ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00299.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This series of two review articles deals with general aspects of the mechanisms which govern absorption and distribution of drugs within the body, and the kinetics of drug metabolism and excretion. Emphasis is given to the verification of pharmacokinetic principles in domestic animals, and the clinical applications which proceed therefrom. In the first part, the concept of the two compartment and three compartment models for drug disposition are introduced and developed to demonstrate the mathematical models which may be derived to describe the kinetics of drug distribution and elimination. In the second part bioavailability and drug dosage will be considered.

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00300.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Eighteen non‐fasted, 12–16 week old pigs weighing between 20 and 40 kg were dosed with chloramphenicol intravenously at a dose rate of 22 mg/kg body weight. The pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol were determined in blood plasma and sixteen selected organs and body fluids. The elimination half‐life in plasma was estimated to be 2.66pL1.06 h and volume of distribution was 1.39pL0.32 I/kg. The body clearance of chloramphenicol was estimated to be 6.64pL1.52 ml/kg/min. The elimination half‐life in tissue was found to range from 1.25 h in kidney to 5.89 h in fat. Most major organs ranged from 2.0 to 5.0 h. Significant correlations were found to exist between plasma concentrations and most major organ concentrations. Chloramphenicol concentrations in muscle, spleen, lung, stomach content, and large intestine content were found to exist slightly beyond the time when concentrations were negative in plasma. However, urine levels exceeded tissue levels at the last slaughter interval. It appears that serum or urine would be a good body fluid for monitoring chloramphenicol residues in tissues, whereas stomach content might be used as an indicator for chloramphenicol treatment for many days after therapy with t

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00301.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Oral administration of sulphadoxine to adult goats (100 mg/kg body weight) resulted in absorption of about two thirds from the gastrointestinal tract. The absorption rate was lowest in newborn kids and increased with increasing age. Following administration of sulphadoxine (40 mg/kg body weight) through a rumen fistula about 80% was absorbed in cows. Also the elimination rate for sulphadoxine was lower in newborn kids than in adult goats and increased with the age. Oral administration of the trimethorpim (TMP) to kids, goats (20 mg/kg body weight) and cows (8 mg/kg body weight) resulted in higher plasma concentrations in newborn kids than in the older age groups and the maximal concentration of TMP in the blood of adult goats and cows was lower than 0.2 μg/ml.In vitroexperiments showed that trimethoprim may be degraded by ruminal microorganisms, but from experiments with oral administration of trimethoprim to cows it is concluded that metabolism in the cow's liver is at least as important as ruminal degradation

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00302.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using a pharmacokinetic model based on drug concentrations in tissue fluids of normal animals, calculated withdrawal times were compared with the observations made in emergency‐slaughtered diseased animals. After multiplying the calculated withdrawal times for muscle and kidney cortex tissues by a factor of 2 to 3, and 4 to 5, respectively, a good estimate was obtained for predicting drug withdrawal times for diseased animals treated with beta‐lactam antibiotics, oxytetracycline, and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Criteria for determining three different drug tolerance levels of edible tissues were presented and discus

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00303.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An investigation was carried out to determine the residues of azaperone in slaughter pigs and pig meat products. The butyrophenone tranquillizer azaperone is frequently administered to pigs by intramuscular injection in order to reduce mortality and loss of meat quality resulting from transportation from the farm to the slaughter house. In the pig, following administration of azaperone as recommended by the manufacturer (0.4 mg/kg i.m.) residue concentrations of about 0.05 μg/g azaperone, and 0.20 μg/g azaperol (the main biotransformation product in the pig) were found in the kidneys; the kidneys proving to be the sampling organs of choice. Pasteurization and other technological procedures did not influence residues measurably. Toxicological evaluation suggests that the residues found do notper seconstitute a danger to public health. None the less, the presence of any drug residue in meat or meat products is undesirable, and alternative, non‐pharmacological approaches to the problems arising from transportation prior to slaughter should be conside

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00304.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ninety‐nine isolates of obligate anaerobic bacteria obtained from clinical material were tested for susceptibility to ten antimicrobial agents. Regardless of the species of animal from which the isolates were obtained 90–95% were inhibited by ≤4 μg of ampicillin/ml, ≤4 μg of chloramphenicol/ml, ≤1 μg clindamycin/ml, ≤2 μg metronidazole/ml, ≤8 μg minocycline/ml, ≤16 μg penicillin Gyml, and ≤16 μg tetracycline/ml. All the aminoglycoside antibiotics tested (gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, and streptomycin) were shown to be relatively ineffective requiring ≥128 μg/ml for the inhibition of>50%of the isolates. The minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin G and tetracycline tended to be higher for isolates from non‐human primates (penicillin G)

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00305.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Platelet aggregation leading to a decreased number of thrombocytes and reduced blood serotonin levels can be correlated with parasitaemia as has been observed in goats and cattle infected withT. vivaxY58. Flurbiprofen is a potent anti‐inflammatory agent with antipyretic activity.In vitro, this agent inhibits platelet aggregation and blocks serotonin release. The results of the present study demonstrated that flurbiprofen inhibited the febrile reactions during the acute phase ofT. vivaxinfection, but the drug did not prevent or reverse the associated drop in blood serotonin level during this period. Moreover, it was apparent that flurbiprofen had a deleterious effect on goats infected withT. vivaxY58. The infection in the untreated animals (sixteen out of seventeen goats) followed a rather mild and prolonged course with peaks of parasitaemia during the febrile episodes, whereas in flurbiprofen‐treated goats (five animals), inoculated with the same number of trypanosomes, the parasitaemia was progressive and terminated in early death with disseminated intravascular coagulation at post mortem examination. These observations would seem to confirm the work of previous investigators, suggesting that anti‐inflammatory agents have an aggravatory effect on the course of infection in animals inoculated with various strains of trypanosomes. Important differences exist, however, in the relationship between prostaglandin synthesis in the platelets of the goat and in those of other sp

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00306.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00307.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00308.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY