ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Groups of hospitalized psychiatric patients in Japan and in the United States were compared in their discrete symptom manifestations as well as in their dominant roles (turning against self, turning against others, avoidance of others) and spheres (thought, affect, somatization, action). With differences in social competence, age and diagnosis reduced to a minimum by application of individual matching across cultures, male Japanese patients were found to exceed their American counterparts in thought dominance; among women, the role of avoidance of others was disproportionately encountered in the United States. In both sex groups, Japanese patients tended toward general and diffuse symptoms; among Americans, the trend was toward elaboration and specificity. Parallels were sought for these findings in the accumulated store of information concerning Japanese cultural patterns, socialization practices and personality characteristics. It was concluded that a degree of continuity obtains between the adaptive and pathological features prevalent within a cultural milieu. Likewise, it appears to be more than a fortuitous convergence that modes of therapeutic intervention favored in Japan stress relationship, intuition and somatic treatment and underemphasize self-understanding and insight.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The 3-year incidence of rehospitalization of a group of 81 previously hospitalized schizophrenic patients was determined. A significant relationship was found between their incidence of rehospitalization and age of first psychiatric treatment contact (p<.001), premorbid asocial adjustment (p<.001) and marital status (<.025) The three predictor variables were all significantly related (p<.05). The results indicate that when one controls for either age of first psychiatric treatment contact or premorbid asocial adjustment marital status has no prognostic utility. The results also indicate that the presence of premorbid asocial adjustment is an almost certain indicator of rehospitalization (87.2 per cent), regardless of the patient's age at first psychiatric treatment contact. However, among patients who do not have a premorbid asocial history, early age of first psychiatric treatment contact effectively predicts rehospitalization. Only 15.0 per cent of the nonasocial patients whose first psychiatric treatment contact occurred at the age of 23 or older were rehospitalized.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The AB scale has proven to be a very useful tool in psychotherapy research for a simple and compelling reason: it predicts a psychotherapist's potential effectiveness. However, research with the scale is complicated by the current existence of nine different versions. The purpose of this paper was to clarify this situation by means of a comparative analysis of several of these versions.This comparative analysis was conducted by two methods: 1) a review of the “developmental history” of these nine versions, and 2) an empirical study of the accuracy of several versions of the scale in identifying successful therapists.The historical review of the development of the scales revealed that two of the versions and one of the scoring methods had psychometric shortcomings, leading to the suggestion that they probably should not be utilized in research.The empirical portion of the comparative analysis suggested that, of the remaining seven versions of the test, three were the strongest, in the sense of being most reliable and valid. Since at the present time there are no data permitting any distinctions among these three versions, the best strategy for current research is to use all three and to compare their relative effectiveness.Such a strategy still leaves researchers with a choice of three versions, but this represents considerable gain over the nine possibilities which existed prior to this analysis.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This report describes the use and results of a “double conditioning” operant treatment paradigm designed to modify the behavior of chronic schizophrenics. Essentially, this paradigm involves the training of these patients through operant conditioning procedures to act in turn as behavioral therapists for fellow chronic schizophrenics.Twenty-seven patients participated in this study. These patients were divided into nine trios with two members of each trio assigned to serve as “guardian therapists” for their more regressed “charge” patient. A standardized hierarchy of response levels, ranging from simple eye contact to complex forms of social behavior, was constructed for all charge patients. Daily 45-minute behavior therapy (BT) sessions were held in which the guardians together with two staff systematically administered both social (e.g., praise) and primary reinforcements (e.g., ice cream, soda, cigarettes, chocolate, etc.) to the charge patient to induce him to progress to advanced levels in the response hierarchy. An arbitrary figure of 80 per cent correct responses constituted the criterion used to gauge when it was appropriate to thin out the differential reinforcement rate, as well as when to proceed to the next higher level in the hierarchy.Each of the BT sessions was divided into 3-minute time blocks with guardians alternating turns in conditioning their charge. As guardian patients worked, they were given considerable praise, encouragement and instruction from assigned staff. At the end of each time block, they would be given one coupon for effort and one for performance if they earned it. These coupons (secondary reinforcers) were negotiable for assorted “goodies” and “treats.”Over the course of time, we found that many of the guardian patients were able to master most of the intricacies and technicalities of the conditioning procedures with some developing a competence comparable to that of staff. Some guardians were entrusted with more and more responsibility and even took over several “exclusive” staff functions, such as keeping time, recording results on data sheets and selecting appropriate reinforcers before each session. Moreover, almost all charge patients showed variable gains as they moved up the levels in the hierarchy of responses. Despite the relative success of this program, a number of limitations to the operant conditioning paradigm were to emerge. These limitations are discussed fully in the report.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The present experiment tested the prediction that paranoid schizophrenics would be more sensitive to maternal censure cues than nonparanoid schizophrenics. The prediction was based upon prior evidence which linked continuing sensitivity to maternal censure in normal males with high control-low nurturance mothers to paranoid trends in their thinking. Thirty-one male schizophrenics (12 paranoid and 19 nonparanoid) were presented an experimental situation in which they were first given a cognitive task susceptible to distraction and then given a parallel task while a tape-recorded scene of a mother censuring her son was delivered through earphones. Sensitivity to maternal censure cues was defined by the degree to which cognitive performance was impaired under the tape condition.The results supported the prediction. Paranoid schizophrenics demonstrated a decline in performance when exposed to maternal censure cues as distractors while the nonparanoid schizophrenic group did not. The difference between the two groups was significant. These results, in combination with the earlier results obtained with normals, were felt to be sufficiently promising to warrant further investigation of a developmental proposal for paranoid behavior which has as its nucleus the manner in which the child comes to adapt to aversive maternal control.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Previous research has shown that positive verbal reinforcement drives skin conductance toward a range which has been defined as optimal for learning. This study was concerned with whether process and reactive schizophrenics and normals differ in the degree to which reinforcement mediates change in skin conductance toward this range. It was found that reinforcement mediates such change for reactive schizophrenics and normals more so than for process schizophrenics.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Recovery functions of somatosensory evoked responses have consistently provided measures discriminating between psychiatric patients and nonpatients. The present study was conducted to obtain data bearing on the possibility that patient-nonpatient differences may be attributable to group differences in state of attention. The specific aims were: 1) to determine whether consistent changes in somatosensory responses and their recovery functions accompanied the differences in attentiveness, compared with “resting” conditions, associated with television (TV) watching, and 2) to determine whether alterations in somatosensory evoked response characteristics would be correlated with electroencephalographic (EEG) changes taking place between rest and TV conditions. Somatosensory recovery functions, involving five interstimulus intervals, were measured under rest and TV conditions in 18 subjects. The integrated amplitude of the concurrent EEG was also measured. The results indicated that, although EEG amplitude was significantly reduced during TV viewing, there were no consistent changes in evoked response or recovery function measurements. Also, evoked response variations were not correlated with changes in EEG amplitude. The findings make it less probable that previously found patient-control differences in somatosensory recovery functions resulted from differences in general state of attentiveness. They also indicate that marked intraindividual changes in EEG amplitude may take place without correlated shifts in somatosensory evoked response measurements.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In this study, an attempt was made to validate Rousey and Moriarty's suggestion that difficulty in articulation of certain sounds is related to specific aspects of psychological behavior. Of the numerous articulation errors enumerated by Rousey and Moriarty, the authors studied specifically the predictability of finding the distortion of the vowel /r/ and the substitution of the /w/ for /r/ sound in individuals who manifest destructive behavior towards self or others. Twenty-four patients seen by the Outpatient Department of The Menninger Foundation were studied. Twelve had the designated pathognomonic speech difficulty and 12 did not. Without knowledge of the speech findings, the senior author reviewed the 24 individual clinical charts for information regarding destructive behavior toward self or others. When evidence was found, he predicted that these patients would have the designated speech difficulty. When no information was found, he predicted the absence of the speech difficulty. The prediction was accurate for 11 of the 12 patients who had the designated speech difficulty and for 11 of the 12 who did not have these difficulties. The findings are seen as supporting the original hypothesis of Rousey and Moriarty.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID