摘要:

Southeast Asia's paratransit sector has become a vital source of mobility in many cities. Run by private operators, generally under free market conditions, paratransit vehicles maneuver into areas that standard buses cannot serve and provide frequent door‐to‐door service, at a profit. Yet despite past successes, pressure is mounting to greatly restrict or even ban paratransit vehicles from many cities, replacing becaks, bajajs, tuktuks, microbuses, minibuses, and jeepneys with large buses operated by public monopolies. While it is well known that paratransit provides low performance services tailored to what poor people can pay, an often overlooked benefit is that it compensates for the inadequacies of many roads in Southeast Asian cities. This paper empirically tests the extent to which mixes of paratransit fleets and services have evolved so as to adapt to the low capacity, poorly interconnected road systems in this part of the world. Using data for eight of Southeast Asia's largest cities, it is found that the greatest variety of paratransit modes, both in terms of types and seating capacities, generally exists in the places with the least amount of road capacity per capita and a poor road hierarchy. The paper concludes that any retrenchment in paratransit's role in Southeast Asian cities should be governed by market conditions rather than government f

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1991.tb00076.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper integrates and compares me results of two large‐scale econometric analyses of the effects of residential energy prices upon the U.S. housing market. A simple model of energy consumption in the housing market is developed, and the results of these studies are compared with the common model. The two studies, using very different bodies of data and very different econometric techniques, yield very similar implications in terms of household expenditures and patterns of consumption. In particular, both studies confirm the importance of “natural conservation” in the housing market. Higher energy prices lead to substantially lower consumption of residential energy, even in the absence of regulation. In particular, it is estimated that a doubling of energy prices leads to a reduction of residential energy consumption of about twenty‐five

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1991.tb00077.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Because of the growth of new technology based economic development policies at the state level in recent years, this research project provides an assessment of the experiences of users of one such program: the technology research center in microelectronics. A survey of a large number of companies gave us results that should be of interest to decision makers in universities, private industry as well as the public sector. Access to students as future employees was seen as a major reason why companies get involved with universities, more so than research enhancement per se. A univerisity's inability to protect what companies see as confidential research is seen as a major disincentive to further university‐industry relationships, while most companies did not see federal or state tax incentives as encouraging collaboration. Among companies who had direct experience with state‐funded technology center programs, most reacted positively to their experiences. Such collaboration was seen to stimulate related research within many participating companies, while also leading to improvements in the quality of products and production methods. While the majority of companies thought that states should continue to fund technology development programs, particularly at universities, neither universities nor government were seen as important sources of technical knowledge by many companies. A lack of information about state programs was seen among many companies that responded to the sur

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1991.tb00078.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A study of the location of three classifications of high‐tech industries in rural areas was undertaken using ordinary least squares, Tobit, and a two‐step estimation procedure suggested by Heckman (1976). The results indicate that the location decision for high tech firms is influenced primarily by the county population, adjacency to an SMSA, and the expenditures on public infrastructure (exclusive of education expenditures). However, location near interstate highways was generally not a significant factor. Results were similar between branch and unit (single ownership) plants. Some differences in signs of orders of magnitude occurred among the estimation procedures. Making a choice between Tobit and Heckman approaches depends upon the goal of the resea

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1991.tb00079.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The experiences of the Japanese technopolis program and British science parks are evaluated with a view of identifying the extent to which the success of technology led local economic development initiatives is due to accident, in the form of largely unplanned factors, or design in the form of planned local initiatives. Reference is made not only to general studies of the two initiatives but also to detailed case study material relating to the Shinanogawa/Nagaoka technopolis in Japan and Cambridge Science Park in Britain. The findings of the studies support the view that technology led initiatives must be regarded as essentially facilitating mechanisms which, in the right circumstances, can play a useful role in promoting local economic development.

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1991.tb00080.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The government of Indonesia frequently has stressed the need for decentralization to achieve effective regional development, but yet has hesitated to proceed because of fears that such action would undermine national unity and disrupt centrally defined national priorities. Furthermore, the entrenched bureaucratic hierarchy, reinforced by the persistence of patrimonialism, would have to surrender its planning and decision making authority to popularly constituted bodies. This paper examines this dilemma and argues that deconcentration of planning and implementation functions to lower administrative levels does not constitute decentralization. The analysis concludes by suggesting that collaboration between government and non‐governmental organizations might be the appropriate means for encouraging popular participation for sustainable developmen

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1991.tb00081.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Inexhaustible, strong demand for housing, which is generated from the current low rents and the work‐unit‐distribution housing system, has caused permanent housing shortages in China's urban sector. It is also one of the main sources of China's cost‐push inflation. The transition from public to private saving, which is included in current housing reform, is the only way to solve the housing problems facing the country. Calculation of the size of housing subsidies is the very foundation of any housing reform program. Based on my estimates, the annual housing subsidy per woker expanded 8.6 limes during the period from 1978 to 1988, increasing at an anual rate of 24.1%. Total housing subsidies expanded 12.4 times, rising at an annual rate of 28.6%. Relative to GNP, the housing subsidies grew from 1.3% to 4.2% during the period. The rapid expansion of housing subsidies has several significant policy implications for China's economy. These include the need for reappraising real worker income identifying the enlarged portion of revenue in kind, and recalculating housing consum

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1991.tb00082.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1991.tb00083.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY