ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb02468.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThis paper touches on three models of growth, viz: the Fel'dman(Soviet) model, the Harrod‐Domarmodel and the Mahalanobis(Indian) model. Of these three, the ancestry of the first is maintained in respect of both its contents and historical sequence.It is argued that the Soviet model is superior to the other two models because it recognizes the significance of a number of factors, viz: (a) the pattern of income distribution, (b) increase in the effective utilization of the existing capital stock, (c) distinction between degrees of effective utilization of the old and the new capital stocks, and lastly, (d) consideration of the rate of growth in terms of capital capacity as well as in terms of the absorption of a growing labour supply. In other respects, the model runs more or less parallel to the Harrod‐Domarand Mahalanobismodels.Some striking similarities between the Soviet and Indian models exist in spite of the differences in economic and political conditions of the two countries. These are: (a) the Marxian setting of two departments of a closed economy, (b) the aim of achieving a high rate of investment by expanding the capital goods sector and (c) a relative neglect of propensity to save as a crucial variable in the process of growth. The affinity between the Indian and the Soviet models is so strong that the former seems to answer the Soviet rather than the Indian conditi

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb02469.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThis paper attempts to develop rigorous, if somewhat less than fully operational, definitions of the twin concepts of individual nation and world international liquidity. These definitions make the international liquidity of an individual country (Zi, in the case of country i) a probability‐weighted sum of its foreign assets, liabilities, lines of credit and prior commitments, and world liquidity (L) the sum of the various Li.It is argued that the state of a nation's balance of payments at any time may fruitfully be expressed in terms of the rate of change of its international liquidity so defined. Inasmuch as such a formulation removes the restriction that balance of payments surpluses and deficits of all nations net to zero, it supplies the ancient words ‘favorable’ and ‘unfavorable’ with new significance.Finally, the paper considers several classes of current schemes to increase world liquidity. The definitions prove helpful in indicating just what conditions must obtain if reformers’ hopes are not to be

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb02470.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe article questions the relevance and trustworthiness of macro‐economic growth models, the inherited theory of rational action and particularly the dicho‐tomy of given means and given ends, for the interpretation and planning of the development process in traditional societies marked by cumulative stagnation. The continued use of these theoretical structures may, in fact, be one of the reasons for the recurrence of serious gaps between plan und performance and the current disenchantment with the slow rate of growth in many underdeveloped countries.As a positive contribution to the problems under discussion the author suggests that economists may find it useful to develop pragmatic indicators of in‐cremental improvements which could be derived from an objectivication of the content of ‘welfare’ in terms of so‐called existential minima representing minimum adequate levels of satisfaction of essential human needs. Combined with the use of such indicators would have to be the search for alternative goals and possibilities by means of technical, institutional and economic feasibility studies which must be considered the crux of the planful act particularly in underdeveloped countries endeavoring to introduce technologies based upon modern science. The use of such indicators reflecting existential minima would have the effect of making economic theorizing more responsive to human needs and provide the discipline with new criteria for the evaluation of the substantive rationality of decision making and of different forms of economic o

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb02471.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYAll over the world governments and business firms demand ready tools for a rational economic policy. The target is more and more shifting from full employment to increasing wealth. The theory of economic growth is, therefore, of growing importance. It is an interesting question to ask whether the modern, especially the neoclassical theory of economic growth is capable of fulfilling the political requirements. The answer must be negative. The neoclassical theory of economic growth is developed essentially as a theory of long‐run growth. Problems of medium‐term growth which matter for economic policy, however, cannot be solved with its tools. First of all it is based on the substitutability between labour and capital; it is therefore impossible to state a surplus or a deficit in the factor supply. Secondly it is not satisfactory that economic growth is explained by the development of factor supply. In order to obtain a realistic theory of economic growth, one should start with production functions allowing limited substitutability; furthermore a theory of the factor demand should be developed, where the factor supply only has the effect of limiting the growth of output. This article is a contribution to a theory explaing the process of economic growth simultaneously by factor supply and factor dem

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb02472.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYEducational planners and administrators face the problems of distributing re‐sources between general and vocational education. A model is presented to help them in this decision.The main differences between general and vocational education is the probability of its being put to practical use. In the particular case where vocational education is the preparation for a specific job, the probability that it will be used is equal to one. The probability that the subjects taught in general education will be used is less than one. Thus, to compare the yields of general and vocational education the expected values of their yields should be used.The yields of general and vocational education are not the only factors that should be considered in distributing resources among them. The influence of the cost of the two types of education and the resources available should also be included.The expected yields, the costs and resources available for education are put together in a linear programming problem. The solution of the problem indicates that resources should be spent on the type of education that yields more per unit of cost.To avoid some of the limitations of the linear problem, a quadratic version is also considered.The main direction for progress suggested by the paper is in the recompilation of quantitative data on the yields, and costs of the two types of education, as well as for the probabilities of their use. Additional research on the probability distribution of the use of subjects taught in the schools is also suggeste

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb02473.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe desirability of United States trade with the USSR has been the subject of considerable debate for a number of years. The US government has generally restricted such trade, restraining its own citizens byfiatand trying to restrain the citizens of friendly nations through pressure on their respective governments.On October 9, 1963, President Kennedy announced that the US government would approve export licences for private grain traders seeking to sell wheat and other agricultural commodities to the Soviet bloc. The statement suggested a possible shift in US policy.Two major alternative hypotheses seem relevant in explaining the decision of the US to sell wheat to the USSR: (1) the gains accruing to the US relative to the gains accruing to the USSR are sufficiently more in favor of the US than previously available trade to justify the decision to trade, and (2) US policy is shifting toward a greaterrapprochementwith the USSR—that is, at the same relative gains from mutually beneficial trade, the US is willing to deny fewer gains to the USSR.One possible method of eveluating the two hypotheses would be to examine official statements in the US and abroad on this matter. However, the probability of error associated with believing the reasons individuals (or nations) offer to justify their behavior is exceptionally high. Accordingly, the hypotheses are evaluated by examining the data available, indicating the behavior implied by each hypothesis, and then examining the agreement of the implied with the observed behavior.The analysis suggests that the relative gains accruing to the US and to the USSR from the wheat transaction are such that the cost to the US of denying the concomitant gains to the USSR is higher than with respect to most other commodities. At the higher price, the US apparently has decided to buy less restriction of trade. Although the wheat sale may have been a trial balloon to test voters’ reaction to expanded trade with the USSR, the observational statements available to date are not inconsistent with the hypothesis that US policy has not chan

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb02474.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb02475.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb02476.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abendroth, Wolfgang.Aufstieg und Krise der deutschen SozialdemokratieBairoch, Paul.Révolution industrielle et sous‐développementBodnar, Artur.Gospodarka europejskich krajow socjalistycznych — zarys rozwoju w latach 1950‐1975.BorgesDE Macedo, Jorge. Problemas de história da indústria portuguesa no século XVIII.Chatterjee, IshanKumar.Economic Development, Payments Deficit and Payment RestrictionCowan, C. D. (Ed.).The Economic Development of China and JapanFaure‐Soulet, J. F. Economie politique et progrès au ≪siècle des lumières>Goldschmidt, Dietrich, und Matthes, Joachim(Hrsg.).Probleme der ReligionssoziologieHeberle, Rudolf.Landbevölkerung und NationalsozialismusLambert, Paul.L'Œuvre de John Maynard Keynes.Lanham, Elizabeth.Administration of Wages and Salaries.Lipsey, RobertE.Price and Quantity Trends in the Foreign Trade of the United StatesLoomba, N. Paul.Linear Programming: An Introductory Analysis.LÜbbert, Jens.Untersuchungen zur Theorie der gesamtwirtsckaftlichen EinkommensverteilungMyrdal, GUnnar.Jenseits des Wohlfahrtsstuates.Noelle, Elisabeth.Umfragen in der MassengesellschaftOikonomia kai Koinonia. Festschrift fur Prof. Dr. D. E. Kalitsounakis, herausgegeben im Auftrag der Griechischen Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftswissenschaften.Oldewaage, Rolf.Die Nordseehäfen im EWG‐RaumPetersen, William(Ed.).The Realities of World CommunismRichman, PeggyBrewer.Taxation of Foreign Investment Income.Robinson, E. A. G. (Ed.).Economic Development for Africa South of the SaharaRosenstein‐Rodan, P. N. (Ed.).Capital Formation and Economic DevelopmentSaintMarc, MichÈle. Zone franc et décolonisationSeers, Dudley(Ed.).Cuba: The Economic and Social Revolution.Sohmen, Egon.Internationale WährungsproblemeStankiewicz, W. J. (Ed.).Political Thought Since World War II.Vernon, Raymond.The Dilemma of Mexico's Development.Voigt, Fritz.Theorie der regionalen VerkehrsplanungWeststrate, C.Types of EconomyXavierPintado, V.Structure and Gro

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb02477.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY