ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177972

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177973

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Total and segmental body compositions (left arm and left leg) were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis at 5 and 100 kHz and by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 14 healthy young males (body mass index, mean ± SD, 23.5 ± 2.7 kg/m2) every 20 min for a period of 100 min. During the measurements the subjects remained in the supine position on the examination table, except for the time between the last two measurements, where they got up to walk around. This study focuses on the impact of orthostatic fluid shifts on impedance ratios in body segments and the total body. After 20 min of lying supine lean tissue (DXA) was slightly but significantly lower for the total body and the left leg, but all other consecutive DXA measurements at different times did not differ. Total body impedance and leg impedance increased during the time the subjects were in the recumbent position. Impedance changes in the leg were more pronounced than in the total body, and at 5 kHz the changes were more pronounced compared to 100 kHz. After the subjects got up the impedance values again decreased. Impedance ratios (Z5/Z100) increased for both the leg and to a lesser extent for the total body during the time lying supine, but again decreased after getting up. The results of this study indicate a fluid shift from the legs to the trunk after lying supine and show that this fluid shift is mainly extracellular water. DXA measurements were not able to detect these changes, probably because the magnitude of these changes is below the detection level for lean tissue with DXA methodology. The observations have important implications in the interpretation of impedance measurements in the clinical situation when measurements are made in patients who have been reclining for some tim

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177974

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

To investigate the impact of coffee consumption on fluid balance, 12 healthy volunteers were supplied with a standardized diet for 2 days after having abstained from consumption of methylxanthines for 5 days. During the first day, fluid requirement was met by mineral water. On the following day the same amount of fluid was supplied and the mineral water was in part replaced by 6 cups of coffee containing 642 mg of caffeine. This led to an increase in 24-hour urine excretion of 753 ± 532 ml (p < 0.001), a corresponding negative fluid balance and a concomitant decrease in body weight of 0.7 ± 0.4 kg (p < 0.001). Total body water as measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis decreased by 1.1 ± 1.2 kg or 2.7% (p < 0.01). Urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was elevated by 80 ± 62 mmol or 66% (p < 0.01) and 14 ± 12 mmol or 28% (p < 0.01), respecti

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177975

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Substantial dietary underreporting questions the validity of dietary measurements of energy intake (El). The present study compares the value of a 7-day prospective dietary record (7dDR) with a computer program-based diet history (DH). 7dDR and DH were performed in 50 non-obese subjects (33 females, 17 males, mean age 26.1 years, BMI 18.9-29.6 kg/ m2) using total energy expenditure (EE = sum of resting metabolic rate as measured by indirect calorimetry plus energy expenditure derived from an activity protocol) as standard for the validity of data on EL El was 2,206 (728-3,646) kcal/day for 7dDR and 2,398 (566-4,764) kcal/day for DH. There was an association between El for 7dDR and El for DH (r = 0.6, p < 0.0001). Underreporting [i.e. a difference between El and EE (ΔE = EI-EE)] of 20% or more was seen in 48% (7dDR, mean -1,047 kcal/day, range -616 to -1,895, or -38.8% of EE) or 48% (DH, -1,151 kcal/day, -594 to -2,057 kcal/day, or -42.3% of EE). Considerable differences were found between ΔE for 7dDR and ΔE for DH (mean 603, range 26-2,033 kcal/ day), and only 34% of underreporting subjects were identified by both dietary measurements. It is concluded that at the individual level dietary underreporting is influenced by the dietary assessment to

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177976

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Secondary bile acids (BA) have been shown to be involved as a promoting agent in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of colorectal cancer. In previous studies, fermentation of starch has been shown to inhibit the degradation of primary to secondary BA by the colonic microflora. This study was designed to investigate BA metabolism in continuous cultures of mixed fecal bacteria to get further insights into the mechanisms of this inhibition. Fermentation vessels were fed with media containing cholic (0.6 g/l) and chenodeoxycholic acid (0.4 g/l). Cultures were either starch-free or enriched with starch (10 g/ 1). pH was controlled and adjusted to 7.0 or 6.0. Total culture duration was 28 days and concentrations of BA, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and starch were measured periodically. At pH 6, significantly more primary BA remained in the media and less secondary BA were produced. Total BA concentrations were lower at pH 7. SCFA concentrations were higher in the vessels supplemented with starch. Starch was completely fermented and not present in significant amounts in any fermentation vial after the first week. These data indicate that bacterial breakdown of primary to secondary BA is inhibited when starch is simultaneously fermented. This effect can be explained by the reduction of pH resulting from SCFA production. Considering these findings, resistant starch which escapes assimilation in the small bowel may be a protective factor against colorectal cancer.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177977

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The effect of protein-energy malnutrition on the muscarinic receptor density as indicated by 3H-N-methylscopolamine binding, and acetylcholmesterase activity was studied in several brain areas (hippocampus, motor area, somatosensory area, and basal ganglia) of adult female rats. Malnutrition tended to cause a decrease in muscarinic receptors in the motor cortex (undernourished 350.0 ± 33.5 vs. control 410.0 ± 26.9 fmol/mg protein) and somatosensory cortex (undernourished 357.1 ± 35.9 vs. control 416.7 ± 29.4 fmol/mg protein). However, significant decreases in muscarinic receptor occurred in the hippocampus (undernourished 319.2 ± 31.7 vs. control 403.1 ± 43.6 fmol/mg protein) and basal ganglia (undernourished 297.0 ± 11.8 vs. control 401.3 ± 17.7 fmol/mg protein). No significant differences in acetylcholmesterase activity or protein content were observed between control and undernourished animals in any of the brain areas

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177978

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Beginning on the day of delivery and until the 15th or 22nd day of lactation, one group of dams received a 20% protein diet as a basal diet and one group received the basal diet supplemented with caffeine (4 mg/l00 g body weight). A correlation between caffeine concentrations in the dams’ plasma and milk was observed. In the caffeine group, levels of Fe and Cu in the dams’ mammary glands at day 22 were decreased. Copper levels in the milk at day 15 and Fe and Zn levels in the milk at day 22 showed a significant decrease. Copper concentration in the plasma of 15-day-old pups showed a significant decrease also, but Zn and Fe concentration showed no difference between caffeine and noncaffeine control groups. The present study shows that the dams’ consumption of a caffeine-containing diet influences trace elements of mammary glands, milk, and pups’

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177979

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177980

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger