ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

TheJournal of Nervous and Mental Diseasewas established in 1874 with a focus on the clinical and scientific aspects of nervous system function and disorder. Approximately one-half of its pages were devoted to original articles. The rest offered extensive reviews of books and journals throughout the world. From the beginning, despite a disclaimer of interest in insanity, its reviews as well as an occasional article covered the field of what was then psychiatry as well as the nervous system. By 1878, while the bulk of its original papers continued to deal with neurophysiological and neuropathological topics its editorials were deeply involved in the outcry for mental hospital reform. It also was in the vanguard of the movement for a scientific as well as a humane psychiatry. Although it was an independent publication its editorial views often reflected those of the American Neurological Association. They frequently opposed the American Association of Asylum Superintendents, forerunner of the American Psychiatric Association, labeling it as reactionary and attacking it on scientific and professional grounds. By 1881, the last year under the guidance of the founding editor, the Journal had stated editorially both its unequivocal interest in the problems of the insane and in helping to meet the practical needs of clinicians. It was an early advocate of psychiatric education for the general practitioner, open mental hospitals, civil liberties for mental patients, professional rather than lay direction of hospitals, the elimination of politics from hospital appointments, the abandonment of restraints, the development of rational pharmacotherapy, and supervised clinical work with the mentally ill as part of the undergraduate medical curriculum.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Literature is reviewed concerning the development and present status of the standardized video-tape interview. The paper concludes that since this interview technique shows promise of being a highly reliable and clinically valid instrument for assessing clinical changes in a behavioral, objective and parsimonious manner, and because of its demonstrated ability to reflect meaningful change based on specific experimental and therapeutic conditions, it would seem to be a useful dependent variable in psychotropic drug studies.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The present research was designed to investigate the prognostic significance of thought disorders among mental patients in general, and schizophrenics in particular. The research also attempted to study differences in outcome between schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients, to determine in which specific areas they differ (e.g., work, social, symptomatology) and to determine whether a schizophrenic diagnosis is more predictive of posthospital functioning than the presence of thought disorders.A standardized battery of psychological tests assessing various types of thought disorders was administered to 101 acute psychiatric patients (33 classical schizophrenics, 24 latent schizophrenics and 44 nonschizophrenic patients) within the first 10 clays of hospitalization. These included the Rorschach Test to assess autistic logic, overspecificity, contaminations, fabulized combinations, primary process drive content and poor form quality; and the Object Sorting Test to rate conceptual overinclusion and idiosyncratic thinking. The 101 patients were followed up 11 months later to assess posthospital adjustment. The follow-up included several symptom scales, a structured interview to assess work and social functioning, subjective complaints, and rehospitalization.The results indicated that during the acute stage schizophrenics were significantly more thought disordered than nonschizophrenics. A series of nonsignificant correlations failed to support hypotheses about a strong relationship between the extent of thought disorders at the acute stage and subsequent outcome for the schizophrenic sample considered alone and for the total sample of patients.The results on diagnosis and posthospital functioning suggest a consistent trend for the schizophrenics to perform more poorly in almost all areas, with significant differences on some outcome indices and nonsignificant trends in the same direction on other indices. While modern treatment methods have resulted in fewer schizophrenics showing extreme deterioration, their outcome is still relatively poor in comparison to other diagnostic groups.The significant results on diagnosis as a predictor of outcome, considered together with the more mixed results on thought disorders as prognostic indices, raise questions about the role played by primary or fundamental symptoms in schizophrenia.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Twenty-nine normal young men were administered the Halstead Battery and two additional tests commonly employed by neuropsychologists and were re-examined by the same instruments 20 weeks later. The results indicate that for our sample of normalSs the classification of an individual as “normal” by the Halstead Impairment Index is a clinical judgment with a very high degree of reliability. Data from two comparison groups (patients with cerebrovascular disease and patients with chronic schizophrenia) lent support to this conclusion. A similar study with other samples of normalSs as well as other better defined and matched psychiatric and brain-damagedSs is needed both to cross-validate and to extend this finding in order to increase the practicing clinician's confidence in his interpretation of an obtained value falling in thenormalrange for a given individual. Clinical neuropsychology is rapidly developing to the point that such validity (clinical reliability) for such individual judgments is no longer a hope but an increasingly more probable expectation.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Concerning behavioral manifestations of psychogeneticvs. cerebral dysfunctions, the Halstead-Reitan Test Battery was administered to patients admitted to Little Rock Veterans Administration Hospital for complete neurological evaluation. Over an 18-month period, 77 cases were diagnosed rather definitively as having only cerebral dysfunction and 39 as showing only nonpsychotic personality dysfunction. Of the 12 Halstead-Reitan variables studied, the brain-injured group performed significantly more poorly on all except Seashore Rhythm and Time Sense Memory Tests. One method of statistically controlling for age and IQ differences suggested that only Aphasia Testing and TPT Time were discriminating. Factor analyses were then done, generating five “brain damage” group factors and six psychogenic group factors. Both Varimax and General Factor rotations revealed substantial factor loading and factor composition differences between groups for all but the Trail Making Test and IQ, thus providing further evidence that cerebral deficit and nonpsychotic personality dysfunctions exerted different effects on Halstead-Reitan performances to some extent. Results also suggest that: a) general biological and psychometric intelligences overlap extensively; b) analysis of reinforcement-scheduling parameters with brain-injured patients may be fruitful; and c) nonpsychotic psychogenic factors impair communication, general adaptive ability, and concept formation to some degree. A 7-test battery is proposed both as economical of clinical time and as having maximum research potential for global organicvs. psychogenic differentiation.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intellectual, problemsolving, perceptual, psychomotor and motor impairment that occurs in patients (N= 11) with Huntington's chorea. In addition, comparison was made of the degree of emotional disturbance experienced by these patients as compared with a matched group with brain damage due to cerebrovascular disease or trauma who were equated for amount of neuropsychological impairment (Halstead's Impairment Index). Huntington's chorea seriously impaired not only motor and psychomotor abilities but also a broad range of higher mental functions which are not dependent upon motor skills. Huntington's chorea patients were found to have Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profiles (elevations on Hs, D, Sc) that were strikingly similar in level and pattern to those seen in the mixed brain-damaged group.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The relationships between specific aspects of peripheral ocular defects and perceptual deficits were investigated in a cerebral palsied population. The groups included 60 spastics, 60 athetoids and a control group of 60 non-neurologically impaired subjects. Subjects were equally grouped in age ranges of 7 to 9, 10 to 12, 13 to 15, 16 to 18 and 19 to 21. Sexes were equally represented.The visual system evaluation included measures of refractive error, amblyopia, binocular fusion, muscle balance, rotational abnormalities, visual acuity, visual fields, examination of the cornea and lens for opacification, and checking of the optic nerve, retinal vessels and macula for disease.The sensory and perceptual tests included somatosensory measures, stereognosis, depth perception, limb localization, cross-modality pattern discrimination and concept formation. An estimate of intelligence was obtained by administering the non verbal Full Range Picture Vocabulary Test.Our findings suggest that cerebral palsied children and young adults vary greatly in the nature and extent of their visual system defects and that those who are identified as spastics show qualitatively and quantitatively more defects than the athetoids.The pattern of significant correlations between visual and perceptual deficits differs for the spastic and athetoid groups, perhaps reflecting the presumed differences in loci of central nervous system damage. The correlations between performance on limb localization and specific visual defects are consistent with Luria's postulation of sensory analyzers, in this instance, the visual kinesthetic analyzer.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The psychiatric literature contains little about compulsive water drinkers, although most of them are believed by internists to have significant psychiatric disease. The medical literature is reviewed to identify cases of compulsive water drinking and to assign each into the appropriate psychiatric diagnostic category. The youngest case of compulsive water drinking to date is reported. His psychiatric diagnosis was unclear until he manifested clear-cut evidence forself-inducedwater intoxication, thus suggesting significant functional impairment. Clinical course confirmed a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Methods used in diagnosing an acute organic brain syndrome secondary to self-induced water intoxication are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID