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14 Biological Chemistry Part (iv) Enzyme Chemistry By M. C. SUMMERS Biochemistry Department St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School Paddington London W2 1PG 1 Introduction Several scientific reviews have jppeared during the past year which complement some of the topics covered in the previous Enzyme Chemistry section of Annual Reports. Walsh’ has reviewed k, inhibitors and Jakoby’ has presented a compre- hensive review of glutathione S-transferases. In addition interesting and readable articles on anomeric ~pecificity,~ enzyme-catalysed group-transfer reactions4 and isotope e~change,~ and kinetic isotope effects in enzymology6 have recently been published. The proceedings of the British Biophysical Society’s Meeting on n.m.r. are now published.’ The recent edition of ‘The Proteins’ includes a chapter on the X-ray structure of proteins.8 A book on nucleic acid-protein recognition has been pub- lished,’ as have several review articles on the structure and function of transfer RNA.” This year marks the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of copper as an essential element’’ and it is perhaps fitting that the X-ray crystal structure analyses of two copper-containing proteins plastocyanin” at 2.7 A resolution and a~urin’~ at 3.0 A resolution have been presented.Finally 1978 also marks the thirtieth anniversary of Ogston’s classic paper14 on the differentiation of identical groups in ’ C. Walsh Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1978,47,881; C. Walsh in ‘Horizons in Biochemistry and Biophysics’ Vol. 3,pp. 36-81,ed.E. Quagliariello Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. 1977. W. B.Jakoby Adv. Enzymol. 1978,46,383. ’K. J. Schray and S. J. Benkovic. Accounts Chem. Res. 1978,11,136. M.J. Wimmer and I. A. Rose Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1978,47 1031. P. D. Boyer Accounts Chem. Res. 1978,11 218. ‘J. P. Klinman Adv. Enzymol. 1978,46,415. ’‘N.m.r. in Biology’ ed. R. A. Dwek I. D. Campbell R. E. Richards and R. J. P. Williams Academic Press New York and London 1977. ‘The Proteins 111’. ed. H. Neurath R. L. Hill and C. L. Boeder 3rd edn. Academic Press New York and London 1977. ‘Nucleic Acid-Protein Recognition’ ed. H. J. Vogel Academic Press New York and London 1977. lo A. Rich and S. Kim Scientific American 1978,238(1) 52; S.Kim Adv. Enzymol. 1978,46,279;A. Rich P. Schimmel and others Accounts Chem.Res. 1977,10 385. l1 H. Lardy Trends Biochem. Sci. 1978 93. l2 P. M.Colman H. C. Freeman J. M. Gus M. Murata V. A. Norris J. A. M. Ramshaw and M. P. Venkatappa Nature 1978,272 319. l3 E. T. Adman R. E. Stenkamp L. C. Sieker and L. H. Jensen J. Mol. Biol. 1978 123 35. A.G.Ogston Nature 1948 162 963. 391 M. C.Summers symmetrical compounds and Nature has published a short retrospective review by Bentley to celebrate the oc~asion.~’ 2 Enzyme-catalysed Phosphoryl-transfer Reactions In 1976,Midelfort and Rose developed an experimental approach for the detection of transient cleavage of enzyme-bound ATP to [Enz :ADP :P-XI which did not require an ATP$ ADP exchange reaction to take place.16 The method employed is shown in Scheme 1.0 IAMP-0-P-0-P-0 . I + 0 I 0 I . 0 00 0 I I I AMP-0-P-0-P-0 $ +PO,-X I I 0. 0 1 0 = ‘80 Scheme 1 If enzyme-bound ATP[y-1804] enriched in l80at the @ y bridge oxygen undergoes reversible cleavage the l80label will be distributed between the 0-P bridge and non-bridge oxygen atoms of resynthesized ATP because of the presumed R0 symmetry of the p-P-0 of enzyme-bound ADP. The extent of l80positional \0 exchange in resynthesized ATP will depend on several factors and in particular the relative magnitude of the rate constants for rotation of the p-P of enzyme-bound ADP and resynthesis of ATP from ADP.PO;H(X). Using this method Midelfort and Rose showed that glutamine synthetase of Escherichia coli catalysed “0-positional exchange at the p-Pof ATP in the presence of glutamate but the absence of ammonia.In the presence of ammonia the exchange reaction was partially suppressed; thereby indicating that the exchange reaction is on the catalytic pathway and also providing evidence for a two-step mechanism in which phosphoryl transfer from ATP to the y-carboxyl of glutamate precedes reaction with ammonia. This is shown in Scheme 2. 0 ATP + glutamate + [ATP. ‘ -0/ 0 0 kH3 ADP. / ‘C-CH2CH2&HCO;/ NH3 Scheme 2 I5 R.Bentley Nature 1978,276 673. l6 C. F. Midelfort and I. A. Rose J. Biol. Chem. 1976 251 5881. Biological Chemistry 393 There are a number of enzymes including myosin ATPase and chloroplast lamellae that catalyse both the reversible formation of ATP and y-P:H20 exchange.It is therefore pertinent to ask if the same or a different mechanism operates in both reactions. For example does y-P :H20exchange occur by a simple hydrolytic reaction including reversible formation of ATP.H20 $ADP.Pi leading to exchange of the oxygen atoms of the y-P of ATP or does exchange take place by pentaco-ordination of the terminal y-phosphorus atom of enzyme-bound ATP. A major difference in the two mechanisms is that the former necessitates cleavage of the P,y-bridging oxygen atom of ATP whereas the latter mechanism does not. Consequently a study of the rates of y-P:H20 exchange and P,y bridge:P non-bridge l80positional exchange has been undertaken to delineate the mechanism of y-P :H20 exchange. Thus studies by Wimmer and Rose" on the oxygen-exchange reactions of ATP catalysed by chloroplast lamellae have indicated that y-P :H20 exchange occurs by reversible hydrolysis of ATP.Geeves et a1.I8carried out a similar study using myosin subfragment I isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. Their results also indicate that y-P :H20 exchange occurs by simple reversible hydrolysis of ATP although incomplete P,y-bridge :non-bridge "0 exchange was observed /* suggesting restricted rotation of enzyme-bound AMP-OgP-0. However '0 recently acquired data using ATP[ /3-"00,] enriched in the P-non-bridge oxygen atoms and measuring l80incorporation into the @,?-bridge oxygen indicates almost complete positional exchange in re-isolated ATP.lBb This is shown in Scheme 3.00 I I AMP-0-P-0-P-0 +H,O + I I 00 Scheme 3 It should be noted that the use of ATP [P-'*O,] circumvents the potential hazard of additional y-P :H20 exchange reactions taking place due to contaminating ATPases in the enzyme preparation of interest (see later). Two gro~ps'~*~o have independently developed similar mass spectrometric methods using ["O0,]Pi to study the Pi:H20 exchange reaction catalysed by pyrophosphatases and phosphatases. Hackney and Boyer" have described studies on the Pi :H20 exchange reaction catalysed by yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase. A rudimentary reaction pathway for Pi :H20 exchange is shown in Scheme 4; the M. J. Wimmer and I. A. Rose J. Biol. Chem. 1977 252,6769. 18 (a)M.A. Geeves C. F. Midelfort D.R. Trentham and P. D. Boyer in 'Motility in Cell Function' ed. F. Pepe Academic Press New York,1978,in press; (b)personal communication. l9 D. D. Hackney and P. D. Boyer plot. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1978,75,3133. '' D.H.Eargle jun. V. LiEko and G. L. Kenyon Analyt. Biochem. 1977,81 186. M. C. Summers k+l k+2 E+Pi + E.Pi EP+H20 k-i k-2 Scheme 4 partitioning of enzyme-bound Pi will depend on the relative magnitude of k-l and k+2,where EP represents an enzyme-bound form of Pi which has suffered loss of an oxygen atom to unlabelled water. The distribution of the different 180-labelled forms of Pi [i.e. ('80,)Pi where n = 0 1,2,3 or 41 with incubation time provides a means of evaluating the k+4k- ratio. Theresults obtained with alkaline pyrophosphatase indicate enzyme-bound Pi loses more than one oxygen during each encounter and that k-l is only about 1.4 times k+2.Similar Pi:H20 exchange data were obtained for the pyrophosphatase- catalysed hydrolysis of PPi providing evidence for a common intermediate in both PPi hydrolysis and medium exchange.In contrast the study of Eargle et ~1.~' on the Pi:H20exchange reaction catalysed by E. coli alkaline phosphatase indicates rapid release of Pi relative to medium exchange i.e. k-l >> k+2. Interestingly EP in the case of a1 kaline phosphatase is a p hosphoryl-enzymeY2' whereas the pyrophosp hatase reaction involves enzyme-bound PPi.l9 Cohn and co-workers have recently made a significant contribution to the study of Pi:H20 exchange reactions by demonstrating that sequential substitution of l60 with l80in Pi causes a successive chemical shift in the 31P n.m.r.spectrum.22 This leads to a separation of 12 Hz between the 31P resonances of ["04]Pi and [1604]Pi at 145.7MHz. l r l ' l ' l r l -0.04 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 Chemical shift ppm Figure 1 "P n.m.r. spectrum of a randomized sample of [l60 180]Pi. The solution contained 50 mM Pi( -44% l80)and 0.5 mM potassium EDTA in 2 ml of 50% D20,pH 8.2. N.m.r. parameters 145.7 MHz; 900 scans acquisition time 8.2 s; 45 pulse angle. See refi 22. Figure reproduced by kind permission of Professor Mildred Cohn. 21 D. Levine T. W.Reid and I. B. Wilson Biochemistry 1969,8 2374. 22 M. Cohn and A. Hu,Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,1978 75 200. Biologica1Chemistry 395 Figure 1shows the 31P n.m.r.spectrum of a mixture of different(l60,l80)Pi species [(1604)Pi (1603 1801)Pi (1602 "02)Pi (l6O1 "03)Pi and (1804)Pi] in which all five 31 P resonances are cleanly resolved. Consequently it is now possible to monitor by a non-destructive method various types of enzyme-catalysed phosphate :phosphate (e.g.,between ['604]Pi and ["04]Pi) and phosphate :oxygen exchange reactions.22 Bock and Cohn2' have used the 31Pn.m.r. method to study the Pi :H20exchange reaction catalysed by the alkaline phosphatase from E. coli. Investigation of the kinetics of "0 exchange of the native zinc enzyme and the catalytically active cobalt analogue gave a markedly different kinetic pattern for the two enzymes. The native enzyme catalysed exchange of a single oxygen atom of enzyme-bound Pi; this agrees with the data of Eargle et ~1.~'and indicates that kVl>>kc2.In contrast the cobalt-containing enzyme gave a more complex l80exchange pattern which was intepreted as a metal-dependent shift in the k+2/k-1 ratio resulting in rapid formation of EP compared to the rate of dissociation of E.Pi. Indeed the difference in the PI:H20exchange characteristics of the two enzyme forms can be attributed to a shift in the value of the k+2/k-l ratio by as much as 100. T~entham~~ and Boyer2' have studied the PI:H20exchange reaction catalysed by myosin subfragment I from rabbit muscle using the n.m.r. method of Cohn22 and the mass spectrometric method of Boyer," respectively.A seven-step mechanism for the Mg2'-dependent ATPase activity of myosin is shown in Scheme 5.26 k+ L k+2 k+ k+4 M+ATP eM.ATP == MPATP eMT*ADP.P~ e k-I k -2 k-3 k -4 k+ 5 k+6 k+, M?ADP.Pi A MTADP F= M.ADP M+ADP 3 k -6 k-7 M = myosin Pi Scheme 5 Consequently the relevant chemical steps for Pi :H20exchange are defined by the rate constants k to k5 where M M* and M** represent different conformations of myosin. Both groups of researchers obtained similar results for l80loss from ['804]P in which Pi once bound to M.ADP rapidly loses all four "0 atoms by exchange with the medium. In addition when allowance was made for the different experimental conditions used in the two studies a similar value for the second order rate constant of Pi binding was obtained.Both sets of data were consistent with Pi :H20 exchange occurring by rapid reversal of the ATPase reaction involving a freely rotating Pi molecule. A major problem arises in the l8O-exchange studies just described if the enzyme system under study also contains a contaminating ATPase activity which may or may not catalyse Pi :H20exchange and/or p,y-bridge oxygen positional exchange (e.g. see ref. 25). In this respect it is of interest to note the preliminary report of Lowe and 23 J. L. Bock and M. Cohn J. Biol. Chem. 1978,253,4082. 24 M. R. Webb G. G. McDonald and D. R. Trentharn J. Biol. Chem. 1978,253,2908. 2s J. A. Sleep D. D. Hackney andP. D. Boyer J. Biol. Chem. 1978,253 5235. 26 (a)D. R. Trentharn J. F. Eccleston and C. R. Bagshaw Quart.Rev. Biophys. 1976,9 217; (6)D. R. Trentharn Biochem. SOC.Trans. 1977,5 5. 396 M. C.Summers Sproat.” They investigated the pyruvate-kinase-catalysed 180-positional exchange of ATP[p-’803] enriched with l80 in the 6-Pnon-bridge oxygen atoms (see Scheme 3). Since 0-non-bridge 0,y-bridge exchange was observed in the presence of substrate pyruvate and the inhibitor oxalate it was argued that transient cleavage of the y-phosphoryl of ATP had occurred to give an enzyme-bound metaphosphate ion. However a low level of ATPase activity would also explain the observed exchange reactions. Also it is known that pyruvate kinase catalyses stereospecific transfer of the y-P of ATP (see later); stereospecific transfer would presumably not occur if a metaphosphate ion were an intermediate on the reaction pathway.* Finally Russo et aLZ8have reported their studies on the Pi:H20 exchange reactions catalysed by heart submitochondrial particles and Risley and Vanetten*’ have published a convenient synthesis of [1804]Pj.The latter investigators have also carried out a combined mass spectrometric and 31P n.m.r. study on the Pi :H,O exchange reaction catalysed by human prostatic acid pho~phatase.~” 3 Nucleoside Phosphorothioates Studies using the phosphorothioate analogues of either AMP ADP or ATP continue to provide important data on the stereochemistry and mechanism of action of a wide variety of enzyme-catalysed reactions. Eckstein and co-workers undertook much of the early work on the chemical synthesis and resolution of the various nucleoside phosphorothioates and these early investigations were the subject of a review paper.3o Replacement of an oxygen atom by a sulphur atom can be made at either the a-or 0-Pof for example ADP and ATP to give the corresponding adenosine 5’-thiophosphates which are abbreviated ADPa S ATPaS and ATPPS respectively.$ This is shown in Figure 2.Each phosphorothioate analogue therefore exists as a mixture of diastereoisomers which can be differentiated on the basis of the substrate specificity of different phosph~kinases.~’ For example the isomer of ADPa S phosphorylated by pyruvate kinase to give ATPaS is designated isomer A i.e. ATPaS(A) whereas phosphorylation of the opposite isomer designated ADPa S(B) to give ATPa S(B) is catalysed by creatine kinase.Similarly ADPpS also undergoes phosphorylation to give ATPPS(A) and ATPPS(B) catalysed by pyruvate kinase and acetate kinase respectively. Although in the early investigations the absolute configuration of the * It is tacitly assumed that even an enzyme-bound metaphosphate ion must experience free rotation before racemization can take place. $ The analogues may also be abbreviated Ado-[1-thioPP] Ado-[ 1-thioPPP] and Ado-[2-thioPPP]. The recommended name is adenosine 5’-[a-thioldiphosphate adenosine 5’-[a-thioltriphosphate and adenosine 5’-[P-thio]tri-phosphate,respectively. [Nomenclature of Phosphorus Containing Compounds of Biochemical Importance ‘IUB Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents’. The Biochemical Society London 1978 p.203.1 *’ G. Lowe and B. S. Sproat British Biophysical Society Winter Meeting December 19-21 1978. Imperial College London. 28 J. A. Russo C. M. Lamos and R. A. Mitchell Biochemistry 1978,17,473. 29 (a)J. M. Risley and R. L. Van Etten J. Labelled Cornps.Radiopharmaceut. 1978,15,533; (6)R. L. Van Etten and J. M.Risley Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1978 75 4784. 3” F. Eckstein Angew. Chem. Internat. Edn. 1975 14 160. 31 F. Eckstein and R. S. Goody Biochemistry 1976 15 1685. Biological Chemistry OH OH ATPaS(A+B); R=POSH ADPcrS(A+B); R =H oso HO-P-0 -P-O-P-Oy"YAde I1 II II I j I -0 -0 -0 OH OH ATPpS(A +B) Ade =adenine Figure 2 different adenosine 5'-thiophosphates was unknown this did not prevent the deter-mination of the relative stereochemical course of an enzyme reaction because the product of such a reaction could be correlated with the substrate stereospecifities of the different phosphokinases.However as will be seen later the absolute configuration of the differentadenosine 5'-thiophosphates has now been determined. thereby making it possible to define in precise chemical and structural terms the stereochemical course of a large number of adenosine 5'-thiophosphate-dependent enzyme reactions. Knowledge of the stereochemical course of an ATP-dependent enzyme reaction can provide important information on the mechanism of the phosphorus displace-ment Phosphorus displacement may occur either by an associative SN2 displacement reaction (inversion of configuration for a double displacement possi-bly uia a phosphoryl enzyme) a dissociative mechanism via formation of a high-energy metaphosphate ion intermediate (racemization) or by way of a pentaco-ordinated phosphoryl intermediate in which the steric course of the reaction would depend on the stereochemical relationship of the incoming nucleophile and the departing group (inversion or retention).To date all of the nucleoside phosphorothioate-dependentenzymes studied have catalysed stereospecific reactions in which the displaced phosphorus atom has undergone either inversion or retention of c~nfiguration.~'*~~ In addition reactions catalysed by ribonuclease A,34ribonuclease TI,3s UDP-glucose pyrophosphoryl-32 S. J.Benkovic and K. J. Schray in 'The Enzymes' ed. P. D. Boyer 1973 8 201; F. H. Westheimer Accounts Chem. Res. 1969,1 70. 33 F. Eckstein V. W. Armstrong and H. Sternbach Proc. Nar. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1976 73 2987; F. Eckstein H. Sternbach and F. van der Haar Biochemistry 1977 16 3429. 34 D. A. Usher D. I. Richardson and F. Eckstein Nature 1970,228,663;D. A. Usher E. S. Erenrich,and F. Eckstein Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,1972,69,115;W. Saenger D. Suck andF. Eckstein European J. Biochem. 1974,46 559. 35 F. Eckstein H. H. Schulz H. Ruterjans W. Haar and W. Maurer Biochemistry 1972 11 3507. 398 M. C. Summers a~e,~~ proceed with inversion of configuration at the and acetyl-CoA ~ynthetase~~ displaced phosphorus atom. The stereochemical data therefore indicate an asso- ciative 'in-line' displacement mechanism for those four enzymes.Eckstein and co-worker~~~ have also shown that the phenylalanine-activated ATPaS(A)/PP1 exchange reaction catalysed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from baker's yeast occurs with overall retention of configuration at the a-phosphorus atom. Generally the binding affinity of the natural substrate and the nucleoside phos- phorothioate analogue to the same enzyme is of the same order of magnitude. By comparison the rate of the chemical conversion step as indicated by deermination of V,,,,,,is considerably slower for the phosphorothioate analogue; chemical studies indicate that phosphorothioates are intrinsically less reactive than the corresponding phosphate derivative^.^' However there have been very few studies on the effect of substituting a nucleoside phosphorothioate for the normal nucleoside substrate on individual rate constants in an enzyme-catalysed reaction (cf.Ref.26a 39 and 40). Usually only K and V,, values are compared. Substrate specificities and Michaelis constants of some recently investigated enzymes are shown in Table 1. The combination of the lower intrinsic chemical reactivity of the nucleoside phosphorothioates and their structural similarities to the natural substrates make them excellent candidates for studies on whole cell systems. For example Huang et ~21.~~ have studied transcription of DNA using ATPyS and GTPyS. Similarly Eckstein and Foreman have undertaken a comparative study of the effects of cyclic AMP and AMPS and of cyclic GMP and GMPS on the secretion of histamine from mast cells of the rat.43 Information on the biologically active conformation of ATP at the active site of different enzymes has recently come from 31P n.m.r.studies of adenosine phos- phorothioates and from structural and spectroscopic investigation of Co"' complexes of ATP. Several groups have described 31P n.m.r. studies on adenosine 5'-phos- phorothioates Feldman and have studied AMPS; Eckstein and Goody3' have provided n.m.r. data on ADPPS ATPaS ATPPS and ATPyS; Sheu and Frey41 have noted small differences in chemical shift of resolved diastereoisomers of ATPaS and ADPaS(B) and ADPaS(A+B); and Jaffe and Cohn4' have studied the effects of Mg" and pH on the spectra of AMPS ADPPS ATPyS and the A and B forms of ADPaS ATPaS and ATPPS.Finally Mikolajczyk et ~21.~~ have carried out a 'H 31P and 13C n.m.r. study on the interaction of chiral thiophosphoric acids with chiral amines. " K. F. R. Sheu and P. A. Frey J. Biol. Chem. 1978,253,3378. 37 C. F. Midelfort and I. Sarton-Miller J. Biol. Chem. 1978 253 7127. 38 F. van der Haar F. Cramer F. Eckstein and K. W. Stahl European J. Biochem. 1977,76,263. 39 C. R. Bagshaw J. F. Eccleston F. Eckstein R. S. Goody H. Gutfreund and D. R. Trentham Biochem.J. 1974 141 351; C. R. Bagshaw J. F. Eccleston D. R. Trentham D. W. Yates and R. S. Goody Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1972 37 127. 40 G. D. Markham and G. H. Reed J. Biol. Chem. 1978,253,6184. 41 K.F. R. Sheu and P. A. Frey J. Biol. Chem. 1977 252 4445. 42 A. E. Reeve M. M. Smith V. Pigiet and R. C. C.Huang Biochemistry,1977,16,4464; M. M. Smith A. E. Reeve and R. C. C. Huang Biochemistry 1978,17,493. 43 F. Eckstein and J. C. Foreman F.E.B.S. Letters 1978,91 182. 44 K. Feldman and W. E. Hull Proc. Nut. Acud. Sci. U.S.A. 1977 74 856. 45 E. K. Jaffe and M. Cohn Biochemistry 1978,17,652. 46 M. Mikolajczyk J. Omelenczuk M. Leitloff J. Drabowicz A. Ejchart and J. Jurzak J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1978 100 7003. n Table 1 r f Enzyme Source Substrate Kln V, (rel) Comments Ref. 5 UDP-glucose baker’s yeast UDP-glucose 35 pM 11 inversion 36 4 p yrophosphorylase UDPaS(A)-glucose 75 pM 1 adenylate kinase rabbit muscle AMP 0.11 mM 39 product is 41 AMPS 0.31 mM 1 ADPaS(A) aden ylosuccinate Azotobacter GTP 15 pM 13 synthetase uinelandii GTPyS 5 PM 1 40 phenylalanyl tRNA baker’s yeast S(A),1aminoacylation 0.3 mM 3 syn the tase 1.2 mM 1 ATP 1pyrophosphate 1.5 mM 6.5 retention 38 ATPaS(A)( exchange 1.5 mM 1 tRNA-nucleotidyl baker’s yeast ATP 0.6 pM inversion 33b 59 transferase ATPaS(A) 1.9 pM DNA-dependent E.coli ATP 0.4 mM 1.5 inversion 33a 59 RN A-polymerase ATPa S(A) 0.4 mM 1 carbamoyl phosphate E. coli ATP 0.9 mM 12 synthetase ATPPS(A) 2.1 mM 1 70 partial reaction 1.3 mM 6 ~~~ps(A)}~~~;0.16 mM 1 carbamo yl-P 0.08 mM 50 product is 0.51 mM 1 ATPSS(A) 400 M. C. Summers Jaffe and Cohn4' have extended their 31P n.m.r. studies outlined above by comparing the spectra of the Cd" and Znrl chelates of both ATPyS and ATPpS with that of the Mg" chelate.They observed that Cd" chelation of each analogue occurs through the sulphur atom; Mg" on the other hand chelates the same analogue through the oxygen atom. It was therefore argued that MgATPPS(B) would be conformationally equivalent to CdATPPS(A) and that the substrate stereo-specificity displayed by a particular enzyme for one of the stereoisomers of ATPPS when Mg" was the activating metal would be reversed if the activating metal were Cd". Consequently the substrate specificity for phosphoryl transfer catalysed by yeast hexokinase was investigated using the A and B forms of ATPpS in the presence of either Mg" Cd" or Co" an inversion of stereochemistry was observed for phosphoryl transfer in that the two active substrates were MgATPPS(B) and CdATPPS(A);Co" can chelate sulphur and oxygen with comparable facility and therefore was active with both stereoisomers.Based on recently published data of Cleland and co-workers (see below) Jaffe and Cohn were able not only to define the configuration of ATPpS used by yeast hexokinase but also to determine for the first time the absolute stereochemistry of the A and B forms of ATPOS. Thus it is now possible to determine the absolute stereochemistry of enzyme-catalysed phosphoryl transfer between ATPPS and ADPPS. Figure 3 summarizes the data obtained with the Mg" and Cd" chelates of ATPPS. 0 MgATPPS(A)S MgATPPS(B)* CdATPPS(A)* CdATPPS(B)S * active with hexokinase t active with pyruvate kinase Figure 3 Diagrams based on the data of Jaffe and Cohn; ref.47. No attempt has been made to predict the bond order of the S and 0 atoms at the &phosphorus of the Cd" chelates of ATPPS. For example X-ray crystallographic analysis of uridine 2',3'-phos-phorothioate indicates that the negative charge is localized on the oxygen atom and not on the ~ulphur.~' Presumably the large 31Pchemical shifts observed with the Cd" chelates are due to a change of bond order and bond angle for the different substituents at the &phosphorus atom. A similar trend was also observed for the phosphorylation of ADPPS in the presence of either Mg" or Cd" catalysed by pyruvate kinase in which the product was 47 E. K.Jaffe and M.Cohn J.Biol. Chem. 1978,253,4823. Biological Chemistry 401 MgATPPS(A) and CdATPPS(B) re~pectively.~' In conclusion hexokinase and acetate kinase catalyse the phosphorylation of the pro-R oxygen of ADPPS and pyruvate kinase phosphorylates the pro4 oxygen of ADPBS (see also Section on adenylate kinase). A major difficulty in the study of the mechanism of action of nucleotide-dependent enzymes is to describe adequately the conformation of the metal ion-nucieotide complex that is necessary for catalysis. The complexed metal ion is usually Mg" and here the ligand exchange rates are sufficiently rapid (> lo6s-') that it is not feasible to 'freeze out' selectively the different ligand complexes. With Cr''' and Co"' ligand exchange rates are markedly slower making it possible to separate and to charac- terize individual complexes and to investigate their behaviour with nucleotide- dependent enzymes.49 Recently Cleland and co-workersS0 have described the synthesis of (adenosine triphosphato)tetra-amminecobalt(m) designated CO(NH~)~ATP.The two diastereoisomeric P,y-bidentate complexes of CO(NH~)~ATP were resolved using hexokinase of which only one isomer is a substrate and the inactive isomer was degraded to CO"~(NH~)~H~P~O~~,H~O and its structure subsequently determined by X-ray diffraction analy~is.'~ They were therefore able to define the absolute configuration of the active isomer of ATP in the hexokinase reaction.52 It was this study which allowed Jaffe and Cohn to derive the different structures of the Mg" and Cd" complexes of ATP (see above).Li et ~1.~ have also utilized the structural data of Cleland to determine the stereochemistry and substrate stereospecificity of the 5'-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PP-Rib-P) synthetase from Sulmonella typhimurium ;the enzyme catalyses the transfer of the P,y-pyrophosphoryl group of ATP to the a-1-hydroxyl of ribose 5-phosphate. It was found that PP-Rib-P synthetase uses the opposite isomer of CO(NH~)~ATP to that used in the hexokinase reaction. Analysis of the isolated product CO(NH~)~ Stereochemical nomenclature" A A Active with hexokinase PP-ribose-P synthase Michaelis constants (MgATP) K 0.65 mM (0.10 mM) 1.2 mM (1.1mM) V,, 1.0 (1600) 1.0 (20) Circular dichroism spectrum at 550 nm positive negative * data from refs 52 and 53 Figure 4 W.Saenger and F. Eckstein J. Amer. Chem. SOC., 1970 92,4712. 4y See refs. 51 and 52 and references therein. 50 R. D. Cornelius P. A. Hart and W. W. Cleland Znorg. Chem. 1977 16 2799. 51 E. A. Merritt M. Sundaralingham R. D. Cornelius and W. W. Cleland Biochemistry 1978 17 3274. 52 R. D. Cornelius and W. W. Cleland Biochemistry 1978 17 3279. 53 M. T. Li A. S. Mildvan and R. L. Switzer J. Biol. Chem. 1978 253 3918. M. C. Summers pyrophosphorylribose 5-phosphate indicated inversion of configuration at the B-P of the transferred pyrophosphoryl group suggesting an associative ‘in-line’ dis- placement reaction for pyrophosphoryl transfer. The data for hexokinase and PP-Rib-P synthetase are summarized in Figure 4.The stereochemistry of pyrophosphoryl transfer as catalysed by PP-Rib-P synethtase is shown in Scheme 6. OH OH HO; PO 0 -AMP Scheme 6 4 Adenosine 5’-0-([y-1s0]y-thio)triphosphatethat is Chiral at the y -Phosphorus One of the fundamental problems in biochemistry is concerned with the mechanism of phosphoryl-transfer reactions catalysed by a considerable number of enzymes including phosphokinases mutases and phosphatases. Central to the interpretation of the mechanism of transfer is the determination of the overall stereochemical course of the phosphoryl-transfer reaction (see earlier discussion for details). Knowles and co-workersS4 have described a stereochemical approach to the study of phosphoryl-transfer reactions using chiral phosphorothioates.The relevant synthesis is outlined in Scheme 7. ,CO,H CO,H ,CO,H n n l-7 0 ’0 LiaH* HO 0 + 0 OH s/p. s/ P’:‘. ./i.... ‘0 0 S (1) (2) (3) 1 1 ATP[y-180]yS -==-roZH / 1 1 glucose 6-[180]-’0 sn-glycerol 3-[180]-phosphorothioate s/ P ‘0 phosphorothioate 0 \sn-glycerol 3-[180]-phosphorothioate Scheme 7 54 G. A. Om J. Simon S. R. Jones G. J. Chin and J. R. Knowles Roc. Nut. Acud. Sci. U.S.A.,1978,75 2230. Biological Chemistry Ring opening by lithium ['80]hydroxide of the cyclic 2,3-phosphorothioate of D-glycerate (1)gave a mixture of the chirally labelled 2- and 3-phosphorothioates of D-glycerate [(2) and (3)]. Sample (3) was converted directly into glycerol 3- phosphorothioate by the combined action of phosphoglycerate kinase glyceralde- hyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase triose phosphate isomerase and glycerol phos- phate dehydrogenase; this sample was then used as a reference standard to compare the absolute configuration of the [180]thiophosphoryl group resulting from enzyme- catalysed phosphory-transfer reactions involving sample (2).Thus the ['80]thiophosphoryl group of (2) was transferred to ADP to give ATP[y-"O]yS catalysed in turn by enolase and pyruvate kinase. The y-thio- phosphoryl group of ATP[y-'80]yS was subsequently transferred enzymically to glycerol and glucose catalysed by glycerol kinase and hexokinase respectively. The glycerol kinase reaction produced the second sample of glycerol 3-phos- phorothioate directly.The product of the hexokinase reaction glucose 6-phosphoro thioate was also converted into glycerol 3 -phosp horot hioate using phosphoglucose isomerase phosphofructose kinase aldolase triose phosphate isomerase and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase. Finally the sn -glycerol 3-["0 Jphosphorothioate" derived from the three different routes was converted into the corresponding cyclic 2,3-phosphorothioate followed by g.1.c.-m.s. of the trimethylsilyl derivative. This showed that the three p6osphokinases (pyruvate kinase glycerol kinase and hexokinase) transferred the thiophosphoryl group stereospecifically and that each enzyme followed the same overall stereochemical course. This conclusion was also confirmed using the diastereoisomer of (1).The observation that pyruvate kinase catalyses stereospecific transfer of the thio- phosphoryl group of enolpyruvate phosphorothioate to ADP argues against a metaphosphate ion intermediate for this enzyme as proposed by Lowe (see earlier). Although the combined actions of pyruvate kinase and hexokinase and of pyruvate kinase and glycerol kinase proceed with overall retention of configuration of the transferred thiophosphoryl group (based on the presumed opposite absolute configuration of the starting 2- and 3-phosphorothioates of D-glycerate) it is not possible to define precisely the stereochemical course of the individual enzyme- catalysed reactions because the absolute configuration of neither starting cyclic phosphorothioate (1)nor ATP[ y-'80]yS has been determined.5 Adenylate Kinase Adenylate kinase catalyses the unusual phosphoryl-transfer reaction described in Scheme 8. Mg2+ 2ADP eAMP+ATP Scheme 8 The enzyme requires a divalent metal cation for activity usually Mg" and proceeds via a reaction -pathway involving interconversion of two ternary complexes * Named using the Nomenclature of Lipids 'IUB Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents' the Biochemical Society London 1978 p. 122. The systematic name is (2S)-2,3-dihydroxy-propyl['*Olphosphorothioate. Senior Reporter. 404 M. C.Summers E.AMP.MgATP$E.ADP.Mg.ADP. The active site of the enzyme consists of two adjacent nucleotide-binding sites; one site binds AMP and ADP while the other site binds MgATP and MgADP." Recent studies provide a more detailed descrip- tion of the two nucleotide-binding sites.Rao and CohnS6 have described 31P n.m.r. studies of the binding of the potent symmetrical inhibitor diadenosine pentaphos- phate (Ap5A) to pig adenylate kinase. Unbound Ap5A has two 31P resonances centred at 11.1and 22.8 p.p.m. upfield from H3P04 which can be easily assigned to the a,a'phosphorus and P,P' and y phosphorus atoms respectively. In contrast the 31 P n.m.r. spectrum of Ap5A bound to adenylate kinase leads to resolution of all five phosphorus atoms thereby indicating that the symmetric inhibitor binds asym- metrically to the enzyme. Investigation of the effects of the divalent cations Mg" and Mn" provided further evidence of the different binding characteristics of the two nucleotide-binding sites and in particular the specific binding of a metal-nucleotide complex at one site only.Interestingly although the two nucleotide-binding sites are structurally distinct they nevertheless display similar binding characteristics for ATPaS and AMPS. Thus cleavage of ATPaS at the MgATP-binding site occurs only with the A isomer. Similarly MgATP stereospecifically phosphorylates AMPS to give ADPaS(A). Recent stereochemical data furnished by Frey and co-worker~~',~~ and by Burgers and Eckstein5' have a!lowed a more precise stereo- chemical analysis of the adenylate kinase reaction. First Frey et aZ.57 have developed a method to determine the stereochemistry of phosphorylation of ADPPS. This required the synthesis of chiral ADP[p-'80]/3S of known absolute configuration.The analytical procedure is outlined. S 4 S AMP-0-P. AMP-0-g I "a % I".-PO;H 0 0 S AMP-0-P 4 a acetate kinase I '0 b pyruvate kinase a-PO;H Scheme 9 s5 L. Nodain 'The Enzymes' ed. P. D. Boyer 3rd edn. 1973 vol. 8 p. 279. '' B. D. Nageswara Rao and M. Cohn Roc. Nut. Acud. Sci. U.S.A. 1977,74,5355. 57 J. P. Richard H.-T. Ho and P. A. Frey J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1978 100,7756. 58 J. P. Richard and P. A. Frey J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1978 100 7757. 59 P. M. J. Burgers and F. Eckstein Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci.,1978 75,4798. BiologicaE Chemistry Consequently enzyme-catalysed phosphorylation of either the (R)-or (S)-isomer of ADP[P-180]PS can be determined by chemical degradation of the enzymically synthesized ATPPS; the stereospecificity of phosphorylation of one of the oxygen atoms of ADP[&'80]PS can be described by determining whether l80in ATP[P-"O]PS is bridging or nonbridging.Using this approach Frey et ul. confirmed the findings of Jaffe and Cohn4' on the absolute Configuration of the diastereoisomers of ATPPS and of the stereospecificity of phosphorylation of ADPBS catalysed by pyruvate kinase and acetate kinase. Richard and Fre~~~ also used the method of analysis outlined above to determine the stereochemistry of thiophosphoryl group transfer catalysed by adenylate kinase. These workers synthesized chiral ATP[y- '80]yS having the R configuration. This material was subsequently used to thiophosphorylate AMP to give ADP[ P-'"O]PS,catalysed by adenylate kinase.The absolute configuration of the thiophosphoryl group was determined by the method outlined above i.e. acetate-kinase- and pyruvate-kinase-catalysedphosphorylation of ADP[P-'80]PS to give ATP[fl-'80]flS followed by analysis of the non-bridge and bridge distribution of l80.It was found that the thiophosphoryl group was transferred with inversion of configuration. This result suggests direct transfer between ATPyS and AMP without the involvement of a thiophosphoryl-enzyme intermediate. This is outlined in Scheme 10. Scheme 10 Finally Burgers and Ecksteid9 have determined the absolute configuration of the diastereoisomers of ATPaS. The isomer ATPaS(A) has the S configuration and therefore ATPaS(B) has the R configuration.This is shown in Figure 5.22 S4Ado -0-P% I "0-P,O,'0 H Ado-0-P S4 (S)-ATPa S(A) (R)-ATPaS(B) Ado = adenosine Figure 5 Thus it is now possible to define the structure of both ADParS and ATPaS used in the adenylate kinase reaction. It should also be noted that the new structural data allow a more precise description of the reactions catalysed by DNA-dependent RNA polyrnera~e,~~~'~~ phenylalanyl tRNA tRNA nucleotidyl tran~ferase,~~'*~~ ~ynthetase,~' and acetyl-CoA syntheta~e.~' 406 M. C.Summers A consequence of the Haldane relationship6’ is that equilibria between enzyme- bound substrates and products (k,on-enzyme equilibria) may differ markedly from the equilibria observed for the same substrates and products in solution (i.e.off-enzyme or solution equilibria).6’ Rao et a1.62took advantage of the different properties of the two nucIeotide-binding sites of adenylate kinase to measure ‘on-enzyme’ and ‘off -enzyme’ equilibria and the interconversion rate (i.e. phos-phoryl transfer) of the two ternary complexes. It was found that the ‘off-enzyme’ equilibrium constant [ADP][MgADP]/[AMP][MgATP] = 0.38 * 0.05 whereas in the presence of stoicheiometric amounts of enzyme the ‘on-enzyme’ equilibrium constant [E.ADP.MgADP]/[E.AMP.MgATP] = 1.6 indicating a shift in favour of ADP on the enzyme. In addition the rate of interconversion of the two ternary complexes E.AMP.MgATP $E.ADP.MgADP was 690 f50 s-’ for the forward rate and 420 f40 s-’ for the back reaction (cf.ref.63). The interconversion rates are approximately an order of magnitude faster than the overall reaction indicating that the chemical step is not rate-limiting. and Rao et al. have described similar studies on arginine kina~e~~ 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.65 6 Chiral [“01,‘801]Phosphate Monoesters Two publications have appeared on the synthesis and configurational analysis of chiral [1701 180,]phosphate rnonoe~ters.~~~~~ Cullis and Lowe66 have outlined the synthesis of methyl (R)-[’701, ‘801]phosphate (4) and described the chiroptical properties of the disodium salt. Knowles and co-w~rkers~~ have described the synthesis of (2S)-2-hydroxypropyl (R)-[”O1 1801]pho~phate (5). Configurational analysis of (5) was achieved by ring closure to the 2,3-cyclic phosphate ester /0 OH 02H Me0 -P, I=o a followed by methylation of the exocyclic oxygens to give the two diastereoisomeric cyclic methyl esters (6a) and (6b) which were separated by h.p.1.c.(see Scheme 11). 6o J. B. S. Haldane ‘Enzymes’ Longmans Green London 1930. H. Gutfreund and D. Trentham Ciba Found. Symp. 1975,31,69; W. P. Jencks Adv. Enrymol, 1975 43,219; A. R. Fersht ‘Enzyme Structure and Mechanism’ Freeman and Company Ltd. San Francisco 1977. B. D. Nageswara Rao M Cohn and L. Noda J. Biol.Chem. 1978,253,1149. 63 T. R. Brown and S. Ogawa Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,1977 74,3627. 64 B. D. Nageswara Rao D. H. Butlaire and M. Cohn J. Biol. Chem. 1976,251,6981. ‘’B. D. Nageswara Rao M. Cohn and R. K. Scopes,J. Biol. Chem. 1978,253,8056.P.M. Cullis and G. Lowe J.C.S. Chem. Comm. 1978,512. 67 S.J. Abbott S. R. Jones S. -4.Weinman and J. R. Knowles J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1978,100,2558. Biological Chemistry i ring closure; ii methylation Scheme 11 Mass spectrometric analysis of the fragmentation pattern of the two cyclic methyl esters indicated the chirality of the ["O, '801]phosphoryl group before ring closure of (5) to (6). Jones et aL6' have investigated the overall stereochemistry of the phosphoryl- transfer reaction catalysed by the alkaline phosphatase from E. coli. Thephosphoryl group of phenyl (R)-["O1 '*Ol]phosphate (7) was first cleaved by alkaline phos- phatase to give the corresponding phosphoryl-enzyme (8) and then sub-sequently transferred from the enzyme to (S)-propane-l,2-diol as shown in Scheme 12.i alkaline phosphatase Scheme 12 Analysis of the (2s)- 2-hydroxypropyl phosphate by the method outlined in Scheme 11indicated overall retention of configuration of the transferred phosphoryl group; the result is consistent with two displacement reactions each occurring with inversion of configuration. Recently Knowles et al.69have extended their studies by showing that phos- phoryl transfer that is catalysed by glycerol kinase pyruvate kinase hexokinase and adenylate kinase also takes place with inversion of configuration of the transferred phosphoryl group. S. R. Jones L. A. Kindman and J. R. Knowles Nature 1978,275,564. 69 J. R.Knowles British Biophysical Society Winter Meeting December 19-21 1978.Imperial College London. 'O F. M. Raushel P. M. Anderson and J. J. Villafranca J. Biol. Chem. 1978,253.6627.

ISSN:0069-3030    

DOI:10.1039/OC9787500391

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Author Index Aanning H. L. 374 Abbot G. G. 269 Abbott E. H. 13 Abbott S. J. 194 406 Abdulla R. F. 314 Abe S.,245 Abe T. 216 Abercrombie B. D. 6 Aberhart D. J. 340 Abraham E. P. 340 Abramovitch R. A. 84 Abruna H. 144 Acheson R. M. 277 Achiwa K. 99 Adachi M. 209. 241 Adam W. 125,352,354,357 358,359,360,363,364,365 Adams C. 67,68 Adams R. D. 111 Adiwijaja G. 264 Adlington M. G. 181 Adlington R. M. 185 321 Adman E. T. 391 Agawa T. 191 281 Ager D. J. 132 316 Agosta W. C. 154,286 Agranat I. 237,288 Agresti D. G. 6 13 Ahlbrecht H. 122 Ahmad I. 121 Ahsan A. 9 Aigami K. 32 Aihara. J. 199 Ajisaka K. 21 Akashi K. 308 Akasaka K.,16 17 Akhtar M. 187,329,337,338 Akhtar M.H. 46 Akhtar M. N. 230 Akita M. 268 Akiyama S. 237 287 288 Akiyama T. 283 Akutagawa S. 102 Albini. F. M. 39 Al-Borno A. 46 Alexaman V. 317 Alexander C. 76 Alexander D. W. 151 Alexander K. 337 Alexanian V. 186 Al-Hamdany R. 218 Ali B. 218 Al-Khayat I. 16 Alla M. A. 12 Allen G. F. 117 Allen J. K. 334 Allen K. G. 334 Allerhand A. 5 17 Allinger N. L. 24 25 28 30 31,32,292,295 Alper H. 104 111 Alston P. V. 39 Altenbach H.-J. 204 346 Altman L. J. 11 337 Altmann J. A. 95 Altona C. 24 Alvernhe G. 81 Alzkrreca A. 352 Amatore C. 146 Ames A. 317 Amey R. L. 265 Amick D. R. 210 Ammon H. L. 269 Amouroux R. 132 Amupitan J. 121 Anantharamaiah G.M. 372 Anastasi A. 383 Anastassiou A. G. 276 Ancian B. 57 Anciaux A. J. 89 281 Anders R. T. 88 Anderson A. G. 53,212 Anderson D. R. 207 Anderson J. 144 Anderson P. M. 407 Ando K. 139 Ando W. 86 Andose J. D. 25,72 Andrade J. G. 130 Andreatta R. H. 372 Andreetti G. D. 35 Andrich G. 107 Andrieux C. P. 144 Andrus W. A. 323 Anet,F. A. L. 30,38,293,294 338 Ankner K. 140 143 Ansari G. A. S.,349 Ansell H. V. 212 Anselme J.-P. 80 84 Aoyama H. 150 Apgar P. A. 310 Apparu M. 308 Appelman E. H. 275 Arai H. 105 Arase A. 127 Arata Y . 11 Aravaudhan S. 20 Arco M. J. 43 409 Ardebili M. H. P. 31 Arditti J. 343 Arigoni D. 8 Armitage I. M. 5 6 Armstrong V.W. 397 Arndt R. R. 307 Arne K. 126 Arnett E. M. 56,60 Arney J. S.,299 Arnold D. R. 86 149 Aronovitch H. 48.49 Arrhenius T. 192,249 Asao T. 83 Asencio G. 200 Asensio G. 205 Ashby E. C. 124 161 162 167 Ashcroft P. L. 262 Ashe A. J. 120 134,271,276 Askari M. 31 Asrof Ali S.,251 Atkins R. J. 38 Atkins T. J. 263 Atkinson R. S.,38 Atwell W. A. 286 Aue J. P. 19 Aulmich G. 229 Aumann R. 107 Aurivillius B. 34 Ausloos P. 87 Austin W. A. 229 347 Avenati M. 39 Axelson D. E. 5 Ayabe G.-I. 245 Azogu C. I. 84 Baas J. M. A. 30 Bach R. D. 183 Bachi M. D. 249 Bachmann P. 18 19 Baciocchi E. 253 Baciocchi S. A. E. 62 Back T. G. 182,311 Backlund S.J. 128 169 Bacquet C. 135 Baczynskyj L. 349 Backvall J.-E. 310 Bagshaw C. R. 395,398 Bailey D. B. 12 Bailey P. M. 108 Bailey P. S. 167 Bailey T. R. 312 Baillargeon M. 322 Bair K. W. 121 Baird M. C. 106 163 Baitz-Gics E. 130 Baker F. C. 332 Baker J. R.. 267 Baker R. 108 Baker V. J. 266 Bakka A. 12 Bakuzis M. L. F. 180,322 Bakuzis P. 180 322 Baldas J. 332 Baldwin J. E. 121 221 Ballard D. G. H. 100 Ballard D. H. 357 Ban Y.,104 Bandlish B. K. 146 Banerji A. 8 336 Banfield P. 116 Banthorpe D. V. 334 Baranne-Lafont J. 229 Barany F. 154 Barata L. 9 Barbara P. R. 15 Barber G. N. 258 Barclay L. R. C. 72 200 Bard A. J. 145 Barfield M.9 Bargiotti A. 182 Bargon J. 14 Barltrop J. A. 157,243 Barluenga J. 124 162 Barnes C. E. 213,214 Barnes J. F. 262 Barnette W. E. 348 Barony G. 374 Barrau J. 133 Barrelle M. 308 Barrett A. G. M. 159 185 303,321 Barrow K. D. 334 Barsanti P.,304 Bartell. L. S.,24 25. 26 30 Bartetzko R. 244 Bartlett P. A. 172 186 306 Bartlett P.D. 261 Bartlett R. J. 91 Barton D. H. R. 8 134 154 159,182,303,310,311,336 337,365 Barton T. J. 130 131 271 Bassett J. M. 112 Bassfield R. L. 12 Bates M. L.. 343 Battersby A. R. 8 340 341 Baudler M. 248 265 Baudry D. 113 Bauer P. 124 Bauer R. 136 Bauld N. L. 201 292 Bauley H. 309 Baumann H. 234 Baumann M. E. 266 Baumstark A. L.281 Bauschlicher C. W. jun. 85 Baydar A. E. 268 Bayer E. 375 Bayley H. 309 Baxter G. J. 92 Baxter S. G.. 32 Beak P. 61 119 121 189 244,267,322 Beamer R. L. 39 Bearder J. R. 336 Beattie J. K.,14 Becherer J. 37 Beck A. K.,87 Beck J. R. 215 Becker A. R. 205 Becker D. 40 Beckhaus H.-D. 72 73 Begley M. J. 45 193 Behnke W. D. 12 Behrens U. 178,262 Behrman. D. M. 214 Behrman. E. J. 214 Bekmukhamentov R. R. 92 Beletskaya I. P. 119 Belkind B. A. 265 Bell A. 321 Bellamy F. 85 356 Bellasoued M. 125 284 Benati L. 214 Bendall M. R. 14 Ben-David Y.,217 Benhaoua H. 39 Benjamin B. M. 40 Benkeser R. A. 184 Benko D. A. 158 Benkovic S.J. 391 397 Bennett M.A. 99 Benoiton L. 186 Bensaude O. 267 Benson W. R. 228 Bentley R. 392 Benveniste P.,337 Beppu T. 11 Bercaw J. E. 106 Berchtold G. A. 202 Berger M. H. 156 Berger R. A. 275 Berger S.,9 Berges D. A. 282 Bergman J. 255 Bergman R. G. 303 Bergmann M. 382 Berk H. C. 272,291 Berlin K.D. 267 Bernad P. 124,162 Bernadou F. 171 Bernardi F. 199 Bernhard W. A. 76 Bernhardt J. C. 125,313 Bernheim M. 309 Berry M. H. 266 Berson J. A. 41,42,244 299 300 Bertie J. E. 231 246 Bertolino A. 11 337 Bertran J. 39 Bertrand G. 131 Besecke S.,35 1 Bethge P.H. 14 Author Index Bevan P. C. 108 Bewick A. 145,212 Beyerlein A. L. 9 Beynon P. J. 12 Bhakuni D. S.,339 Bickelhaupt F.270 Bieber L. 244 Bieberbach A. 234,286,287 Bielski B. H. J. 156 Bienvenue-Go& E. 65,168 Bigley D. B. 46 Bigot B. 244 246 Bilhou J. L. 112 Biller S.A. 310 Billups W. E. 207 Birch A. J. 212 329 332 Birdsong P.A. 89 Birge R. R. i2 Birke A. 354 Bisacchi G. S.,351 Bischof P.,296 Bishop M. M. 275 Bizzarro F. T. 309 Black D. St.C.. 250 Blacklock T. J. 43 92 300 Blackman G. L. 192 Blackman N. A. 250 Blair K.W. 221 Bland J. 349 Blatcher. P. 122 Bleeke J. R. 99 Bleich H. E. 4 Blinc R. 21 Blobel G. 389 Block E. 131 194,247 250 Blomberg F. 9 Bloodworth A. J. 119 125 354,357,358 Bloomfield. J. J. 38 Blount J. F. 8 32 346 Blum Z. 146 Blumenfeld J.186 Blutcher P. 319 Boar R. B. 159,303,329,337 Bocelli G. 35 Boche G. 47 234 286 287 309 Bocian D. F. 293 Bock J. L. 395 Bock K.,6 Bock M. G. 317,324 Bockmair G. 138 Bodanszky A. 379 Bodanszky M. 379 Bodenhausen G. 18,19 Bodsky N. C. 40 Boeckman R. K.,222 Bohm I. 223 Bohm M. C. 205,289 Boekelheide V. 208,210,223 224,225,235,236,256 Boelkins M. R. 258 Boeyens J. C. A, 286 Boger D. L. 122 239 319 322 Author Index 411 Bohanon J. T. 92 Bolivar F. 387 Bolton J. R. 16 Bond F. T. 87 185,322 Bond M. 11 Bonnaud B. 280 Bonnemann H. 97 Bonnett R. 275 Booth H. 9 340 Borden W. T. 295 Borders D. B. 346 Borgen P. C. 227 Borkent J. H. 230 Bormann W.G. 267 Bos H. J. T. 151 250 Boscacci A. B. 250 Boschung A. F. 156 Bose K. S. 13 Boshart G. 217 Bosnich B. 99 Bosshard H. 266 Boswell G. A. 245 Botto R. E. 244 Bottomley P. A. 21 Bouas-Laurent H. 156 Bouchant M. 133 Boulton A. J. 255 Bourgeois M. J. 359 Bovill M. J. 30 35 Box H. C. 70,76 Boxer M. 157 Boyce M. R. 261 Boyd D. B. 32 Boyd D. R. 202,230 Boyd G. V. 191,268 Boyd R. H. 30 Boyer P. D. 352 391 393 Boyer M. W. 387 Bozell J. J. 117 Brabender W. 350 Braca G. 107 Brachtel G. 269 Bradac J. 242 Bradbury E. M. 6 Bradbury R. 262 Bradley C. A. jun. 23 Bradley C. H. 10 Bradshaw A. P. W. 334,335 Bradsher C. K. 39 Brady K. 252 Brady S.F. 372 Bragin J. 288 Bramwell F.-B. 265 Branca S. J. 320 Branfman A. R. 192 Brant D. A. 24 Brassard P. 220 Brauman J. I. 114 Braun G. 371 Braun M. 260 Braverman S. 254 Breliere C. 229 347 Brewster A. G. 182 31 1 Brich Z. 178 Brinker U:H. 94 Brion F. 232 Briquet A. 5 Brittain W. J. 88 Britten-Kelly M. R. 3 10 Britton G. 338 Brizuela C. L. 358 Brook P. R. 40 Brooker H. R. 21 Brookhart M. 7 Broom N. J. P. 227 Brouwer A. C. 151,250 Brown A. J. 15 Brown B. E. 383 Brown C. 180 Brown F. F. 7 17 Brown G. 371 Brown H. C. 50 51 126 Brown J. M. 100 186 300 Brown K.H. 87 147 Brown M. 208 224 Brown R. A. 121 Brown R. D. 192 Brown R. F. C. 91,92 192 Brown R.T. 340 Brown S. C. 110 Brown T. R. 11,406 Bruckmann P. 296 Briintrup G. 170 Bruice T. C. 205,352 Brumley W. C. 13 Brunken J. 343 Brunsvold W. R. 234,287 Brunton G. 72,200 Bruschi M. 14 Bryan R. F. 346 Bryce-Smith D. 206 Bryson T. A. 5 8 Buchner P. 9 Buchwald S. L. 335 Buck H. M. 201 Buckley D. G. 340 Bucknall G. A. 334 Buckwalter B. L. 282 Budzinski E. E. 76 Biichi G. 260 318 Biihl H. 286 Biirgi H. B. 24 Bunce R. J. 357 Bundy G. L. 280 Bunnett J. F. 215 216 Burgar M. 21 Burger U. 8,209 Burgers P. M. J.. 404 Burgoyne W. 160,303 Burke L. A. 37 Burkert U. 31 32 Burkholder E. G. 227 Burkle W. 183 Burns G. T. 130 271 Burns W. 292 Bursey M.M. 350 Burson R. L. 291 Burton G. W. 49 Burton R. 6 Busby R. J. 244 Buschhaus H. U. 77 133 Bushey D. F. 260 Butcher J. A. jun. 139 Butlaire D. H. 406 Butler A. R. 255 Buttero P. D. 107 Buttioni P. 39 Buttrill S. E. 122 Buytenhek M. 349 Bycroft B. W. 9 340 Byers J. D. 367 Bykhovsky V. Y. 341 Bylina G. S.,357 Caddy P. 108 Cadiz C. 354 Caglioti L. 355 Cahnmann H. J. 350 Caillet J. 34 Cain P. A. 218 Caine D. 184 321 Cainelli G. 114 Cais R. E. 265 Califano S. 27 Calne R. Y. 385 Calo V. 304 Carnaioni D. M. 21 1 Cameron D. W. 219,222 Campbell C. D. 261 Campbell I. D. 6 7 17 Candau S. 273 Cane D. E. 8,334,335,336 Canet D. 10 Canham P. 332 Cam K.105 Cantrell T. S. 151 Caramella P. 39 Carboo D. 79 Card R. J. 112 114 Carde R. N. 84 Cardin A. D. 12 Carganico G. 107 Cargill R. L. 151 Carhart R. E. 329 Carless H. A. J. 156 Carlsen L. 252 Carlsen P. H. J. 40 82 Carnduff J. 35 Carpenter B. K. 37,41 Carpino L. A. 372,377 Carr D. B. 129 324 Carr R. V. C. 356 Carrie R. 39 245 Carrupt P.-A. 39 Carruthers R. J. 234 Carter J. P. 177 310 Carter L. G. 322 Carter R. E. 34 Cartese N. A. 115 Cartwright D. 192 Cary L. 332 Cary L.W. 112 Cary P. D. 6 412 Casanova J. 288 Casellato M. 338 Casey C. P. 106 Casey M. L. 332 Cass A. E. G. 12 Cass M. W. 352 Cassagrande P. 82 Castellan A. 150 Castillo C.L. 11 Castillo R. 337 Catalane D. B. 177 Cattel L. 337 Caubkre P. 79 Cauquis G. 39 136 Cava M. P. 220 Cave A. 12 Cellerino G. 39 Celotti M. 14 Cerfontain H. 155 214 215 Cessac J. 201 292 Chabala J. C. 258 274 Chabaud B. 39 Chalmers A. A. 286 Chaloner P. A.. 100 186 Chamberlin A. R. 87 185 322 Chambers J. Q. 139 Chambers R. 40 Chan H. W.-S. 349 Chan S. J. 389 Chan T. H. 132,169,175 Chan T.-L. 284 Chan T. W. 352 Chan W. H. 186,317 Chan W.-T. 134 271 Chance B. 11 Chandler J. H. 176 Chang C. C. 10,341 Chang D. Y. 32 Chang H.-M. 32 Chang J. C. 232 Chang K.T. 91 Chang M. N. T. 339 Chang S. 30 Chang S. H. M. 32 Chang V. S. 173 Chang Y.C. 352 Chantrapromma K. 44 Chao Y. 226 Chapman G. E. 6 Chapman 0.L. 83,158.271 Chari S. N. 385 Charlwood B. V.,334 Charumilind P. 250 Cheeseman G. W. H. 276 Chen D. M. 13 Chen I. 202 Chen L. C. 268 Chen S.-C. 317 Chen T. R. 213 Cheng C.-H. 106 Cheng Y. S. P. 254 Cheong K. G. 220 Chern C. I. 360 Cherry W. 244 Cherry W. R. 155 Chevrier M. 267 Chiacchio U. 148 Chiba K. 104 Chick M. 332 Chidgey R. 40 Childs R. F. 234 Chin G. J. 402 Chipman D. M. 46,94 Chittattu G. 196 308 Chloupek F. J. 51 Choo Yin C. 111 Chou S.-K. 174 299 Chou T. 312 Chow F. 304 Chow M.-F. 363 Chow Y. L. 75 Chretien J. R. 168 Christensen L. 141 Christofis 0..145 Christopb G.G. 205 Christophe D. 80 Chuit C.. 123 Chujo Y.,350 Chung D. 385 Churchill F. 331 Chwang W. K. 168 Cipiciani A. 253 Cistone F. 160,303 Claramunt R. M. 276 Clardy J. 42 187 291 344 345 Clark J. H. 322 Clark P. 7 Clark T. 120 126,289 Clark T. E. 32 Clavel J. M. 253 Claveni P. 34 Cleland W. W. 401 Clement A. 246 Clementi S. 253 Clennan E. L. 266,267 Clinet J. C. 314 Clive D. L. J. 196 304 308 Close D. M. 76 Closs G. L. 14 15 Clough. R. L. 228 Cocivera M. 21 Coggon P. 345 Cohen S. M. 11 Cohen T. 39,322 Cohn M. 394 395 398 400 404,406 Cole R. J. 331 345 Cole T. 105 Coleman B. 130 133 Coleman J. E. 5 Coleman J. P. 137 Collins C.J. 40 91 Collman J. P. 114 Collum D. B. 317 Colman P. M. 391 Colombo L. 195 Colvin E. W. 120 122 181 309 Author Index Colwell W. T. 193 Comins D. L. 124 189 240 312,319 Conica J. M.,313 362 Con!&R. S. E. 132,305 Conover W. 17 Conrad N. D. 44 Conrad P. C. 122 Conti F. 8 Contreras L. 227 Cook J. C. 385 Cook J. M. 276,291 Cooke F. 280 Cooke M. D. 261 Cookson D. J. 14 Cookson P. G. 76,354 Cookson R. C. 108,315 Coombes R. G. 213 Corbel B. 282 Corbett K. 9,340 Corey E. J. 122 239 309 317,319,322,324,336,360 Corina D. 338 Cornelius R.D. 401 Cornforth J. W. 332 Corson M. 224 Cortes D. 299 Cortese N. A. 116,312 Copeland A. €I. 108 Cote R. 75 Cottrell F.D. 288 Coughlin D. J. 364 Court W. A. 346 Courtis A. 100 Cousse H. 280 Covington J. B. 267 Cox B. G. 16 Cox J. L. 177 Cox P. J. 35 Cox R.E. 330 Cox R. H. 331 Coxon A. C. 275 Crabtree R.H. 98 Cradwick P. D. 35 Cragg G. M. 120 Craig T. 258 Cram D. J. 217,226,275,277 Cram J. M. 226,277 Cramer F. 398 Crandall D. C. 351 Craveiro A. A. 282 Cravey W. E. 79,209 Crawford H. T. 234,273 Crea R. 387 Creary X. 89 280 Creed D. 350 Creedon V. 213 Cremer D. 231 Crisp T. M. 287 Crosby J. 262 Cross B. E. 336 Cross P. C. 23 Crossland N. M. 154 323 Crossley M. J. 219 Crow W. D. 345 Author Index Csizmadia I. G. 95 Cudd. M. A. 357 Cue B. W.261 Cueto O. 352,365 Cuffe J. 89 254 Cullen W. R. 100 Cullis P. M. 194,406 Culos K. O. 222 Cuong N. K. 229 Cuppen T. J. H. M. 230 Currie J. K. 104 Curtis N. J. 308 Cushley R. J. 16 Cynkowski T. 205 Czeropski M. S. 14 Czerwinski E. W. 14 Dach R. 269 Dadson W. M. 206 Dailey R. G. jun. 346 Daka M. R. 42 Dalessandro J. 160 303 Dalton J. R. 151 Damji S.W. H. 21 Danen W. C. 75,244 Dang H. P. 161,305 Daniewski W. M. 39 Danishefsky S. 207 326 Darby N. 287 Darling D. S. 341 Darlington W. H. 117 da Rocha J. F. 276 Dauben W. G.. 290 Davahan D. 208 Davidson A. H. 321 Davidson E. R. 295 Davidson R. B. 297 Davies A. G. 76 77 78 133 354,355 Davies D. I. 70 Davies K.L. 249 Davis R. E. 13,229 347 Davy J. R. 224 Dawson J. R. 280 Dawson M. J. 11 Dax F. 303 Day A. C. 157,243 Day C. S.,106 Day J. C. 74 75 Day V. W. 106 De Acco G. J. 236 Deady L. W. 277 Dean F. M. 16 de Boer E. 13,20 de Boer J. W. M. 13 Decesare J. M. 282 Dechter J. J. 10 12 Decius J. C. 23 Declercq J. P. 139 202 247 Decock-le-Reverend. B. 90 Deeming A. J. 111 Defoin A. 229 de Gasparo M.. 389 Degenhardt C. R. 205 de Gournay A. H. 109 Dockerill B. 334 336 DeGraw J. I. 193 Doddrell D. 14 Dehmlow E. V. 86 Dorre R. 256 de Jong F. 217,275 Dolak T. M.,222 Dekerk J.-P. 247 Dolan J. G. 90 del Fierro J. 363 Doldouras G. A. 81 303 Della Vecchia L. 239 Doleschall G.240 Dell’ Erba C. 241 Dolphin D. 352 Delmau J. 5 Domagala J. M. 183 Deluca M. 352 Domeier L. A. 226,275 de Mayo P. 150 Domelsmith L. N. 37 39,45 de Meijere A. 206 205,326 Demerseman P. 253 Dominguez E. 254 Demuth M. R. 346 Domnin I. N. 92 Dendramics A. 86 Donovan D. J. 54 den Hollander J. A. 11 155 Dorie J. 9 de Nie-Sarink M. J. 179 Dorner J. W. 331 Denis J. N. 196 Dorton M. A. 90 Denney D. B. 265 DoSen-MibviC L. 3 1 Denney D. Z. 265 Dotz K. H. 107 Denniss I. S. 4 Doucet J. P. 57 Denny C. T. 9 Dougherty D.A. 8,30,31,32 Denny R. W. 360 201 DePuy C. H. 12 Doughty D. H. 104 Dermuth M. 132 Dourtoglu V. 240 de Roch 1. S. 167 Dousse G. 133 Deronzier A, 136 Doyle M. P. 258 Dervan P. B. 80,245 Doyle T. D. 228 Des Abbayes.H.. 104 Drabowicz J. 196 398 Descotes G. 100 Drakenberg T. 12 Deshayes H. 159 Draper M. R. 214 Deshmukh P.V. 185 Dreiding A. S.,82 245 de Silva S. O. 121 Drew M. G. B. 38 Desio P. J.. 119 Drewes H. R.. 210 241 Desraux J. F. 13 Driessen P. B. J. 298 Desvergne J.-P. 156 Driggs R. J. 125 de Tar D. F. 33 Duar Y. 254 Detellier C. 186 Dubay G. R. 9 Detty M. R. 296 299 300 Dubois J.-E. 30,65 168 267 Devaquet A. 244,246 Dubs P. 180 Devrant E. 234 Diirner G. 154 de Vries L. 87 Durr H. 79,279 301 Devrout E. 273 Dumont W. 304,307 Dewar M. J. S. 37,44,46 12 6 Dunaway-Mariano D. 39 Dewick P. M. 338 Duncan D. P. 248 de Wolf W. H. 11,337 Dunitz J. D. 24 Diaz A. F. 144 Dunkelblum E. 294 Diaz S. 354 Dunkin I. R.250 Diederich F. 158 236 Dunlap R. B. 5.8 Dieter R. K. 9 Dunn L. C. 39 232 Dieters J. A. 32 Dunn R. M. 242 Dietrich B. 274 Duplan J. C. 5 Dietrich-Buchecker C. 92 Durand M. 90 Dietsche. T. J. 117 165 Durst T.,282 Dillon P.W. 46 Du Vernet R. B. 236 Ding J. Y. 353 Du Vigneaud V. 374 Dionne G. 322 Dux F. 160 Dirlam J. P. 261 Dvorak P. 249 Disselnkotter H. 306 Dyke S. F. 212 Dix J. P. 275 Dykestra C. E. 91 Dixon D. A. 299 Djerassi C. 329 344 Eaborn C. 62 Dmitrienko G. I. 352 Eaker D. W. 156 Dobashi S. 362 Ealick S.E. 267 Dobson C. M. 6,7 12 17 Eargle D. H. jun. 393 Earnshaw C. 321 Easton N. R. 338 Eastwood F. W. 91 192 Easwaran K. R. K. 4 Eaton P. E. 298 Ebata M. 9 Eberlein T. H.177 Eberson L. 137 144 146 Eccleston J. F. 395 398 Eckert J. 373 Eckes L. 52 Eckstein F. 396 397 398 401,404 Eckstein Z. 276 Edelblut A. W. 84 Edmond J. 338 Edwards G. J. 212 Egestad B. 255 Eggelte H. J. 358 364 Egger N. 82,245 Egglestone D. L. 106 Ehlers J. 178 262 Ehrenberg L. 21 Ehrig V. 365 Eichenauer H.,186,240 Eickman N. 345 Einhorn J. 135 Eisch J. J. 119 132 Eisenberg R. 106 Eisenstein S. 341 Eisler K. 372 389 Eissenstat M. A. 178 320 Eiter K. 306 Ejchart A. 398 Eklund N. 255 Ekundayo O. 334 Eldeeb A. M. 40 Elgavish G. A. 13 Elguero J. 276 Eliel E. L. 195 267 Ellerman J. 248 Elliott R. C. 258 Ellis P. D. 5 8 12 Elmore N. F. 277 Elschenbroich C.222 Elvidge J. A. 11 Emoto S. 188 Encinas M. V. 153 Enders D. 186 240,269,319 Engberts J. B. F. N. 34 Engel Ch. R. 322 Engel P. S. 41 Engelhard M. 379 Engelhardt G. 12 Engels R. 142 Engler E. M. 25 32 72 Englert G. 338 Enkaku M. 272 Ennis M. D. 247 Entwistle I. D. 115 Ephritikhine M. 113 Epiotis N. D. 199 Erasmuson A. 336 Erden I. 364 Erenrich E. S.,397 Erhardt J. 156 Erickson B. W. 378 Ericsson L. H. 387 Eriksen J. 156 Ermer O. 24,27 30 Ernest I. 249 Ernst B. 292 Ernst R. 343 Ernst R. R. 13 15 18 19 Erspamer V. 383 Erwin R. W. 185 Espersen W. G. 14 Estreicher H. 309 Etienne R. 209 Evans B. R. 218 Evans C. A. 16 Evans D.A. 218,233 Evans D. H. 267 Evans F. E. 11 Evans G. E. 330 Evans J. 110 Evans R. 336 Everly C. R. 214 Evers J. Th. M. 148 Ewing G. 225 Ewing G. D. 272 Faber D. H. 24 Fachinetti G. 106 Fackler J. P. 12 Fagan P. J. 106 Falwin H.-P. 380 Fang T.-S. 153 Fantina M. E. 88 FBrcaSiu M. 32 Fargher J. M. 81 Farkas L. V. 177 Farney R. F. 6 1 189 Farrell P.G. 63 Fatiadi A. 277 Fattorusso E. 344 Faulkner D. J. 344 Fayos J. 291 345 Fazakerley G. V. 14 Fazal N. A. 76 Feder H. M. 106 Fedoruk N. A. 256 Feit B. A. 61 Feldrnan K. 398 Felix A. M. 373 Felkin H. 113 Fell E. 372 Fenical W. 344 Fenson D. J. 14 Fenton D. E. 145 Ferguson I. J. 266 Fernandez-Alonso J.I. 39 Ferreira D. 310 Ferrell T. M. 167 Ferscht A. R. 406 Fessenden R. W. 71 Feutrill G. I. 219 Feyer P. 370 Fiaud J. C. 109 Field C. D. 17 Author Index Field D. J. 42 Field G. F. 309 Fields T. R.,147 Filby J. E. 353 Filipescu N. 228 Filippo J. S. 360 Filliatre C. 359 Finer J. 344 Fink M. L. 379 Finke R. G. 114 Fiorentino M. 214 Firouzabadi H. 182 311 Fisch M. H. 343 Fischer A. 214 Fischer C. 232 Fischer C. R. 297 Fischer H. 72 73 Fischer R. R. 5 8 Fitzell D. L. 331 347 Fitzwater S. 26 Fleet G. W. J. 312 Fleming I. 40 132 316 326 Fleming M. P. 164 314 Fletcher D. 182 Fletcher I. J. 277 Fletcher J. L. 20 Fletcher S.R. 191 Flick B.H. 343 Flippen J. L. 351 Flitsch W. 276 Floch L. 261 Floriani C. 106 Floss H. G. 340 341 Floyd D. 317 324 Fohlisch B. 232 Fogle P. T. 8 Fookes C. J. R. 340 Foote C. S. 156 362 Forbes I. 221 Forbus T. R. 89 Ford G. P. 46 Ford P. C. 106 Foreman J. C. 398 Forsyth D. A. 16 200 Foster R. 299 Fouad F. M. 63 Fowall M. J. 311 Fowler F. W. 267 Fowler K. W. 217 Fox D. P. 91 Foxman B. M. 224 Fraenkel-Conrat H. 382 Fraga B. M. 336 Franck R. W. 30 Francke A. 349 Franck-Neumann M. 92 232 Francois V. P. 352 Frangin Y. 125 284 Frank W. C. 116 Fray G. I. 38 Frazier C. C. 105 106 Frechet J. M. J. 31 1 Fredericks S. 298 Freeman H. C. 14,391 Freeman R. 18 19 Author Index Freeman W.J. 243 Freitag H.-A. 289 French N. 1.. 220 French S. J. 332 Frey P. A. 398,404 Friedrich E. 186,240 Frimer A. A. 354 Fristad W. E. 312 Fritz H. P. 86 138 Fritzen E. 174 Frobese A.S. 184 321 Fruchey 0.S. 52 Fry A. 49 Fry J. L. 181 Frykland L. 390 Fryzuk M. D. 99 Fu P. P. 205 226,229,230 Fu W. Y.,156 157 Fuchs P. L. 122 Fuzesi L. 166 Fuhr K. H. 314 Fuhrhop J.-H.,351 Fuji K. 313 Fujii N. 383 Fujii T. 283 Fujikura Y. 32 Fujino M. 378 Fujita E. 313 Fujita M. 338 Fujita Y.,113 Fujiwara S. 11 Fujiwara T. 269 Fukui K. 287 Fukumi H. 268 Fukuyama K. 149 Fukuyama T. 182 Fuller C. J. 312 Fullerton T. J. 117 165 Funfschilling P.C. 12 Funk M. O. 359 Furek Z. 242 Furstoss R. 75 Fyfe C. A. 20 21 Fyles D. L. 274 Fyles T. M. 274 Gabel R. A. 215,239 Gadaginamath G. S. 230 Gadian D. G. 11 Gaeta F. C. A. 275 Gagnaire D. 8 Gagnan. J. 387,389 Gais H.-J. 317 380 Gajewski J. J. 44 299 300 Galdes A. 12 Gall J. M. 215 Galluicci,J. C. 32 Gammill R. B. 207 Ganem B. 199,203,317,338 Gannett T. P. 152 Gansow 0.A. 13 Ganter C. 292 Garbers C. F. 286 Gardiner L. J. 42 300 Garratt J. L. 212 Garratt P. J. 208 231 254 Garrett P. E. 346 Garson M. J. 8 329 330 Garssen G. J. 15 Gasic G. P. 348 Gaspar P. P. 87 Gasparrini F. 355 Gassman P. G. 210 241 Gassner M. 17 Gates B. C.110 Gatrone R. C. 39 251 Gattegno D. 8 Gaudemar M. 125,284 Gauldie J. 385 Gearhart R. C. 243 Gebauer H. 138 Gedge D. R. 193 Geevers J. 251 Geeves M. A. 393 Geiger R. 381 Geiser F. 367 Gelbard G. 186 Gelin S. 188 Gellert R. W. 75 Gennari C. 195 George A. V. E. 151,250 Georgoulis C. 51 Geraldes C. F. G. C. 12 Geresh S. 186 Gerig J. T. 5 Gerlach H. 323 Gerlach R.,43 Germain G. 139 202,247 Gerson F. 42 Gersonde K. 14 Getman D. 92 Ghaderi E. 182 31 1 Ghera E. 217 Giacherio D. 157 Giacomelli G. 171 Giam C. S. 239 Gibbons W. A. 6 Gibbs H. W. 214 Gibian M. J. 360 Gibson D. T. 230 Gibson K. H. 279,332 348 Gieren A. 260 Giese B. 73 87 Gilbert A.38 157 206 Gilchrist T. L. 269 Gill G. B. 45 46 Gillard J. 221 Gillespie,R. J. 16,89,253,254 Gilmore C. J. 346 Gilmore D. W. 354 359 367 Gilon C. 15 Ginsburg D. 38 Gisin B. F. 375 Gisler M. R.,81 Givens R.S. 158 223 Gladysz J. A. 106 114 Glasel. J. A.. 4 Glaser. R. 186 Glass J. D. 376 Gleim R. D. 220,355 Gleiter R. 205 206,244,279 289,296 Glickson J. D. 6 13 Glidewell C. 255 Glover S. A. 75 Glynn P. 11 Go A. 16 Goad L. J. 337,338 Goddard R. 101 103 Godel T. 150,325 Godleski S. A. 33 Goel A. B. 124,161 GBlz H.-J. 234 273 Goemer R. 221 Goff H. 14 Gokel G. W. 217,275 Gold V. 67,68 Goldberg O. 249 Goldhill J. 132 316 Golding B. T. 300 Golding J.G. 213 Goldmann S.,43 Goldsmith B. 160 303 Goldstein M. J. 300 Golebiewski W. M. 339 Golembeski N. M. 111 Golinski J. 215 Gollnick K. 342 Golob N. F. 282 Gombatz K. J. 261 Gombos-Visky Z. 130 Gompper R. 91 Goodwin T. W. 337,338 Goody R. S. 396,398 Goosen A. 75 Gopalan R. 315 Gopichand Y. 250 Gordon M. D. 39 Gordon S. L. 5,6 Gorman R. R. 349 Gorst-Allman C. P.,331 Gosselin P.,189 314 Gosteli J. 249 Goto S. 164 Goto T. 341 352 Gotthardt H. 151 250 260 Gouesnard J. P. 9 Gould S. J. 10 121 341 Goure. W. F. 131 Gowland F. W. 68 Graczyk D. G. 49 Grandmaison J.-L.,220 Granot J. 13 Granoth I. 264 Grant D. M. 14 Gras J.-L. 314 Gray J. A. 72 200 Gray R.,208 224,235 Gray R.T. 332 Grayson B. T. 180 Grayston M. W. 164 Greaves G. M. 334 Green F. R.,172 306 Green J. G. 9 Green M.. 102 108 Green M. L. H. 101 Greene F.D. 41 244 Greengrass C. W. 249 Greenlee W. J. 325 Gregorio G. 107 Greig C. C. 214 Gribble A. D. 108 Grieco P. A. 113 Griffin I. M.. 357 Griffin R.G. 20 Griffiths,P. G. 219 Grigg R. 178,251 Griller D. 72 73 200 Gross A. 249 Gross B. 240 Grovenstein E. jun. 42 119 Grubmuller B. 40 Grubbs R.H. 113 Gruenbaum W. T. 152 Grundon M. F. 199,334 Guaciaro M. A. 320 Gualtieri J. A. 309 Guenot P. 39 Gunther B.-R. 59 Guerra M. 199 Gugel H. 286 Guggisberg A. 274 GuibC-Jampel,E. 371 Guillaumel J.253 Guittet E. 322 Gund P. 33 Gunning H. E. 246 Gupta R. K. 5 Gurke A. 226 Guschlbauer W. 4 Guss J. M. 391 Gust D. 6 Gustavsson H. 12 Gutfreund H. 398,406 Guthrie J. P. 66 Gutowski J. A. 334 Guy M. H. P. 32 35 Gygax R. 295 Haar W. 397 Habeeb J. J. 145 Habener J. F. 389 Haber A. 341 Habercorn R. A. 20 Hache K. 154 Hackenberger A. 79 Hackney D. D. 393,395 Haddadin M. J. 276 Haddon R. C. 244,265 Haeberlen U. 20 Hagen D. S. 5 Hagen J. P.,43 Hagenmaier H. 375 Hagihara N. 111 Hagiwara D. 370 Hagmann W. K. 156 Hahn J. 248 Hahn N. 263 Hahn R. C. 45 Haider R. 296 Haire M. J. 245 Haldane J. B. S.,406 Halegona S. 389 Haley M. 46 94 Halgren T.A. 299 Hall E. A. H. 142 Hall J. H. 81 Hall L. D. 3 4 6 Hall M. S. 332 Hallett A. 370 Halley B. A. 5 Hallmark R. K. 220 Halpern A. 342 Halstead T. K. 20 Halton B. 206 Hamaguchi H. 139 Hamberg M. 349 Hamelin J. 251 Hamilton R. 230 Hammerschmidt E. 230 Hammond P. S. 223 Han C. Y. 11,337 Hanack M. 52.279 Hanafusa T. 157 Handal J. 30 Handy G. 11,337 Haneda A. 39 Hanes R. M. 106 Hanessian S. .13 182 Hanisch P. 334 Hanley R. N. 269 Hansen H. J. 260,277 Hansen R. T. 129,324 Hanson J. M. 385 Hanson J. R. 334 335,336 Hanson P. 261 Hara S. 128 316 Harada K. 179 Harada T. 324 Harding P. J. C. 312 Hardy P. M. 375 Hargreaves R.T. 49 Harirchian B.326 347 Harnish J. 202 Harpp D. N. 175 Harris C. M. 331 Harris D. J. 158 Harris J. M. 33 51 Harris P. L. 4 Harris R. K. 7 Harris T. D. 210 Harris T. M. 190,331 Harrison J. I. 86 Harrit N. 244 246 Harruff L. G. 208,224 Hart D. J. 218 233,290 Hart H. 294 Hart P. 295 Hart P. A. 401 Hartan H. 152 Hartmann A. 92 390 Harvey R. G. 205 226 229 230 Author Index Harwood L. M. 220 Hasan I. 267 Hasegawa T. 150 Hashida Y. 216 Hashiguchi,S.,318 Hashimoto H. 102 103,321 Hashimoto K. 184 Haslam E. 338 Haslinger E. 5 Hassel T. 121 191 Hassner A. 186,281,317 Hastings J. W. 352 Hastings R. H. 156 Hatanaka N. 92 148 Hatano H. 16 Hauck A. E. 239 Hausberg H.H. 239 Hauser F. M. 227 Hautala R. R. 156 Hawkes G. E. 8,9 10 Hay R. S. 16 Hayakawa Y. 114,233 Hayashi T. 109 117 Hayes J. M. 124 Hayes R. A. 41 Haymore B. L. 84 Haynes R. K. 365,366 Hayoshi T. 383 Hazelhof E. 349 Healy P. C. 14 Heasley G. E. 168 Heasley V. L. 65 168 Heck,R.F. 115,116,209,312 Heckendorf A. H. 340 Hedden P. 336 Hediger M. 275 Hegarty A. F. 252 Hegedus B. 249 Hegedus L. S. 117,218 Hehre W. J. 37 Heidenhain F. 47 Heimer E. P. 373 Heimgartner H. 260 Heiser B. 148 Heitzmann M. 208 Helgee B. 137 146 Helgeson R. C. 226,275 Hellmann G. 72 Hellwinkel,D. 229 Helmick L. S. 61 189 Helmkamp G. K. 234 273 287 Helquist P. 115 124 161 172,305,321 Hemingway R.J. 345 Henderson G. N. 214 Hendrick M. E. 90 Hendrickson J. B. 24 30 Heme A. 155 Henning R.. 122 181 Hennion G. F. 174 Herak J. N. 77 Herd K. J. 254 Herlem M. 137 Hernandez L. 40 Author Index Hernandez M. 336 Herndon W. C. 38 Herranz E. 310 Herrin T. R. 192 Herrmann H. 223 Herron N. R. 71 Hershkowitz E. 258 Herz W. 347 349 Herzberg G. 23 Herzfeld,J. 20 Hess B. A. 237,288 Hess J. 34 Hesse M. 274.277 Hettrich G. 372 Heuschmann M.,248 Hevesi L. 304,307 Heyneher M. L. 387 Hibino S. 3 12 Hickey M. J. 30 Hienuki Y. 296 Higashiyama K. 10 Higgs M. D. 344 Higuchi K. 265 Hilbers C. W. 13 15 Hildenbrand P. 237 Hilderbrandt R.L. 30 Hill E. A. 119 Hill H. A. O. 12 Hill H.D. W. 4 Hill J. R. 8 Hill R. A. 8 329 Hill T. L. 24 26 Hillstrom W. W. 188 Hinckley C. C. 13 Hinde A. L. 199 Hindman D. 25 Hiner S. 207,326 Hino T. 351 Hinsberg W. D. 80,245 Hinshaw W. S. 21 Hirao T. 313 Hiras A. 105 Hirasawa H. 253 Hirata Y. 164 Hiremath S. P. 276 Hirobe M. 10 256 Hirose T. 387 Hirose Y. 245 Hirota K. 83 Hirotsu K. 344 Hirsch J. A. 292 Hirschmann R. 372 Hirsekorn F. J. 99 Hisada R. 84 Hisatome M. 366 Hitchcock P. B. 255 Hiyama T. 123,284. 320 Hlubucek J. R. 332 Ho H.-T. 404 Hoberg H. 129 Hochman J. 5 Hodder. D. J. 219 Hodes. H. D. 107 Hodges R. 332 Hodges R.S. 376 Hodgkinson L. C. 220 Hofle G. 317 Honig H. 25 Hoesch L. 82,245 Hoffman D. H.,217,226 Hoffmann H. M.R. 40 Hoffmann R. W. 37,43,92 Hogeveen H. 201,298 Holbert G. W. 203 Holick W. 249 Holker J. S. E. 330 331 Holland G. N. 21 Hollenstein R. 8 Hollis D. P.,11 Holloway R. L.,201 292 Hollywood F. 158 Holm A. 246,252 Holm R. H. 14 Holmes D. R. 262 Holmes K. C.. 17 Holmes R. R. 32 Holroyd R. A. 156 Holton J. 100 Holy N. L. 98 Hombo T. 269 Hong P.,111 Hooper M. 276 Hooz J. 172 313 Hopf H. 222 223 Hopkins T. A. 352 Hoppe I. 239 Horhammer R. 34 1 Hori A. 21 1 Hori T. 167 307 Horiguchi Y. 271 Horikawa H.,135 Horikawa T. T. 5 Horrocks W. de W.13 Horsewood P. 339 Hoshino M. 80 Hoskin D. H. 87 Hosokawa T. 109 Hosomi A. 321 Hotta Y. 304 Houalla D. 264 Houk K. N. 37 39 45 205 232,236,326 Hounshell W. D. 30 31 133 House H. O. 185 Howard B. M. 344 Howard C. C. 323 Howarth 0.W. 15 Howe R. S. 177 Howes P.D. 236 Hoz T. 164 Hrnjez B. J. 116 Hsieh D. P. H. 331 347 Hsu Y. F. 265 Hu A. 394 Huang J. 99 Huang R. C. C. 398 Hubbard J. S. 190 Huber W. 42 Hubert A. J. 89,281 Huddleston J. A. 340 Hudson R. F. 180 Huesmann P.L. 39 Huestis L. D. 263 Huet F. 313 Hiittermann J. 76 Huguenin R. 385 Huhn M.,249 Hui,R.A. H. F. 182 311 Huler E. 34 Hull R. 158 Hull W. E. 8 9 398 Humbel R. E. 390 Hummel J.P. 31 32 Humphreys R. W. R. 86 Hunadi R. J. 287 Hunt J. H. 276 Hunt K. 40 Hunter R. 8 336 Huselton J. K. 87 Huss 0.M. 151,250 Husson H. P. 340 Huszthy P. 264 Hutchings M. G. 120 Hutchings S. D. 309 Hutchins R. O. 160 303 Hutchinson C. R. 340 Huurdeman W. F. J. 201 Huynh-Dinh T. 4 Ibata T. 253 Ibers J. A. 310 Ichikawa K. 313 Ichikawa M. 110 Ichikawa T. 382 Ichikizaki I. 381 Idacavage M. J. 161 Iden R. 38 Igersheim F. 167 Igolen J. 4 Igura T. 82 Iio H. 341 Ikeda M. 269 Ikeda S. 372 Ikegami Y. 216 Ikeguchi M. 183 Imagawa T. 39,154,283 Imaoka M. 163 Imfeld M. 8 Inagaki F. 13 Inagaki Y. 263 Inamoto N. 263 Inamoto Y. 32 Inbar S.153 Ingold K. U. 72,73,200 Inoue M. 150 Inoue T. 338 Inoue Y. 102 103 148 Inouye M. 389 Inouye S. 389 Inubishi T. 9 15 16 Iqbal M. Z. 105 Iranmanesh H. 90 Irie H. 324 Iroff L. D. 31 133 Irving C. S. 10 418 Isaac R. 359 Isako T. 157 Ishibashi H. 268 Ishida M. 191 281 Ishikawa N. 123 Iskikian J. A. 65 168 Ishiwari H. 283 Ishizumi K. 203 Iskander M. N. 224 Isobe K. 253 Isomura K. 245 Isowa Y. 370 382 Isslieb K. 263 Itakura K. 387 Ito H. 381 Ito Y. 92 313 363 Itoh M. 127 140 145 279 370 Itoh Y. 103 Ivin K. J. 101 129 Iwamoto H. 324 Iwamura H. 95,225,226 Iwasaki M. 76 Iwasaki T. 135 Iwata C. 290 Iyengar R. 334 Jackman D.E. 249 Jackman G. P. 91 Jackman L. M. 8 Jackson A. E. 115,372 Jackson A. H. 214 Jackson D. K. 218 Jackson G. I. 14 Jackson R. 100 Jacob E. J. 30 Jacobi P. A. 258 Jacobs D. 15 Jacobs R. 8 Jacobson B. 244 Jacobson N. 223 Jacobson S. E. 310 Jacobus J. 8,9 Jacobus W. E. 11 Jacques D. 338 Jacquesy R. 251 Jaffe E. K. 398,400 Jafri J. A. 231 295 Jaiswal D. K. 11 Jakoby W. B. 391 Jakovac I. J. 189 Jakubke H.-D., 381,382 James B. R. 97,308 James T. L. 6 12 Janezic D.,242 Jansen M. 269 Janusz J. M. 42 205 300 Jardetzky O. 17 Jarrell M. S. 110 Jarvis B. B. 269 Jaxa-Chamiec A. A. 207 Jefford C. W. 156 Jeffs P. W. 339 Jencks W. P. 406 Jendralla H.46 57 Jensen F. R. 292 Jensen L. H. 391 Jeremic D. 8 Jerina D. M. 204 230 Jessup P. J. 326 Jigajinni V. B. 128 Johl A. 390 John K. C. 130 Johnson D. B. 339 Johnson D. E. 5 151 Johnson D. F. 14 Johnson F. H. 352 Johnson L. F. 5 Johnson M. D. 97 Johnson R. A. 349,359,360 Johnson R. D. 341 Johnson R. P. 45 Johnston M. D. 14 292 Johnston P. D. 7 Johnstone R. A. W. 115,312 372 Jolly P. W. 103 Jones A. J. 17,334 Jones C. R. 6 187,329 Jones D. W. 38,42 Jones G. 84 Jones G. W. 91 Jones J. B. 189 Jones J. H. 379 Jones J. R. 11 Jones M. jun. 87,90,94 130 133,222 Jones P. R. 119 Jones R. A. Y. 226 Jones R. C. F. 192 Jones S. R. 194,402,406,407 Jones W. D.303 Jones W. M.,92,233 Jordan J. 137 Jordan P. M. 187,329 Joseph T. C. 75 Joucla M. 251 Joukhadar L. 159,303 Joyce C. J. 262 Joyce M. A. 87 Juaristi E. 267 Judy K. J. 332 Julia S. 322 Jung. M. E. 220 Jurzak J. 398 Kabalka G. W. 40 176 Kabuto K. 14 Kaden T. A. 275 Kagan H. B. 109 186 Kai Y. 287 Kainosho M. 21 Kaito M. 169 Kaji A. 317 Kaji R. 149 Kajiwara M.,187 329 Kakui T. 131 165 307 Kalbacher H. 371 Kallen R. G. 67 Kalman J. R. 6 Author Index Kalmbacher J. G. 350 Kalo J. 38 Kaloy K. 249 Kalsotra B. L. 97 276 Kalyanasundaram S. K. 159 Kamber B. 372,389 390 Kametani T. 276 Kamikama Y. 248 Kamiya T. 370 Kammula S.L. 222 Kamp D. 225 Kanakura A.320 Kanaoka Y.,149 Kanazawa K. K. 144 Kandasamy D. 160 303 Kan-Fan C. 340 Kang H.-C. 105 Kanner C. B. 251 Kano S. 172 312 Kao J. 32,296 Kapil R. S. 339 Kaplan L. 275 Kaplan L. J. 217 226 Kaplan M. L. 244,265 Kaplan N. O. 11 Kapovitz I. 264 Kaptein R. 15 Karas L. J. 180 305 Karel K. J. 7 Karle J. M. 230 339 Karpf H. 229 Karras M.,132 305 Karrenbrock F. 141 Kasai N. 287 Kasamatsu Y. 82 Kashimura S. 142 143 281 Kasmai H. S.. 276 Kasuga K. 318 Katada T. 192 Katakawa J. 324 Kataoka Y. 179 Kates M. R. 8 54 Kato S. 192 Kato T. 82 Katritzky A. R. 266 Katsaros M. G. 74 Katz A. M.,49 Katz T. J. 97 Kaufmann D. 42,206,232 Kaupp G. 87,147,151 Kausch M.301 Kauser A. R. 13 Kawakami Y. 154 Kawanisi M. 39 154,283 Kawano K. 9 Kawata K. 176 Kay I. T. 191 Kayama Y. 361 Kearns D. R. 360 Keck G. E. 152 Keehn P. M.,224 Kees K. L. 164 Keifer L. 41 Keim P. 389 Keim W. 101 Author Index Keinan E. 117 Keller O. 370 Keller P. C. 259 Kelly D. P. 57 Kelly T. R. 221 Kelstrup E. 332 Kemal C. 352 Kemp B. 389 Kemp D. S. 258,274,375 Kemp J. 178 251 Kennewell P. D. 207 Kenney J. W. 91 Kent G. J. 33 Kenyon G. L. 393 Kerdesky F. A. J. 220 Kern C. W. 86 Kessar S. V. 226 Khaled Md. A. 5 Khalil. H. 280 Khan J. A. 125,357,358 Khan M. A. 276 Khay Chuan Teo 214 Khosrowshahi J. S. 255 Kienzle F.215 Kihara H. 225 Kim S. 391 Kim Y. C. 116 Kimura T. 183 Kinashita T. 330 Kindman L. A. 407 King A. D. 105,106 King A. O. 117,129,160,305 King F. D. 81 132 King M. E. 213 King R. B. 105 106 Kinney R. J. 303 Kira M. 293 Kirby A. J. 8 Kirby G. W. 340 Kirchen R. P. 54 55,292 Kirksey J. W. 345 Kirmse W. 46 57 59 Kirschner S. 44 Kise H. 81 Kishi Y. 182 Kishimura K. 128 316 Kitada C. 378 Kitadani M. 75 Kitagawa S. 38 253 Kitahara Y. 92 361 Kitamura M. 303 Kitamura T. 154 Kitazume T. 265 Kitchin J. P. 134 182 311 Kiyokawa H. 268 Klarner F.-G. 42 Klausner Y.S. 372,379 Klebach T. C. 270 Kleijn H. 176 314 Klein J. 88 Klein M. P. 10 Klemperer W.G. 7 Klessen C. 381 382 Klessinger M. 296 Klima W. E. 117,169,305 Klinkert G. 276 Klinman J. P. 391 Kloek J. A. 177 Klunenberg H. 135 Klun R. T. 151,152 Knapp F. F. 337 Knapp K. K.,259 Kneen G. 42 Knight A. F. 52 Knorr H. 279 Knowles J. R. 194 309 402 406,407 Knowles W. S. 186 Knox W. R. 113 Kobayashi K. 80,87,290 Kobayashi M. 265 Kobayashi R. 114 Kobayashi Y. 284 Koch K. R. 120 Koch T. H. 207 Kocher W. D. 74 Kocienski P. J. 304 Kodama H. 129,163 171 Kodato S. 351 Koelsch P. M. 233 Koenig K. E. 186 Koenig T. 74 232 Konig W. 381 Konnecke A. 256 Koga H. 256 Koga K. 226,275 Kogure T. 99 Kohda T. 158,225 Kohler F. 14 Kohn H. 250 Kolc J.150 Kollman V. H. 6 Kollmar H. 90 231 295 Kollmar H. W. 44 Kollonitsch J. 81 303 Kolonko K. J. 185 Kolshorn H. 286 Komar D. A. 132 Komendantov M. I. 92 Komoto R. G. 114 Kondo K. 346 362 Kondo T. 361 Konen D. A. 365 Konieczny M. 229 Konishi A. 109,279 Konstantin P. 307 Koolpe G. A. 319 Kopecky K. R. 353 356 Koppang R. 88 Koppenhofer B. 183 Kopple K. D. 9 16 Koreeda M. 230 Koren R. 48 Kornrumpf W. 86 Kortekas T. A. 215 Koskimies J. K. 195 Kosower E. M. 258 Kostakis A. J. 385 Kotsuki H. 38 253 Kouk K. N. 41 Kovhcs G. 130 Kow R. 337 Kowablt F. H. 101 Kowalewski J. 5 10 Koyama K. 82 Koyama T. 334 Kozikowski A. P. 253 317 324 Krabbenhaft H.O. 59 Kramer U. 276 Kraeutler B. 15 156 Kramer U. 274 Krapcho A. P. 85,279 Krause S. 129 Kreher R. 254 Kreil C. L. 152 Kreiter C. G. 107 Krepski L. R. 164,281 Krief A. 196 304 307 315 Krieger P. E. 89 Krilov D. 77 Krische B. 264 Krishnan V. 141 Krogh J. A. 318 Krogh-Jespersen K. 231 Krohn K. 79,220 Kronenberg H. M.,389 Kropp P. J. 147 158,281 Kruger C. 101 103 Krusic P. J. 73 Kryger R. G. 71 Krymowski J. 208,224 Ku A. 40 Kubo Y. 149 Kuchel P. W. 17 Kucsman A. 264 Kudo M.,109,279 Kueh J. S. H. 151 Kuhl U. 170 Kunzler P. 323 Kuhn M. 386 Kulig M. J. 349 Kulkowit S. 180 327 Kulm M. 385 Kulska I. D. 375 Kumada M. 131 165 170 306,307 Kumar A.18 Kumar S. 230 Kumobayashi H. 102 Kunabiki T. 318 Kunitani M. G. 341 Kunitomi Y. 148 Kunze M. 148 Kuo K. 144 KUO M.-C. 6 Kupchan S. M. 345,346 Kuriba A. 307 Kurihara H. 268 Kurita A. 131 165 Kurita H. 382 Kurita K. 307 Kurland R. J. 12 Kurobane I. 8,330 Kuroda K. 362 Kuroiwa K. 370 Kurokawa T. 314 Kurr B. G. 157 Kurtz D. M. 14 Kutner W. 144 Kutzelnigg W. 86 Kuwajima I. 167 184 Kuwama T. 144 Kwart H. 158 Kyba E. P. 217,275 Kyogoku Y. 9 Kyotani Y. 164 Kyutoku H. 142 143 281 Laarhoven W. H. 228 230 Labar D. 304 307 L’abbC G. 247 Lablache-Combier A. 25 1 Lafont D. 100 Laidig W. D. 121 Laidler D. A. 275 Laine R. M.105 106 112 Lalande R. 359 La Lima N. J. 161 Lam C. N. 185 La Mar G. N. 14 Lambert J. B. 87 Lambros T. L. 373 Lamm B. 140,143 Lamm V. 260 Lammertsma K. 214 Lamos C. M. 396 Lancaster J. E. 346 Landells R. G. M. 216 Landgrebe J. A. 89 90 Landis V. 106 Landor S. R. 179 Lane G. A. 28 Langbeheim M. 296 Lange G. L. 150 Langhals H. 73 Lansbury P. T. 185 Lantes I. 222 Lapidot A. 10 Larcheveque M. 109 Lardicci L. 171 Lardy H. 391 Largeau C. 338 Larock R. C. 86 119 125 169,306,313 Larsen E. 252 Larson J. M. 156 La Rue M. 182 Laszlo P. 7 Lau K. S. Y. 197,320 Lau P. H. W. 264 Lau P. W. K. 132,169 Laungani D. 11,337 Lament A. 81 Lavayssiere H. 133 Lawler R.G. 15 Lawson J. 236 Laycock D. E. 163 Leandri C. 241 Leaver D. 269 Lechevallier A. 313 Lechleiter J. C.. 150 Leclerc G. 365 Lecomte M. 112 Led J. J. 14 Leddy B. P. 354 Lee D. G. 173 Lee E. 332 Lee H. 193 Lee J. K. 244 Lee J. Y. 76 Lee M. W. 38 Lee S.-F. 187 329 Lee S. P. 186 317 Lee V. J. 192 Le Fevre G. 251 Lefour J.-M. 69 Le Gall J. 14 Le Goff E. 275 Lehn J. M. 274,275,277 Lehr F. 122 181 Lehr R. E. 230 Leigh J. S. 11 Leight R. S. 300 Leitloff M. 398 Lelandais D. 135 Lengel R. K. 85 Lenhard J. R. 144 Lenkinski R. E. 13 Le Noble W. J. 42 Lenoir D. 164 Leonard J. 340 Leong A. Y. W. 122,318 Le Perchec P. 313 362 Leppla S.H. 387 Lepoi G. E. 86 Lepom P. 256 Lerdal D. 362 Le Roux J.-P. 83 158,271 Leroy G. 37 Leschinsky K. L. 177 Lessard J. 75 Lester D. J. 182 311 Lettvin J. 13 Leung T. 128 Levett G. 349 Levine D. 394 Levy A. B. 161,253 Levy G. C. 5,lO Levy L. A. 216 Lewis F. D. 151 Lewis G. E. 216 Lewis J. 275 Lewis N. G. 340 Lewis W. 132 Ley S. V. 182,272 311 Leyba C. 229 Lhoste J. M. 14 Li C. H. 378,385 Li T. H.-C., 43 Li T. M. 401 Liang G. 200 Liang P. H. 318 Liao C. C. 291 Lias S. G. 87 Author Index Lichter R. L. 9 Lichti H. 385 LiEko V. 393 Lieb F. 306 Liebeskind L. S. 310 Lied T. 317 Lienhard U. 380 Liesch J. M. 387 Lieto J. 110 Lifson S.25 27 Lightner D. A. 351 Liles D. C. 255 Liljefors T. 3 1 Lilley D. M. J. 17 Lim T. F. O. 130 Lin C. 300 Lin J. J. 124 161 162 Lindblad B. 350 Linder M. 13 Lindley J. M. 84 Lindman B. 12 Lindner H. A. 248 Lindstrom M. J. 153 Linstedt G. 350 Linstedt S.. 350 Linstrumelle G. 161,305,314 Lintvedt R. L. 145 Lipa W. J. 234,273 Lipkowitz K. B. 267 Lippmaa E. T. 12 Lippmann E. 256 Lipscomb W. N. 299 Lipschutz B. H. 324 Lipton M. F. 185 Lissel M. 86 Listl M. 373 Little R. D. 41 280 Liu A. S.-T. 210 Liu H.-J. 186 317 Liu J.-C., 352 369 Liu J. M. 244 Liu K. C. 244 Livant P. 21 Livinghouse T. 124 246 Llinas M. 10 Lloyd D. 139 Lo K. M. 157 Lockley W.J. S. 338 Lockwood P.A. 353 Loeffler P. A. 13 Loew L. 270 Logan C. J. 8 Logani M. K. 229,347 Lohmann J. J. 92 Lohmar R. 187,239 Lohri B. 195 Lokensgard D. 345 Lombardo L. 232 London R. E. 5,6,12 Long,M. A. 212 Longone D. T. 223 Loosli H.-R. 385 386 Loots M. J. 118 Lopez L. 304 Lopez Nieves M. 369 Author Index Lopusifski A. 377 Lorand J. P. 71 Lotts K. D. 87 Loupy A. 69 Loveitt M. E. 357 358 Lowe G. 7 11 194,396,406 Lowe 3. A. 220 Loza R. 92 Lubosch W. 121 Lucci R. D. 156 157 Luche J.-L. 98 308 Luthy C. 307 Lugaro G. 338 Lukacs G. 4,9 Lukacs M. 98 Lunnon M. W. 336 Luthra N. W. 33 Lutz W. 186 240 Lyding J. 221 Lyerla J. R.5 20 Lynden-Bell R. M. 5 Lythgoe B. 172,304,306 McAlduff E. J. 39,45 McAlister D. R. 106 McCapra F. 341 352 McCarthy F. C. 150 Macciantelli D. 62 McCloskey C. J. 281 McCormick J. P.. 156 McDonald E. 8 340 341 McDonald G. 11 McDonald G. G. 395 MacDonald J. G. 250 McDonald W. S. 40 Macdonell G. D. 267 McDougal P. C. 308 McGhie J. F. 159 303,337 McGlinchy. M. J. 20 McGrath J. A. 173 McGuire R. F. 27 McGuirk P. R. 124 161 172 305 Machida H. 226 Machida M. 149 Machida Y. 360 Machiguchi T. 231 Machirant M. M. P. 167 McInnes A. G. 8 330 332 McIntosh J. M. 280 McIver R. T. jun. 60 McKay R. A. 20 McKee M. L. 126 McKervey M. A. 180 292 327 Mackie H. 334 Mackiewicz P.75 McKillop A. 130 McKinley W. H. 84 McKinnie B. G. 61 244 Mackor A. 148 McLain S. J. 101 McLaughlin M. P. 213 Maclean D. B. 227 McLelland G. E. 12 McMaster I. T. 84 McMeeking J. 100 MacMillan J. 336 McMullen D. F. 33 McMullen G. 192 Macmurchie D. D. 16 McMurry J. E. 164 323 McNally D. 30 McPhail A. T. 345 MacPhee J. A. 30 Maddocks. P. J. 127 Maddox M. L. 234,273 Madgzinski L. J. 75 Madhavan V. 71 Maebayashi Y. 330 Maeck M. 80 Maeda S. Y. 72 Markl G. 270 271 Marky M. 260 Magid R. M. 52 Magno S. 344 Magnus P. 280 326 347,365 Mah H. D. 230 Mahtab R. 101 Maienthal M. 228 Maier G. 152 289 Maier W. F. 185 Maillard B. 359 Maiorana S.107 Maitlis P. M. 108 Majerski Z. 32 Majima T. 149 Majoral J. P. 276 Makino K. 226 Makofske R. 375 Makosza M. 215 Malinowski D. 7 Mallamo J. P. 175 Mallock P. L. 114 Maloney A. P. 9 340 Malpass J. R. 38 Mandai T. 169,327 Mandal A. K. 126 Maneschalchi F. 114 Manfre R. J. 132 Mangla V. M. 339 Manion-Schilling M. L. 15 Manley P. W. 249 268 Mann B. E. 7 Mann J. 334 Manning J. M. 375 Manning M. J. 218 Manriquez J. M. 106 Mansfield P.,21 Mansuri M. M. 208 Mantovani E. 110 Manuel G. 131 Manzocchi A. 311 Marchal J.-P. 10 Marchand P. S. 346 Marchese G. 304 Mares F. 365 Marfat A. 124 161 172 305 Mariano P. S. 39 Maricq M. M. 20 421 Marinovic N.113 Mark H. B. jun. 144 Markham G. D. 398 Marki F. 389 Markowski V. 9 Marks T. J. 106 Maroulis A. J. 149 Marshall D. R. 63 Marshall J. A. 180 244 265 305 Marsi K. L. 267 Marson S. A. 258 Martella D. J. 94 Martelli J. 39 Marten T. 336 Martens D. 234,286 Martin A. R. 266 Martin G. J. 9 Martin H.-D. 38 148 Martin J. C. 264 265 Martin M. L. 9 Martin N. H. 339 Martin 0.C. 387 Martin R. B. 14 Martin S. F. 122 312 320 Martha D. 232 Martvon A. 261 Maruyama K. 126 128 149 162,164,171,324 Marvell E. N. 43 300 Marx A. 248 Maryanoff C. A. 160,303 Masamune S. 231 Mascaro K.,341 Mascaro L. 341 Masson S. 189,314 Masuda Y.,127 Masure D. 123 Matcham G.W. J. 340 Mateescu G. D. 200 Matheson I. B. C. 351 Mathews F. S. 14 Mathey F. 263 Mathur K. C. 269 Matkin D. A. 16 Matlin S. A. 94 Matsumoto H. 131 165 211 307 Matsumoto K. 135,255 Matsumoto M. 346 361,362 Matsumoto T. 30,294 Matsumura Y. 142 143,281 Matsuura T. 350 351 361 Matteson D. S. 126 Mstusch R. 152,289 Matwiyotl N. A. 6 Maudsley A. A. 18 Mauldin C. H. 105 Maurer W. 9 397 May S. W. 5 Mayer J. E. 24 Mayer. J. M. 226 Mayer N. 309 Mayerle J. 42 Mayor C. 92,233 422 Mayr H. 40,205 Mazerolles P. 131 Mazuch L. 234 Meadows M. 8 Mebane R. C. 367 Meegan N. J. 340 Mehra Y. R. 286 Mehrotra K. N. 88 Mehta J. P. 88 Meidar D. 173 Meienhofer J.373 375 Meier H. 255 260 286 Meilahn M. K. 88 Meiri T. H. 372 Meister J. 87 Melamed U. 61 Mellor J. M. 145 185 212 Mellor M. 150 151 Mellows G. 8 336 Membrey F. 57 Mencarelli P. 241 Menchen S. M. 196,308 Mendoza A. 126 Meng H. 385 Mengersen Chr. 351 Menke K.. 223 Menzies I. D. 365 Merenyi R. 90 Merrifield J. H. 106 Merrifield R. B. 374,378,379 Merritt E. A. 401 Merritt M.V. 359 Merz A. 143 145 Mesnard D. 17 1 Messerotti W. 35 Messing A. W. 117 Meth-Cohn O. 84 Metzner P. 43 Meyer A. J. 32 296 297 Meyer H. 263 Meyer N. 209 Meyers A. I. 124 178 189 215,239,240,276,312,314 319 Michael J. P. 40 Micheli R. P. 299 Michels D. G. 151 Michl J.150 201 Midelfort C. F. 392 393 398 Miginiac L. 171 Mihailovic M. Lj. 8 Mihelich E. D. 215 Mikes F. 217 Mikino S. 233 Mikolajczyk M. 196 398 Mildvan A. S. 401 Mile B. 167 Miller B. 213 Miller J. A. 347 Miller J. M.. 322 Miller J. S. 60 Miller L. L. 141 145 Miller M. A. 25 Miller R. D. 42 232 Miller R. J. 15 Miller S. J. 181 309 Mills D. C. 311 Milner J. A. 262 Milosavljevic S. 8 Milstein D. 116 133 Mimoun H. 167 Mimura T. 314 Minami T. 191,281 Mirbach M. J. 155 244 Misiti D. 355 Mislow K. 8 30 31 32 133 201 Mispelter J. 14 Misra S. C. 159 303 Misumi S. 158,224,225 Mitani M. 82 142 Mitchell R. A. 396 Mitchell R.H. 234 Mitchell T. R. B. 292 Mitra A.43 134 308 Mitschka R. 291 Mitschler A. 263 Mitsudo T.-A. 105 Miura Y. 224 Miyagi S. 109 Miyashi T. 246 Miyashita A. 113 Miyazawa T. 13 Miyoshi H. 15 Miyoshi M. 135 Mizuno K. 149 Mizuno Y. 324 Mizuta M. 192 Modawi B. M. 334 Modena G. 65 Mockel R. 222 Moerck R. E. 291 326 Molan S. 242 Molle G. 124 Mollere P. D. 45 Momany F. A. 27 Momenteau M. 14 Moniz W. B. 15 Montavon F. 275 Monteil R. L. 191 Montevecchi P. C. 214 383 Montgomery L. K. 30 Montgomery P. D. 113 Montury M. 221 Moodie R. B. 213 214 Moore G. R. 14 Moore H. W. 40 Moore J. A. 243 Moore P.,15 Moore R. N. 113 Moore S. 375 Moreau P. 226 Morecombe D. J. 340 Moreland M.132 Mores F. 310 Moni K. 382 Mori M. 104 Mori Y. 129 165 Morihara K.,382 Morikawa T. 284 Author Index Morishima I. 9 14 15 16 Morita K. 251 Moroder. L. 370 Morris G. A. 18 19 Morris G. M. 167 Morris J. A. 311 Morris R. H. 97 308 Morris S. 17 Morrison H. 149 157 Mortimer R. D. 172,313 Morton H. E. 133 Moss G. P. 142 Moss R. A. 87 88 91 Motherwell M. B. 134 182 311 Motoki S. 262 Mount D. L. 51 Moura J. J. G. 14 Mouzin G. 280 Moya S. A. 106 Mozdzen E. C. 184 Muccigrosso D. A. 310 Muchowski J. M. 234 273 Muehl L. A. 387 Miillen K. 42 200 Miiller B. W. 269 Miiller D. 349 Miiller L. 18 19 Miiller P. 33 209 Mueller P. H. 87 Muetterties E.L. 99 11 1 Mukai T. 246 Mukaiyama T. 163 176 Mukerjee A. K. 276 Mukherjee D. 39 Mullane M. 252 Muller W. 11 337 Mulzer J. 170 Mumford C. 353,356 Mundy B. P.,267 Munjal R. 91 Munjal R. C. 88 Murahashi K. 83 Murahashi S. I. 109 Murai S. 114 Murata I. 80 Murata M. 391 Murray R. W. 144 Murray-Rust J. 89 254 Murray-Rust P. 89,254 Murthy P. P. N. 8 336 Musco A. 102 Musser J. H. 323 Muszkat K. A. 15 Mutai K. 80 Muthard J. L. 205 Mutter M. 375 377 Mychajlowskij W. 175 Myerson J. 186 Myhre P. C. 213 214 Nachbar R. B. 334 Nadzan A. M. 10 Nagai Y. 265 Nagakura N. 340 Author Index Nagasawa T. 370 Nagase H. 164 Nagashima H. 166,315 Nagata W.318 Nagayama K.,18 Nageswara Rao B. D. 404 406 Nahm S.,40 Nair M. 312 Nakadaira Y. 248 Nakagawa M. 237 287 288 351 Nakagawa T. 39 Nakahara Y. 325 Nakai T. 123,314 Nakajima M. 84 Nakajima T.,383 Nakajo T. 246 Nakamura A. 97 109,279 Nakamura E. 184 Nakamura F.. 303 Nakase Y. 11 Nakasone A. 149 Nakata T. 182 Nakata Y. 383 Nakatsuji S. 237 287 288 Nakayama J. 80 Nakayama K.,361 Nakayama T. 383 Nakazaki M. 224 Nakazawa T. 80 Namba T. 81 Namiki T. 366 Narang S. C. 98 Narasaka K. 163 Narasimhan L. 189 Narisano E. 195 Narita K.,370 Nasielski J. 241 Nasielski-Hinkens R. 241 Naso F. 304 Natale N. R. 160 Natarajan S. 379 NaudC R.J. 385 Ncube S. 122 319 Nealson K.H. 352 Neckers D. C. 112 114 156 Neff B. L. 20 Negishi E. 117 128 129,160 161,169,304,305 Negri D. P. 182 Neidigk D. D. 149 Nei!l J. D. 230 Neises B. 186 317 Nelsen S. F. 266 267 276 Nelson D. J. 15 Neoh S. B. 254 Neszmelyi A. 4 Neubert K.,382 Neuenschwander M. 380 Neugebauer D. 107 Neugebauer F. A.. 75,229 Neumann J.-M. 4 Neumann S. M. 106 Neumann W. P.,77 133 Neunhoeffer H. 276 Neuschwander B. 210 Newby V. K.,349 Newmark R. A. 8 Newton M.D. 231,295 Newton R. F. 154,323 Newton R. J. 176 Nicholas K. M.,107 Nicholls W. 345 Nicholson E. D. 110 Nicholson P. N. 100 Nickon A 360 Nicolaou K. C. 348,360 Nicotra F. 338 Nidy E.G. 349,359 Niedermeyer R. 18 19 Niimoto Y. 80 Nilsen N. O. 94 Nilsson A. 138 212 218 Nimitz J. S. 187 317 Nishida S. 296 Nishiguchi I. 125 142 Nishimuchi I. 323 Nishimura O. 378 Nishiyama K.,80 Nishizawa H. 38 253 Nitsche M.,87 Nixon J. R. 357 359 367 Njus D. 11 Noble K.-L. 222 Nobs F. 39 Noda L. 404,406 Noels A. F. 89 281 Noth H. 126 Noggle J. H. 6 Nokami J. 307 Nolan S. M. 322 Nomoto T. 287 Nordlander J. E. 177 Norman A. W. 117 Normant J. F. 123 Norris R. D. 351 Norris V. A. 391 Norrish H. K. 321 Norsoph E. B. 133 Norton R. S. 5 Nosaka Y. 16 Nowak. R. 144 Nowak R. J. 144 Noyori R. 86 114 233 Nozaki H. 120,123,284,304 308,320 Nugteren D.H. 349 Nunnally R. L. 11 Nurse D. 7 Nutakul W. 79 209 227 Nyberg K.,146 Nyfeler R. 335 336 Nylund T. 149 Oakleaf J. A. 190 Obayashi M. 251 Ochiai M. 251 308 O’Connell G. 41 O’Connor S.,151 Oda K.,149 Oda M. 92,361 Oda T. 8,331 O’Donoghue T. D. 275 Oediger H. 306 Oehlschlager A. C. 46 Oehme H. 263 Oelofsen W. 385 Ogata I. 109 Ogata Y. 242 365 Ogawa H. 383 Ogawa S.. 11 14,406 Ogino T. 11 Ogoshi H. 9 Ogston A. G. 391 Oguro K. 129 175 334 Ohkata K.,157 Ohmizu H. 142 Ohmori M. 382 Ohnishi R. 211 Ohno A. 183 Ohrui H. 188 Oikawa Y. 253 Ojima I. 99 Ojima J. 237 288 Oka S. 183 Oka T. 382 Okabe K.,9 Okada H. 149,290 Okada K.341 Okajiura H. 351 Okamoto T. 256 Okamura W. H. 117 Okano M. 213 Okawara M. 321 Okaware R. 307 Okazaki R. 263 Okazawa N. 56 Okukado N. 117 128 129 160 169,305 Olah G. A. 16 54 98. 173 200,205,211.318 Oldfield E. 8 17 Olesker A. 9 Oliva A. 39 Olivella S. 37 Oliver J. P. 119 Ollis W. D. 44 260 Olofson R. A. 87 258 Olsen D. K. 88 Olsen H. 41,244 Olson J. M. 12 Omelenczuk J. 398 Omote Y. 150 Omura K.,311 Ong B. S. 175 Ono N. 317 Ono T. 312 op het Veld P. H. G. 228 Opie C. T. 338 Oppenhuizen M. 258 Oppolzer W. 150 164 303 325 Orf,H. W. 352 Orger B. H. 206 424 Author Index Oritani T. 51 188 Orr G. A. 402 Ors J. A. 147 Ortiz de Montellano P.R. 337 Gsaki K. 324 Osawa E. 30 32 33 294 Oshima K. 304 Osman F. H. 264 Ostlund N. S. 31 Osuka M. 288 Otake N. 332 Oth J. F. M. 41 152,237 Otieno D. A. 150 Otsubo T. 158,225,235,236 Otsuji Y.,149 Otsuka H. 9 102 106 109 Ottenbrite R. M. 39 Overkamp M. 14 Overman L. E. 37,40 326 Overton K. H. 51 188 334 Owens T. A. 247 Ozaki Y.,9 Ozario A. A. 122 318 Pac C. 149 Pachler K. G. R. 331 Packe W. 386 Paddon-Row M.N. 38,297 Padwa A. 39 40 43 82 92 148,300 Page M. I. 24 Pagni R. M. 139 Pagnoni V. M. 35 Paik H.-N. 11 1 Palermo R. E. 308 Palladino N. 110 Palmer L. 5 Palmer R. J. 64 182 Palmieri G. 355 Palmiter R. D. 387,389 Palmquist U. 138,212 218 Pan W.-H.12 Panaye A. 30 Pande C. S. 376 Pandey R. C. 385 Pandit U. K. 179 251 Pannell K. H. 97,276 Panunzio M. 114 Paquette L. A. 45 205 272 291,296,299,300,303,312 326,356 Pardon J. F. 17 Parello J. 12 Parkanyi C. 97,276 Parker T. L. 156 Parrish D. R. 309 Parrott M. J. 70 Parrott S. J. 46 Parry R. J. 339,341 Parsons P. J. 315 Parvizi B. 16 Pasternak R. 296,297 Pasto D. J. 46,94 173 174 Patel N. J. 338 Patel R. C. 266 Patil G. 13 Patney H. K. 38,297 Paton R. M.,262 Patrick G. L. 340 Patrick T. B. 90 Pattenden. G. 150 151 193 Patterson D. R. 298 Patterson R. T. 39 Paul H. 71 Paulick R. C. 332 Pauwels D. 241 Pavlik J. W.,242 Payne M.J. 177 Pazhenchevsky B. 258 Peacock S. C. 226 275 Peake S. L. 196 Pearce. R. 100 Pearson G. A. 16 Pearson H. 6 Pease L. G. 274 Pedulli G. D. 199 Pehk T. J. 12 Pellacani L. 82 Pellet M. 313 Pelter A. 122 126 127 128 319 Penn R. E. 194,247 Percival A. 326 Perego C. 102 Pereyre M.,133 Perkins M. J. 60 Perkins P. 228 Perkins S. J. 6 12 Perkins T. G. 12 Perlberger J.-C. 33 Perrin C. L. 192 249 Perry J. W. 14 Pershan P. S. 20 Perucci P. 62 Pesce G. 304 Petcher T. J. 386 Pete J.-P. 159 Peters W. H. M. 228 Petersen H. 286 Peterson J. 208,224 Petiniot N. 89 281 Petro C. 56 Petrzilka M. 316 Pettersson T. 138 212 218 Pettit R. 105 Pettman R. B.275 Peynircioglu N. B. 60 Pfaendler H. R. 249 Pfaff K. 122 Pfeffer P. E. 365 Pfriem S. 152 289 Pfyffer J. 209 Pham T. N. 43 Phillips G. W. 122 320 Phillips W. V. 185 Phinney B. O. 336 Photis J. M. 299 Picard P.,185 Pienta N. J. 158 281 Piers E. 133 Pigiet V. 398 Pignolet L. H. 104 Pike S. 81 132 Pillay K. S.,75 Pineda N. 209 Pinock J. A. 66 Pinson J. 141 Pitner T. P. 6 Pitti S. 137 Pittman C. U. 97 105 Platz M. J. 244 Plenkiewicz J. 252 Pletcher D. 137 31 1 Plevyak J. E. 116 209 Plinke G. 237 Pluim H. 227 Podolski D. 156 Poindexter G. S. 178 Polansky 0.E. 229 Pollard M. D. 244 Pollet P. 188 Ponec R. 246 Pons B. S. 145 Ponti F. 311 Poots I.334 Popjik G. 338 Pople J. A. 120 231 Poppinger D. 80 120 199 289 Poranski C. 15 Porter A. E. A, 16 89 253 254 Porter L. J. 338 Porter N. A. 9,354,357,359 367 Porter Q. N. 138 Posner G. H. 175 Post H. 20 Potienko G. 76 Potts J. T. 389 Pougny J.-R. 188 Poulter C. D. 332 Powers L. 20 Prakash G. K. S. 54,98 Prasad G. 88 Pratt A. C. 151 Pratt J. 338 Pratt R. A. 221 Pratt W. 8 Preiner G. 131 Prelog V. 343 Prestegard J. H. 5 Price C. 84 Priesner C. 231 Priester W.,112 Prisbylla M. P. 207 326 Pritchard H. O. 146 Probert M. K. S. 366 Prokopiou P. A. 159 303 Promel R.. 80 Pross A. 48,49 Prossdorf W. 14 Proulx T. W. 16 Author Index Pucci S.106 Puglis J. 160 303 Pullmann B.. 34 Punzar R. V. 274 Purvis G. D. 91 Purvis R. 83 158,257 Puttfarcken U. 79 Pykett I. L. 21 Quan P. M. 116 Quarroz D. 39 Quast H. 244,248 Quinkert G. 154 Quiquerez C. 385 Quistad G. B. 351 Raasch M. S. 262 Rabenstein D. L. 17 119 Raber D. J. 14 51,292 Rabideau P. W. 227,279 Radda G. K. 11 Radics L. 130,264 Rabiller C. 9 Radlick P. C. 234 Radlick P. J. 273 Radom L. 80 199,200,296 Rafalko J. J. 110 Raghupathy K. 141 Rahier A. 337 Rahimi-Rastgoo S. 266 Raithby P. R. 275 Rakowski Du Bois M. 99 Ramage W. I. 379 Ramasamy K. 159 Rama Rao A. V. 324 Rampal J. B. 270 271 Ramsden C. A. 260 Ramsden J. N. 275 Ramshaw J.A. M. 391 Ramunni G. 37 Randall E. W. 8.9 10 Raphael R. A. 221 Rapoport H. 351 Rappoport Z. 53,54 Rastetter W. H. 203,272 Ratcliffe R. G. 6 7 12 17 Rathke J. W. 106 Raucher S. 210,319 Rauckman B. S. 339 Raushel F. M. 407 Rauscher G. 120,289 Ravindranathan M. 51 Rawdah T. N. 30,294 Raynolds P.W. 218 Razavi Z. 341 Reczek J. 375 Redfield A. G. 7 Redman R. P. 63 Reece C. A. 331,347 Reed C. A. 14 Reed G. H. 398 Rees C. W. 261,269 Reetz M. T. 119 185 Reeve A. E. 398 Reeves D. L. R. 249 Regitz M.,92 Reich H. J. 196,204,304,306 Reich I. L. 204 306 Reichen W. 258 Reid T. W. 394 Reid W. W. 343 Reiffen M. 92 Reilley C. N. 13 Reimer J. A. 5 Reinhoudt D.N. 251 Reiss J. A. 224 Reisenaure H. P. 289 Reiter F. 260 Reiter U. 239 Reitz D. B. 61,119,189 Remillard B. D. 121 Renga J. M. 43 Renger B. 269 Resofzki G. 249 Reuben D. M. E. 67,68 Reuben J. 13 Reutov 0.A. 119 Revelle L. K. 131 194,250 Rey M. 44 Reynolds D. P. 323 Rhee R. P. 227 Rhodes Y. E. 58 Riccardi G. 107 Rice D. 8 Rich A. 389,391 Richard H. 75 Richard J. P. 404 Richard T. J. 203,272 Richards B. M.,17 Richards J. C. 8 Richardson D. I. 397 Richarz R. 6 Richarz U. 46 57 Richrnan 3. E. 263 Rickborn B. 292 Ricker A. 255 Ridd J. H. 214 Riddell F. G. 266 Riddle R. M. 5 Ridge R. J. 275 Ried W. 279 Riefling B. 125 169 306 Riesner D.351 Rigaudy J. 229 347 Riggs A. D. 387 Rilling H. C. 332 Rimbault C. G. 156 Rinderknecht E. 390 Rinehart K. L. 10 192 341 385,387 Ringsdorf H. 372 Riniker B. 372 389 390 Rink H. 372 Rinker R. G. 106 Rios A. 359 Risley J. M. 11,396 Ritchie G. A. 11 Rittel W. 389 390 Rivetti F. 65 Roach B. L. 43 Robb M. A. 95 Roberge G. 220 Roberts B. P. 75,76,77,133 354 Roberts J. D. 6 9 190 228 244 Roberts J. S. 16 Roberts S. M. 154 323 Robertson. J. S. 331 Robertson M. L. 192 Robins D. J. 340 Robinson M. J. T. 19 Robinson M. L. 16 Rocklin R. 144 Rodriguez A. 354 Rodriguez O. 363 Rosner A. 220 Rogers D. 2.. 205 Rogerson C. V. 234 Rogler W. 232 Ronchetti F.338 Ronlh A. 138 212 218 Ronman P. 210 Rooney J. J. 101 112 129 292 Rose E. H. 172 306 Rose I. A. 391,392,393 Roselli A. 106 Rosenblatt M. 389 Rosenblum M. 112 Ross A. M. 230 Ross F. P. 117 Rossi A. R. 39 121 Roth H. D. 15 Rothberg I. 51 Rotstein D. 160 303 Rottenberg H. 11 Rounds T. C. 293 Rousseau G. 313,362 Rouwette P. H. F. M. 227,230 Rowan M. G. 334 Rowlands G. 260 Rowley D. H. 151 Royer R. 253 Roza M. 349 Rubin M. B. 153 Rubottom G. M. 369 Rucktaschel R. 369 Ruchardt C. 72 Rueffer M. 340 Rueger C. 104 Ruegger A. 385,386 Ruffner R. J. 39 Ruland A. 223 Rund J. V.,259 Russo G. 338 Russo J. A. 396 Rustaiyan A. 167 Ruston S. 304 Rutar V.21 Ruterjans H.,9 397 Rutschmann S. 208 Ruxer J. M. 273 Ryan R. C. 97 Rybaczewski E. F. 20 426 Ryder D. J. 126 Rzepa H. S. 37 Saba S. 266 Saddler J. C. 122 Sadler P. J. 12 Saegusa T. 313 Saenger W. 397,401 Sagnowski S. F. 20 Sagstuen E. 76 Saihi M. L. 133 Sainton J. 381 St.-Pierre S. 376 Saito H. 8 331 Saito I. 350 351 361 Saito T. 262 317 Sakabe H. 383 Sakanishi K. 125 357 Sakata Y. 225 226 Sakkers P. J. D. 13 Sakurai H. 148,149,211,248 293,321 Sala T. 311 Salem L. 37 Salomon M. F. 148 355 Salomon R. G. 148 355,364 Sammes P. G. 207,211,227 Samuelsson B. 349 Samworth D. J. 375 Sana M.,37 Sanchez E. L. 282 Sanchez M. 264 Sanders J.K. M. 4,16 Sanitra R. 189 Sankawa U. 330 Sanner R. D. 106 Sano T. 271 Santacroce C. 344 Santanielle E. 311 Santiago C. 39,45,236 Sarel S. 279 296 Sargent M. V. 311 Sarton-Miller I. 398 Sasaki M. 125 323 Sasaki T. 6 383 Sasaki Y. 102 Sasakura K. 209,241 Sass M. 5 SatgC J. 133 Sathe S. S.,282 Sato E. 40 Sato F. 129 163 165 171 175 Sato M. 82 129 163 165 171,175,382 Sato R. 258 Sato T. 330 Sato Y.,8,331 Satoh S. 140 279 Satterthwaite A. C. 193 Sauer W. 152 Saunders M. 8,54 Saunders W. H. jun. 49 SauvBtre R. 123 Saveant J.-M. 141,144,146 Savitsky G. B.,9 Sawaki Y.,365 Sawan S. P. 12 Sawanishi H. 272 Sayer T. S. B. 185 Sbrana G.107 Scaiano J. C. 71 153 Scarborough R. M. 185 Schaad L. J. 237,288 Schaefer H. F. 91 121 Schafer H. J. 135 141 142 Schaefer J. 20 Schafer L. 31 Schafer U. 152 289 Schafer-Ridder M. 234,273 Schaffner K.,155 Schaiiblin S. 15 Schaumann E. 178,262 Schaus J. M. 178,320 Scheele J. J. 137 Schell F. M. 177 310 Schneck G. O. 342 Scheraga H. A. 24,27 Schiess P. 208 Schimmel P. 391 Schipoff M. 209 Schipper P. 201 Schirmer R. E. 6 Schiwek H.-J. 38 Schizawa J. 389 Schlecker R. 121 Schlegel H. B. 130 201 Schleyer P. von R. 24,25,32 33,50,72,94,120,126,205 231,289 Schlosser M. 197 320 Schmid G. H. 64 168 Schmid H. 260,274 Schmid P. 72 Schmidpeter A. 251 Schmidt A. H.279 Schmidt H. 222 Schmidt J. C. 188 Schmidt R. R. 178,282 Schmidt W. 136 138 Schmieder K. R. 154 Schneider E. 372 Schneider H.-P. 255 Schoeller W. W. 86 94 300 Schollkopf U. 239 Schoenmakers J. G. G. 15 Schofield K.,213,214 Scholes G. 102 Schooley D. A. 332 Schrader G. L. 110 Schray K. J. 391 397 Schreiner H. 234,273 Schrock R. R. 101 Schroder G. 237 Schroeder R. R. 145 Schueler P. E. 58 Schuh H. H. 72 Schuler R. H. 71 Schulman J. M..9,297 Author Index Schultz A. G. 156,157 Schulz H. H. 397 Schuppiser J. L. 158 Schurig V. 183 Schuster G. B. 268 Schwab J. N.,339 Schwalke M. A. 292 Schwamborn M. 234,273 Schwartz J. 118 129 324 Schwartz L. H. 31 Schwartz R.5 Schwartz S. 11 337 Schweig A. 222 Schwendemann V.,226 Schwetlick K.,104 Schwier. J. R.. 126 Scopes R. K.,406 Scott A. E. 74 Scott A. I. 187 329 340 Scott D. B. 331 347 Scott J. W. 97 309 Scott L. T. 236,287 Scott R. A. 27 Scott T. 234 Scribe P. 229 347 Scriven E. F. V. 158 Sebastiani G. V. 253 Seconi G. 62 Sedgwick. B. 332 Sedon J. H. 153 Seebach,D. 87 121 122,181 191,209,269,309 Seeley P. J. 11 Seeman J. I. 12 Seemuth P. D. 188 Segal G. 37 Segal I. 270 Segal M.,239 Segawa T. 383 Sehr P. A. 11 Seki E. 80 Sekretar S. 261 Sekutowski J. C. 103 Seliger H. H. 352 Sellers L. K.,341 Selover J. C. 106 Semmelhack M. F. 42 Sen P. K. 340 Senda S.83 Seno M. 81 Serra-Errante G. 211 Servb M. P. 204 Seto H. 6,330 Seto S. 334 Setoi H. 321 Sevin A. 244,246 Sevrin M. 196,315 Seyan S. S. 214 Seyferth D.. 130,248 Seyhan S. 167 Seykens D. 151,250 Sgarabotto P. 35 Shafer S. J. 216 Shah G. M. 88 Shah J. N. 88 Author Index Shaik S. 199 Shanker D. 11,337 Shanmugam P. 159 Shannon P. V. R.,214 Shapiro R. H. 185 Sharpless K. B. 167,307,308 Shary-Tehrany S. 30 Shavitt I. 85 Shaw A. 41 Shaw G. J. 332 Shea K. J. 43 325 Shechter H. 91,312 Sheikh Y.M. 344 Sheinin E. B. 228 Sheldon B. G. 187 Sheldrick G. 178 251 Shellhamer D. F. 65 168 Shen L. 41 Sheppard J. H. 126 Sherfinski J. S. 20 Sheridan R.S.83 158 271 Sherry A. D. 12 13 Sheu K. F. R. 398 Shevlin P. B. 89 Shiao $4.-S.,334 Shibasaki M. 360 Shibata T. 296 Shibuya S. 172 312 Shieh W.-C. 91 Shields D. 389 Shigemitsu Y. 149 Shih C. N. 291 Shimada H. 330 Shimazu H. 350 Shimizu F. 114 Shimizu M. 167 Shimizu N. 261 Shimomura O. 352 Shinagawa Y. 199 Shine M. J. 146 Shiner C. S. 360 Shinoda M. 123,284 Shinoo Y. 290 Shipolini R.A. 385 Shirahama H. 30 294 Shiraishi S. 123 Shiroishi Y. 237 288 Shono T. 125 139 142 143 281,323 Shoun H.,11 Shreeve J. M. 265 Shu P. 346 Shull. D. W. 39 Shulman P. 53 Shulman R.G. 11 Shults R. H. 173 174 Shuyama H. 245 Sica D. 344 Sick H. 14 Sidell M.D. 222 Sidber P. 372,389,390 Siegel M. G.. 226 275 Siegrist A. E. 277 Sieker L. C. 391 Siemionko R. 41 Sieverteson H. 390 Sih C. J. 220 Sikakana. C. T. 6 Siklosi M. P. 184 Silbert L. S. 365 Silveira A. 286 Silvestri M. G. 164 Sim G. A. 27,32,35,345 Sim K.-Y. 8,336 Simon J. 402 Simonidesz V. 130 Simons J. 91 Simpson T. J. 331 332 Sima L. B. 49 Sinay P. 188 Singaram B. 126 Singer L. A. 153 Singh A. K. 276 Singh A. N. 339 Singh R.K. 207 Sinha A. 148 Sinha N. D. 217 Sinou D. 100 Sirlin C. 275 Sivanandaiah K. M. 372 Siverns M. 334 335 Skarjune R.P. 17 Skarnulis A. J. 12 Skattebol L. 94 Skell P. S. 74 75 Slack D. A. 106 Slanga J. P. 75 Sleep J.A. 395 Slegeir W. 105 Sleigh S. K. 340 Slemon C. E. 227 Slomski J. 5 Small L. E. 60 Small R.D. 71 153 Smalley R. K. 83 158 257 Smart L. E. 108 Smerkolj I. 242 Smith A. B. 9 185 320 Smith A. K. 99 Smith B. V. 60 Smith D. H. 329 Smith J. P. 268 Smith K. 122 127 128 319 Smith L. L. 349 Smith M. M. 398 Smith M. R. 33 Smith N. P. 91 Smith R.H. 257 Smith T. 124 167,338 Smith T. W. 134,271 Smith W.B. 16 Snider B. B. 132 166,305 Snieckus V. 121 164 190 303,352 Snow R.A. 45,205 Snyder C. D. 351 Snyder J. P. 41,244 SO K.-H., 322 Sobotta R.,91 Soga. T. 99 Sogah G. D. Y.,217,226,275 Sojka S. A. 15 Solheim B. A. 187 SolladiC G. 273 Solomon P.297 Solov'yanov A. A. 119 Soloway A. H.. 350 358 Somanathan R.,249 Somawardhana C. 66 Someya T. 102 Sondheimer F. 236,284,287 Sonnet P. E. 164 Sonney J.-M. 8 Sonoda A. 109 Sonoda N. 114 Sonogashira K. 11 1 Sonola 0.O. 179 Sonveaux E. 274 Sore'nsen T. S. 54,55,56,292 Sorrell T. N. 118,312 Sosnovsky G. 318 Sotowicz A. J. 355 Sousa L. R.,156 217,275 Souto M. A. 150 Souto-Bachiller F. A. 231 Soysa H. S. D. 88 Spagnolo P. 256 Spanget-Larsen J. 206 296 Sparfel D. 229 Spear K. L. 43 Spear R. J. 57 Spenser I. D. 8 339 Spiegel B. I. 117 129. 160 305 Spielmann W. 206 Spies H. S. C. 286 Spiess H. W. 20 Spillane R. J. 312 Spinelli D. 241 Sponsel V. M. 336 Sprague J.T. 25 295 Sproat B. S. 11 396 Srivanavit C. 12 Srinivasan P. R.,9 Srinivasan R.,87 147 Srinivasan V. S. 156 Staab H. A. 158 223 226 236 Stadler P. A. 317 Staheli R. 208 Staemmler V. 231 295 Stahl K. W. 398 Stahly G. P. 269 Staines W. 376 Standring D. N. 309 Stang P. G. 212 Stang P. J. 24 52 53 91 Stanovnik B. 242 Stansfield R. E. 177 Stanton J. L. 323 Staral J. S. 200 Stark M. 151 Staros J. V.,309 Starratt A. N. 383 428 Staunton J. 8 329,330 Steckhan E. 136 138 Steevensz R. S. 145 Stegel F. 241 Stegelmeier H. 204 Stegk A. 154 Steglich,W. 186,187,239,317 Steigerwald H. 98 Stein R. L. 124 Steinbeck K. 88 Steiner D. F. 389 Steinhagen G.224 Steinmetz M. G. 152 Stejskal. E. O. 20 Steltenkamp M. S. 5 Stemke J. E. 185 Stempel K. 352 Stenkamp R. E. 391 Stenke J. F. 322 Stephan E. 39 Stephenson M. T. 146 Stern R. L. 350 Sternbach H. 397 Sternhell S. 17 Sterns M. 345 Stevens A. E. 99 Stevens I. D. R. 91 Stevens N. R. 71 Stevens R. M. 177 Stevens R. V. 124,246 Stewart A. 112 Stewart C. D. 101 129 Steyn P. S. 192 331 347 Stibbard J. H. A. 185 Stilbs P. 34 Still W. C. 43 134 308 322 Stille J. K. 116 133 Stirling C. J. M. 63 64 182 195,279 Stobbe S. 103 Stockigt J. 340 Stoddart J. F. 275 Stoesz J. D. 7 Stoffer J. O. 92 Stofko J. J. jun. 300 Stone F. G. A. 102 Stork G. 52 122 284 318 325 Storm C.B. 12 Storr R. C. 249,268 Strachan W. A. 83 158,257 Straub H. 231 Strauss H. L. 293 Strausz 0.P. 246 Street D. L. 65 168 Strege P. E. 109 117 165 Streith J. 158 Strohmeier W. 98 Strom E. T. 350 Strong P.J. 12 Strozier R. W. 39 Stuhl L. S. 99 Stusche D. 225 Stussi R. 180 Stutz U. 258 Su D. T. T. 95 Subramanian J. 351 Subramanyam V. 358 Suck D. 397 Sudmeier J. L. 12 Suemitsu R. 124 Sugasawa T. 209,241 Suggs J. W. 104 sugi Y.,100 Sugimoto H. 9 Sugino K. 192 Sukumaran K. B. 229 Sullivan G. R. 9 14 Sumaria S. 192 Summers A. J. H. 276 Summers L. A, 276 Sundaralingam M.,401 Sung So0 Kim 21 1 Suschitzky,H. 83,84,158,257 Sutherland I.O. 44 Sutherland J. K. 121 220 Sutton L. E. 260 Suzuki A. 127,128 145,316 Suzuki F. 220 Suzuki K. T. 10 Suzuki Y. 82 Svensson C. 144 Swenton J. S. 189 218 Swern D. 3 11 Swinbourne F. J. 276 Switzer R. L. 401 Sydnes L. K. 94 Sykes B. D. 5 Symons M. C. R. 50,70,76 Szeimies G. 202 292 Szeimies-Seebach,U. 202,292 Szele I. 216 Szilagyi S. 41 Szmant H. H. 342 Taarit Y.B. 112 Taeger T. 126 Taga T. 324 Taguchi T. 284 Tai J. C. 31 Tait S. J. D. 182 311 Tait T. A. 189 Takagi K.,242 Takahashi H. 10 Takahashi K. 276 Takahashi M. 131 165 170 306,307 Takahashi T. 166,315,318 Takahashi Y. 127,145 Takai K. 304 Takaishi N. 32 Takakis I. M.. 58,286 Takamatsu N.381 Takamuku S. 148,211 Takatsuki K. 105 Takaya H. 114,233 Takayama H. 361 Takayama K. 102 Takegami Y.,105 Author Index Taketomi T. 102 Takeuchi H. 82 Talbiersky J. 178 282 Tam W. 106 Tamagaki S. 112 Tamao K. 131,165,170,306 Tamaru Y. 117 Tamura Y.,268,269,324 Tan J. N. S. 75 Tan W. 114 Tanabe M. 332 Tanaka H. 137 Tanaka K. 123,317 Tanaka M. 109 Tanaka S. 213 Tang P.-W. 175 Tang R. 365 Taniguchi H. 245 Tanimoto M. 361 Tant T. A. 319 Tarama K. 318 Tardella P. A. 82 Tartiari V. 102 Tasumi M. 13 Tatchell A. R. 179 Tatemitsu H. 226 Tatemoto K. 379 Tatsuno Y. 109,279 Taylor C. W. 230 Taylor E. C. 130 Taylor G. 157 Taylor G. F. 37 40 326 Taylor G.J. IV 11 Taylor G. N. 38 Taylor J. W. 49 Taylor P. W. 214 Taylor S. H. 108 Taylor R. 212 Taylor R. T. 299 Tegeler J. J. 251 Tegmo-Larsson 1.-M. 41 232 Telford R. P. 115,312 Terasaki T. 99 Testaferri L. 214 Tetu G. 5 Tewari S. 339 Texier F. 39 Teyssit P. 89 281 Thebtaranonth C. 16 Thibodeau S. N. 389 Thiel W. 222 ThieJe G. 248 Thiery J.-M. 4 Thoe K. W. 255 Thomas D. R. 158 Thomas D. W. 112 Thomas J. L. 298 Thomas M. T. 190 Thomas P. J. 63 195 Thomas P. N. 213 Thomas R. 11 Thomason T. 156 Thompson D. J. 100 Thompson H. B. 30 Thompson M. 341 Author Index Thompson N. 251 Thompson R. J. 214 Thornton E. R. 4,95 Thuillier A.189 314 Thulin B. 140 Thumm G. 143 Thummel R. P. 79,209 227 Thuval M. 53 Tickle I. 34 Tidwell T. T. 64 168 Tiecco U. 214 Timberlake J. W. 41 Timko J. M. 217 275 323 Tingoli M. 214 Tinker A. C. 21 1 Tinnernans A. H. A. 228 Tippett J. M. 340 Tipping A. E. 151 Tisler M. 242 Tjoeng F. S. 376 Tokayanagi H. 211 Tokoroyama T. 38,253,330 Tokuda M. 127,140,145,279 Tokura K. 9 Toledo M. M. 351 Tolkiehn K.,220 Tolls E. 265 Tomoika K. 314 Tomita K. 269 Tonegawa F. 372 Tonellato U. 65 Tong E. K.,376 Tori K. 4 9 Torii S. 137 Toriyarna K. 76 Torr R. S. 321 Torres M. 246 Toshimitsu A. 213 Toubro N. H. 246 Tourwt D. 276 Townsend C. A. 8 Townshend R.E. 37 Toyoda T. 209,224,241 Traber R. 386 Traber R. B. 216 Trabjerg I. 246 Tracey A. S. 17 Tran-Dinh S. 4 Trapane T. L. 5 Trave R. 35 Traynham J. G. 214 Traynor S. G. 272 Trenbeath S. 220 Trend J. E. 304 Trentharn D. R. 393 395 398,406 Trewella J. C. 8 Tribble M. T. 25 31 Trifunac A. D. 15 Triplett K. M. 13 Tripoulas N. A. 177 Troisi L. 214 Trornpenaars W. P. 251 Trost B. M. 109 117 165 308,323 Trotter J. 178 251 Tsao J. H. 372 Tsay Y.H. 103 Tse M.-W. 76,77,78 133 Tsougraki C. 375 Tsuchida T. 82 Tsuchiya T. 272 303 Tsuda Y. 271 Tsuji J. 166 169 211 315 318,327 Tsuji T. 296 Tsujitani R. 109 279 Tuck D. G. 145 Tufariello J. J. 39 251 Tukada H.95 Tundo A. 214,256 Turkenburg L. A. M. 270 Turner D. L. 18 19 Turner E. S. 266 Turner J. A. 347,349 Turner P. J. 146 Turney T. W. 99 Turnquist C. R. 49 Turro N. J. 15 155 156 244 363 Twaik M. 186 Twitchett P. J. 206 Tyrrell H. M. 206 Tzougraki C. 373 Uchida T. 255 Udaka S.,324 Udupa H. V. K. 141 Ueda Y. 106 Ueki M. 372 Uemura S. 15 213 Ueno Y.,321 Ueta K. 307 Ugi I. 373 Ugurbil K. 11 Uiterkamp A. J. M. S.,5 Umani-Ronchi A. 114 Umemoto T. 225 Urnezawa S. 303 Underwood G. R. 46 Ungemach F. 276 Ungermann C. 106 Ungermann T. 360 Unruh L. E. 167 Untch K. G. 307 Unverferth K. 104 Uramoto M. 332 Urbanski T. 276 Urey H. C. 23 Urry D.W. 5 Use G. 254 Usher D. A. 397 Usui T. 303 Usui Y. 139 Utley J. H. P. 138 142 Uzawa J. 6 Valente L. 9 Valente L. F. 161 Valentine D. 97 Valentine J. A. 360 Valentini G. 107 Van Binst G. 276 van de Graaf B. 30 Van De Mark M. R. 145 van der Haar F. 397 398 Vanderhart D. L. 5 van der Helm D. 267 van der Ouderaa F. J. 349 van der Plas H. C. 276 277 van der Ploeg J. C. M. 155 Vanderpool D. P. 84 van der Weerdt A. J. A. 155 van de Sande J. H. 356 van Dijck L. A. 176 van Dongen Torman J.. 20 van Dorp D. A. 349 van Etten R.L. 11 396 Van Horn D. E. 117,128,129 160,161 169,304,305 Vankar Y. D. 318 van Leusen A. M. 227 van Meerssche M. 139 202 247 Van Tilborg W.J. M. 137 van Veen A. 30 Van Veen L. jun. 21 Varkony T. H.,329 Vasilevskis J. 309 Vaughan D. 269 Vaultier M.,245 Veber D. F. 372 Vedejs E. 43 Veeman W. S. 20 Velenik A. 17 Venanzi T. J. 297 Venier C. G. 89 Venkatappa M. P. 391 Vercek B. 242 Verhoeven T. R. 117 Verlaan C. J. 214 Vermeer P. 176,314 Vernon C. A. 385 Vernon J. M. 261 Vialle J. 43 Viehbeck A. 177 Vilkas E. 381 Vilkas M. 371 381 Villafranca J. J. 407 Villaume M. L. 251 Ville G. 5 1 Villenave J. J. 359 Vincendon M. 8 Vincent C. A. 139 Vincent H. A. 200 Vining L. C. 8 330 332 Vinson W. 337 Visagie H. E. 286 Viskocil J. F. jun. 31 Visser J. 383 Visser R. J. J. 34 Viswanatha T.352 Vlattas I. 239 Vleggaar R. 347 Vogtle F. 224 230 275 Voelter W. 371 Vogel D. 17 Vogel E. 204,234 273 346 Vogel P.. 8,39 Vogeli R. 188 Vogler E. A. 124 Voidya M. G. 385 Volante R. P. 336 Voller C. M.,334 Vollhardt K. P. C. 228 Vollmer R. 263 von Criegern T. 251 von Philipsborn W. 277 von Voithenberg H. 32 von Wartburg A. 385,386 Vo-Quang L. 39 Vo-Quang Y.,39 Vorbruggen H. 317 Vos A.. 34 Voss J. 264 Voulgaropoulos A. N. 144 Vranesic B. 182 Wade L. E. 44 Wadsworth A. H. 323 Wadsworth W. S. jun. 303 Waegell B. 75 Wagner A. 234,273 Wagner G. 6 Wagner K. 309 Wagner P. J. 153 Wahren R.,114 Wakselman M. 371 Walborsky H. M. 210 Walker J. A. 330 Walker T. E.6 Wallace B. 45,46 Walling C. 2 11 Walsgrove T. C. 287 Walsh C. 391 Walsh K. A. 387 389 Walsh M. L. 263 Walter J. A. 332 Walter R. 6 Walter R. I. 16 Walter W. 264 Walters M. E. 162 305 Walton D. J. 139 Walton D. R. M. 81 132 Wang J.-T. 14 Wang S. 375,389 Wannlund J. 352 Ward D. 338 Ward M. A.. 89 Ward R. S. 177 Ward R. W. 157 243 Warnock J. 311 Warren S.,122 307 319 321 Warrener R. N. 38 297 Warshel A. 25 27 34 Washburn W. N.. 202 331 Washburne S.S. 193 Watanabe H. 265 351 Watanabe I. 303 Watanabe Y.,105 Waterhouse A. 173 174 Waterhouse I. 172 306 Waterman E. L. 117 Waterton J. C. 4 16 Watson C. R. jun. 91 Watts C. R. 39 Waugh J. S. 20 Weaver M. J. 13 Webb M. R. 395 Weber H.234,286 Weber H.-P. 386 Weber L. 117,165 Weber W. P. 88,229 Weedon B. C. L. 142 Wege D. 232 Wehrli F. W. 3 8 Wei J. S. 337 Weigel L. O. 317 Weiget L. 98 Wei-Mei Ching 67 Weiner J. H. 5 Weiner S.. 72 Weingartner T. F. 180,322 Weinman S. A. 194,406 Weinstein M. 15 Weisburger E. K. 347 Weise Velez C. A. 248 Weisfeldt M. L. 11 Weiss L. B. 203 Weiss R. 231 263 Weiss R. A. 58 Weiss U. 291 Welch S.C. 162 305 Weller D. D. 341 Weller H. N. 42 Wells R. J. 344 Wels C. M. 9 340 Welsher T. L. 201 Welter T. R. 45 152 Welter W. 92 Welti D. H. 13 Wendelborn D. F. 304 Wender P. A. 150 178,320 Wendt H. 136 Wenkert E. 282 Wennerstrom O. 140,236 Wentrup. C. 258 Wentrup-Burne E. 209 Wentworth R.A. D. 84 Wepster B. M. 30 Werbin H. 350 Wersin G. 370 Werstink E. S. G. 276 Wertz D. H. 25 Wessels P. L. 192 331 347 West J. C. 212 West R. 119 West R. C. 309 Westaway K. C. 50 Westerman P. W. 332 Westermann I. J. 39 Westheimer F. H. 24,193,397 Westmijze H. 176,314 Westrick N. J. 156 Wette M. 42 Author Index Whalen D. L. 230 White D. K. 41 244 White D. J. G. 385 White D. N. J. 27 30 32 35 White E. H. 352 White J. D. 187 343 346 White J. G. 30 31 White N. 108 Whitlock H. W. 332 Whitten D. G. 156 Whittle P. J. 249 Wiaux-Zamar C. 177 310 Wiberg. K. B. 8 24 Wiberg N. 131 Widdowson D. A. 329 Widman A. S.,350 Wieland P. 343 Wielesek R. A. 74 Wieser. J. D. 30 Wigfield D.C. 68 Wilbur D. S.,40 Wildeman J. 227 Wiley P. F. 276 Wilinski J. 12 Wilke G. 103 Wilkie D. R. 11 Willadsen P. 332 Willard A. K. 274 Willcott M. R. 111 13 Williams B. E. 215 239 Williams C. R. 297 Williams D. C. 8 Williams D. E. 26 Williams D. H. 6 Williams D. R. 178 Williams J. E. 24 Williams J. R. 377 Williams M. W. 380 Williams R. J. P. 6 12 14 17 Williams T. J. 5 Williamson B. 17 Williamson J. R. 11 Williard P. G. 284 Willman K. 144 Willmott W. E. 254 Wilmot I. D. 366 Wilson C. 76 Wilson D. M. 10 Wilson E. B. 23 Wilson G. E. 265 Wilson I. B. 394 Wilson J. C. 49 Wilson M. A. 17 Wilson R. D. 310 Wilson R. M.,350,367 Wilson T. 352 Wimmer M. J. 391 393 Windaus A.343 Wingard R. E. jun. 291 Winiker R. 72 Winter D. P. 375 Winter H. W. 258 Winter J. N. 75 Winter W. 231 Wipke W. T. 33 Author Index Wirz J. 295 Wise S. 43 325 Wiseman J. R. 220 Witherup T. H. 13 Witkop B. 351 Witt K. E. 281 Wokaun A. 15,19 Wolf H. 231 Wolf J.-F. 365 Wolf R. 264 Wolff S. 154 Wollenberg R. H. 181 187 309,317,320 Wollowitz S. 204 304 306 Wollweber H. J. 258 Wong C. K. 196 Wong G. B. 14 Wong H. N. C. 284 Wong S. C. 251 Woo K. W. 21 Wood J. T. 299 Woodward R. B. 249 Wookulich P. M. 320 Wooten J. B.. 8 9 Worsham P. R. 156 Wrackmeyer B. 127 Wright J. L. C. 330 332 Wroczynski R. J. 31 133 Wu. A. 190 Wudl F. 265 Wuest H. 318 Wunsch E. 370 Wuthrich K.6 12 18 Wulff W. D. 131 Wunderli A. 260 Wunderly S. W. 229,350 Wylie P. L. 158 223 Wyvratt M. J.. 291 Xavier A. V. 14 Yacynych A. M. 144 Yagi H. 230 Yah Y. H. 30 Yajima H. 383 Yamada H. 10 Yamada K. 164 Yamada M.,290 Yamada T. 317 Yamada Y. 117 Yamaguchi M.,163 Yamaguchi S. 14 Yamakawa K. 366 Yamakawa M.. 86 Yamakawa T. 169 Yamamoto H. 120 131 165 307,308,320 Yamamoto K. 224 Yamamoto M. 105 Yamamoto Y. 126 128 162 164,171,324 Yamanaka T. 137 Yamane M. 350 Yamane T. 11 Yamasaki K. 330 Yamashiro D. 374 378 Yamashita M. 124 Yamazaki H. 111 Yamazaki M. 330 Yamazaki Y. 318 Yan C.-C. 185 Yang D. T. C. 176 Yang F. 11 337 Yannoni C. S. 20 Yany F. 352 363 Yao R.C. 331,347 Yasuhara F. 14 Yasuhara Y. 383 Yasuoka N. 287 Yatagai H. 126 162 Yates D. W. 398 Yates K. 95 Yates. P. 95 Yavari I. 9 30 54 190 244 293 Yee E. L. 13 Yeh C.-L. 193 Yeh H. J. C. 14 Yim A. S. 46 Yiotakis A. E. 379 Yokelson H. B. 243 Yokomatsu T. 172,312 Yomada S.,361 Yonehara H. 6,330 Yonemitsu O. 253 Yonezawa T. 16 Yoshida J. 131,165,170,306 307 Yoshida K. 139 149 Yoshida M. 303 Yoshida T. 106 Yoshida Z. 9 117 324 Yoshikawa Y. 288 Yoshioka M.. 318 Young D. W. 329,340 Young G. T. 380 Yy C. C. 247 Yu L.-C. 321 Yu S. L. 247 Yuasa K. 127 145 Yue H. J. 365 Yus M.,124 162 Zahler R. 202 231 Zanasi R. 35 Zanirato P. 256 Zanobi A. 110 Zapf U. 226 Zare R. N.85 Zask A. 115 Zehner H. 76 Zeigler J. M. 267 Zeissow D. 5 Zenk M. H. 340 Zenneck M. 222 Zens A. P. 8 Zentgraf R.,127 Ziegler C. B. 116 209 Ziegler F. E. 217 Ziegler J. C. 240 Zimmer H. 188 Zimmerman H. E. 45 151 152 Zink J. I. 12 Zollinger H. 216 Zoltewicz J. A. 277 Zoubek G. 248 Zurawski B. 86 Zvilichovsky G. 258 Zweifel G. 128,132,169

ISSN:0069-3030    

DOI:10.1039/OC9787500409

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC