摘要:

SUMMARYThe paper analyses the growth and profitability of the world's largest firms by reference to their size, degree of multinationality, main industry of operation, nationality of ownership and research intensity. The influence of size of firm on growth is stable but weak, its influence on profitability is negligible. Industry of operation has generally strongly influenced growth but the effect on profitability is not consistent amongst different time periods and samples. Division by research intensities of firms is significant in analysing growth, less in the analysis of profitability. Degree of multinationality does not contribute consistently to the explanatory power of the full equation for either dependent variable but nationality of ownership is a consistently powerful explanatory factor.

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1984.tb00738.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYDoes externality theory provide a basis for the government's monopoly in the production of base money? Money, as has been shown, is not a public good because it does not satisfy the non‐rivalness criterion (nor the non‐excludability criterion). Like any public decision, political agreement on a common money or unit of account (i. e., exchange rate fixity) passes the non‐rivalness test. However, whether the imposition of a common money or monetary unit is a public good or a public bad depends on whether money is a natural‐monopoly good or not. Hence, there is no independent public‐good justification for the government's money monopoly. The public good argument is redundant. Whether money is a natural monopoly good cannot be determineda priori, but only on the basis of experience. If governments are natural money monopolists, they should have gained their monopoly position by prevailing in the market. Historically, this is not the case. The only valid test of the natural monopoly argument is to abolish all barriers to entry and to admit free currency competition from private issuers on equal terms. An international cross‐section estimate of money demand functions reveals only weak evidence of social economies of scale in the use of money. By contrast, choice among currencies is shown to be strongly affected by restrictions of con

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1984.tb00739.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Bereitstellung von Gütern und Dienstleistungen durch ≪Freiwilligengruppen≫, die als ≪Klubs≫ im Sinne derPublic Choice‐Theorie aufgefasst werden. Es wird eine theoretische Erklärung vorgeschlagen, warum Individuen eine Freiwilligengruppe gründen und sich nicht für eine institutionelie Alternative, zum Beispiel ein gewinnorientiertes Unternehmen, entscheiden. Haupterklärungsgründe für diese Wahl sind der Nutzen, den Mitglieder von Freiwilligengruppen infolge ihrer Wahlentscheidung zusätzlich zu jenem aus dem Konsum des Klubguts ziehen, Transaktionskostengesichtspunkte, Vertrauensaspekte im Zusammenhang mit asymmetrischer Information und qualitative Unterschiede, die mit der institutionellen Form der Erbringung einer Leistung verbunden sind. Für manche Formen von Freiwilligengruppen werden altruistische Präferenzen in die Er

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1984.tb00740.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYVoluntary export restraint agreements (VERs) have emerged as a popular alternative to traditional protectionist devices, whose use is severely limited by trade agreements. Aimed at ‘disruptive’ suppliers,VERs tend to shift the source of imports away from the most efficient producers. Yet such negotiated agreements are attractive to exporters because they are preferable to the alternative of unilateral import barriers, especially since they allow exporters to control the trade restriction and thereby raise the export price. In fact all effective participants gain from theVERagreement, while consumers and others hurt by it are excluded from the negotiating process. Among the inherent problems ofVERs, however, is their tendency to divert exports towards third markets, spreading protectionism worldwide and destabilizing trade relations. Continuing protectionist pressure in such an environment encourages the development of more sophisticated and comprehensive methods of induced export restra

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1984.tb00741.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1984.tb00742.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1984.tb00743.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1984.tb00744.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abele, Hanns; Nowotny, Ewald; Schleicher, Stefanund Winckler, Georg(Hrsg.):Handbuch der österreichischen WirtschaftspolitikBalassa, Belaand Associates:Development strategies in semi‐industrial economiesBaumol, WilliamJ.; Panzar, JohnC. and Willig, RobertD.:Contestable Markets and The Theory of Industry Structure.Begg, DavidK. H.:The Rational Expectations Revolution in Macroeconomics.Ben‐Porath, Yoram(ed.):Income Distribution and the Family.Bennett, JamesT. and DiLorenzo, ThomasJ.:Underground Government: The Off‐Budget Public SectorBrandt, A.; Horisberger, B. and VonWartburg, W. P.(eds.):Cost‐Sharing in Health Care.vanDuijn, J. J.:The Long Wave in Economic LifeFrisch, Helmut(ed.):Schumpeterian EconomicsFujimori, Y.:Modern Analysis of Value TheoryIngram, JamesC.:International EconomicssJones, LeroyP. (ed.):Public enterprise in less‐developed countriesKindleberger, Charlesand DiTella, G. (eds.):Economics in the Long View.Kirzner, IsraelM. (ed.):Method, Process and Austrian Economics: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von MisesKornai, János:Growth, Shortage and Efficiency.Kozma, Ferenc:Economic Integration and Economic StrategyKrueger, AnneO.:Exchange‐Rate DeterminationKülp, Bernhard:FreizeitökonomieMüller‐Godeffroy, H. et al.:Der neue Protektionismus.Nezeys, Bertrand:Les relations économiques extérieures de la France.Ordeshook, PeterC. and Shepsle, KennethA. (eds.):Political EquilibriumPatinkin, Don:Anticipations of the General Theory?Rugman, AlanM. (ed.):New Theories of the Multinational EnterpriseRydén, Bengtand Bergström, Villy(eds.):Sweden: Choices for Economic and Social Policy in the 1980sSeurot, François:Inflation et emploi duns les pays socialistesSheffrin, StevenM.:Rational ExpectationsStegmuller, W.; Balzer, W. and Spohn, W. (eds.):Philosophy of Economics.Stewart, Francesand Sengupta, Arjun:International Financial Cooperation.Sundrum, R. M.:Development Economics.Tullock, Gordon:Economics of Income RedistributionU. S. Gold Commission:Report to the Congress of the Commission on the Role of Gold in the Domestic and Inter

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1984.tb00745.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1984.tb00746.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1984.tb00747.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY