摘要:

This study investigated the self-cognition responses of hospitalized psychiatric patients, employing a configurational analysis of the four self-relevant descriptions given by each subject, core self, ideal self, remembered self (from an interview), and TV self (observed from a videorecording of the same interview). This procedure was repeated for a subset of the sample just prior to discharge. A balanced interobject distance configuration was evidenced for the Schizophrenia group, an unbalanced configuration centering around the self was found for the Depressive Reaction and Mixed Neurosis groups, and an unbalanced ideal centered configuration for the Character Disorder group. The Adjustment Reaction of Childhood group was unbalanced and unsymmetrical. On second testing, all configurations became more compact, except that for the Adjustment Reaction group.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1972

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A crisis oriented coping model is presented in which life events and hospitalization are viewed as serving an instrumental role in people's attempts to negotiate changes in others' expectations. Adoption of an instrumental view of hospitalization focuses attention on its meaning as a social event and locates it within the context of forces operating in people's current life situations. Several questions and hypotheses derived from the model and from the literature of life events are examined empirically. Ninety-nine psychiatric patients were compared to a matched sample of nonhospitalized controls on the frequency and pattern of events which had occurred in their lives during the preceding year. A dramatic rise in events over the course of the year was discovered for patients, compared to a negligible rise for controls. Most events in patients' lives occurred as a result of some action on the part of patients themselves, rather than having been imposed on them by circumstances beyond their control. Also, most events in patients' lives were directly involved in the problems prompting hospitalization. In addition, the frequency of events differed among patients according to patients' preferred explanation for their troubles.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1972

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Chippewa people comprise most of the American Indian population in Minnesota. Especially in the last two decades, they have migrated by the thousands from northern lakes and forests to the Minneapolis area. Public drunkenness is a frequent characteristic among them, and alcohol-related problems bring them to hospital in increasing numbers.Chippewa drinkers are popularly considered not to have drinking problems like “true alcoholics.” Despite the variety of alcoholism classifications presently available, however, none are based on sociocultural parameters. Thus, it was of interest to see whether alcoholism might indeed vary along ethnic lines.Accordingly, 30 Chippewa with alcohol-related problems requiring hospital admission were intensively studied at University of Minnesota Hospitals in Minneapolis. At the same time, data were collected on 200 consecutive patients admitted to the alcoholism unit at St. Paul-Ramsey Hospital. Variables included race, age, sex, marital status, employment, withdrawal symptoms at time of admission, and serologic tests for hepatic function and nutritional status.Both marked similarities and marked disparities occurred between the Chippewa and majority alcoholics. The similarities suggested that alcoholism is no less morbid an entity among Chippewa people than among the general population. Differences appeared related to a variety of sociocultural factors, which are presented in the paper, rather than to a separate “Indian” form of alcoholism.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1972

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, a rare and fascinating movement disorder, has often been poorly understood and misdiagnosed by physicians. In reviewing the literature it becomes apparent that much of the diagnostic confusion may be attributed to the fact that Gilles de la Tourette himself failed to differentiate the syndrome which bears his name from other obscure disorders described in his time. Also, Tourette's original paper has been frequently misquoted.On the basis of our experience with 34 patients who have been intensively studied over a period of 6 years, diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome have been set forth. The symptoms have been found, to start between the ages of 2 and 13, usually in the form of simple involuntary tic-like movements. Involuntary noises, often described as barks, grunts, or hisses, were also common initial symptoms. In the course of time the symptoms insidiously change. They will wax and wane in intensity and new symptoms will replace old ones. Movements usually progress from simple to multiple and may often become complicated, appearing purposeful, but remaining entirely involuntary. Although sounds or words appear eventually in all patients, coprolalia is not a necessary component of the syndrome and was present in only slightly more than half of our patients. Contrary to many statements in the literature there is no mental deterioration.In order to aid the physician in diagnosing this rare syndrome, a review of other movement disorders which may enter into the differential diagnosis has been undertaken. The basic characteristics, associated symptoms and findings, courses without treatment, and types of movements seen in these various disorders are discussed and also summarized in a table.It is hoped that this will enable physicians to diagnose the syndrome earlier in its course and more frequently since effective treatment with haloperidol is now possible.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1972

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Demographic information, including sexual, religious, social and ethnic background, and marital status, as well as birth, developmental, and family history, was collected for 34 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and compared with the findings in six studies and four reviews.Males outnumbered females at all ages in a ratio of three or four to one. Sixty-seven per cent had an East European Jewish background. More females were married than males. There was no relationship between Tourette's syndrome and mother's age at birth, history of abortions, birth history, birth order, family history of tics and mental illness, and social class.In 60 per cent of the cases, one of the parents had paranoid or dominant characteristics, higher than might be expected. Childhood developmental abnormalities were found in 51.8 per cent of the patients and 35.3 per cent were left-handed. These findings suggested a relationship between Tourette's syndrome and early central nervous system difficulty.The median age of onset was 6.5 years with a range of 3 to 13 years, duration of illness was 12.6 years with a range of 3.5 to 54 years, and duration between onset of symptoms and the diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome was 9.0 years with a range of 0.2 to 54 years.Early and correct diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome is important to minimize the harmful effects on patients of delayed chemotherapy which is now available.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1972

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Based on previous findings that patients who have unilateral cerebral damage show a unilateral delay in sensory and sensory motor processing involving somatesthetic stimuli, the present study was conducted to determine whether such delay is restricted to the one sense system or is characteristic of the auditory system as well. Twenty-five left hemiplegic patients and 26 control patients who showed no evidence of central nervous system disorder were examined, using simple reaction time to laterally applied tones as the response indicator. Stimulation of the two ears was subjectively equated and a nonlateralized common response (voice) was used to rule out the possible effects of lateralized changes in sensory sensitivity and motor effectiveness.In contrast to the control subjects, left hemiplegic patients (right cerebral damage) showed abnormally long reaction times to stimulation of the left ear but not to right ear stimulation. The findings of this and related studies were interpreted as showing that delayed sensory and sensory motor processing is probably characteristic of all afferent systems in the affected hemisphere and has functional consequences for perception and awareness and for the organization of action.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1972

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The nature and extent of memory deficits were assessed in a group of 27 patients with severe closed head injuries, using tests of learning and immediate memory, together with retention over 30 minutes. The head-injured patients, compared with a normal control group, showed difficulties on all the measures used. Severity of injury was an important determinant of memory performance in older patients but less so in younger. The memory deficit appears to be diffuse in nature, although further work is needed to illuminate the precise nature of the observed deficits.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1972

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Reaction time performance in 20 brain-damaged Ss and 20 control Ss was studied, using a technique developed by Rodnick and Shakow, which employs preparatory intervals of 1, 2, 4, 7.5,15, and 25 seconds in length under both a regular and irregular presentation.The main results are: 1) brain-damaged Ss show significantly slower reaction times under each experimental condition examined; 2) for both the regular and irregular condition, the curves relating preparatory interval to reaction time are essentially the same for brain-damaged and normal Ss; and 3) a composite reaction time measure, the “set index,” does not achieve marked discriminative power in separating the two groups. In addition, it was found that the rate of development of the cerebral disease is a determining factor in slowing reaction time responses. The results of this study are discussed with references to reports on the same subject in the literature.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1972

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The sexual behavior and attitudes of 14 unmarried male and 11 unmarried female amphetamine users, age 16 to 28, were assessed by, means of interview and compared with a matched sample of characterologically disturbed non-drug users. Various differences were found. All but 2 amphetamine users had had explicit sexual experiences including intercourse, compared with 16 of the 25 of the matched sample. Non-drug users, as a group, tended to be more idealistic and traditional in their sexual behavior and values than amphetamine users. Among amphetamine users, both males and females tended toward promiscuity, with males espousing positive feelings about sex and females showing either apathy or antipathy. In terms of overall sexual satisfaction, both male and female amphetamine users were more dissatisfied than the psychiatric control group, but differed as to the nature of their dissatisfaction. The information fails to support the contention that chronic amphetamine use is either sexually substitutive or contributes directly to sexual disturbance. Rather, both drug use and sexual pathology seem to result from common, yet unidentified, personality variables.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1972

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies were conducted in 40 chronic schizophrenic men and women participating in a 3-month haloperidol (HAL), clopenthixol (CX), and chlorpromazine (CPZ) double blind placebo-controlled study. Of these 40 patients, 13 were on HAL, 9 on CX, 8 on CPZ, and 10 on placebo (PL). Despite some suggestive differences, the overall EEG measures of these drugs were similar, paralleling in this respect their similarity in overall clinical effectiveness despite their chemical differences.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1972

数据来源: OVID