摘要:

Higgins, A.J. The biology, pathophysiology and control of eicosanoids in inflammation.J. vet. Pluirmacol. Therap.8, 1–18.The involvement in inflammatory conditions of those cyclo‐oxygenase and lipoxygenase derivatives of arachidonic acid (5, 8, 11, 14‐eicosatetraenoic acid), which are known as the eicosanoids, is reviewed iti the light of recent studies. Although it is now generally recognized that cyclo‐oxygenase products are fundamental to the inflammatory process as chemical mediators, and that inhibition of the cyclo‐oxygenase enzyme pathway explains the mode of action of most non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly prescribed in veterinary practice, evidence for the involvement of lipoxygenase products of arachidonate metabolism in inflammation is increasing. The leukotrienes (LTs) are 5‐lipoxygenase‐derived eicosanoids which have been shown to be leucotactic and involved in anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions. Leucocytes, drawn to sites of injury by chemotaxis, themselves liberate pro‐inflammatory eicosanoids which perpetuate the response and may aggravate the clinical condition. At therapeutic dose rates, most NSAIDs have no effect on the biosynthesis of LTs, whereas corticosteroids, by inhibiting the release of arachidonic acid, may prevent the formation of both cyclo‐oxygenase and lipoxygenase products. However, because of the undesirable side‐effects of steroids, the clinical use of these agents in treating inflammatory conditions is sometimes limited. Novel non‐steroid inhibitors of cyclo‐oxygenase and lipoxygenase enzyme pathways could offer more effective and safer control of inflammation in animals.A.J. Higgins, The Royal Veterinaiy College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Her

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00919.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Allen, W.M.&Sansoni, B.F. Milk lever and calcium metabolism.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 19–29.W.M. Allen, Department of Functional Pathology, AFRC Institute for Research on Animal Diseases, Campion, Newbury, Berkshire RC16 ONN, Englan

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00920.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Virtanen, R., Ruskoaho, H.&Nyman, L. Pharmacological evidence for the involvement of alpha‐2 adrenoceptors in the sedative effect of detomidine, a novel sedative‐analgesic.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 30–37.The sedative effect and mechanism of action of a novel imidazole derivative, detomidine, were studied in laboratory animals. Three methods were used to quantify drug‐induced sedation: (i) decrease in spontaneous activity of mice; (ii) increase in barbiturate induced anaesthesia lime in mice; (iii) loss of righting reflex in chicks. Clonidine and xylazine were included in the studies for comparison. The sedative potency of detomidine was shown to be approximately equal to that of clonidine and much higher than that of xylazine. In all tests, the sedative effect of detomidine was inhibited by antagonists of alpha‐2 adrenoceptors (yohimbine, rauwolscine and idazoxan) but not by alpha‐1 antagonists (prazosin, corynanthine). Furthermore, anex vivoreceptor binding study in the rat showed that detomidine‐induced decrease in spontaneous activity was significantly correlated to [3Hc]onidine but not to [3H]prazosin displacement in brain membranes. These results show that detomidine has potent sedative effects in mice, rats and chicks, and suggest that this action is mediated through stimulation of alpha‐2 adrenoceptors.Raima Virtanen, Fartnos Group Ltd, Research Centre, P.O. Box 425, SF‐20101

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00921.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Guerrini, V.H., Filippich, L.J., English, P.B., Cao, G.R.&: Bourne, D.W.A. Effect of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in sheep.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 38–46.The effect of probenecid given by intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) injection on the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime was studied in six Merino ewes. When given intravenously, probenecid increased significantly (P<0.05) the plasma half‐life of cefotaxime three‐fold (to 0.94 ± 0.32 h) and the area under the curve (AUG) approximately two‐fold (to 41.1 ± 16.8 μg.h/ml), and decreased plasma cefotaxime clearance(ClB) 45% (to 0.648 ± 0.191 1/h/kg). When given with probenecid intravenously, renal clearance(ClR), volume of the central compartment(VC), volume of distribution steady slate(Vd(ss)). and the amount excreted in urine unchanged did not alter significantly.When given by i.m. injection, probenecid and cefotaxime were well tolerated and cefotaxime was well absorbed (101 ± 45%). When given by s.c. injection, only 40 ± 25% cefotaxime was absorbed. When given intramuscularly or subcutaneously, probenecid appeared to reduce theClBandClRof cefotaxime, probably because plasma probenecid concentrations are prolonged. Probenecid did not appear to affect the distribution of cefotaxime.Dr D.W.A. Bourne, Department of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 40

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00922.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

George, L., Smith, J.&Kaswan, R. Distribution of oxytetracycline into ocular tissues and tears of calves.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 47–54.A long‐acting oxytetracycline formulation was administered (20 mg/kg of body weight) intramuscularly to calves, and the concentrations of the drug in serum, ocular tissues and tears were measured. The drug was distributed selectively to the epithelium of the conjunctiva and to the lacrimal gland ductules, and reached concentrations in each tissue that exceeded those in serum. The drug did not penetrate into the aqueous humour, and produced mean peak lacrimal fluid concentrations2.0 μg/ml were observed in tears for 72 h. Severe local reactions occurred in all calves that were given the drug subconjunctivally.Lisle W. George, Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00923.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

George, L.W.&Smith J.A. Treatment ofMoraxella bovisinfections in calves using a long‐acting oxytetracycline formulation.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 55–61.Studies were undertaken to determine the effectiveness of an oxytetracycline HCl formulation for the prophylaxis and treatment of chronicMoraxella bovisocular infections in calves. Two separate experiments were performed. For the first, calves were separated into two groups and the eyes were infected withM. bovis.The eyes of these calves were observed and cultured for 37 consecutive days. On the 37th and 40th day, each of the five calves were treated intramuscularly with the drug (20 mg/kg of body weight). The other five calves (second group) remained untreated as controls. The cultures from the five treated calves were negative after the first antibiotic administration and remained so for 14 days.M. boviswas isolated from each eye of the control calves at least once during that time. None of the antibiotic‐treated calves was completely resistant when reinfected withM. bovis.For the second experiment, calves were given a prophylactic administration of the formulation and were then infected withM. bovis48 (n= 4 calves) or 72 (n= 4 calves) h later. These treatments resulted in a lower incidence of keratoconjunctivitis and a decreased duration of bacterial shedding, as compared to controls (n= 8 calves), but did not completely prevent the occurrence of disease or the establishment of ocular infections.Lisle W. George, Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00924.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Linton, A.H., Hinton, M.H.&Al‐Challaby, Z.A.M. Monitoring for antibiotic resistance in enterococci consequent upon feeding growth promoters active against Gram‐positive bacteria.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 62–70.Commercial chicken and pig farms, using different growth promoters, were monitored for enterococci resistant to a range of antibacterial agents. Due to inconsistent findings attributed to uncontrollable factors, chickens kept under experimental conditions were also studied. A total of 4216 isolates from all the surveys were examined. Resistant isolates were often encountered, even in control groups, suggesting complex population changes not necessarily solely connected with the influence of the growth promoters. It was concluded that comprehensive methods for differentiating strains are necessary to unravel this problem.A. H. Linton, Department of Microbiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, Avon BS8 ITD, En

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00925.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Shukla, R.&Shukla, S.B. An increase in metabolic acidosis induced by chloralose anaesthesia in dogs after sino‐vagal denervation.J. vet. Pharmacol, Therap.8, 71–75.Chloralose anaesthesia in dogs increased the H+ ion concentration significantly from its reference values. The findings favoured thai it was most probably engendered through anaesthetic depression of neural centre regulating H+ ion concentration of blood. Such increase was largely contributed by a significant increase in its metabolic fraction. A further increase of metabolic fraction after separate and joint section of carotid sinus nerves and vagi indicated their holding effect. The section of carotid sinus nerve induced greater increase in this fraction than that of vagi. It indicated differences between the two nerves in their metabolic fraction controlling influence. Hvperpnoea after vagi section decreased the carbonic acid fraction, whereas marginally reduced ventilation alter carotid sinus nerve section increased the carbonic acid fraction. Moreover, the overall changes in H+ ion concentration followed the changes in carbonic acid fraction. The present study suggested that the depressive effect of chloralose anaesthesia on H+ ion controlling neural mechanism could be largely determined by degree of increase in its metabolic fraction.R. Shukla, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, B.H.U. Varanasi‐221005,

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00926.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ingvast‐Larsson, C, Paalzow, G., Paalzow, L., Ottosson, T., Lindholm, A.&Appelgren, L.E. Pharmacokinetic studies of theophylline in horses.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 76–81.The pharmacokinetics of theophylline were determined in Standardised trotters after single intravenous and oral administration. A bi‐exponential equation was fitted to the intravenous data and a tri‐exponential equation to the oral data. The biological half‐life of theophylline was found to be 14.8 h, the volume of distribution 1.02 l/kg and the total plasma clearance 0.86 ml/kg/min. The oral absorption of the drug was complete (bioavailability 108%) and rapid (absorption half‐life 0.4 h).Professor L. E. Appelgren, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedicum. Box 573, S‐75J 23 X'p

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00927.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Koker, R. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of chloramphenicol in liver‐damaged mini‐pigs.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 82–87.Using mini‐pigs with an indwelling vascular catheter, the pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol were investigated in healthy and liver‐damaged animals. The liver damage was induced by thioacetamide and its degree was estimated by measuring the level of bile acids in serum. Employing a two‐compartment open model for analysing the time‐dependent course of the chloramphenicol concentration in serum, it was shown that in liver‐damaged animals the elimination half‐time was almost doubled as a result of reduced total body clearance. The consequences of liver damage for withdrawal limes and dosage schedules are discussed.R. Kroker, Federal Health Office. Institute for Veterinary Medicine, 1000 B

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00928.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY