ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177671

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The purpose of the work reported is to provide a first-order assessment of food patterns and food pattern trends in each of the Nordic countries. The primary source of input has been food supply data for the period of 1970–1988. The study reveals that important changes in food consumption have taken place over the last 20 years. In Finland and Norway, this has resulted in a reduction of energy contribution from fat to 35%. For Denmark and Sweden no such reduction is observed. The data are intended for use in a wider context in a transeuropean search for relations between health problems and food patterns.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177672

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

We have recently shown the kinetic behavior of liver retinyl esters in rats with adequate vitamin A levels receiving oral vitamin supplementation. In the present work we have studied the effects of intramuscular administration of a vitamin A preparation on the metabolism of vitamin A in the rat. Retinol administered intramuscularly to rats in the form of an emulsion brought about a significant increase in the serum and liver concentration of vitamin A; this increase was slightly less than in orally treated rats. In each group, retinyl palmitate constituted 80–85% of the total retinyl esters, followed by stearate (9–13%), laurate, palmitoleate, myristate, linoleate and pentadecanoate making up 3–10%. The subcellular localization of all retinyl esters is similar and dependent on age but not on the route of administration. These results indicate that although the best hepatic storage is achieved with an orally administered vitamin A emulsion, the intramuscular administration of a physiological dose might provide an effective supplementation method if oral vitamin A is contra-indi

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177616

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Food supply statistics can show the general dietary pattern in European countries. However, their energy content is 50% or more above physiological needs, and because the wastage of each food will be different within a country as well as between countries, comparisons between their nutrient content and a country’s mortality may be unreliable. The types and amounts of food brought into the home are closer to what people eat, and this paper describes the main dietary changes which have occurred in Britain at this level since 1970. During a time when life expectancy increased and mortality from coronary heart disease fell, the main characteristics of the diet remained British, but it became more prepackaged. Many recent changes were in the direction advocated by nutritionists, but, because of a decline in sugars and starches as well as in fat, the proportion of energy derived from fat remained at about 42 %. Intakes of several other nutrients also declined, but the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids doubled to 0.37.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177674

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The effects of Klebsiella penumoniae infection on red blood cell and liver riboflavin levels and a few flavin enzymes were examined to verify our earlier hypothesis based on human experience that upper respiratory infections result in mobilization of riboflavin from tissues into blood, resulting in a rise in red blood cell riboflavin and an increased saturation of erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) with its coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD; reduction in EGR activation coefficient, AC, values). Thirty-six-day-old male mice fed a diet marginally sufficient in riboflavin were injected with a single sublethal dose of K. pneumoniae. Batches of control, deficient infected and deficient uninfected animals were killed during the peak period of infection and after recovery. Infection brought about a significnat rise in basal EGR activity due to greater saturation with coenzyme FAD and a concomitant reduction in EGR-AC values. On recovery, basal EGR activity decreased, and EGR-AC values increased to levels beyond control values, suggesting riboflavin deficiency. In the liver, acylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase showed a significant decrease and pyridoxaminephosphate oxidase activity a significant increase. Both the enzymes normalized after recovery. D-amino acid oxidase activity did not change.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177617

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Central Europe comprises a heterogeneous group of some 120 million persons from 11 countries which differ greatly in food availability and preferences. The region has undergone dramatic changes in food consumption patterns and in the patterns of nutritionally related diseases. The changes in the political situation in central Europe have provided a unique natural experiment which allows the study of the effects of different eating behaviors on health within a genetically homogeneous population and an analysis of the time frame in which effects can be seen at the national level. This is in particular the case for the FRG and the GDR. Epidemics of nutritionally related disease have arisen, including cardiovascular disease, cancers of the colon and breast and obesity. These occur at very different rates in neighboring countries. Furthermore, unknown factors, probably including food-hygienic factors and methods of storage and preparation, have resulted in drastic reductions in the rates of stomach cancers in all countries. These have only recently been detected, as no systematic nutritional surveillance systems are currently in effect in Europe. Due to the chronic nature of the diseases in question, we are noticing too little, too late. Food patterns provide a realistic and sensitive predictor of disease incidence. They are timely enough to detect changes before they are reflected in a diminished health status of the population or specific risk groups. Details on the patterns of intake and secular trends, as far as they are available for individual countries, reveal that eating behavior is quite labile and subject to dramatic changes within decades. The current information status does not allow a closer examination of specific population groups, such as the behavior of children or the elderly, the intakes of pregnant or breast-feeding women, or the eating behavior of men at high risk of heart disease. The foundations of a European nutrition surveillance system need to be laid, to make possible the timely detection of high-risk-related changes in food consumption, unfavorable trends and early signs of nutritionally related epidemics. The regular, standardized assessment of eating patterns will be an important building stone in such a system.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177675

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Forty-five male Lohmann chicks were grown up to 6 weeks of age. The experimental diet containing a high protein level (30%) was aimed at increasing the metabolic need for PN. Microbiological analysis on the basal ration revealed a marginal content of 4.7 µmol PN/kg. The vitamin B6 status was assessed at the end of the experiment according to the basal activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) in plasma and in erythrocytes, and the in vitro stimulated activity with pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP). None of the deficient chicks had any clinical signs attributable to malfunction of the nervous system, and they grew as well as those receiving the control diet. Vitamin B6 deficiency was biochemically confirmed by a significant depression of AspAT activity in plasma (p < 0.001) and in erythrocytes (p < 0.01). The addition of PLP in vitro enhanced the catalytic activity of the plasma enzyme, but had negligible effect on the erythrocyte enzyme. The degree of stimulation in vitro of the apoenzyme of AspAT not only depends on the endogenous vitamin B6 content, but also on the basal activity of the enzyme. A 15-day repletion period with a daily oral dose (50 µmol PN) did not result in a complete restoration of the enzyme activity, indicating that the availability of apoenzyme had been curtailed. This experiment demonstrated that chicks fed a high protein corn-soyamin diet with a limited amount of PN but containing Saccharomyces yeast showed no nervous signs or perosis, but significant metabolic disturbances. The study was aimed at simulating an early stage (asymptomatic) of pyridoxine deficiency, as found in humans afflicted by a physiological or metabolic stress condition such as pregnancy or alcohol

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177618

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The diet of the populations in southern Europe, particularly those living in the Mediterranean areas, was characterized by a relatively higher consumption of fish, olive oil, vegetables and fruit and by a lower consumption of meat and animal fat. In terms of nutrients the most significant difference between the Mediterranean type of diet and the diet of continental and northern European populations was in the consumption of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and to a lesser degree in the intake of protein, sugar and alcohol, as well as in regard to the dietary fiber content. Since the Mediterranean populations have shown a lower total mortality rate as well as a specific mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) which in part could be explained by their dietary habits, the Mediterranean diet has often been proposed as a prototype on which dietary measures for the prevention of CHD in populations should be developed. However, more recent data indicate that in the last 20 years the food pattern of the Mediterranean populations was subjected to substantial changes, particularly in regard to the increase in meat and dairy product consumption which in turn has resulted in an increase in the percentage of energy of saturated fats and which has also affected the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids. These changes have also affected some of the risk factors of CHD in those populations.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177676

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The effects of guar gum and its enzyme hydrolysate as well as fructooligosaccharide on lipid metabolism were compared in rats fed high-fat diets employing lard or palm oil as dietary fat (25% in the diets). Guar gum and the enzyme hydrolysate greatly increased cecal volatile fatty acid contents to a similar extent. Fructooligosaccharide also increased the variable but to a lesser extent. Not only guar gum but also the hydrolysate and the oligosaccharide reduced serum cholesterol levels irrespective of dietary fat sources but to a lesser extent. The triglyceride-lowering effects of the hydrolysate and the oligosaccharide were comparable to that of guar gum. Although guar gum enzyme hydrolysate and fructooligosaccharide doubled the biliary bile acid excretion, these materials only slightly increased the activities of hepatic enzymes of cholesterol and bile acid synthesis. Guar gum and its hydrolysate suppressed 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activities in the ileum to one half the control value in the experiment where dietary fat was lard. The highly polymeric structure does not appear to be a prerequisite for nonabsorbable carbohydrate to alter lipid metabolism at least in rats fed high-fat diets.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177619

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

It is a general belief that the health status of the populations of the Nordic Countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden is very good. Infant mortality is the lowest in these countries. However, other indicators of the health status such as overall life expectancy and incidence of mortality from chronic non-communicable diseases demonstrate a large variation between the Nordic countries. Compared with other countries frequency of several non-communicable diseases is among the highest worldwide. Moreover, the incidence and mortality trends in non-communicable diseases suggest a heterogeneous development among the Nordic countries.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177677

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger