摘要:

The basis of this paper is the proposition that the development of squatter communities and informal housing varies throughout developing regions. Squatter developments follow distinct patterns and develop unique characteristics which are affected by regional cultural variables. The paper presents a framework for investigating how different cultural practices affect the nature of squatter development. It first presents a brief overview of prevailing trends of thought regarding the formation of and response to informal housing development. Its principal argument then emerges from a cross‐cultural comparison of cases of informal development in the Arab Middle East and Latin America. The comparison shows that there is no all‐encompassing model for processes of formation and maturation of squatter settlements. For example, while informal developments in the Middle East have a clearly depoliticized and unobtrusive character, in Latin America such settlements are rarely isolated, maintaining ties to either ruling or opposition political parties. Further analysis elaborates on the definition of culture and its importance as a variable. The argument is made that the purely political/economic circumstances of squatter populations cannot be considered without regard for the cultural contexts in which these are embedded. Finally, the paper critiques the generalized pattern that has emerged to describe the evaluation of informal housing developments in the Third World, despite the key mediating role played by culture. It concludes that a culturally grounded approach may broaden the horizons for housing acquisition by the urban p

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1993.tb00120.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Exports have long been assumed by many to be the most important variable in driving regional growth, although factors such as government expenditure, investment demand, and remittances, among others, have also been recognized as significant. In addition, supply‐side constraints to the promotion of regional growth and development have recently received increased attention in the literature. This paper evaluates the relative importance of exports, investment demand, and remittances, as well as supply‐constrained agricultural production, in determining levels of regional output, value added, and household income in a single region in Kenya. The analysis is based on a mixed endogenous/ exogenous model derived from a social accounting matrix (SAM) which allows for incorporation of both demand and supply‐side considerations. The paper finds that exports are, in fact, the most important factor in explaining regional output and wage income in the region studied, although not overwhelmingly so. In addition, the analysis demonstrates the importance of supply‐constrained agricultural production as a determinant of income at the househol

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1993.tb00121.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Interest in the extent to which services are traded interregionally and internationally, as well as the role of services as a basic industry, has heightened over the past decade. Analysis of these questions has been hampered, however, by the fact that conventional data sources such as income and product accounts or employment records do not identify transactions between sectors or patterns of trade on a commodity basis. This study uses a series of commodity‐by‐industry input‐output models for the Canadian provinces which do permit an analysis of interregional and international trade on a commodity basis. We are also able to identify the importance of commodity exports on a direct‐plus‐embodied basis as well as the more conventional direct basis. Our analysis indicates that service exports to the Rest of the World was the fastest growing demand category between 1974 and 1984, followed by exports to Other Provinces. We also conclude that the conventional method of identifying exports, on a direct basis only, understates the amount of services exported as well as the contribution of services to the regional growt

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1993.tb00122.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Until recently, urban land and housing markets in Indonesia seemed to function well. Informal‐sector development provided low‐income housing affordably. Through government programs, formal‐sector developers could build housing for all but the poor. Since 1989, however, daily conversation pictures land speculation as rampant and formal‐sector housing as rising beyond the means of the middle class. Newspapers carry stories of conflicts between small landowners and large developers with government officials in between. This article investigates this situation by addressing two related questions: are urban land prices rising “too fast?”; how do land regulations and development practices affect costs, and who pays these costs? The article includes quantitative estimates of urban land prices, changes in urban land supply, movement of land through the permitting process, and the effect of development regulations on costs. Data come from a literature survey and interviews of some of the largest formal‐sector developers in Indonesia. A principal finding concerns a development regulation called a “location permit” and the “social function” of land in Indonesian law. Although helpful as a means of assembling land in Indonesia's highly fragmented land markets, location permits allow formal‐sector developers to hold land off the market and pay low prices to small landowners. Ultimately, the “social function” of land under Indonesian law holds down the price formal‐sector developers pay for land, but not at the price at which they sell their product. The article concludes by proposing refo

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1993.tb00123.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The analysis of data from the Kampong Improvement project in the small and medium sized cities of central Java demonstrates that house upgrading is no longer the only measure of improved welfare for Kampong residents. The privatizing of previously public essential services like water supply and those of MCK facilities (bath, laundry, toilet) currently provide evidence of improved living standards. Kampong residents in larger cities did not exhibit more responsible attitudes toward maintenance than smaller‐city residents. Kampong location in relation to the city center, the city's economy and the socio‐economic characteristics of the population were more influential fact

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1993.tb00124.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Despite considerable concern by the government, deep regional disparities remain a persistent and troubling feature of Pakistan's economy. Although stark inter‐provincial differences have received the most attention, both policy‐makers and research scholars also need to address profound intra‐provincial inequalities. Using factor analysis, this paper examines the relationship between investments in “hard” infrastructural development and inter‐provincial and intra‐provincial disparities in Pakistan. Overall, the paper argues that a very close association exists in Pakistan between regional infrastructure endowment and broad levels of socio‐economic development. Specifically, data indicate the striking importance of transport within and across regions. The analysis investigates the importance of differing types of transport infrastructure for regional development. The paper concludes with policy recommendations concerning levels, types and mix of hard infrastructural investments that might provide policy‐makers with the best opportunity for alleviating i

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1993.tb00125.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

For countries relying on variable‐rate, equal monthly installment mortgages, periods of high or unstable inflation can decimate loan affordability and profitability. The Bulgarian Indexed Capped Credit (BICC) can protect bank returns and radically improve loan affordability. Nevertheless, the instrument has a significantly higher credit risk than a fixed rate mortgage. Using Bulgaria as a model, this paper will review the BICC's benefits for borrowers and lenders. In addition, it will examine the instrument's credit risk and explore one option for reducing that hazard. Finally, this report will examine briefly liquidity risk, consumer acceptance and servicing issue

ISSN:0917-0553    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-940X.1993.tb00126.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY