P. J. 161 165 311. Kriiger C. 198. Kruerke U. 297. Krugh T. R. 24. Kruglaya 0. A. 241. Kmkonis A. P. 73. KrupiEka J. 148. Krutilina A. I. 495 497. Ksandr Z. 409. Kubinski H. 500. Kubinyi H. 357. Kubota H. 158 331. Kucherov V. F. 350 359. Kudo Y.,200. Kuebler N. A, 193. Kiihleip K. 238 241. Kuhmstedt K. 38. Kiihn L. 430. Kiintzel H. 499. Kiipers H. 222. Kugajevsky I. 15 381. Kuhla D. E. 419. Kuhlmann G. k,197 380. Kuhn H. 6. Kuhn L,. P. 197. Kuhn R. 304 305. Kuhn S. J. 118. Kuhnle J. A. 307. Kuivila H. G. 179. Kulcycki A, 31 1.Kumakura S. 93. Kumieda T.,202. Kundiger D. G. 400. Kunesch G. 529. Kunesch N. 442 443. Kung K. T.,468. Kunieda T. 50,427,434,488. Kunstmann M. P. 410. Author Index Kun Sun K. 458. Kupchan S. M. 185 355 430 448. Kurabayashi K. 345. Kurashi M. 70. Kuriyabashi S. 82 83. Kurujama K. 47 50 51 433. Kurita Y . 39 44. Kursanov D. N. 204. Kurzer F. 216 343. Kusaka T. 484. Kusama O. 431. Kusch P. 454. Kutter E. 309. Kutzelnigg W. 156. Kuwata K. 41. Kuz’min M. G. 108. Kvashnina L. P. 431. Kwart H. 393. Kwiatkowski G. T. 206 207 250. Kwok R. 427. Kysgoku Y. 490. Laakso T. M. 164. Laan J. 79. Laane L. 237. Labana L. L. 375. Labana S. S. 375. Lablanche-Combier A. 396.Labler L. 353. Labows J. N. jun. 346. Lack R. E. 371. Ladd M. F. C.,95. Ladenberger V. 149 223. Ladkany D.,461. Lagidze D. R. 365. Lahav M. 164. Lahmani F. 191. Lai T. F. 71. Laipis P. 502. Laird A. H. 470. Lajiness T. A, 418. Lajunen M. 104. Lakeman J. 370. Lala L. K. 217. Lam E. Y. Y.,178. La Manna A. 51. Lambert J. B. 21 399. Lamberton J. A. 426 427 432 434 436 437. Lamchen M. 194 384. Lamm B. 72. Lamola A. A, 187 198 488 489. Lamoureux G. L. 452. Lampidis R. 452. Lancashire F. 326. Lancaster J. E. 195 295 410. Lancia G. C. 260. Landa S. 89 347. Landesman H. 258. Landgrebe J. A. 156 270. Landis W. 122 519. Landor S.R. 200 389. Lane B. G.,499. Lange G. L. 179.Lange R. M. 122. Langford P. 86. Langridge R. 500. Langsam M. 474. Lansbury P. T. 25. Lapouyade R. 182. Lappert M. F. 219 227. Large D. G.,410. Laroche P. 156. Larsen J. 495. Lass R. L. 82. Lathuilliere P. 437. Laughlin R. G. 107 262. Law P. 52. Laurent H. 369. Laursen R. A, 456. Lauterbur P. C. 18. Lavery B. J. 24. Lavie D. 360 361. Levit-Lamy D. 303. Lavrenova G. I. 484. Lawesson S. O. 62. Lawley P. D. 482. Lawrie W. 363. Lawson K. Q. 23. Layton R. 173. Lazar J. 27. Lazzari E. 260. Leach J. M. 144 338. Leach S. J. 475 476. Leander K. 425. Leary G. J. 113. Leaver D. 307. Le Bel N. A, 418. Le Blanc J. C. 198 489. Lebowitz J. 502 504. Leclercq J. 362. Lederer E.255 454 458 525 526. Ledlie D. B. 418. Lee A, 412. Lee A. C. H. 197. Lee C. C. 106 133. Lee C. M. 51 425 436. Lee E. K. C. 171 174. Lee I. 145. Lee J. 27. Lee J. B. 256. Lee L. T. C.,229. Lee N. W. 171. Leermakers P. A. 164 178. Leete E. 513 516 518. Legrand M. 49 53. Lehman I. R. 507. Lehmann C. 173. Lehmann G. 257 322 365. Lehmann H. 456. Lehn J. M. 15 19. Lehnert W. 207. Leiserowitz L. 67. Leisner E. 529. Leitich J. 192 390. Lejeune S. 240. Lelong J. 495. Lemaire H. 42. Lemaire J. 161. Lemal D. M. 182 194 283. Le Men J. 437. Lenard J. 466. Lenfant M. 526. Lengyel I. 378. Lenhard R. H. 366 369. Leniart D. S. 36. le Noble W. J. 141. Lenz G. 161.Lenz G. R. 186 190 429. Leonard N. J. 378. Le Perchec P. 264 265. Leppard D. G. 307. Lesbre M. 237. Leslie V. J. 322. Lessinger L. 11. Letort M. 161. Letsinger R. L. 183 184 484 485. Levic E. J. 187. Levine S. D. 369. Levisalles J. 367 370 371 433. Levitt M. 519. Levy G. C. 21 130 197. Levy G. S. 380. Levy J. 437. Levy L. A. 251. Lewin S. 481. Lewis D. 451. Lewis D. C. 303. Lewis E. S. 102. Lewis G.E. 62 115 189 302. Lewis H. B. 189 400. Lewis H. G. 198. Lewis J. R. 414. Lewis P. 170. Lewis P. H. 234. Lewis R. A. 52. Leyendecker F 265. Leznoff C. C. 301. Li C. 497. Li C. H. 468. Li H. S. 468. Li L. 495 497. Liao T.-K. 404. Libby W. F. 64. Liberek B. 454 463.Lichtenthaler F. 404. Lieber E. R. 527. Liebman A. A. 518. Liehr A. D. 47. Author Index Lifson S. 79. Light J. R. C. 238. Lightner D. A. 261. Lilga K. T. 36. Lillien I. 21. Lim F. Y. 360. Limasset J.-CI. 207. Limburg W. W. 237. Lin H. J. 501. Lin K. 524. Lin W. C. 39. Lin Y. 8 136. Linda P.. 384. Lindahl T. 499. Lindauer R. F. 173 314. Lindberg G. W. 322 365. Linde H. G. jun. 292. Lindquist L. 169. Lindstrom T. R. 16. Ling A. C. 101 104. Lingens F. 483. Linnane A. W. 499. Listta C. L. 11 1. Lipkin V. M. 460. Lioton A. J. 370. Liquori A. M. 92 475 476. Liso G. 398. Litchfield Ci. J.. 480. Litchman W. M. 13. Litt M. 481. Little J. C. 179. Little J. W. 507. Littna E.495. Liu K.-T. 142. Liu R. S. H. 158 164 167 169. Livingston R. 182. Lloyd D. 293 400. Lloyd N. C. 238. Loader C. E. 189. Locksley H. D. 414. Loder J. W. 434. Loening U. E. 494 499. Loeppky R. N. 258. Losse G. 462 465. Loewenthal H. J. E. 346. Loffet A. 466. Logan T. J. 253. Loh T. P. 468. Lohaus G. 213. Lohner D. L. 422. Lohnse C. 401. Lohrmann R. 485. Lohse C. 195. Loim N. M. 204. Lokensgard J. P. 182,283. Long F. A, 101 122. Long R. C. 184. Longmore B. 435. Longone D. T. 27. Longridge J. L. 101. Longster G. F. 30 34. Longuet-Higgins H. C. 168 180 182 273 279 300. Longworth J. W. 198 487 488. Lontz R. J. 40. Loo S. N. 426. Looker J. J. 295. Lord R. C. 331 490.Lossing F. P. 63 143. Loudon A. G. 148,204,439. Lovel C. H. 433. Lovell F. M. 447. Loving B. A. 316. Lower S. K. 162. Lowry L. 249. Lowry N. N. 204. Luan-Ho-Chang. 331. Lubiewska L. 464. Luche J. L. 63. Lucken E. A. C. 39. Luckhurst G. R. 23 42. Ludlum D. B. 484. Luning B. 425. Lunzmann G. 485. Lukas J. 126 127. Luke M. O. 255. Lumb J. T. 212. Lumbroso-Bader N. 247. Lumma W. C. jun. 383. Lundin R. E. 412. Luneva L. K. 236. Lunkenheimer W. 454. Lurken C. 453. Lusebrink T. R. 25. Lustgarten R. K. 135 339. Lustig E. 11 19. Lustig M. 266. Lutz P. 21 404. Lutz R. E. 16. Lutz R. P.,142. Luz z. 14. Luzzati V. 501. Lwowski W. 260. Lyle G. G. 51 427. Lyle R. E. 400. Lyn G.507. Lynch B. M. 122. Lynch T. R. 85 383. Lynton H. 85. Lyons J. E. 238. Lythgoe B. 200 357 372. Lythgoe D. 426. Maalse O. 501. Maassen Van Den Brink Zim- mermannova H. 454. Maat L. 49. Marby J. J. 352. McAllister T. 143. McAndrews B. A. 9 274. McBee E. T. 276. McBride D. W. 16. McCain J. H. 183. McCallum M. 500. McCapra F. 161 435. McCarthy J. R. 483. McCarthy M. 404,432. McClare C. W. F. 490. McCleod J. K. 101. McClure J. D. 207. McCluskey J. G. 216 439. McConnell H. M. 29 37. McCorkindale N. J. 363 McCormick A. 358. McCrindle R. 357 360. McCullough J. D. 85. McCullough J. J. 179. McCusker P. A. 228. McDaniel M. C. 158. Macdonald A. C. 79. McDonald C. C. 26 27 474 491.McDonald C. G. 117. McDonald E. 515 516. McDonald G. 474. McDonald R. N. 329. McDonald W. S. 234. McDonnell J. 32. McDowell C. A. 31. McDowell S. T. 54 475. McDowell T. 163. McEwen W. E. 404. McFarlane W. 10 240. McGahren W. H. 467. McGavin S. 473 501. MacGillavry C. H. 79. McGrath M. G. 372. McGrath R. 502. Macgregor D. J. 410. McGregor S. C. 194. MacHattie L. A, 502. Machiori F. 454. McIlreavy D. 499. McIndoe W. 494. McInnis R. G. 389. Mclntosh C. L. 173. Mackay M. F. 435. McKehnie J. S. 127. McKellar J. F. 164. McKenna J. 228. McKenna J. M. 228. MacKenzie M. 481 497. MacKenzie S. 49. McKillop A. 415. McKinney M. A, 128. Mackor E. L. 130. McLachlan A. D. 29.McLafferty F. W. 55 56 57 59 61 113 114 177 460. McLaren A. D. 487. McLauchlan K. A. 11 23. MacLean C. 130. MacLean H. 51. McLean J. 363. Author Index McLean S. 427. McLennan D. J. 149. McLeod J. K. 56 58. MacLeod J. K. 470. McLick J. 238. McMichael K. D. 106. MacMillan J. 205 358 359. McMorris T. C. 356. McMullan R. K. 82. McMurry J. E.,213,214,365 396. McMurry T. B. H. 355. McMurty R. J. 320 322. McNees R. S. 138. McPhail A. T. 72 73 93 98 355 356. McPhie P. 500. McQuillin F. J. 200. McRae D. M. 237. McRae J. A. 41. Makosson W. D. K. 80 342. McRowe A. W. 142. McTigue T. 107. Madsen P. 62. Maeda Y. 240. Mark] G. 212. Magat M. 191. Magboul B. I. 313. Magerlein B.J. 199 451. Magnoli A. 74. Magnus K. E. 360. Magoon E. F. 209. Mahadevan V. 485 Mahone L. G. 11 1. Mai V. A, 226. Maier D. P. 197. Maier G. 158 31 I 335 375. Mair G. A. 473. Maitra U. 507 508 509. Maki A. H. 29 35. Makisumi Y. 393. Makudo M. 69. Malhotra S. K. 212. Malik M. Y. 429. Malkus H. 32. Mallams A. K. 249 255. Mallon M. H. 40. Mallory R.A. 369. Malunowicz I. 367. Malysheva A. M. 491. Mamlok L. 370. Mammi M. 83. Manatt S. L. 10. Mandel P. 494. Mandelbaum A. 55 62 363. Madelkern L. 474. Mandell L. 14 107 369. Mander L. N. 447. Mangioavacina R. S.,41. Mango F. D. 155 283. Mani J.-C. 181 279. Mani N. V. 74. Mannschreck A. 18 274. Manshar H. 74. Manejlovic L.67. Manser W. W. T. 515. Mansfield K. T. 324. Manske R. H. F. 425 429. Mantedn J. 166. Mantsch H. 375. Manville J. F. 404. Mao C.-L. 215. Mao T. J. 40. Marascia F. J. 393. Marbet R. 210. Marcantonio A. F. 260. Marchand A. 185,429. Marchand A. D.. 110. Marchand A. P. 144. Marchetti A. B. 162. Marchini P. 398. Matchiori F. 471. Marcot-Queiroz J. 495. Marplin. A,. 454. 468. Margulies H. 177 328 Margulis T. N. 78. Mariani C. 74. Marino G. 384. Mark J. E. 473. Markey J. L. 474. Markey S.,'442. Markos C. S. 173. Marks D. L. 16 113. Marks R. E. 99 101. Marlborough D. I. 474. Marongiu G. 86. Marples B. A. 9 287. Marr D. H. 13 476. Marsh F. D. 259. Marsh R. E. 71. Marshall G. R.465 468. Marshall J. A. 144 165 353 354 365. Marshall J. M. 42. Marshall J. T. B. 63. Marsili A. 363. Martell M. J. 429. Martin D. 205. Martin D. G. 365. Martin D. M. G. 490. Martin J. 80 137 342. Martin J. A. 511 519 522. Martin J. C. 30 155 389. Martin J. G. 145. Martin L. L. 68. Martin M. 325. Martin R. H. 24 304. Martin R. O. 51 1. Martin T. G. 472. Martin W. 159 299. Martine J. A. 432. Martinez-Carrera S. 71. Martini T. 298 330. Martuscelli E. 66 67. S. Marumo S. 449. Maruyama K. 195. Maruyama M. 25 49. Marvell E. N. 159. Marx M. 362. Marzilli G. L. 465. Marzilli L.-G. 457. Marzotto A. 471. Masaki N. 449. Masamune S. 80 165 193 298 316 345 440. Masamune T.,447.Maschwitz U. 350. Maslen E. N. 71 89. Maslin D. N. 200. Mason D. J. 451. Mason J. E. 356. Mason R. 65 69 301. Mason S. F. 48 50. Masse J. P. 238. Massingill J. L. 429. Masson F. 501. Massoulie J. 489. Massey-Westropp R. A. 253 255 360. Masuda Y. 474. Masuya H. 365. Mataga N. 44 305. Mateescu G.,157. Matesech M. A. 104 128 Matevosyan R.O. 31. Mathews C. N. 260 265. Mathias A. 14 15 400. Mathieson A. McL. 98 435. Mathieson D. W. 5. Mathieu J. 363. Mathis A. 501. Mathisen H. 69. Matoba K. 433. Matsui M. 353. Matsui T. 336. Matsumoto H. 264. Matsumoto K. 454. Matsumura S. 380. Matsushima H. 412. Matsuura T. 49 177 185 328 329 412. Matthaus H. 198 488. Matthews A.18. Matthews C. N. 43. Matthias G. 172. Mattison P. 151 351. Maturova L. M. 430. Matzura H. 487. Mauger A. B. 453. Maul J. J. 399. Maurizot J. C. 491. hlautner H. G. 86. Mavel G. 21. Maxfield P. L. 179. Mayer D. 454. Mayer H. 463. Author Index Mayer J. 273. Mayer R. 375. Mayers G. L. 263. Mayo R. E. 13. Mazeline C. 39. Mazerolles P. 237. blazhar-UI-Haque 93. Mazur P. 488. Mazter Y. 14 53 372. Mazzarella L. 92 476. Mazzocchi P. H. 167 169. Mazzucato U. 198. Mechoulam R. 449. Medary R. 337. Medeiros R. W. 393. Medina J. D. 436. Medinger T. 162. Mehta G. 125 287. Meiboom S. 22 24. Meienhofer J. 468. Meier D. 367. Meier W. 53. Meinwald J. 142 166 167 169 175 31 1 330 343 346.Meinwald Y.C.,31 1. Meek B. 202. Meek J. S. 395. Melby L. R. 485. Melchers F. 497. Melchert I. 453. Melechen N. E. 507. Mellema J. E. 480. Mellor I. P. 85 383. Melquist J. L. 104 225. Melville D. W. 93. Memory J. D. 6,273. MCnard M. 116. Mendez V. 40. Mendive J. J. 454 470. Menger F. W. 107. Merk W. 157 289 290. Merkel W. 426. Merkle H. R. 233. Merlini L. 27 436 437. Mernfield R. B. 454 465 468. Merrill S. H. 164. Merz E. 35. Mesrob B. 457. Metcalfe G. E. 456. Metcalfe J. C. 27. Meth-Cohn O. 16 394. Metts L. 194. Metzger J. 112. Metzner W. 179. Meuche D. 130 180 284. Meyer E. 197 420. Meyer W. P. 388. Meyers A. I. 210 215 418. Meyer zu Reckendorf W.407. Michael K. W. 238. Micheel F. 409. Michel E. 247. Michel R. E. 40. Michelson A. M. 484 489 491. Midgley J. 499. Miescher J. F. 479. Miesel J. L. 193 417. Miet C. 440. Mijovic M. V. 164. Mikhailov B. M. 228. Miki T. 365. Mikol G. J. 211. Milborrow B. V. 353. Mildner P. 488. Miles H. T. 489 490. Miles M. G.,216. Miles M. L. 215. Millar D. B. 481 497. Millar I. T. 309. Millard B. J. 58 459. Miller A. H. 27. Miller A. W. 472. Miller B. 177 328 329. Miller B. J. 200 389. Miller D. 16 113. Miller E. C. 483. Miller F. N. 128. Miller F. W. 128. Miller J. A. 352 483. Miller J. B. 285. Miller J. H. 490. Millot F. 107. Mills D. R. 509. Mills J. S. 356. 371. Milman G.500. Milne G. W. A. 197 399 755. Milstein I. M. 359. Minami K. 173. Minato H. 50. Minisci F. 256. Minkin J. A. 68. Minor D. F. 34. Mironov V. F. 238. Mirsabekov A. D. 495,497. Mirza N. A. 170. Misaka Y. 434. Mislow K. 19 52. Misumi S. 209 232 267. Mitchard D. A. 200. Mitchell M. J. 125. Mitra S. 508. Mitrofanova R. V. 241. Mitscher L. A. 410. Mitsui R. 51 433. Mitsui S. 200. Mittal J. P. 488. Miura I. 25. Miura K. 481 497. Miyagawa I. 39. Mivamura. M.. 425. Miyashi T. 195 295 330. Miyazaki S. 376. Mizoguichi T. 469. Mizumo K. 484. Mizuno D. 494. Mizutani T. 434. Mo L. 522. Moakley D. F. 212. Moates R. F. 51. Mock W. L. 194 251,423. Mobuis K.30. Mijckel K. 375. Moffatt J. G. 204 483. Mofftt W. 48. Mogenis A. 61. Mohanty S. 8. Mohrig J. R. 131. Mole T. 18 234. Mollan R. C. 355. Mollov N. M. 430. Molone J. F. 234. Moyneux R. J. 188,284. Monastirskaya G. S. 482. Mondelli R. 27 436 437. Money T. 412. Monier R. 495. Monot M. R. 390. Montgomery L. K. 27 155 223. Monti H. 316. Monrijn P. P. 249. Moodie R. B. 118. Moon M. W. 485 Moon S. 226. Mooney E. F. 127. Moore J. A. 393 422. Moore T. L. 212. Moore W. R. 334. Mootoo B. S. 360. Moracci F. M. 398. Morandi C. 21. Morhvek J. 485. Morehouse R. 45. Morell J. L. 452. Morelli I. 363. More O’Farrell R. A. 100 131. Morgan C. H. 91. Morgan K. J. 110. Mori K. 353.Moriarty R. M. 397. Morikawa M. 153 Morin R. D. 429. Morisaki M. 359 360 522. Morita K. 193,340,396,416. Morita Y. 221. Moritani I. 44 188 305. Moriyama M. 50 51 433. Moriyama Y. 360. Morizur J.-P.,343. Morley J. S. 454 464 470. Moroder L. 471. Author Index Morosoff N. 91. Morris S. J. 473. Morrison G. A. 425. Morrison G. C. 433. Morrison H. 163. Morrison R. W. jun. 415. Morrocchi S. 3%. Morsingh F. 425. Morton G. 410. Morton J. R. 39. Moscowitz A. 48 52. Mose W. P. 53. Moseley P. T. 224. Moser P. 454. Moser R. E. 43 260. Mosselman C. 79. Mothes K. 430 519. Moudrianakis E. N. 480. Mousseron M. 161. Mousseron-Canet M. 367. Mudd S. H. 491. Mucke R. 30. Muhlstadt M. 187.Miiller F. 239. Muller H. 369. Muller H.-J. 155. Muller P. 189. Mueller W. H. 248. Muetterties E. L. 18. Mui J. Y.-P. 226. Mukai T. 158 195 295 330 331 345. Mulder R. J. 31 1. Mulholland T. P. C. 205. Muller H. 208. Muller L. L. 125. Munakata K. 449. Munday R. 307. Mundy B. P. 518. Munekata T. 201 228. Muneyama K. 491. Munro H. 494. Munro I. H. 161. Munro M. H. G. 433 516. Munson M. S. B. 64. Munter H. J. 28. Murahashi S. 305. Murahashi S.4 44. Murai A. 447. Murata I. 78 292 293 295. Murata L. 87. Murayama A, 260. Muroi M. 484. Murphy J. W. 426. Murphy T. J. 196. Murr B. L. 106 141. Murray D. G. 427. Murray R. K. jun. 178. Murray R. W. 21. Murrell J. B. 513. Murrell J.N. 7 108. Mursakulov I. G. 350. Murthy Y. K. S. 261. Murty B. V. R. 77. Murty T. S. S. R. 112. Musajo L. 161 489. Musher J. I. 6 273. Musker W. K. 229. Musso H. 344. Muszkat K. A, 187. Muto A. 481. Myatt J. 30 34. Myers E. A. 113. Myers R. J. 31. Mylari B. L. 206 358. Nabeya A, 210 418. Nace. H. R. 151. Nadeau R. G. 349 350,523. Naegele W. 248. Nagai T. 305 380. Nagai Y. 204. Nagarajan K. 18 464. Nagarajan R. 52. Nagata W. 95 372 377 441 446. Nageswara Ras B. D. 11. Nair M. S. R. 356. Nair V. 453. Nakadaira Y. 25 49. Nakagawa N. 6. Nakagawa S. 188. Nakagawa Y. 410,484. Nakai H. 449. Nakamura A, 239. Nakamura K. 33. Nakamura S. 430. Nakamura Y. 520. Nakanishi K.25 49 360 491. Nakano T. 445. Nakasato T. 432. Nakata T. 161. Nakata Y. 507. Nakatsuka N. 80,440. Nakayama Y. 360. Nakazawa K. 494. Namanworth E. 21 118 127 132. Nambra T. 372. Nangle B. J. 51. Naqui M. A,,394. Narang S. A. 485 486. Warasimhan P. T. 7. Narayanan C. R. 361. Narisada M. 372 446. Nasielski J. 240 304. Nasini G. 436 437. Nasipuri D. 212. Natale C. C. 164. Nathansohn G. G. 369. Natta G. 92 253. Naya Y.. 352 389. Nayak U. G. 409. Neadle D. J. 186 394 457. Neath G. 417. Neckers D. C. 161. Nedelec L. 364. Nees M. 399. Nefedov 0. M. 239. Negishi E. 211 227 230 231 252. Neier W. 409. Nelsen S. F. 31 33 38 304. Nelson G. L. 159. Nelson J. A. 497.Nelson N. R. 97. Nemeekova A. 430. Nemethy G. 415 476. Nenitzescu C. D. 157. Nerdel F. 382. Nesmayanov N. N. 119. Nesvadba H. 469. Neuman R. C. 19. Neumann C. L. 367. Neumann W. P. 238 239 241. Neumeyer J. L. 404 432. Neureiter N. P. 380. Neuss N. 443. Neustadt B. R. 432. Newbury R. S. 103. Newman B. C. 371. Newman G. A. 164. Newman H. 395. Newman L. G. 16. Newman M. S. 74 204 217 257. Newton J. 118. Newton M. G. 83 88. Newton T. 377. Nguyen L. 407. Nguyen Khin Cuong 196. Nichol A. W. 491. Nichols J. L. 499. Nicholson J. M. 138 276 340. Nicita G. 363. Nickelsen H. 31 1. Nickon,A. 106,141,151,344. Niclause M. 161. Nicol C. H. 172. NicolaiSen F. 120. Niedenbriick H. 283.Niehaus W. jun. 62. Nielson B. 511. Nieman G. C. 182. Nienhouse E. J. 389. NikoletiC M. 105. Nilsson A. 118. Nishi Y. 294. Nishikawa K. 425. Nishikawa M. 433 484. Nishimura S. 200. Nishimura T. 483. Author Index Nishinaga T. 446. Nishino M. 44 305. Nishizuka Y. 494. Nitta I. 41 70 81. Nitta M. 330. Nitta T. 295. Nitecki D. E. 461 466. Niu C. I. 468. Nobbs C. L. 77. Noble A. C. 375. Nofre C. 489. Noguchi I. 430. Noland W. E. 120. Nolde C. 62. Noll H. 499. Noltes J. G. 224 225 241. Nomine G. 363. Nomoto K. 371. Nordin I. C. 210. Nordio P. L. 32. Nordlander J. E. 133. Nordman C. E. 80. Norim T. 66. Norin T. 350. Norman N. 69. Norman R. 0.C. 33 34. Normant H. 214. Norris E.460. North A. C. T. 473. Norton K. B. 48. Noszko L. 106 133. Nouls J. C. 24. Novhk L. 153. NovAk P.,409. NovBk V. 429. Noyce D. S. 128. Noyes W. A. jun. 161. Noyori E. 193. Noyori R. 175 260 313. Nozaki H. 175,193,260,313. Nozoe S. 359 360 522. Nozoe T. 255,295. Numigata F. 313. Nussim M. 212. Nyburg S. C. 85 198 383 488. Oae S. 286. Obara H. 186. Obayashi M. 396. Oberhansli W. E. 95. O’Brien D. H. 21 127 128 129 130.. Occolowitz J. L. 57 59 373 434,437. Ocenaskova D. 74. Ochiai M. 193 396 416. Ockwell J. N. 31. O’Connell A. M. 71 88. Oda R. 332. Odaira Y. 170 179 198 382. Odell B. G. 138 346. O’Donnell E. A, 95. Oelderik J. H. 126. Oelderik J. M. 255. Ostermann T. 241.Offermans H. 375. Ogasawara K. 429. Ogata M. 179 192 194 390 416. Ogata Y. 170. Ogawa H. 501 502. Ogier M.-H. 489. Ogilvie K. K. 484. Ogliaruso M. 138 275 276 340. Ognyanov I. 436 437 442. Ogura K. 177 328 329. Ohashi M. 213 365 400. Ohashi Y. 93. Ohkubo K. 429. Ohloff G. 201 212 334 351. Ohmae T. 41. Ohme R. 381. Ohnishi M. 16 121 402. Ohnishi S. I. 41. Ohno M. 52 466. Ohta M. 397. Ohtsuka E. 485 487. Ohtsuru M. 16 Okabe K. 49. Okada T. 175 376. Okamoto Y. 433. Okamura W. H. 301 388. Okawara R. 236 239 240. Okaya Y. 71 81. Okhlobystin 0.Yu. 219 Okogun J. I. 357. Okuda S. 359 360 522. Okuda T. 454,468 469. Okumura T. 441. Olah G. A. 21 11 1 118 125 126 127 128 130 131 132 290.Olby R. 479. Olivera B. M. 504 507. Olivier L. 437. Ollis W. D. 274 413 529. Olofson R. A. 463. Olsen B. A. 151. Omote Y. 383. O’Neal H. R. 155. O’Neal R. M. 517. Onore M. J. 352. Onwood D. P. 99. Opengand J. 481. Opitz G. 155. 375. Oppolzer W. 214 263. Orchin M. 134 187. Ord W. O. 200. Ordronneau C. 137. Orfanos V. 296. Orgel T.E.. 480. 485. Author Index Orger B. H. 279. Parish. J. H. 495. Oro J. 480. Parish R. G. 109. Orrell K. G. 323 474. Park J. D.. 320 322. Ort M. R. 204. Park W. K. 468. Orth J. F. M. 41. Parker A. J. 29. Osaki K. 433 449. Parker G. A. 238. Osborn J. A. 199. Parker G. W. 273. Oshinsky C. H. Parker. R. D. 220. Osiecki J. 66. Parker R. G. 63. Oswald A.A, 248. Parker W. 80 137 342. Otake Y. 363. Parkinson C. 27. Oth J. F. M. 146 159 170 Parmentier G. 459. 299 311. Parr J. E. 153. Otsu T. 115. Parsons J. A, 350. Ottinger C. 56 58. Parsons J. L. 452. Ouellette R. J. 16 113. Parsons T. G. 388. Oughton B. M. 476. Partale H. 179. Ourisson G.,49 360. Parthasarthy R. 89. Ovchinnikov Yu. A. 458. Partridge S. M. 452 453. 460,472 475. Pascual C. 6 9. Overberger C. G. 205. Pasto D. J. 21 161 326. Overend W. G. 407. Paszyc S. 161. Overton K. H. 93 357 426 Patchornik A. 454. Owen E. D. 198. Patel D. B. 8. Owen L. N. 409. Patel M. B. 204 439. Owsley D. C. 279. Patil L. J. 352. Oxford A. W. 97. Paton M. G. 89. Ozretich J. M. 334. Patsch M. 156. Patterson A. L. 68. Patterson B. C. 62. Pac C.170. Paudler W. W. 394 400. Pace N. R. 508 509. Paul E. G. 12 112. Pachapierkar P. V. 361. Paul I. C. 68 83 88 127. Padwa A. 161 173 177 193 Paul S. 81. 197 325 379 381. Paulsen H. 50 419 483. Padwa R. 31 1. Pauson P. L. 165 219. Paganon A, 462. Payling D. W. 62. Pagnucco R. 392. Payne G. B. 263. Paice J. C. 174. Payo E. 166. Paienik G. J.,?322. Pazos J. F. 151 317. Paige J. N. 379. Peacock A. 494. Paknikar S. K.,352. Peacock R. D. 240. Paladine A. L. 473. Pearce R. 241. Palan P. R. 241. Pearson G. A 36. Palevada W. J. 466. Pearson M. 489. Palm J. H. 78. Pearson M. L. 489. Palmer R. A, 473. Pearson R. G. 146. Palmere R. M. 369. Peavy R. 379. Pandit G. D.,344. Pedersen B. F. 68 69. Panek E. J. 206 268. Pel-Lee H. 452. PAnkova H.148. Pella E. 360 522. Panov P. 430. Pelletier S. W. 425. Pant L. M. 70. Pelter A, 414. Papaioannou C. G. 105. Peltzer B. 169. Pape M. 161 172. Penman S. 490 493. Pappas B. C. 190. Penzer G. R. 375. Pappas S.P. 190. Pepin Y. 166. Paquette L. A. 151 155 195 Peradejordi F. 108. 340 346 419,420. Per-he Albertsson 493. Pares Z. N. 204. Perkampus H.-H. 189. Parham W. E. 284 392. Perkin W. H. 312. Parikh J. R. 205. Perkins. M. J.. 125. 161. Perlmutter. B. L.. 239. Perrins N. C. 181 279. Perst H. 324. Pesaro M. 386. Pete J.-P. 178. Petersen P. E. 111. Peterson D. J. 221 253 Peterson P. E. 128. Peterson R. L. 509. Petkov D.. 108. Petrellis P. C. 197. Petrovich J. P. 204. Pettijohn D. 493. Pettersen R. C..357. Petterson R. C. 197. Pettit G. R. 205. 373. Pettit R.,134 157 165 275 289 290. Pewes R. G. 112. Pfaender P. 452. Pfaffenberger C. D. 201. Pfau M. 170. Pfeifer S. 430. Pfeil E. 51. Pfleiderer W. 415. Phan-Tan-Luu R. 112. Phelan N. F. 134. Philips G. T. 246. Phillippovich I. I. 499 Phillipps G. H. 366. Phillips D. C. 473. Phillips J. C. 346. Phillips J. H. 482. Phillips J. N. 27. Phillips M. 112. Phillips W. D. 18 26,27 474 491. Phillipson J. D. 51. Phocas I. 454 461. Photaki I. 454 461 470. Pickett J. B. 33. Pidacks C. 388. Pidocks C. 203. Pierre J. L. 16. Piers K. 445. Pignataro S. 63. Pijewska L. 516. Pijpers F. W. 44. Pike W. T. 56 57 59 62. Pillai P. M . 380. Pillinger.C. T. 112. Pinar M. 437. Pincock R. E. 137. 275. Pines S. H. 322 365. Pinhey J. T. 186. Pinkerton J. M. H. 96. Piozzi F. 359. Piret. P. 91. Pirkle W. H. 27 59 156 248 395 410. Piskzkiewiza L. W.,199. Piszkiewicz D. 406. Author Index Pischel H. 483. Powell J. W. 360. Pitha J. 490. Powers J. C. 388. Pithora P. 490. Powers P. 460. Pitochelli A. R. 266. Poziomek E. J. 184 401. Pitteroff W. 222. Praat A. P. 31. Pittman C. U. 21. Prager R. H. 447. Pittman C. U. jun. 128 132. Prakash A. 77. Pitts E. 164. Pratt R. N. 381. Pitts J. N. jun. 161 173. Preininger V. 432. 181 279. Preobrazhenskii N. A. 207 Plant P. J. 186. 431 439. Plat M. 16 440 443. Preston B. N. 499. Plato M. 30. Preto R. J. 104. Platteeuw J.C. 126 255. Pretsch E. 6. Plessas N. R. 408. Preuss A. 504. Plieninger H. 207 520. Prevost C. 312. Pliml J. 375 483. Price B. J. 18 19. Plonka J. H. 271. Prinzbach H. 166 292 294 Plunkett A. O. 519. 343 375. Pocar D. 339. Pritchett R. J. 34. Pochon F. 484. Probine M. C. 458. Poddubnaya N. A. 484. Prokai B. 219,226. Podstata J. 119. Prosser T. J. 260. PoduSka K. 454. Prout C. K. 93. Pohland A. 427. Prox A. 62 454 458. Pointer D. J. 357. Pryce R. J. 358 359. Poisson J. 51 425 436 440. Prystas M. 375 483. 442 443. Pua R. 429. Pollack N. M. 306 391. Puchkov V. A, 458. Pollet R. 508. Puckett R. T. 95. Pollitt R. J. 186 394 457. Pudjaatmaka A. H. 110 144. Polonsky J. 529. Putter R. 216 375. Polster R. 148. Pufahl K. 426.Polonsky J. 529. Puisieux F. 440. Polster R. 148. Puliti R. 91 92. Pomerantz M. 167 322. Pullukat T. J. 208. Ponsold K. 52. Purser J. M. 12. Ponticello I. S. 391. Pustoshilova N. M. 491. Poole C. P. 119. Pyke T. R. 451. Poole C. P. jun. 29. Pyper J. W. 103. Pooley D. 39. Pyuskyulev B. 436 437 442. Poon L. 122,445. Pople J. A. 7 111 273. Popli S. P. 430. Popp F. D. 375. Qaseem M. A. 127. Popp H. 488. Poroshin K. T. 464. Queen A. 145. Porter L. A. 352. Quelet R. 319. Porter Q. N. 417. Quilico A. 359. Poster J. 358. Quereshi A. A. 389. Posner E. 479. Posner G. H. 209 268 269 352. Post B. 67. Raaen V. F. 142. PotCSilovB,H. 430. Raasch M. S. 261. Potier P. 433 521. Raban M. 19. Potter R. C. 241. Rabinovich D. 67 76. Poulton G.A. 403. Rabinovitz M. 201. Pousset J. L. 51 425 436. Raciczewski Z. 181. Poutter C. D. 322. Radda G. K. 375. Povh A. 24. Radeglia R. 28. Powell J. E. jun. 326. Radhakrishnan P. V. 414. Radlick P. 301. Radloff R. 502 504. Radunz H. 153. Rae 1. D. 443. Ragade I. 427. Ragelis E. P. 11. Rahamin Y. 62. Rah D. 137 198 487 488. Rajagopelan P. 397. Rajappa S. 464. Rajbhandary U. L. 495,497. Rall G. J. H. 426. Ralph R. K. 495. Ramachandran G. N. 475. Ramage R. 433 515 516. Ramaseshan S. 65. Ramey B. J. 175. Ramsay B. 118 132. Ramsay C. C. R. 174. Ramsbottom J. V. 34. Ramsey G. C. 371. Randaccio L. 78. Randall E. W. 16 112 240. Ranganathan S. 125. Ranjon A. 196. Ranzi B. M. 522 523. Rao A.S. 352. Rao C. B. S. 441. Rao G. V. 437. Rapaport S. A. 491. Rapoport H. 433 518. Rapp J. 164. Rappe C. 151. Rasmussen M. 447. Rassat A. 49. Rastogi R. P. 361. Ratajczak A. 157. Rathinasamy T. K. 198. Rathke M. W. 210,211,230 251 252 264. Rattet L. S. 14. Rattle H. W. E. 474. Ratts K. W. 376 402. Rau J. 483. Rawalay S. S. 205. Rawson J. 519. Razenberg E. 170. Razuvaev G. A. 241. Read J. M. 13 112. Read S. F. J. 39 Reavill R. E. 28. Rebbert R. E. 171. Records R. 48 54. Redmond W. A. 145. Redwine W. 38. Reece I. H. 113. Reed R. I. 57. Reed T. A. 429. Reeder E. 422. Reeder R. H. 494. Rees A. H. 204 439. Author Zndex Rees C. W. 125 161 184 376 377. Rees R. W.203. Reese C. B. 156 216 407 484,490. Reese G. B. 462. Reeve W. 399. Regan T. H. 197. Regel W. 6. Regitz M. 216. Rehberg R. 137 335. Reich E. 501. Reich J. J. 285. Reich S. D. 345. Reichard P. 508. Reichert K. H. 234. Reichstein T. 53 350. Reifsnyder C. 519. Reilley C. N. 101. Reinacker R. 235. Reine A. H. 215. Reineke C. E. 329 347. Reiner R. 452. Reinert K. 228. Reinhold G. 417. Reisch J. 392. Reiss J. A. 189. Reist H. R. 433. Remanick A. 142. Rembaum A. 33. Remers W. A. 203 388. Remko J. R. 44. Renfrew A. J. 357. Renfroe H. B. 284. Renner U. 442. Rennert J. 164 190. Renth E.-O. 213. Repella D. A. 306. Ressler C. 453. Rest A. J. 8. Retcofsky H. L. 13. Reusch W. 151 166 173 351.Reutov 0.A. 225. Revina L. P. 484. Rewicki D. 304 305. Reyes-Zamora C.,8. Reynaud R. 119. Reynolds G.D. 255. Reynolds G. F. 225. Rezvukhin A. I. 117. Rhodes R. 56. Ricard M. 281. Ricca A, 396. Rich A. 490. Richards E. G. 494. Richards K. E. 309. Richardson A. C. 408. Richardson B. 17 112. Richardson C.C.,502 507. Richardson K. 386. Richer J.-C. 116. Richey F. A. jun. 151. Richter W. J. 61 177. Richtol H. H. 47 163. Rickards R. W. 389. Rickborn B. 229. Ripamanti A. 475. Ridd J. H. 117 119 120. Riddell F. G. 21 375. Ridgewell B. J. 120 121. Ried W. 295. Riedel T. 409. Rieger P. H. 31 33. Rieke R. D. 176. Riess R. 308. Rifi M. R. 270 321. Rigaudy J. 196 197 281. Rigby R.D. G. 186. Riklis E. 489. Rimmer B. 93. Rinehart J. K. 284. Rinehart K. L. 433. Ringold H. J. 21 369. Rio G. 188 196 293. Ripamonti A. 92. Ripley R. A. 196. Ripperger H. 52 53 96. Risi S. 198. Rissmann G. 18. Rist C.E. 208. Ristow B. W. 164. Ristow S. C.,497. Ritchie C. D. 103. Ritchie D. A. 502. Ritchie E. 427 447. Ritscher J. S.,180 182 281. Rittersdorf W. 350. Riva I3 Sansevenno L. 95 96 445. Rivas C. 166. Rivier J. 166. Rizk I. 484. Roark D. N. 19. Roark J. L. 6. Robbins W. E. 371. Robert J. B. 10. Roberts D. D. 147. Roberts J. D. 12 13 16 18 142 155 331. Roberts M. F. 426. Roberts S. M. 403. Robertson A. V. 453 458. Robertson D. A. 377. Robertson J. M. 74 93 95 97.Robertson R. E. 104 145. Robin M. B. 193. Robins M. J. 483. Robins R. K. 483,484. Robinson A. B. 466. Robinson B. 435. Robinson D. L. 31 1. Robinson M. J. T. 21. Robinson P. J. 27. Rocchi R. 471. Rochester C. H. 108 113. Rode K. M. 249. Rodewald P. G. 238. Rodlick P. 343. Roller H. 254 352. Ronsch H. 430. Rottele H. 346. Roff J. E. 307. Rogers D. 66 79 352. Rogers M. T. 39. Rogers P. J. 499. Rogers T. G. 214. RogiC M. M. 264. Rockach J. 170. Rokos H. 415. Rolfe P. H. 224. Rollett J. S. 96. Romanuk M. 352. Romers C. 77 84 95 292 367. Ronayne J. 16 59. Ronecker S. 241. Rosborough K. T. 238. Rose J. A. 500. Rosen I. 91. Rosen I. G. 474. Rosen M. 155. Rosen W. 301. Rosenberger M.443. Rosenblum M. 192 289. Rosenstein R. D. 90,91. Rosenthal A. 407. Rosenthal I. 170. Rosenthal J. W. 297 346. Rosich R. S. 197. Rosilio C.,41. Rosinov B. V. 459,460. Rossall B. 113. Rosset R. 495. Rossi F. M. 228. Rossi U. 92. Roswell D. F. 164. Roth H. 469. Roth T. F. 504. Roth W. R. 169 325. Rothe I. 454. Rothe M. 454. Rothman W. 162. Rothschild M. 350. Rottschaefer S. 102. Rouessac F. 264 265. Roussel-PCrin O.,303. Row L. R. 437. Rowlands J. R. 40 Roy A. K. 40. Roy S. K. 51. Rozinov B. V. 458. Rubin R. M. 134 346. Rudin L. 493. Rudinger J. 454. Author Index Rudolph R. W. 231. Riickhardt C. 35. Rufer C. 364. Ruff J. K. 266. Ruggiero E. M. 164.Ruhlen J. L. 164 178. Rulko. F. 426. Rundle R. E. 234. Rush K. R. 120. Russell C. R. 208. Russell D. W. 472. Russell G. A. 32 21 1. Rutolo D. A, 263. Rutten E. W. M. 84. Ruttenberg G. J. C. M. Ruttenberg M. A. 473. Ryabova I. D. 472. Ryan G. 125 287 318. Ryan J. J. 115 393. Ryback G. 353. Rydon H. N. 474. Ryhage R. 62. Ryzhmanov Yu. M. 31. Rzeszotarska B. 464. Sabacky M. J. 30. Sabel W. 97. Saburi Y. 173. Sach G. S. 202 385. Sachdev K. 175. Sadovskaya V. L. 63. Sadron C. H. 500. Saaed M. A, 52. Saeed S. A. 406. Saeki Y . 445. Sacva F. D.. 25. Saffhill R. 216 407 462. Saha J. G. 120. Saha N. 402. Sahar H. K. 231. Sahini V. E. 38. Sahm W. 268. Sahyun M. R. 146. Saika A. 7.Saito S. 6 449. Saito Y. 66 93. Sakabe N. 49 72. Sakai K. 204. Sakai M. 138 276 340. Sakai S. 239 439. Sakakibara S. 461. Sakamoto H. 412. Sakan T.. 183 203 434 453. Sakore T. D. 70. Saks Yu. B. 44. Saksena A. K. 434. Sakurai H. 41 192. Sakurai. K. 431. Salaque A, 255. Salazar R. W.. 241. Saleh M. 516. Salemik. G.. 201. Salomaa P. 103 104. Salser J. S. 493. Saltiel J. 187 194. Salvatori T. 360 522. Salzman. L. A, 502. Salzwedel M. 7. Sam D. J. 176. Samek Z. 49 354,409. Samina L. P. 241. Samuel D. 14. Samuelson G. E. 177. Sanchez R. A, 400 480. Sanda J. C. 278. Sandberg A. A, 367. Sanders R. 224. Sanders W. W. 84. Sandler M. 388. Sandler S. R. 156. Sandner. M. R. 185. Sands D.E. 82. Sandstrom J. 85. San Filippo J. jun. 206 268 Sanger F. 495. Sano T. 363. Santovy F. 51 430 516. Santhanakrishnan T. S. 203 366. Santry D. P. 7. Sanz G. 293. Sargeant P. B. 266. Sargent G. D. 142. Sargent M. V. 170 273. Sargeson A. M. 465. Sarkar I. 43 197. Sarkar N. 495. Sarkar S. K. 440. Sarma V. R. 473. Saroff J. 367. Sarsfield A. A, 28. Sarycheva. I. K. 207. Sasada. T. 80. Sasada. Y. 68 69 77 78 87 292. 293. Sasaki Y. 433. Sass R. L.. 72. Satch F. 433. Sato R. 95. Sato S. 397. Sato T. 187 410 484. Sato Y. 104 449. Satoh D. 371. Satoh K. 431,432. Saton F. 433. Saucy G. 210. Sauer J. 31 I. Sauers R. R. 146. Saunders J. K. 234. Saunders M. 134 346 473. Saunders.R. M. 410. Saunders W. H. 102. Saupe. A.. 22. 24. Savant B. M. 361. Saville B. 146. Sawada. M. 115. Sawada S. 52. Sawaki T. 40. Sax M. 75 82 87. Scala A. 359 360. Scaletti J. V. 502. Scalla A. 522 523. Scaplehorn A. W. 141. Scatturin A. 471. Schaafsma S. E. 317. Schaal R. 107 108. Schachtschneider J. H. 155 283. Schaefer F. C. 396. Schaefer J. P. 81 138 210. Schaefer T. 10 11 16 17 112 Schafer W. 155 182 281 283. Schafer W. 31 I. Schaffner K.,6 161 173. 311. Schairer H. U. 357. Schaller H. 494. Schamp N. 151. Scharf H.-D. 165 166 179 319 337. Schechter H. 251 297. Scheer I. 369. Scheer W. 157 194 379. Scheffer J. R. 176. Scheibe G. 375. Scheiner P. 377. Scheinmann F.414. Scheit K. H. 484 485 490 491. Schenck G. 0.. 161 172 196. Schenk H. 79. Schenker K. 155. Scheppele S. E. 105 132. Scheraga H. A. 474,475,476 500. Scheuer P. J. 261. Schick H. 257 322 365. Schiess P. W. 152. Schildknecht H. 350. Schill G. 62. Schilling N. 520. Schimmer B. P. 249. Schindewolf U.. 30. Schindler F. 236. Schlag E. W. 164 174. Schlatmann J. L. M. A, 347. Schlessinger R. H. 391. Schleyer P. 89. Schleyer P. von R. 112 134 142 143 156 166 336 343 344. Schleyer W. von E. 347. Schlosser M. 149 207 221 223 313. Schmalsteig F. C. 102. Schmid G. H. 257. Schmid H. 51 165 392 430 435 437 438 442 443 445 519. Schmid R. J. 425. Schmidbaur H. 236. Schmidt C. M.J. 198. Schmidt E. E. 474. Schmidt G. 469 483. Schmidt G. M. J. 67 76 84 164 488. Schmidt G:N. 464. Schmidt H. 452 519. Schmidt H. M. 245. Schmidt M. 241. Schmidt V. 257. Schmitkons D. L. 80. Schmitz E. 377 378 381. Schnabel E. 461 468. Schneider H.-J. 145 31 1. Schneider J. 335. Schneider R. A. 142 175. Schneider R. S. 352. Schneider-Bernlohr H. 483. Schnoes H. K. 426 448. Schollhorn R. 262. Schollkopf U. 156 222. Schoenewaldt L. F. 466. Schopf C. 426. Schofield J. A. 472. Schofield K. 48 50 118. Schofield P. 186. Scholten H. 527. Scholz M. 187. Schooley D. A. 54. Schoone J. S. 66. Schott G. 236. Schrage K. 170. Schramm G. 485. Schramm S. 377 381. Schrauzer G. N. 155. Schreader L.200. Schreiber J. 212. Schreiber. K. 53 96 179. 359 426. 446. Schroder B. 177. Schroder E. 364. Schroder G. 159 170 298 299 311 330 346. Schroll G. 62. Schroth W. 417. Schubert W. M. 116. Schueller K. 155. Schutte H. 156. Schug. J. C. 112. Schuijl P. J. W. 261. Schulte-Eke K.-H. 196 201. 212. Schulte-Frohlinde D. 186 489. Schultz R. D.. 116. Author Index Schulz G. 371. Schulz M. 85 376 407. Schumacher E. 340. Schumann H. 241. Schumann I. 239. Schutte L. 186. Schwam H. 466. Schwartz A. W. 485. Schwartz G. 469. Schwartz M. 350 523. Schwartz M. A. 524. Schwartz T. D. 106. Schweig A. 36. Schweizer M. P. 491 491. Schwenker G. 150. Schwochau M. 257. Schwyzer R. 454 471 476. Scoffone E.454 471. Scopes P. M. 48 51 52 53 474. Scott A. I. 412 435 519. Scott J. M. W. 145. Scott J. W. 447. Scott K. W. 253. Scott L. T. 298 345. Scott T. A. 518. Scribe P. 390. Scrowston R. M. 357. Seakins M. 62. Searle R. 164 187 197. Searles S. jun. 400. Sedat J. W. 494. Seebach D. 212,222 237. Seeliger A, 21 404. Segal D. M. 473. Segre A. L. 21. Seher R. 15. Seibl J. 55. Seidel B. 155. Seidner R. T. 298 345. Seitz G. 293. Seitz L. M. 221. Sekido M. 434. Seliger H. 485. Seltzer S. 107. Sembdner G. 359. Semenovsky A. V. 350. Semmelhack M. F. 207 269 334. Senko D. E. 105. Senn M. 460. Senning A, 261 399. Senoh S. 183 203 453. Sensi P. 261. Sentd’erdi G. 108. Sepp D.T. 404. Seppanen E. D. 38. Seshadri T. R. 413. Seubert J. 159. Sevast’yanov A. P. 491. Sevenair J. P. 21. Severin T. 330. Seyden-Penne J. 16. Seyferth D. 226 283. Shafer P. R. 358. Shaffer G. W. 61 173 177 314. Shah S. W. 388. Shakir N. 107 121. Shall S. 473. Shamma M. 51 425 430 432 435 436. Shamovskii G. G. 491. Shani A. 190. Shannon J. S. 117 458 460. Shapiro B. I. 31 35. Shapiro R. 48 1. Shapiro R. H.. 207 251. Shapiro T. A.; 439. Sharma M. 409. Sharma R. K. 170. Sharp R. L. 227. Sharples T. W.,,415. Sharpless K. B. 350. Sharts C. M. 155. Sharvit J. 62. Shasha B. S.. 208. Shavel J. 51,433 436. Shaw D. F. 58. Shaw G. 480. Shchelokov. V. I. 472. Shearer H. M. M. 244. Shechter H.205 207. Sheehan J. C. 378. Shefter E. 86 483. Sheldrick P. 500. Shelton J. R. 261. Shelton K. W. 386. Shemyakin M. M. 207 458 460 472 475. Shemyakin N. M. 458. Sheppard N. 17. Sheppard R. C. 454 456 470 475. Sheppard W. A. 110. Sherma R. K. 225. Sherman P. D.,jun. 128 180 281. Sherwin M. A. 166. Sheth J. P. 431. Shevlin P. B. 315. Shi P. T. 468. Shibaev V. N. 482 483. Shibaeva R. P. 482. Shibnev V. A, 464. Shields H. 41. Shields H. W. 38. Shields J. E. 54 475. Shields T. C. 316. Shigematsu N. 449. Shigemitsu Y. 170 179 382. Shiihara I. 239. Shiina K. 236. Shimada A. 70. Shimanouchi H. 77 78 292 293. Shimizu. B. 483. Shimizu Y. 494. Shimodaira T. 170 179 382.Shimonishi Y. 454 469. Shine H. J. 125. Shine R. J. 51 425 430 435 436. Shiner V. J. 103 105. Shioiri T. 439. Shiojima I. 204. Shiota M. 200. Shipley G. G. 92. Shipolini R. 457. Shiro M. 95 410 484. Shishibori T. 49. Shishido T. 195. Shkrob A. M. 472. Shmueli U. 473. Shone R. L. 105. Shoppee C. W. 371. Shore V. C. 473. Shoulders B. A, 225 314. Shoup R. R. 490. Shpan-Gabrielith S. R. 360. Shramko 0.V. 198. Shreeve J. M. 266. Shroot B. 342. Shubin V. G. 117. Shugar D. 198 487. Shulman R.G. 198,487,489. Shvo Y. 18 19. Sicher J. 79 147 148. Siddall J. B. 95. Siddall T. H. 18. Siddons P. T. 366. Sieber A. A. F. 190. Sieber P. 47 1. Siegel S. 40. Siegle P. 278. Siemion 1. Z.454. Siewerdt R. 350. Sigg H. P. 382. Sigman D. S. 477. Sigwalt C. 194 401. Sih C. J.. 373. Silberman R. G. 125 287. Silman N. 500. Silver B. L. 14. Silverman J. 73. Silvers S. J. 89. Sim G. 95. Sim G. A, 72 73 93 98 355 356. Sim K. Y. 432. Simandoux J.-C. 104. Sime J. M.. 107. Simmons H. D. 226. Simmons H. E. 138.259,276 393. Simon W. 6 9 47. Author Index Simonetta M. 72 74. Simons J. P.. 181 279. Simons P. B. 240. Simpson P. L.. 200. Simpson W. R. J. 453. Simukova N. A,. 483. Sinclair R. L.. 458. Sinex. M.. 452. Singer. G. M.. 402. Singer. L. A, 179. Singer M. I. C.. 293. Singh B. 192. Singh U. P. 302. Singhal. G. H. 463. Sinn H.. 234. Sinsheimer R. L. 494 502 508. Sioda E.3I. Sioda R. E. 30. Sioumis A. A, 427 432. Sissakian N. M. 499. Sisti A. J. 422. Sitters R. 45. Sivakumaran T. 408. Sjoberg B. 48. Skettebd L. 292 314. Skell P. S. 146 270 271. Skinner D. L. 253. Skinner D. M. 493. Sklarz B.. 204. Skoda. J.,:485. Slama K. 352 353. Slaugh L. H. 209 332. Slaunwhite W. R. 367. Slavik J.. 432. Slavikova L. 432. Sleiter G. 118. Sletten E. 83. Sletten. J. 83. Slinckx G. 156. Slinex. G. 221. Slor H. Slusarchyk W. A,.432. Smalberger T. M. 426. Small. R. W. H. 68. Smaller B. 44. Smeby R. R. 468. Smejkal J. 340. Smentowski F. J. 34. Smets. G.. 221. Smillie L. B. 456. Smit P. J. 179. Smit. W. A.. 350. Smith. A. R. H. 525. Smith. C. L.. 120 402.Smith E. M.. 402. Smith G.. 366. Smith G. F.. 439. Smith G. W.. 166. Smith H. 203 364. Smith H. E. 49. Smith. I. C. P.. 34. Smith J. H. 169. Smith K. M. 385. Smith. L. C. 236. Smith. L. R. 120. Smith M. B. 224. Smith. P.. 34 202 387. Smith P. A. S. 258. Smith P. J. 102. Smith P. W. G. 472. Smith R. A. 88. Smith R. G. 30. Smith R. L.,'325 469. Smith S. G. 146. Smith S. L. 17. Smith T. A, 254. Smith W. B. 6. 274. Smithwick E. L. jun. 469. Smyth D. G. 455. 'Snatzke G. 48 49 51 53 371. Snobl D. 119. Snow M. L. 453. Snyder L. C. 22 24 30. Sobell H. M. 490. Sobti R. R. 214. Sodja A, 471. Soll D. 497. Soine T. 429. Soine T. O. 429. Solodovnikov S. P. 44. Sollman P. B. 52.Soloman V. C. 264. Solomon M. D. 352. SoJt M. L.. 519. Sommer J. 21 127. Sommer L. H. 146 238. Somogyi L. 407. Son P. 155. Sondheimer F. 26 170 273 299 300 301 372. Songstad J. 146. Sonnichsen G. C. 6 105. Sonntag F. I. 329. Sorm F. 49 352 353 354 371 454 483. Sosnovsky G. 216. Soulen R. L. 400. Southam R. M. 174. 321. Southgate R. 512. Sowinski F. 416. Spande T. F. 455. Sparrow D. R. 53 474. Spassov S. L. 18. Speckamp W. N.. 370. Speake R. N. 205. Speakman J. C.. 67 68. Speight J. G. 27. Spence. G. G. 195. Spencer H.. 433 521. Spencer I. D. 516. Spencer M. 500. Spencer. T. A, 214. 358. 389. Spiegelman S. 494 508 509. Spielvogel B. F. 12. Spiesecke H. 23. Spillman J. A, 241.Spiteller G. 56 57 62 376 442. Spiteller-Friedmann M. 62. Spotswood T. W. 255. Spragg R. A, 19. Sprenger H.-E. 290. Sprecher M. 62. Sprecher N. 239 240. Sprio V. 359. Srinivasan P. 192. Srinivasan R. 161 166 167 329 390. Sroka W. 468 469. Srygley F. D. 40 Staab H. A, 174 302. Stachelin M. 481. Stahl M. M. 502. Stansfield F. 313. Staples J. T. 469. Stapp P. R. 339. Starcher B. C. 453. Stark G. R. 456. Stark R. E. 58. Staunton J. 512. Stecher K. 305. Steel C. 193. Steele R. B. 208 209 235 245. Steelink C. 352. Stegel F. 118. Stegemeyer H. 189. Steglich W. 453 454. Stefaniak L.. 15. Steffa L. J. 102. Steffen K.-D. 454. Stein G. 142. Steinberg H. 227 312 317. Steiner G.52. Steiner H. 29. Steinmetz R. 161 179. Steinrauf L. K. 69 96. Stempel A. 422. Stenberg V. I. 161. Stent G. S. 509. Stephens R. 144 326 338. Stephenson L. M. 164. Stermitz F. R. 161 429. Sternbach L. H. 422. Stetter H. 347. Stevens C. L. 380 409 463. Stevens I. D. R. 205 315. Stevens R. R. 229. Stevenson D. 461. Stevenson G. R. 34. Stevenson P. E. 7. Stewart F. H. C. 462. Stewart J. M. 468. Stewart R. 107. Author Index Stewart T. 342. Stewart W. E. 18;474. Stickler J. C. 395. Sticzay T. 425. Stirling C. J. M. 248. Stock J. T. 185 429. Stock L. M. 38 109. Stogryn E. L. 19. Stone A. 86. Stone A. L. 89. Stone D. B. 148 334. Stoodley R. J. 418. Storck R. 499. Stork G. 212 213 214 258 358 365 396 400 51 1.Storm D. L. 389. Storni A. 524. Stothers J. B. 13 28 112 113. Stouffer J. E. 389. Stout E. I. 208. Strachan R. G. 466. Strack H. B. 502. Stradi R. 339. Strandberg B. E. 473. Strating J. 31 1 347. Straub T. S. 104. Strausz 0.P. 193 271 289. Streib W. E. 78. Streisinger G. 502. Streith J. 194 195 401. Streitwieser A. 104 108 228. Streitwieser A. jun. 144. Streth W. E. 166. Strickler H. 351. Strickler J. D. 78. Strobach D. R. 485. Strobel H. A, 107. Stroh. R. 116. Strong R. L. 47 163. Strosser M. T. 494. Stuart A. 495 497. Stuart K. L. 432 512. Stuart R. S. 255. Stuart S. N. 18. Stucky G. D. 224 234. Stutz E. 499. SU,J.-C.,497. Su T. 156. Subba Rao G. S.R. 366. Subba Rao S. C. 99 101. Subramanian E. 69. Subston J. E. 216. Suchy M. 49. Sueoka N. 499. Suga T. 49. Sugasawa T. 372 446. Sugimori A. 161. Sugimoto N. 449. Sugimura T. 494. Sugiura M. 499. Sugiyama N. 383. 561 Sullivan P. D. 32 33. Sullivan R. 320. Sulstone J. E. 407 462 484. Sumi A. 426. Summers W. C. 501. Sundaralingam M. 70. Sundermeyer W. 1 15. Sundt E. 212. Sunko D. E. 106 141. Surbey D. L. 392. Surridge J. H. 336. Suschitsky H. 394 403. Sustmann R. 391. Sutcliffe H. 31. Sutcliffe L. H. 12. Sutherland I. O. 18 19 180 307 413. Sutherland J. K. 352. Sutin G. I. 193. Suttle J. R. 40. Sutton M. E. 394. Suzuki A. 6 264. Suzuki H.,116. Suzuki K. 468. Suzuki M.33 47. Suzuki S. 363. Suzuki Z. 340. Svec H. J. 55. Sverdlov E. D. 482 483. Svetailo E. N. 499. Svoboda M. 79 148. Swager S. 8. Swan R. J. 51 435 491. Swartz T. D. 141. Swatton D. W. 135 327. Sweat F. W. 204. Sweely C. C. 254 352. Sweeting L. M. 107. Swenton J. S. 198. Swern D. 251 326 375. Swift G. 326. Swindell R. 170. Swoboda J. J. 350. Symons M. C. p.,41. Symons R. H. 493. Syrkin Ya. K. 35. Szabo A. G. 443. Szabolcs J. 249. Szantay C. 153 483. Szczepanski C. 357. Szkrybalo W. 330. Szmant H. H. 286. Szmuszkovicz J. 258 330. Sztumpf-Kulikowska,E. 198. Szybalski W. 487 500 501. Tachell A. R. 389. Taft R. W. 112. Tai H. H. 373. Taigel G. 21 404. Takada S. 49. Takagi Y. 49. Takahashi H.186. Takasashi K. 295 383. Takahashi T. 360. Takanami M. 499. Takano S. 431. Takase K. 453. Takasugie M. 447. Takaya H. 260. Takeda K. 50 51 433. Takemoto T. 113 371 452. Takenishi T. 485. Takeuchi Y. 110. Takhistov V. V. 57. Takigawa T. 69. Talcott. C. L. 31. Talman J. D. 113. Talman T. D. 28. Tamaoki T. 499. Tamburro A, 471. Tamm C. 414. Tamm Ch. 49 527. Tamura S. 260. Tamura Y. 449. Tamura Z. 457. Tan E. L. 360. Tanabe M. 212. Tanahashi T. 360. Tanaka A, 355. Tanaka H. 491. Tanaka J. 72. Tanaka N. 80. Tang K. L. 468. Tanida H. 137. Tanikaga R. 195. Tanimura T. 457. Taniuchi H. 471. Tanner H. 454. Tanner R. L. 164. Tarham H. O. 121. Taschner E.464. Tatchell A. R. 200. Tatematsu A. 62. Tatlow J. C. 116 144 326 338. Tatsuta K. 405. Taub D. 199. Tauer E. 190 397. Tavaie S. S. 70. Taylor A. 458. Taylor D. A. H. 360. Taylor D. R. 319. Taylor E. C. 18 19 195 400,415,416. Taylor G. A. 177 381. Taylor H. F. 254. Taylor J. 454. Taylor J. A. 205 246. Taylor. K. 500. Taylor M. M. 499. Taylor W. C. 427 447. Taylor W. I. 431 438. Taylor-Papadimitrion J. 462. A uthor Index Tchir M. 178. Tedder J. M. 108 322. Telder A, 118. Telsa A. 452. 'Temple R. B. 116. Temussi P. A. 21. Terabe S. 156 313. Terahara A. 25 49. ter Borg A. P. 160 170. Ternay A. L. jun. 87. Terrell R.,258. Terrier F. 107 108. Tewari R. J. 133. Tezuka T. 170 195 295.Thacker D. 483. Thaller V. 247. Thang M. N. 499. Thap. Do Minh 271. Thawley A. R. 369. Thayer J. S. 219. Theilacker W. 210. Theobold D. W. 31 1. Theuer W. J. 393 422. Thielmann H. W. 357. Thieman J. E. 261. Thiessen W. E. 396. Thomas A. F. 61 63 142 175. Thomas C. A. jun. 501 502. Thomas D. M. 255. Thomas D. W. 442. Thomas G. J. 28,490. Thomas H. 308. Thomas H. G. 347. Thomas J. 452. Thomas J. O. 459 466 472. Thomas T. F. 193. Thompson A. R. 245. Thompson J. A, 133. Thompson M. J. 371. Thompson P. G. 266 267. Thomson A, 184. Thomson J. B. 56 57 371. Thomson P. J. 475. Thomson R. H. 355. Thorne H. V. 504. Thornton E. R. 61 102 113. Threlfall D. R. 529. Throop L. 204. Thurman D.E. 270. Thyagarajan B. S. 189,400. Thynne J. C. J. 171. Tiefenthaler H. 392. Tiers G. V. D. 475. Tilak B. D. 62. Tilak M. 468. Timasheff S. N. 473. Timmler H. 256. Timmons C. J. 189. Tint B. L. 499. Tinti D. S. 182. Titchener E. B. 499. Tkatchenko I. 371. Tobushi I. 332. Tochtermann W. 305. Toda T. 158 255 331. Todd L. J. 226. Todd P. F. 30 34. Todt K. 419. TokCs L. 204. Toft P. 360. Toi. K. 460. Toki S. 192. Tokumaru K. 161 197. Tokura N. 380. Tokuyana T. 183 203 434 453. Tolkachev 0.N. 431 439. Tolman R. L. 484. Tolstaya T. P. 119. Tomalia D. A. 131 379. Toman K. 74. Tometsko A. 468 469. Tominaga T. 170 382. Tomioka H. 170. Tomita K. 490. Tomita M. 431 433 446. Tomizawa J.-I.501 502. Tomks J. 446. Tommila E. 113. Tomoeda M. 370. Toney J. 224. Topper S. 221. Topsom R. D. 113. Torck B. 104. Torgov I. V.. 63 364. Tori K. 16. Toriyama K. 40 45. Torre A. 352. Torssell L. K. 426. Tortorella V. 52. Toshima N. 188. Toth A. F. 164. Toth T. 454. Toube T. P. 426. Toubiana R. 363. Townsend L. B. 484. Trachtenberg E. N. 113. TrAencker H.-J. 222. Trager W. F. 51 425,436. Trahanovsky W. S. 146,217 313. Trakatellis A. C. 469. Tranah M. 223. Traube W. 473. Trautmann D. 27. Traylor T. G. 225. Traynham J. G. 112 147 148 334. Trecker D. J. 89 185. Trepka R. D. 157. Triffett A. C. K. 59. Triplett L. L. 493. Tristram H. 451. Trost. B. M.33 254 304 352. Trotter J. 75 79 80. Troyanowsky C. 247. Trozzolo A. M. 43 197. Truce W. E. 153 155. Trueblood K. N. 70. Truter M. R. 81. Tsao J. C. Y. 164. Tschesche R. 371 427 527. Ts’o P. 0.P. 490 491. Tsong Y. Y. 373. Tsuchihashi G. 383. Tsuchiya T. 405. Tsuda K. 359 360 522. Tsuda Y. 362 363. Tsuji K. 41. Tsuji T. 137. Tsukada Y. 95. Tsukuda Y. 410 484. Tsuno Y. 112 115. Tsuruta H. 345. Tsutsumi S. 170 179 198 382. Tsuyuki T.. 360. Tufariello J. 257. Tufariello J. J. 229. Tulinsky A, 77 89 98. Turchinsky. M. F. 483. Turhan H. D. 107. Turley. J. W. 81. Turner A. B. 16 369. Turner J. C. 363 433 521. Turner J. M. 475. Turner W. B. 205. Turro N. J. 161 166 174 177 179 187 317.318 321. Tursch R. 362. Tyerman W. J. 193. Tyerman W. J. R. 289. Tyutyulkov N. 108. Ubell E. 76. Uchimaru F. 378. Uda H. 355. Undenfriend S. 122 123 519. Uebel J. J. 21. Ueda H. 72. Ueda K. 494. Ueda N. 434. Ueda S. 520. Ueki T. 68. Ukai K. 62. Ukita T. 48 I. Ulbricht T. L. V. 483 484 491. Ullman E. F. 163 192. Ulmer-Schurnbrand I. 485. Umani-Ronchi A. 391. Umbach W. 308. Umezawa S. 405. Author Index Unger I. 161. Unni M. K. 209 232 267. Untch K. G. 273. Urberg M. M. 31. Urry G. 208 231. Uschold R. E. 103. Utley J. H. P. 119. Uyeo S. 343. 446 449. Uzhinov. B. M 108. Vais J. 347. Valenta Z. 445. Valentine D. 178. Valitova F. G. 3 1. Vak J. 363. Valverde-Lopez S. 445.Van Binst G. 24. Van Boom J. H. 249. van Brockhoven J. A. M. 44. Van Bruggen E. F. J. Van Den Berg 454. van den Broek P. 386. van den Hende J. H. 97 98. van den Hoek W. J. 44. van der Berghe E. V. 240. van der Gen A. 350. Vanderhaeghe H. 459. van der Heyden A, 183. van der Kelen G. P. 240. Vanderkooi G. 476. van der Maeden F. P. B. 312. van der Plas H. C. 417. van der Stegen G. H. D. 184 401. Vandewalle M. 343. Van Dine G. W.. 156. van Driel C. A. A. 84. van Driel H. 192 390. Vane. G. W. 48 50. Van Ginkel C. H. D. 261. Van Heyningen E. 375. Van Horn A. R. 49. Van Joest W. J. 454. van Leusen A. M. 31 1. van Meerssche M. 91. van Tamelen E. E. 170 182 207,28) 297,345 349 350 523 524. van Tieghem N.504. van Tilborg W. J. M. 317. van Vliet A. 183. van Voorst J. D. W. 45. van Willigen H. 30 37 44. Varghese A. J. 489. Varma R. 309. Varvoglis A. G. 186. Vasilkiotis G. S. 430. Vasishta S. C. 239. Vassil’ev R. F. 161. Vassova A. 446. Vaughan J. 113 118. Vazquez S.. 286. v. d. Haar F. 55. Veeflcind A. H. 142 336. Veeman W. S. 44. Vega A. 452. Veis A, 474. Velluz L. 49 363. Velo L. 396. Venable J. H. 500. Venkataraghavan R.,460. Venkataraman K. 414. Venkatesiwarlu P. 8. Venkstern T. V.. 495 497. Verber D. F. 466. Verbit L. 51. 53 228 229. Verenengo M. J. 426. Verhasselt A,. 41. Verheyden J. P. H. 483. Vernengo M. J. 431. Vernon C. A. 457. Veronesse F. M. 455. Verrier J.10. Vesley G. F. 164. Vetter W. 62. V. Euw J. 350. Vickery B. 181. Vidali G. 471. Viehe H. G. 152. Vietmeyer N. D. 61 177. Vigevani A. 339 369. Vignau M.. 364. Vilkas E. 458. Villarica R. M. 358. Villaume M. 396. Vincent B. F. jun. 202. Vincent E. J.. 112. Vincent J. S. 44. Vincow G.. 41. Viney M. 120 121. Vinograd J. 502 504 506. Vinogradova E. I. 458 460. Vinutha A. R. 402. Viscontini M. 453. Visser J. P. 49. Vlasov G. P. 464. Vlasse M. 90. Vliegenthart J. A. 66. Vlismas T. 220. Volkl A, 520. Vott V. 128 244 321. Vogel E. 159 301 375. Vogel H. J. 480. Vogel R. H. 480. Vogt B. R. 344. Vogt V. 187. Voigt A. 463. Volger H. C. 155 182 283. Volkert O. 489. Volland R. 36. von Schriltz D.M. 215. Von Strandtmann M. 51 436. von Wilucki I.. 198. 488. Author Index Voorhoeve R. J. H. 236. Wang S. Y. 488 489. Vranke R. G.,234. Wang Y. 468. Vromen S. 415. Warburton M. R. 319. Vucelic M. 240. Ward H. R. 128 180 181 Vyas H. 429. 243 281. Vyazankin N. S. 241. Ward R. L. 27. Ward R. S. 59. Waack R. 221. Wardale H. W. 31. Wachs T. 114. Warg P. A, 369. Wachs T. J. 55. Warhurst E. 30. Wacker A. 488. Waring A. J. 122 31 1. Wacks T. J. 57. Waring M. 501. Wada K. 449. Waring M. J. 504. Wada M. 239. Warne T. M. 353. Waddington-Feather S. M. Warner D. T. 476. 372. Warnock W. D. C. 426. Wade K. 219. Warren C.D. 406. Wade-Jadetzky N. 27. Warren F. L. 425 448. Waehneldt T. V. 485. Warren K. S.16. Wagenknecht J. H. 204. Warren M. E. 433 5 11. Wagner E. K. 493. Warrener R. N. 161 311 Wagner G. 483. 415. Wagner P. J. 163 164 171 Wartik T. 23 1. 172. Warwas E. J. 113. Wagniere G. 307. Warwick D. A. 164. Wagnon J. 367. Washburne S. S. 226. Wahlberg K. 426. Wasif S. 107. Waight E. S. 249 255. Wass J. 385. Waiss A. C.,jun. 307 412. Wasserman E. 43 278. Waite R. O. 433. Wasserman H. H. 182 286 Wakabayashi N. 3 15. 317. Wakabayashi T. 446. Wasson J. S. 175. Wakefield B. J. 403. Wat E. K. W. 270. Waki M. 472. Watabe T. 356. Walborsky H. M. 52. Watanabe H. 192 390. Waldner E. E. 438. Watanabe K. 204. Walker B. H. 205. Watanabe K. A. 28. Walker D. 204. Watanabe L. A. 483. Walker F. 224. Watenpaugh K. 73. Walker G. 107. Waterfield W.R.,422. Walker G. L. 119. Waterman D. C. A. 104. Walker K. A. M. 199. Waters J. A. 183 203 367. Walker P. M. B. 500. Waters 0. H. 155. Walker S. M. 12. Waters W. A. 34. Wall M. E. 356. Watkins R. J. 160 176 331. Wallbillich G. 391. Watson D. G. 77 78 292 Walle T. 48. 299 445. Waller F. D. 148. Watson H. C.,473. Waller G. 516. Watson J. 356. Waller G. R. 520. Watson J. D.,495. Wallington M. J. 460. Watson K. J. 89. Wallis S. R. 50. Watson R. 502. Wallwork S. C. 92 93. Watson S. C.,220. Walsh T. D. 184. Watson W. H. 274. Walsingham R. W. 241. Watt D. S. 214. Walters E. A, 225. Watts V. S. 14 17. Walton D. R. M. 245. Waxman B. H. 226. Wan J. K. S. 161. Weary D. K. 399. Wang C. S. 128. Weatherston J. 350. Wang H. M.33. Weaver T. D. 358. Wang J. C.,502 504. Webb G. A. 15. Wang K. C.,373. Webber J. M. 405. Webendorfer V.,391. Weber T. P. 24. Webster B. R. 460. Webster D. E. 426. Webster G. R. B. 412. Webster 0. W. 323. Wedum E. D. 40. Weedon B. C.L. 249 255. Weeds S. M. 375. Weeks 0.B. 255. Wege D. 371. Wegener P. 420. Wegler R. 256. Wehrli H. 173. Wehrt H. 452. Wehry E. L. 108. Wei C.H. 488. Wei K. 279. Wei K. S. 182. Weigert F. J. 12 30. Weil J. A. 19. Weil M. 195. Weiland J. 359. Weill J. D. 494. Weill-Raynal J. 364. Weinberg D. S. 60. Weinblum D. 198 488 489. Weingarten H. 216 258. Weinhardt K. K. 404,432. Weininger S. J. 61. Weinstein B. 466 475. Weintraub J. W. 432. Weisbach J. A.443. Weise A. 205. Weisgerher G.,166 337. Weisgraber K. H. 185 429. Weiss B. 507. Weiss D. S. 177. Weiss E. 224. Weiss J. A, 435 436. Weiss M. J. 203 388. Weiss U. 52. Weissbach A. 502. Weissbach M. 519. Weissenhorn P. 27. Weissman C. 508. Weissman S. I. 34. Weissmann S. M. 495. Weitkamp A. W. 117. Weitkamp H. 11. Welch R. L. 193 325. Welford M. 360. Wells C. F. 107. Wells C. J. H. 164. Wells J. 407. Wells J. W. 36 41. Wells P. R. 18 110 225. Wells R. J. 48 50. Wettin E. 307. Wendler N. L. 199 322 365. Wengelin R. F. 67. Wenkert E. 166 206 358. Wensink P. C. 502. Werner E. 212. Werner W. 427. Werstiuk,N. H. 106 141 151. Wesley Dingman C. 494. Wessel H. 210. West P.221. West R.,6 219,273,288 289. Westerdahl A. 85. Westgeest J. C. P. 28. Westheimer F. H. 99 110. Westley J. W. 467 475. Westman T. L. 260. Weston M.,240. Weston R. E. 107. Westphal Y. L. 160. Wetmur J. G. 502. Wexler S. 196. Weyer J. 50. Weygand F. 453,454,458. Whalley W. B. 66 414. Wharmby M. 416. Wheeler A. G. 93. Wheeler D. M. S. 202 357 433. Wheeler G. 393. Wheeler M. M.,202 357. Whiffen D. H. 9 11 39. Whipple E.B. 122 192 390. Whistance G. R. 529. White A. M. 21 120 121 130 290. White E. H. 164 190. White R. F. M. 118. White W. A. 216 258. White W. N. 511. Whitear B. R.D. 324. Whitehead M. A. 6. Whitehouse M. L. 225. Whitehurst J. S. 48 50. Whitehurst R. D. 52. Whitesides G.M. 21 206 268 331. Whitesides T. 207. Whitham G. H. 156 Whiting A. F. 56. Whiting M.C. 193. Whitlock H. W. 89 447. Whitney C. C. 209 232 235 250 267. Whitten D. G. 164. Whittle P. R. 32. Wiberg K. B. 143. Wicha J. 55. Wick A. 386. Widdowson D. A. 513. Wiechert R. 369 371. Wiegert F. J. 13. Wieland T. 452 475. Wieland Th. 454. Wieland P. 212. Author Index Wieman J. 264 390. Wiersema A. K. 307. Wierzchowski K. L. 161 Wiesner K. 445. Wijers H. E. 261. Wilairat P. 28. Wilchek,M 455. Wilcox C. F. 273. Wild J. 352. Wilder P. jun. 142. Wildman W. C. 516. Wilgus H. S. 322. Wilke G. 208. Wilkins M. H. F. 500. Wilkinson F. 162. Wilkinson G. 199. Willcott M. R. 179. Willet J. 350.Willett J. D. 523. Willhalm B.,.61 63. Willi A. V. 99. Williams D. E. 74. Williams D. H. I I 16 56 59 60 62 63 372 431 448. Williams D. R. 119. Williams. J. C. 200. Williams J. L. R. 164 187 197. Williams J. M. 408. Williams L. R. 412. Williams N. R.,407. Williams R.,502. Williams R. J. H. 527. Williams R.M. 92 93. Williams R.O. 148 338 344. Williams V. Z. jun. 143. Williamson K. L. 8 27. Willis C. J. 225. Willis C. R. 443. Williston C. S. 75. Wills K. D. 203. Wilson E. R. 270. Wilson H. R. 91 501. Wilson J. G. 27. Wilson J. W. 176. Wilson R. K. 108. Wilzbach K. E. 180 182 279 281. Windholz T. B. 216 461. Windle J. J. 307. Wineholt R. L. 393. Winkler B. 169. Winkler H. 185. Winkler H.J. S. 185. Winnacker E. L. 386. Winstein S.,21 130 132 133 135 136 137 138 146 169 275 276 339 340. Winter M. 212. Winter R. E. K. 173 314. Winterfeldt E. 153 375 396. Winternitz F. 436. Wipf H. K. 47. Wiseman J. R.,144. Wishnok J. S. 180 281. Wiskott E. 166 343 344. Witanowski M.,15. Witiak D. T. 8. Witkop B 122 123 183 202 203 367 42 1 442 453 455 488 519. Witney C. C. 208. Wittenbrook L. S. 151. Wittig G. 148. Wittstruck T. A. 113. Witz J. 501. Wojtkowski P. 229. Wojnarowski W. 49. Wolf A. F. 519. Wolf A. P. 315 404. Wolf H. 53. Wolf R. 105. Wolf W. 189 400. Wolfe J. F. 214 215. Wolfe S. 20 325. Wolff M. A, 227. Wolfsberg M. 99. Wolman Y. 461 462. Wolovsky R. 273 300.Wolstenholme D. R.,504. Wolstenholme W. A. 414 460. Wong E. W. C. 106. Woo E. P. 20. Wood G. 20. Wood P. B. 34. Wood R. J. 159. Woodman C. M. 24. Woodman D. J. 463. Woods D. K. 350. Woods M. C. 25 49 195 295 346. Woods M. V. 295. Woodward R. B. 48 155 156 159 166 168 169 311 463. Woolfe M. L. 127. Woolhouse B. A. 473. Woolley D. W. 468. Woosley M. H. 244. Wriede P. 179. Wright G. E. 121. Wright G. J. 118. Wright I. G. 412. Wright M. 156. Wright W. G. 448. Wriglesworth M. J. 360. Wristers H. J. 244. Wu R.,501. Wubbels G. G. 184. Wucherpfennig W. 375. Wudl F. 261. Wunsch K. H. 375. Wuesthoff. M.T. 49 1%. Author Index Wulff D. 489. Wulfson N. S. 63 458. Wunderer H.363. Wunderlich J. A. 59 97. Wyard S. J. 41. Wyatt P. 166. Wyluda B. J. 198 489. Wynberg H. 192 347 390. Yablokov Yu. V. 31. Yager W. A. 43 197. Yagi H. 431 432 433. Yagil G. 107. Yakushiji M. 188. Yalpani M. 519. Yamada K. 383. Yamada S. 50 195 202 401,427,434,439. Yamaguti Z. 175. Yamamoto O. 8. Yamamoto R. T. 371. Yamamoto T. 115. Yamamoto Y. 44 305. Yamamura S. 445. Yamanaka H. 156 313 423. Yamane T. 198 489. Yamauchi M. 383. Yamawaki Y. 449. Yamazaki K. 204. Yanase R. 431. Yang K. S. 517 518. Yang N. C. 175 186 190 429. Yang T.-H. 430. Yang Lin 275. Yannoni N. F. 73. Yanobe M. 334. Yasuda K. 236. Yasunari Y. 440. Yasuoka N. 82,83. Yatagai M. 355. Yates B. L.141. Yates K. 107. Yates P.,85 174 383 410 443. Yee T. 416. Yee T. T. 404. Yee Quee M. J. 171. Yellin W. 262. Yen E. H. 337. Yeoh G. B. 425. Yeowell D. A. 437 519. Yeranos W. A. 31. Yieh Y. H. 468. Yip R. W. 173. Yi Wang S. 14 Yoder. C. H. 240. Yogev A. 53. Yokoe I. 195 401. Yokoyama H. 249. Yoneda F. 416. Yonemitsu O. 421 453. Yong Sung Rim 305. Yoshida H. 41 457. Yoshida T. 355. Yoshikawa H. 449. Yoshikawa M. 485. Yoshikoshi A. 355. Yoshimoto T. 173. Yoshinaga K. 305. Yoshioka M. 383. Yoshizawa R. 215. Young G. T. 454 461 463 467. Young L. B. 313. Young R. H. 410. Yovanidis C. 454 461 462. Yphantis D. A. 474. Yu R. J. 405. Yuan-Fang Li 8. Yukawa Y. 115. Zabel R.468. Zacharias D. E. 443. Zachau H. G. 497,499. Zahn H. 454 468 469. Zahradnik R. 375. Zaikin V. G.,63. Zakharkin L. I. 200. Zakharychev A. V. 63 365. Zalar F. V. 212. Zalkow L. H. 389. Zaltman-Nirenberg P. 123. Zalut C. 469. Zander,.M. 9 274. Zaretskii V. I. 63. Zavada J. 147 148. Zavitsas A. A, 107. Zbiral R. 212. Zdanovich V. I. 204. Zecher D. C. 288 289. Zeeh B. 177 386 387. Zehavi-Willner T. 495. Zehetner W. 198. Zeiler A. G. 394. Zeiss G. D. 138 276. Zeldin M. 231. Zenda H. 316. Zenck H. H. 529. Zergenyi J. 340. Zervas L. 454 461 462. Zia ud Din 322. Ziegenbein W. 159 290. Ziegler K. 453. Zieserl J. F. 451. Zieserl J. F.,jun. 330. Ziffer H. 52. Zijlstra W. G. 45. Zimmerman H.E. 166 170 176 177 190. Zimmerman J. E. 462 464. Zimmerman S. B. 507. Zirner J. 169. Zissman E. 526. Zolotor L. 494. Zoltewicze J. A. 120 402 415. Zorbach W. W. 372. Zubik M. J. 116. Zuckerman J. J. 240. Zwanenburg B. 378. Zweifel G. 201 208 209 228 232 233 235 245 250 251 267. Zyakoon A. M. 458.

ISSN:0069-3030    

DOI:10.1039/OC9676400533

出版商:RSC    

年代:1967

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

SUBJEC~INDEX Abienol 356. Antibiotics nucleoside 483. Acetylenes 243. Aporphine alkaloids 432. Acids and bases hard and soft 146. Aristeromycin 484. Acidity functions 107. Aromatic chromaphores in cjrcular dichroism Acronycine synthesis of 427. 50. Addition of methylene iodide to alkenes 270. in optical rotatory dispersion 50. Albomycin 484. compounds photochemistry of 179. Aldgamycin E 410. molecules X-ray crystallography of 69. Aldoketens dimerisation of 264. polycylic systems 302. Aliphatic halides 267. substitution electrophilic 115 Alkaloids amaryllidaceae 433. under irradation 183. aporphine 432. Aromaticity tests for 273. aspidosperma 442. Aspidosperma alkaloids 442. cinchona 427. Asymmetric synthesis of a-amino-acids 454. ergot biosynthesis of 520.Atractyloside 359. galbulimima 447. Automerisation 135. homoaporphine 433. Aza-azulene 421. iboga 440. Azabullvalene 420. indole 434. Azapentalenes 393. biosynthesis of 522. 4-Azapentalenyl anion 388. ipecacuanha biosynthesis of 521. 5-Azapurines 41 5. isoquinoline 429. Azepines 419. lupin 425. Azetidines 381. lycopodium 445. Aziridines 376. macrocyclic bisbenzylisoquinoline 430. Aziridinium salts 378. morphine type 433. Aziridinones 378. pachysandra 446. Azirines 376. protoberberine 430. pyridine 425. Backbone rearranged products from steroids pyrrole 425. 367. pyrrolizidine 425. Bacteriophage-induced RNA replicases 508. quinoline 427. Barbaralone 346. steroidal 445. Barrelline 339. terpenoid 445. Bases and acids hard and soft 146.yohimbe 435. Benzene photochemistry of 189. Alkanes 255 photolysis of. 280. Alkanecarboxylic acids 255. Benzene oxide-oxepin equilibrium. 423 Aikenes 249. Benzodiazepinones 422. addition of methylene iodide to 270. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids biosynthesis of Alk-7-en-2-one; cyclisation of 264. 511. Alkylations 213. Benzynes 286. Alkynes 243. Barberine conversion into columbaurine 429. Aliphatic esters 256. Bicyclo[n,l,O]alkanes 31 3. Friedel-Craft reactions 257. Bicyclobutanes 321. Alloxazines 416 Bicycloconjugation 138. Aluminium hydrides use in reduction 200. Bicyclo[2,1,1]hexanes 329. Amanitine cyclo-octapeptides 47 1. Bicyclo[2,2,0]hexanes 329. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids 433. Bicyclo[3,l,O]hexanes 327. Analytical methods for organometallic com- Bicyclo[3,2,0]heptadienes 330.pounds 220. Bicyclo[ l,l llpentanes 325. Androstanes l4a-hydroxy- dehydration of 370. Bicyclo[2,l,O]pentanes 324. Angustomycin 483 Bicyctononanes 340. Annulenes 296. Bicyclononatrienes 345. Anthropod defensive substances 350. Bicyclo-octadiene deuterium exchange with 340. Anti-aromaticity 278. Bicyclo[3,2,l]octanes 332. 568 Subject Index Bicyclo[3,3,0]octanes 332. Bicyclo[3,2,l]octenes 339. Bicyclo[4,2,0]octenones 339. Bicyclo[4,2,0]octadienone 333. Biflavanoids 414. Biosynth’esis of alkaloids 51 1. of carotenoids 527. of isoprenoids 519. of isoprenoid alkaloids 520. of sesterterpenes 522. of shikimate-derived compounds 528 of steroids 523. of terpenes 349.of triterpenoids 523. Birch reduction of free phenols 366. Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids synthesis of 431. macrocyclic alkaloids 430. Bishomocubane 347. Bond order theoretical predictions of 274. Boron hydrides use in reduction 201. Bridge flipping energy burner to 135. Bullvalene 346. Butadiene nickel-catalysed dimerisation of 3 18. t-Butylsulphenic acid 261. Caerulin a new peptide 470. Caged structures 335. -Carbene cyclopropylmethyl- 3 15. dialkoxycarbonyl- 3 11. isopropylidene 3 15. Carbohydrates 404. ringcontractions in 409. Carbon-13 n.m.r. 12. Carbonium-ion rearrangements 133. Carbonium ions stable 125. studied by n.m.r. 21. Carbonyl compounds general syntheses of 210. photochemistry of 171 chromophore in circular dichroism 48.in optical rotatory dispersion 48. Carbonylation 21 1. Carboxy chromophores in optical rotatory dispersion 53. Carboxylic acids X-ray crystallography of 65. derivatives gexleral syntheses of 212 Cardenolides 372. Carotenoids biosynthesis of 527. Chalcones sodium borohydride reduction of 412. Chamigrene 354. Chemical-shift differences calculation of 5. and polar interactions 11 1. in n.m.r. 5. solvent effects on 16. Chlorophyll configurations of methyl groups in 385. Cholestane-2,3-diones benzylic rearrangements of 371. Cholesterol microbiological degradation of side-chain 373. total synthesis of 365. Cinchona alkaloids 427 Circular dichroism 47. Columbamine synthesis from berberine 429 Conessine total synthesis of 365.Conformational behaviour in pyran derivatives 404. studies by e.s.r. 32. studies by n.m.r. 20. Conformations of peptides 473. Correlation of coupling constants and molecular parameters 7. Corrins 386. Coupling constants calculation of 7. correlation with molecular parameters 7. in n.m. r. 7. long-range 8. long-range measurement of 25. sign of 9. intramolecular of aliphatic dihalides 270. Cryptowoline synthesis of 429 Cubane 346. Cumulenes cyclic 334. Cyanogen azide 259. Cyasterone 371. Cyclic cumulenes 334. molecules non-aromatic X-ray crystallo-graphy of,77. Cyclisation of alk-7-en-2-ones 264. catalytic of aliphatic compounds 334. Cycloadditions 153. subject to electrophilic catalysis 396.Cycloartenol 363. Cyclobutadienes 289. Cyclobutanes n.m.r. parameters of 11. Cyclobutanones photolysis of 321. Cyclodecapentaene 345. Cyclohexadienones rearrangement of 326. Cyclohexane pufluoro- base elimination re-actions of 326. Cyclohexenones photochemical rearrangement of 176. Cyclo-octapeptides amanitine 471. Cyclopentadiene 322. Cyclopentanoid monoterpenes biosynthesis of 519. Cyclophanes 283. Cyclopropanes 3 12. by addition of methylene iodide to alkenes 270. Cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde,3 12. Cyclopropenes 278. Cyclopropylmethylcarbene 3 15. Dialkyl disulphides oxidation of 262. Diazanorcaradienes 421. Dehydrocyclo-octatetraene,322. Dehydrogenation of steroidal 3-ketones 369.Denaturation of DNA,,SOl. Deshielding effects in n.m.r. 6. Determination ofN-terminal residuesinpeptides 455. Deuterium exchange with bicyclo-octadiene 340. Subject Index 569 Dewar benzene 281. hexamethyl 280. Dialkoxycarbonylcarbene 31 1. Diazepines 421. Dichlorocarbene insertion reactions of 270. Dielectric constant measurements of peptides 475. Digacetigenin 371. Dimerisation of aldoketens 264. of butadiene catalysed by nickel 318. catalysed of norbornadiene 337. Dimethylsulphonium methoxycarbonylmethyl- lyide 263. Dioxazoles 396. Diphenylsulphonium isopropylylid 263. 1,3-Dipoles 396. Dipyrones 41 1. Diradicals studied by e.s.r. 42. Displacements nudeophilic 152. Disulphides dialkyl oxidation of 262.Diterpenoids 356. Dithianes steroidal 370. Dithiins 417. DNA 500. breaks in strands of. 501. circularity of 502. denaturation of 501. terminal redundancy in 502. polymerase 508. Double-resonance nuclear magnetic resonance 10. 26. Ecdysones hydroxy- 371. ElcB mechanism 149. E2cB mechanism 149. Electrocyclic reactions 15 1 168. b-Elemene synthesis of 352. Elemol synthesis of 352. Electron nuclear double resonance studies 35. Electron spin resonance studies of conformations. 32. of electron transfer reactions 33. of free radicals in solids 38. of free radicals in solution 29. of ion-pairs in solution 33. of multiradicals 42. of proton transfer reactions 33. of transient radicals 34. of triplet state 42.Electron transfer reactions studied by e.s.r. 33. Electrophilic aromatic substitution 115. hydroxylation 122. substitution at positively charged substrates 119. Eliminations olefixi-forming 147. 1,3-Eliminations terminology for 151. Endor studies 35. Enzymes 506. Eperuane series 357. Ergot alkaloids biosynthesis of 520. Esters aliphatic 256. Euparotin 355. Filifolones ,352. Flash photolysis and optical rotatory dispersion combined 47. Flavans 412. Flavenes 412. Flavones 413. Fluxional molecules 346. Fragin 260. Free-energy relationships linear 113. Free radicals electron nuclear double reson-studies of 35. nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 36. in solids studied by e.s.r. 38. in solution studied by e.s.r.29. Friedel-Craft reactions aliphatic 257. Fries rearrangements under irradiation 185. Fulminic acid 258. Fulvalenes 291. Fulvenes 29 1. Furans 389. Galbulimima alkaloids 447. Germacratriene 352. Gibberellins 358. Glycosides 407. Glycosidic bond in nucleosides synthesis of,483. Glycyrrhetic acid 363. Gramicidin S conformations in 476. Grignard reagents constitution of 223. Halides,,aliphatic 267. Hard and soft acids and bases 146. Heterocyclic compounds photochemistry of 191. photoinduced rearrangements 191. five-membered rings 383. four-membered rings 381. molecules X-ray crystallography of 83. photocleavage of arylcyclopropanes 197. six-membered rings 399. three-membered rings 376.High-molecular weight RNA 499. Homoaporphine alkaloids 433. Homoaromaticity 138,274. Homoconjugation. 138. Homocubane 346. Homosemibullvalene 344. Hooplane 271. Hormones juvenile 352. Hydroboronation 201. of aliphatic halides 267. Hydrogen cyanide polymerisation of 260. Hydrogenation catalytic 199. 14a-Hydroxyandrostanes dehyration of 370. H ydroxyecdysones 371. Hydroxylation electrophilic 122. Hyperfine splitting constants 36. Iboga alkaloids 440. Ifllaiamine synthesis of 427. 5 70 Subject Index Illudol 356. Imidazoles 396 Indazoles 392. n-Inductive effects 110. Indole alkaloids 434. biosynthesis of 522. Indoles 386 388. Indolenines synthesis of 387. Insertion reactions of dichlorocarbene 270.Insulin 468. Internal rotation studied by u.m.r. 18. Intramolecular coupling of aliphatic dihalides. 270. Ion-pairs in solution studied by e.s.r. 33. Ipecacuanha alkaloids biosynthesis of $21. Iridane 351. Isoamic acid 393. Isoflavones 413. Isoprenoid alkaloids biosynthesis of 520. Isopropylidenecarbene 3 15. Isoquinoline alkaloids 429. Isotope effects primary on reaction mechanisms 99. secondary on reaction mechanisms 104. solvent on reaction mechanisms 103. Isoxazoles 396 398. Isoxazolidines 396. Isoxazolines 396. Kinetic studies by n.m.r. 17. Labdane derivatives 357. /3-Lactams 399. Lactones optical rotatory dispersion of 53. Lansic acid 360. Linear free-energy relationships 11 3. Liquid-crystal studies by n.m.r.22. Litsericine 432. Lupin alkaloids 425. Lupinine synthesis of 427. Lycopodium alkaloids 445. Malabaricol 360. Marrubiin 357. Mass spectrometry of depsipeptides 458. of small peptides 458. Mechanism of elctrophilic aromatic substi-tution 117. Meliantriol 360. Methanesulphinic acid 261. Mixed-metal organometallics 241. Modification of functional groups in aliphatic compounds by perfluorination 265. parameters correlation with coupling con-stants 7. Molecular basicity 107. Monoterpenoids 350. Morphine-type alkaloids 433. Multiradicals studied by e.s.r. 42. Nickel catalysis of the dimerisation of butadiene 318. Nitrene ethoxycarbonyl- 260. Nitrogen-atom inversion studied by n.m.r. 19. Nitrogen chromophores in circular dichroism 51.in optical rotatory dispersion 51. Nitrogen n.m.r. 14. N.I.H. shift in alkaloid biosynthesis 519. Non-aromatic cyclic molecules X-ray crystallo- graphy of 77. Norbornadienes 335. catalysed demerisation of 337. Norbornanes 336. Norbornyl cation 140. Norcaradiene-tropilidene equilibrium 339. Norcaradienes 339. 19-Norsteroids syntheses of 363. N-Terminal residues in peptides determination of 455. Nuclear magnetic resonance. assignments from nuclear Overhauser effects 24. measurements and reaction mechanisms 11 1. studies of free radicals 36. of peptides 474. Nuclear Overhauser effects and n.m.r. assign- ments 24. Nucleic acids photochemistry of 487. preparation of 493. secondary structure of 489.Nucleic acid bases 480. reaction with formaldehyde 481 selective modification of 480. specific alterations of 482. substitutions 133. Nucleophilic displacements 152. Nucleoside antibiotics 483. Nucleosides 480. synthesis of the glycosidic bond 483 Nucleotides 484. reagent specificity in methylation 484. syntheses on polymer supports 485. Octadecadeoxyribonucleotides controlled syn- thesis of 485. Qlefins 249. general synthesis of 206. photochemistry of 164. Olefin-forming eliminations 147. Oligonucleotides 485. Ophiobolane 359. Optical rotatory dispersion 47. and flash photolysis combined 47 163. measurements on peptides 474. Orcinols 411. Organoaluminium compounds 234. Organoboron compounds 227.Organogermanium compounds 238 Organolithium compounds 221. Organomagnesium compounds 224. Organomercury compounds 225. Organometallic compounds 219. containing metal-metal bonds 241 Organosilicon compounds 236. Subject Index 57 1 Organotin compounds 239. Organozinc compounds 224. Overhauser effects and n.m.r. assignments 24. Oxadiazolines 397. Oxazines 418. Oxaziridines 384. Oxazolidines 398. Oxazolones mesoionic 396. Oxepin-benzene oxide equilibrium 423. Oxetans 382. Oxetones 389. Oxidation 204. of dialkyl disulphides 262. Oximes as 1,3-dipoles 396. Oxygen-17 n.m.r. 14. Pachysandra alkaloids 446. Peptide bond cleavage of 458. formation of 462. Peptide conformations 473. Peptide synthesis 460.racemization in 466. Peptides cyclic 471. dielectric constant measurements of 475. natural 468. synthesis of 468. structural elucidation of 455. Perfluorocyclohexane base elimination reac-tions of 326. Perfluorination as a means of modifying func- tional groups in aliphatic compounds 265. Phenethylisoquinoline alkaloids biosynthesis of 515. Phenols free Birch reduction of 366. Phenol oxidation 307. Phenolic derivatives naturally occurring 41 1. Phloroglucinols 41 1. Phorbol 357. Phosphorescence excitation technique 162. Phosphorus chromophores in optical rotatory dispersion 52. Photoadditions across ethylenic double bonds 170. Photochemistry 161. nucleic acids 487. Photocleavage heterolytic of arylcyclopropanes 197.Photocylisation of Schiff bases 397. Photodimerisations 178. Photo-Fries rearrangements 185. Photolysis of benzene 279. carbonyl compounds 174. cyclobutanones 321. Photosubstitution 183. Picrotoxinin 352. Perezinone 355. Pimaric acid 357. Piperidines 399. Plinols 350. effects on reaction mechanisms 108. Polar interactions and n.m.r. chemical shifts 111. Polyclic systems aromatic 302. Polymer supports in nucleotide syntheses 485. Polynucleotide ligase 506. Polynucleotide synthesis strategy and tactics 485. Porphyrins 385. Positively charged substrates and electrophilic substitution 119. p-n Interactions 11 1. Primary isotope effects on reaction mechanisms 99. Progesterone total synthesis of 365.Propargylic alcohols conversion into vinyl halides 268. Propellatriene 346. Protecting groups for peptide synthesis 460. Protoberberine alkaloids 430. Proton transfer reactions studied by e.s.r. 33. Protolysis selective of primary C-B bond 201. Purines 415. Pyron derivatives conformational behaviours of 404. Pyrans 389. Pyranoses 404. Pyranosides 404. Pyrazines 416. Pyrazolines 39 1. Pyrazoles 392. Pyridine alkaloids 425. biosynthesis of 516. Pyridines 400. Pyrimidines 415,417. Pyrimidinethiones 415. Pyrrole alkaloids 425. Pyrrolizidine Jkaloids 425. Quinoline alkaloids 427. Quinones 307. photochemistry of 190. Racemization in peptide synthesis 466. Radicals transient studied by e.s.r.34. Reaction mechanisms 99. Rearrangements of cyclohexadienones 326. sigmatropic 159. involving carbonium ions 133. Reduction 199. Birch of free phenols 366. by use of aluminium hydrides 200. by use of boron hydrides 201. Resolution enhancement in n.m.r. 25. Ring enlargements in photolyses 401. intersion studied by n.m.r. 18. RNA 494. high-molecular weight 499. RNA polymerase. 507. R NA replicases bacteriophage-induced 508. 5s-RNA 495. t-RNA yeast phenylalanine 495. t-RNA yeast valine 495. Rotenoids synthesis of 413. 572 Subject Index Santonene 355. Schiff bases photocyclisation of 397 Secondary isotope effects on reaction mechan- isms 104. Serratene 362. Sesquiterpenoids 352. Sesterterpenoids 359.biosynthesis of 522. Shielding effects in n.m.r. 6. Shickimate-derived compounds biosynthesis of 528. Shionone 360. Showdomycin 410,484. Sigmatropic rearrangements 159. Soft and hard acids and bases 146. Solvent effects on chemical shifts 16. Solvent isotope effects on reaction mechanisms 103. Solvolysis 145. Spectropolarimeter attachment for recording fully compensated magnetic optical rotatory dispersion 47. Spin-labelling techniques in e.s.r. 37. [mnISpirarenes 277. Spiroconjugation 138 276. Stable carbonium ions 125. Stellatogenin 362. Steroidal alkaloids 445. dithianes 370. 3-ketones dehydrogenation of 369. Steroids 363. backbone rearranged productions from 367. biosynthesis of 523.Stilbene triplet 186. Stilbenes photochemistry of 186. Streptozot ocin 4 10. Substitution aromatic under irradiation 183. electrophilic aromatic 115. nucleophilic 133. effects in reaction mechanisms 108. N-Sulphonylamines 262. Sulphur chromophores in optical rotatory dis- persion 52. Sulphuranes 312. Sydnones 396. Terpenoid alkaloids 445. Tetrahydrioazepines 41 8. Tetranortriterpenes 360. Theoretical predictions of bond order 274. Thiadiazoles 397. 7-Thiapentalenyl anion 388. Thiathiophthens 395. Thiepin dioxide 423. Thietans 383. Thiophens 390. Thioketens 261. Thurberogenin 362. Toyocamycin 484. Transfer RNA 495. Triasterane 344. 1,2,3-Triazole 395 398. 1,2,4-Triazolinedione 395. Tricyclo-octanes 343.Triplet states studied by e.s.r. 42. Tripyrones 412. Triradicals 42. Triterpenoids 360. biosynthesis of 523. Tropilidene-norcaradiene equilibrium 339. Tropolones photoisomerisation of 195. Tropone photodimerisation of 195. Troponoid compounds photochemistry of 195. Tryptophan containing peptides structural elu- cidation of. 455. Ursolic acid derivatives 363. Valency isomerism studied by n.m.r. 19. Vetivones 353. Vinhaticoic acid 358. Wittig synthesis stereochemical control of 207. Wurtz-type reaction of aliphatic halides 268. X-Ray crystallography 65. Yeast phenylalanine t-RNA 495. Yeast valine t-RNA 495. Yohimbe alkaloids 435.

ISSN:0069-3030    

DOI:10.1039/OC9676400567

出版商:RSC    

年代:1967

数据来源: RSC