ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In the process of investigating the family history of one of several patients admitted to this hospital for Huntington's chorea, we discovered that the widely quoted paper of Dr. P. R. Vessie contained several inaccuracies. These were of such a nature to render unproven his thesis that Huntington's chorea was originally introduced to this country by three individuals who came to this country in Colonial times. We tried to use Vessie's sources, although references to them were vague. In addition, we discovered extensive genealogical information about the involved families in the Local History and Genealogy Section of the New York State Library.Vessie's frustrating fancy to hide but hint at the identities of the settlers as “Nichols,” “Wilkie” and “Jeffers” complicates investigation, already rendered difficult enough by various speculations on the actual relationship between them,e.g., whether their common dame was Critchley's “gay lady of Bures.”Our belief is that Huntington's chorea has been propagated largely, but not exclusively, through the descendants of several Colonial families. It appears at this time that, owing to the frequency of intermarriage between families, and to the highly speculative nature of the earliest cases, it is impossible to narrow the field of transmission to Vessie's three shipmates.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A model of ego functioning including processes identified as, coping, defensive and fragmenting is described along with research which has evaluated its assumptions and usefulness. The values embedded in this model are examined in the context of an argument that processual rather than outcome criteria of positive human functions permit greater generality of understanding across the diversity of people and social conditions. Examples of the ego model's use in research generally, in stress research particularly, and in psychotherapy are presented.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Economic change appears to have a substantial impact on the mental hospitalization of various socioeconomic groups. This relationship is not confined to the admissions of relatively low or relatively high socio-economic groups. In other words, it is not necessarily the traditional “poor” who become psychiatric victims of precipitating economic stress. It is likely that under sufficient economic pressure, members ofanysocio-economic stratum will respond in terms of mental hospitalization.Members of the most economically insecure groups appear to show the greatest risk of mental hospitalization during periods of economic adversity (“downturn”) for the general population. This generalization is supported by the findings of independent economic studies. A comparison of these findings with those of the present study shows that groups which experience the greatest economic loss during the economic downturn may respond most sharply with mental hospitalization. Thus, the overall risk of mental hospitalization will be determined, in part, by: (1) social position, including education, occupation, income, sex and age, and (2) the particular patterns of ongoing social change, especially economic change.This relationship betweenaggregate(i.e., for the general population)short termeconomic change and mental hospital admissions probably grossly underestimates the overall effects of economic stress on the mental hospitalization ofindividuals.In the first place, short term fluctuations in aggregate economic activity represent only one major type ofaggregateeconomic change. It excludes long term technological and social-economic changes which will vary, for example, by industry, occupation, region and the demographic composition of the labor force. Secondly, these short term aggregate economic fluctuations are measured by short term variations in the manufacturing employment index. This measure is at best an extremely crude estimate of changes in theaverageeconomic behavior of persons inallindustries, occupations, regions and firms within the area under study (New York State).Thirdly, and most important, the greatest proportion of economic change in the lives of individuals does not stem from aggregate changes in the economy as a whole. The most frequent economic changes are results of career patterns, retirement, physical and mental illness, death, marriage, care and education of the young, and separation and divorce.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Fifty-two schizophrenics were seen individually for five sessions. In each session a base line assessment first was made of the amount of pathological thinking manifested. Then on different days, in counterbalanced order, the Ss were exposed to the following five conditions: 1) subliminal neutral stimulation; 2) subliminal libidinal stimulation; 3) subliminal merging stimulation: 4) subliminal aggressive stimulation; 5) subliminal aggressive stimulation preceded by manipulations designed to increase self-awareness. Each of these conditions was followed by a “critical” assessment of pathological thinking. The major results were: a) as in previous experiments, subliminal aggressive stimulation intensified pathological thinking; b) however, when this stimulation was preceded by the “self-awareness manipulations,” its pathology-inducing effect was nullified; c) subliminal libidinal stimulation did not affect pathological thinking; d) subliminal merging stimulation (i.e., the exposure of a stimulus depicting two figures as merged) showed a trend towardreducingpathological thinking. Additional analyses of these data plus data from a follow-up study indicated that the merging condition significantly diminished pathological thinking in those schizophrenics who experienced themselves as relatively differentiated to begin with. These findings were discussed with the aim of elucidating the motivational state underlying pathological thinking in schizophrenia.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This paper summarizes controlled studies on combined pharmacotherapy (chronic dosage) and psychotherapy in the literature since 1950. Studies purportedly or actually comparing the effects of combined treatment with the effects of either treatment alone are included. Major tranquilizers, minor tranquilizers, group psychotherapy, individual psychotherapy, schizophrenic patients and psychoneurotic patients are relatively well represented, along with single studies dealing with insulin, antidepressants and depressed patients.From a practical point of view, these studies consistently suggest that combined treatment is superior to psychotherapy alone, but not to pharmacotherapy alone. From a theoretical point of view, these studies suggest that the effect of two treatment interventions combined is the same as the effect of the more effective intervention alone. Unfortunately, this point remains highly tentative because of limitations in the design and execution of the available studies.The effect of the psychotherapy offered constitutes a major question in most of the studies reviewed. They suggest that the role of psychotherapy in combined treatment may be clarified in part by including assessments of the effects of psychotherapy alone and pharmacotherapy alone in the designs of future studies.Studies of psychotherapy suggest that the role of psychotherapy in combined treatment may be further clarified by providing contrasting “dosages” of psychotherapy in terms of certain crucial indicators: the therapist's level of experience; the levels of accurate empathy, nonpossessive warmth and genuineness he offers his patients; his score on the Whitehorn-Betz A-B Scale; and the extent to which his interests on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank correspond to those of a reference group of successful psychiatrists.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In recent years there has been a marked change in the pattern of drug dependence in several countries with the emergence of younger addicts. It has been suggested that Australia is on the verge of having a major drug problem. Little is known about the background and personality of these young addicts and the causative factors involved in their dependence on drugs. In this study 50 drug addicts under the age of 31 were examined in Sydney, Australia.Combinations of drugs were used mainly for their euphoriant effects. Most belonged to a drug-taking “hippie” subculture and were distinguishable by their mode of dress and long hair.The majority came from working class families disrupted by heavy drinking, alcoholism, broken marriages and mental illness. A history of antisocial behavior during adolescence was common. Most had an underlying personality disorder characterized by immaturity, passivity, difficulty in handling anxieties and, in many cases, sexual deviation.Psychometric results showed that the addicts were of average intelligence but had high scores for anxiety and neuroticism. It is suggested that drug abuse among young people, amounting to dependence, occurred mainly among those from deprived backgrounds and with personality disorders.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A previous study of the effects of hearing one's own voice during sleep was replicated, and the results supported those of the previous experiment. Hearing one's own voice during sleep produces dreams in which the dreamer is active, assertive and independent. Hearing another person's voice during sleep produces dreams in which the dreamer is passive. There was a high degree of voice recognition during the dream as compared with a somewhat lower rate of recognition during the waking state. Free associations following the rapid eye movement period awakening seemed congruent with dream content.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Although there is abundant evidence that unilateral damage to the brain frequently results in contralateral elevation of tactile and visual thresholds, there is still disagreement over whether similar threshold changes occur for hearing. In the present study we report unilateral auditory thresholds for single stimuli in hemiplegic patients which provide evidence pertinent to this issue.Unilateral auditory thresholds were obtained for a group of 19 left hemiplegic patients and a group of 19 non-brain-damaged control patients matched for age, sex, and social antecedents.A comparative analysis of the auditory threshold levels in the hemiplegic and control groups indicated that although the two groups acheived similar threshold levels for the right ear the hemiplegic group showed a significantly higher threshold for the left ear than did the control group. Thresholds shown by individual patients revealed that while 9 hemiplegic patients showed threshold levels within the range of the normal controls, 10 of them showed elevation of thresholds for the left ear beyond the limits demonstrated by the control subjects. Thus, unilateral elevation of threshold was exhibited on the side opposite the lesion by 53 percent of the hemiplegic patients.The results obtained suggested that the auditory system is not unique among sense systems and that unilateral cerebral damage can result in contralateral threshold changes in audition as well as in somesthetic and visual sensibility.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In a prior study, we identified factors of psychopathology in the interview, ward behavior and self-report ratings of 124 depressed patients from 9 hospitals. The present study attempts to replicate these findings in a sample of 648 depressed patients from 10 hospitals. The criteria for patient selection and the factor analytic methods employed were identical in both studies. The major factors of psychopathology identified in the first study were replicated in the second study. Further, the loadings of the key items on these factors were highly similar in both studies. However, the factors in the second study encompassed a narrower range of psychopathology than those in the first. As a consequence, more factors were extracted for the same evaluation instruments in the second study.The 12 major categories of psychopathology discernible from these analyses were: 1) depressive mood, 2) feelings of guilt and worthlessness, 3) hostility, 4) anxiety-tension, 5) cognitive loss and subjective uncertainty, 6) interest and involvement in activities, 7) somatic complaints, 8) sleep disturbance, 9) retardation in speech and behavior, 10) bizarre thoughts and behavior, 11) excitement and 12) denial of illness.The break-up of some of the larger, global factors from the first study into smaller and more narrowly defined factors in the second study was a distinct asset in later efforts to discern the differential effects of various antidepressant drugs. The results from both studies also highlighted the advantages of using different rating instruments and sources of information about the patient. First, within a particular category of psycho-pathology, such as hostility, nuances of behavior across rating instruments would have been missed had we sampled only one aspect of patient behavior. Second, some categories of psychopathology, such as depressed mood, emerged as strong factors on certain rating instruments and were either poorly represented or absent on others.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID