ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The authors review and analyze a heterogenous group of dysphoric syndromes, commonly subsumed in the category of “atypical depression.” These syndromes appear to have practical clinical implications, but, as yet, have not been incorporated into the current nosological framework of DSM-III. Classification, prognosis, and treatment of these syndromes are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study investigated whether depressed subjects differ from controls in their ability to appreciate emotional aspects of verbal material, or in their use of emotional qualities of stimuli in learning and remembering. When asked to rate the degree of emotionality of words, depressed subjects did so essentially identically with controls. However, despite apparently similar evaluatory processing, the depressed failed to remember as well as controls. Depressed subjects were more dependent than controls on both high emotionality and high stimulus concreteness for recognition memory, but were less benefited by these properties in free recall. While providing no evidence for deficits specific to emotionality, our results suggest that relatively shallow processing of semantic aspects of stimuli may be an important factor in the memory impairment of depression.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Data are from a 1979 community sample (N= 1000) of adults in Los Angeles County. The analysis examines how depressive symptoms, measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, and a variety of other factors influence problem recognition and use of mental health services. Of those people with a high level of depressive symptoms, nearly one third view themselves as having a nondepressive problem, while another third view themselves as having no personal problem. After controlling for demographic and other factors, depressive symptoms emerge as the most important element enhancing problem recognition; being female and having more education also enhance recognition of depressive problems and enable people to distinguish depressive from other problems. Among those with a high level of depressive symptoms, only one third had consulted a mental health service in the prior year. Factors promoting use of mental health services among those who acknowledge a personal problem include depressive symptoms, prior use of mental health services, use of services by friends and relatives, and discussion with friends and relatives about counseling; no significant effects emerge for sex, age, education, income, or insurance coverage. Data from the untreated show that a self-reliant attitude and some practical barriers prevent people with depressive symptoms from obtaining professional help.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study investigated the effects of problem complexity on cognitive performance of 96 schizophrenic and nonpsychiatric inpatients. Subvocal activity (mediation) and three rigidity parameters were examined in relation to performance. The major findings were: a) with increased problem complexity, schizophrenics demonstrated relatively greater difficulty in performance than controls; b) subvocal activity was greater in schizophrenics than controls and was positively related to both the complexity of the problem and the inability to respond correctly; c) motor-cognitive rigidity was higher in schizophrenics and positively correlated with cognitive errors, as well as with the subvocal activity—this was not so in controls, demonstrating the differential role of the rigidity dimension in the two populations.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Forty-five patients with auditory hallucinations were studied. Sixty per cent proved to be excellent hypnotic subjects with multiple personalities. These latter patients received 11 different diagnoses by clinicians, predominantly those related to schizophrenia or an affective illness. Because patients with multiple personalities frequently have hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideas and bizarre behaviors, they may be misdiagnosed as some form of schizophrenia.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Twenty-one acute schizophrenic patients and 26 neurotic patients sorted each of six sets of 15 objects into three groups. A set consisted either of schematic faces, nonsense objects, or histoforms, each composed of five independently varying features. For the faces and nonsense objects these features could be integrated into a whole, whereas for the histoforms they could not. The distribution of four of the features was such that a set could be divided into three groups. The fifth feature either remained constant and had no, effect on sorting performance or it varied randomly and acted as a distractor. Performance was assessed from the variance in common between the grouping actually present in a set and the grouping produced by the subject. For the control patients faces were sorted much better than histoforms if no distractor was present. However, performance with faces was massively impaired by a distractor while performance with histoforms was not. For the schizophrenic patients faces were not sorted better than histoforms and the effect of distraction was similar for every type of material. The performance of the controls suggests that the gestalt quality of the faces dominated over their constituent details. This enabled more features to be handled at once, thus achieving better sorting with faces than histoforms. However, it also made it more difficult for subjects to ignore a distracting component in the faces. The performance of the schizophrenics suggests that for them the integrated gestalt of the face was not dominant over its components.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Several hypotheses suggest that alcohol is often used to “escape”—to forget unpleasant feelings resulting from personal problems or social stresses. To test alcohol's effects on memory for feelings, 1.1 ml/kg of alcohol (A) or placebo (P) was given in two sessions, 48 hours apart, to 32 subjects divided into four equal drug groups (P-P, P-A, A-P, A-A). The subjects filled out the Profile on Mood States (POMS) after drug ingestion in session 1 while experiencing and learning these emotions. Their memories were tested when they tried to replicate these POMS ratings after drug ingestion in session 2. Alcohol given before memory testing decreased accuracy on each of the six POMS scales, especially Fatigue. However, alcohol did not impair memory for previously learned verbal and pictorial stimuli, and it produced no measurable changes in current feelings. These findings indicate that the impairment of memory for feelings may be a newly discovered specific pharmacological effect of alcohol.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study examined relationships between patient and clinician satisfaction ratings and the use of a negotiated approach to the initial psychiatric interview. Two dimensions of the negotiated approach were distinguished—mutuality in making treatment decisions and mutuality in communicating explanatory information. Forty-four patients sampled from a larger pool of 158 patients in a walk-in clinic of a large, urban general hospital participated in the study. At the conclusion of clinical interviews three kinds of satisfaction ratings were obtained—those of patients' satisfaction, clinicians' perceptions of patients' satisfaction, and clinicians' own satisfaction. Transcripts of patients' audiotaped interviews with these clinicians were independently rated on each of the 10 negotiated approach process measures, comprising five measures of each process dimension. Patient satisfaction was found to be associated with explanatory processes—being given clear and complete explanations concerning the recommended treatment plan, its rationale, and its link to the patient's complaints, and with decision-making processes—stating a request before the start of the disposition phase and having the clinician pursue consensus with the patient on the clinician's recommended treatment plan. None of the negotiation variables was significantly correlated with clinician satisfaction. Moreover, clinicians appeared to be inaccurate in their perception of the sources of patient satisfaction. The study's findings suggest that two sources of strain between the clinician and the patient that may adversely affect the outcomes of their initial interview are the divergence in their value systems concerning initial interview processes and the clinician's misreading of the patient's perspective.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A group of patients with both depression and chronic pain were treated with doxepin for 4 weeks. Elevated (above median) initial levels of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol (MHPG, a metabolite of central nervous system [CNS] norepinephrine metabolism) were found to be significantly related to final pain relief, but not to improvement in depression. Anxiety, as measured on the Zung Anxiety Scale, was an important covariable, as high anxiety levels were significantly associated with both higher MHPG levels and with pain relief. Possible biochemical and psychophysiological mechanisms associated with the modulation of pain are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID