摘要:

Abscess related to anabolic-androgenic steroid injection.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 207-209, 1999. One million individuals in the United States, predominantly males under 25 yr of age, are current or past users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Fifty percent of these young adults administer their drugs intramuscularly, placing them at risk for infections related to injection. We present here a case report of an injection-related thigh abscess in a 26-yr-old anabolic steroid injector who did not use sterile injection technique and reported sharing multidosage vials with two other weightlifting colleagues. Reported infections associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid injection include abscesses attributable toMycobacterium smegmatis,Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas organisms as well as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. These infections are primarily related to nonsterile injection technique, shared injection equipment, and are avoidable with appropriate prevention techniques. Education is needed to prevent infectious complications such as abscesses and blood-borne pathogens among anabolic-androgenic steroid injectors.

ISSN:0195-9131    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Laxity, instability, and functional outcome after ACL injury: copers versus noncopers.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 210-215, 1999.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among laxity, quadriceps strength, instability, and function in subjects with complete rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) who compensate well for the injury (copers) and those who require surgical stabilization (noncopers).Methods:Forty-five patients with unilateral ACL rupture (confirmed via arthroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arthrometer measurements) participated in this study. Subjects were divided into two groups: copers (N= 12), and subacute noncopers (N= 18) and chronic noncopers (N= 15). All copers had returned to all preinjury activity (including index sport) without limitation. Maximum manual anterior tibiofemoral laxity measurements, quadriceps femoris muscle strength measurements, and a series of hop tests were performed. Lysholm Scale, Knee Outcome Survey (KOS), global rating of knee function, and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) form were completed.Results:There was no significant difference in laxity between copers (&OV0335; = 5.5 ± 2.7 mm) and noncopers (chronic, &OV0335; = 5.1 ± 2.8 mm and subacute, &OV0335; = 4.2 ± 2.2 mm) or in IKDC scores among the groups. The copers, however, scored significantly better than the chronic and subacute ACL-deficient subsets on all other measures. Measurements of laxity were not correlated to any functional outcome measure or to episodes of instability.Conclusions:Copers were not different in any meaningful way from the noncopers before injury, had equal or greater side-to-side laxity differences, and functioned normally. A battery of tests was identified that accurately discriminated noncopers from copers even early after injury. Thus, measurements of laxity alone are insufficient for determining functional status after ACL injury.

ISSN:0195-9131    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Quality of life and anxiety in a phase II cardiac rehabilitation program.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 216-223, 1999.Purpose:Cardiac rehabilitation programs increasingly attempt to improve both quantity and quality of life (QOL). Documenting QOL changes requires appropriate instruments, and interpreting QOL data requires an understanding of the factors that influence such reports.Methods:To address both issues, we assessed QOL among 77 patients before and after participation in a 12-wk phase II cardiac rehabilitation program. Individual psychological differences in trait anxiety and defensiveness were also assessed. The sample was 76.6% male, 70.1% married, and had a mean age of 58.8 yr.Results:The QOL scales detected changes which occurred over the 12-wk testing period. QOL reports were strongly and differentially influenced by individual differences in trait anxiety, such that patients reporting high trait anxiety displayed poorer QOL than those low in trait anxiety. More specifically, trait anxiety influenced affect reports most strongly, functional aspects moderately, and physical aspects of QOL reports the least.Conclusions:Defensiveness was unrelated to QOL reports. The 17% of participants who voluntarily left the rehabilitation program prematurely were characterized as younger, having better self-perceived health, having a less severe cardiac history, and being high in both trait anxiety and defensiveness. Study benefits and limitations are discussed.

ISSN:0195-9131    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Exertional heat stroke: a case series.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 224-228, 1999. Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a state of extreme hyperthermia that occurs when excess heat that is generated by muscular exercise exceeds the body's ability to dissipate it at the same rate. EHS is thought to coincide with previously healthy, highly motivated, and relatively untrained individuals exerting in hot environments for long periods.Purpose:To establish this notion, the present study was aimed to follow the trends in the incidence of EHS in the period 1988-1996.Methods:During these years, 150 cases of male soldiers (age = 20 ± 3 yr) were reported to our institute as suffering from heat illnesses. According to the files, 82 cases were definitely diagnosed as EHS.Results:More than 50% of the cases occurred during the first 6 months in service. Most of the cases occurred during the summer season (June-September), but 30% of the cases occurred during the spring. EHS was not related to time in the day. Many cases occurred during the night or early morning, even under mild heat load. Forty percent of the cases occurred during very short activities, and about 60% occurred already during the first 2 h of exercise. The results were discussed in view of the regulations which prevail in the Israeli army.Conclusions:It seems that almost all EHS cases occurred when regulations were not strictly followed.

ISSN:0195-9131    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Weight and diet concerns in Finnish female and male athletes.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 229-235, 1999.Purposes and Methods:Factors related to eating disorders were studied in five groups of female (N= 173) and male (N= 190) athletes, and in female (N= 79) and male (N= 61) controls. Factors associated with menstrual status were also examined.Results:The sum of drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction subscales in the Eating Disorders Inventory was higher (P < 0.05) in female controls (median: 5; 25th and 75th percentiles: 1 and 14) than in endurance athletes (0; 0 and 2). The male groups did not differ from each other (P= 0.08) or from female subjects (P= 0.62). The preferred weight loss in the female controls (−4.0 kg; −6.2 and −2.0) was larger (P< 0.05) than in most athletic groups. Males, on average, did not want to lose weight (different from females,P< 0.001). The prevalence of weight reduction attempts (85%) in female weight-class athletes was higher (P< 0.05) compared with endurance and ballgame athletes and the controls (29-58%). In males, the frequency (93%) of weight reduction attempts was also highest in the weight-class athletes (P< 0.05). The prevalence of menstrual disturbances was 27-37% in aesthetic, endurance, and weight-class athletes, and 5% in controls (P= 0.06).Conclusions:The results confirmed that the risk for eating disorders is dependent on the type of sport. The claim that some female athlete groups are at greater risk than controls did not receive evidence.

ISSN:0195-9131    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Phosphocreatine resynthesis is not affected by creatine loading.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 236-242, 1999.Purpose:Oral creatine supplementation has been shown to improve power output during high intensity intermittent muscle contractions. Facilitated muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) resynthesis, by virtue of elevated intracellular PCr concentration, might contribute to this ergogenic action. Therefore, the effect of creatine loading (C: 25 g·d−1for 5 d) on muscle PCr breakdown and resynthesis and muscle performance during high intensity intermittent muscle contractions was investigated.Methods:A double-blind randomized cross-over study was performed in young healthy male volunteers (N= 9).31P-NMR spectroscopy of the m. gastrocnemius and isokinetic dynamometry of knee-extension torque were performed before and after 2 and 5 d of either placebo (P) or C administration.Results:Compared with P, 2 and 5 d of C increased (P< 0.05) resting muscle PCr concentration by 11% and 16%, respectively. Furthermore, torque production during maximal intermittent knee extensions, including the first bout of contractions, was increased (P< 0.05) by 5-13% by either 2 or 5 d of C. However, compared with P, the rate of PCr breakdown and resynthesis during intermittent isometric contractions of the calf was not significantly affected by C.Conclusion:Creatine loading raises muscle PCr concentration and improves performance during rapid and dynamic intermittent muscle contractions. Creatine loading does not facilitate muscle PCr resynthesis during intermittent isometric muscle contractions.

ISSN:0195-9131    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Rat liver lysosomal and mitochondrial activities are modified by anabolic-androgenic steroids.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 243-250, 1999.Purpose:The aim of this study was to examine the separate and combined effects of an 8-wk treatment with high doses of 17α-alkylated anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and exercise training on selected lysosomal and mitochondrial enzyme activities in rat liver.Methods:Sedentary and treadmill-trained (25 m·min−1, 45 min·d−1, 5 d·wk−1) male rats were treated with fluoxymesterone, methylandrostanolone, or stanozolol (2 mg·kg body weight−1, 5 d·wk−1) for 8 wk.Results:Acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, β-glucuronidase, and β-galactosidase activities were increased in liver homogenates of sedentary and trained AAS-treated rats. The mitochondrial respiratory chain activities rotenone-sensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase (NCCR), succinate cytochrome c reductase (SCCR), and cytochrome oxidase (COX) showed a significant decrease in steroid-administered rats, whereas citrate synthase (CS), a matrix enzyme, exhibited no changes in activity, pointing to a selective effect of AAS on mitochondrial membrane complexes.In vitrostudies in mitochondrial fractions isolated from the liver of control rats showed that COX and CS activities were insensitive to the AAS, whereas NCCR and SCCR activities were partly inhibited. On the other hand, the mean values of serum parameters related to hepatic function were within normal ranges in all the experimental groups of animals.Conclusions:The present data show that 8-wk ingestion of three different anabolic-androgenic steroids, either with or without concurrent exercise training, affects lysosomal hydrolases and mitochondrial respiratory chain electron transport in rat liver without modifying classical serum indicators of hepatic function.

ISSN:0195-9131    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Effects of precooling on thermoregulation during subsequent exercise.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 251-257, 1999.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a decreased body core temperature before a simulated portion of a triathlon (swim, 15 min; bike, 45 min) and examine whether precooling could attenuate thermal strain and increase subjective exercise tolerance in a warm environment (26.6°C/60% relative humidity (rh)).Methods:Six endurance trained triathletes (28 ± 2 yr, 8.2 ± 1.7% body fat) completed two randomly assigned trials 1 wk apart. The precooling trial (PC) involved lowering body core temperature (−0.5°C rectal temperature, Tre) in water before swimming. The control trial (CON) was identical except no precooling was performed. Water temperature and environmental conditions were maintained at 25.6°C and 26.6°C/60% rh, respectively, throughout all testing.Results:Mean time to precool was 31 ± 8 min and average time to reach baseline Treduring cycling was 9 ± 7 min. Oxygen uptake (&OV0312;O2), HR, skin temperature (Tsk), Tre, RPE, and thermal sensation (TS) were recorded following the swim segment and throughout cycling. No significant differences in mean body (Tb) or Tskwere noted between PC and CON, but a significant difference (P< 0.05) in Trebetween treatments was noted through the early phases of cycling. No significant differences were reported in HR, &OV0312;O2, RPE, TS, or sweat rate (SR) between treatments. Body heat storage (S) was negative following swimming in both PC (−92 ± 6 W·m2) and CON (−66 ± 9 W·m2). A greater S occurred in PC (109 ± 6 W·m2) vs CON (79 ± 4 W·m2) during cycling (P< 0.05).Conclusions:Precooling attenuated the rise in Tre, but this effect was transient. Therefore, precooling is not recommended before a triathlon under similar environmental conditions.

ISSN:0195-9131    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Systolic and diastolic cardiac function time intervals and exercise capacity in women.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 258-263, 1999.Purpose:To determine the relationship between exercise capacity and resting cardiac function time intervals in women.Methods:The noninvasive method of seismocardiography was used to measure resting cardiac intervals in 12 female subjects. On the basis of maximal treadmill time (Bruce protocol), two groups were studied and categorized as long duration runners (LDR;N= 6) or short duration runners (SDR,N= 6). The following resting atrial and left ventricular (LV) cardiac function time intervals were determined: atrial systole, LV systole, LV diastole, LV isovolumetric contraction, LV isovolumetric relaxation, LV ejection, LV preejection, LV filling, LV rapid filling, and Tei index.Results:Heart rate (HR) (65 ± 3 vs 61 ± 4 b·min−1for LDR and SDR, respectively;P= NS) and atrial systolic time (75 ± 6 vs 81 ± 5 ms for LDR and SDR, respectively;P= NS) were similar between groups. LV systole (348 ± 15 vs 302 ± 8 ms for LDR and SDR, respectively;P< 0.05) and LV ejection (297 ± 13 vs 247 ± 7 ms for LDR and SDR, respectively;P< 0.01) were longer in LDR, despite a similar LV isovolumetric contraction time. There was a general trend for a shortened LV diastole in LDR with a significantly shortened LV isovolumetric time in LDR (80 ± 8 vs 107 ± 8 ms for LDR and SDR, respectively;P< 0.05). LV preejection was shorter in LDR versus SDR (LDR; 114 ± 6 vs SDR; 130 ± 3 ms,P< 0.05), and the Tei index was less in LDR versus SDR.Conclusions:Independent of HR, increased treadmill time in young women is associated with greater resting systolic time intervals and decreased diastolic cardiac function time intervals.

ISSN:0195-9131    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia stimulates erythropoiesis and improves aerobic capacity.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 264-268, 1999.Purpose:The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of a very short intermittent exposure to moderate hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber on aerobic performance capacity at sea level and the erythropoietic response. The effects of hypobaric hypoxia alone and combined with low-intensity exercise were also compared.Methods:Seventeen members of three high-altitude expeditions were exposed to intermittent hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber over 9 d at simulated altitude, which was progressively increased from 4000 to 5500 m in sessions ranging from 3 to 5 h·d−1. One group (N= 7; HE group) combined passive exposure to hypoxia with low-intensity exercise on a cycle ergometer. Another group (N= 10; H group) was only exposed to passive hypoxia. Before and after the exposure to hypoxia, medical status, performance capacity, and complete hematological and hemorheological profile of subjects were evaluated.Results:No significant differences were observed between the two groups (HE vs H) in any of the parameters studied, indicating that hypoxia alone was responsible for the changes. After the acclimation period, a significant increase in exercise time (mean difference: +3.9%;P< 0.01), and maximal pulmonary ventilation (+5.5%;P< 0.05) was observed during the maximal incremental test at sea level. Individual lactate-velocity curves significantly shifted to the right (P< 0.05), thus revealing an improvement of aerobic endurance. A significant increase was found in PCV (42.1-45.1%;P< 0.0001), RBC count (5.16 to 5.79 ·106·mm−3;P< 0.0001), reticulocytes (0.5 to 1.1%;P< 0.0001) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration (14.2 to 16.7 g·dL−1;P< 0.002).Conclusions:It was concluded that short-term hypobaric hypoxia can activate the erythropoietic response and improve the aerobic performance capacity in healthy subjects.

ISSN:0195-9131    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID