ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Thirty 250-g male rats underwent 75% small intestinal resection and received s.c. injections of water [short gut (SG)—control], human growth hormone (hGH) at 0.1 mg/kg/dose [SG-low-dose (LD) GH], or hGH at 1.0 mg/kg/dose [SG-high-dose (HD) GH] every other day for 28 days. Ten additional rats underwent sham operation and received water injections (sham control). After 28 days, SG-control and SG-LDGH rats weighed significantly less than the sham control group; the mean weight of the SG-HDGH group was not different from other groups. Weight per centimeter of the distal ileum was greater in all SG groups compared to the sham control group, and was greater in the SG-HDGH than in the SG-control group. Mean mucosal height of the distal ileum was greater in both SG groups receiving GH than in sham controls. No differences in ileal mucosal DNA content or ileal insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) content were identified between groups. Mucosal sucrase activity was not increased in hGH-treated rats. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations were higher in SG-HDGH rats than in SG-control animals. HDGH increased body weight, distal ileal weight/cm, and mucosal height in rats undergoing 75% small bowel resection. A trend toward normalization of serum calcium, phosphorus, and plasma IGF-1 concentrations was also observed. Further longer-term studies are indicated to learn if GH has a beneficial effect upon gut growth and function in the SG syndrome.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

It is generally accepted that celiac disease (CD) must always be taken into consideration when dealing with children manifesting growth failure. It is therefore important to have laboratory tests capable of detecting patients who should undergo intestinal biopsy. Auxological and endocrine parameters, bone age, some nutritional indices (hemoglobin, serum iron, calcium, total protein, and albumin), and anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) IgA and IgG and 1-h blood xylose levels were evaluated in 49 children of short stature. On the basis of the intestinal biopsy, 29 (59.1%) patients affected by CD were found. When patients with atrophic and normal intestinal mucosa were compared, significant differences in the frequency of pathological values of hemoglobinemia, serum iron, AGA, and 1-h blood xylose levels were found, whereas no difference was observed in the levels of serum calcium, total protein, and albumin. Bone age was delayed in 81% of the celiac patients and in 47% of the controls. In particular, AGAs were found in 27 of 29 celiac patients and in three control subjects who showed a low level of one of the two antibodies. The results of our study demonstrate that AGA (IgA and IgG), together with 1-h blood xylose, hemoglobinemia, serum iron, and family history of CD determination, are extremely useful for screening patients of short stature. This type of screening cannot, however, replace the intestinal biopsy because such tests cannot be completely sensitive and specific.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Small intestinal absorptive function can be disturbed in iron deficiency. We examined the permeability behavior of the small intestinal mucosa toward lactulose and rhamnose in 26 otherwise healthy children with iron deficiency. Their (mean ± SD) age was 21 ± 8.6 months; hemoglobin 7.9 ±0.9 g/dl, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 60.1 ± 3.4 fl, serum iron 2.72 ± 0.66 μmol/L, serum ferritin 7.3 ± 1.6 μg/L. After an isotonic oral load of both sugars, their 5-h urinary excretion was measured by gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The ratio of the percentage of urinary recovery of the sugars [lactulose/rhamnose(%)] was determined as the permeability index. The tests were repeated in the same subjects after 3 months of iron supplementation, and achievement of an iron sufficient state. In the iron-deficient state, the permeability index was significantly higher than the standard normal value (0.15 ± 0.05 versus <0.07; p < 0.01), but was not different from normal when the children had attained a normal iron status. The major factor for the alteration of the permeability index in the children with iron deficiency was a significantly lower urinary recovery of rhamnose (which passes the small intestinal epithelium by a transcellular route); the recovery of lactulose (which passes through a paracellular route) was not affected by iron deficiency. Our study indicates that iron deficiency in infants and young children can alter permeability characteristics of the small intestinal mucosa. Iron status should therefore be considered when interpreting permeability tests in the young.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Iron status, iron absorption, and intestinal blood loss were studied in 199 children undergoing diagnostic evaluation for suspected malabsorption. Evaluation of iron status included hematological indices, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation. Iron absorption was assessed by the increment of serum iron after an oral iron load. Iron deficiency was common among patients affected by malabsorptive states, such as celiac disease (84%), cow's milk intolerance (76%), Crohn's disease (72%), and giardiasis (64%), whereas it was less common among patients with postinfectious enteritis (41%) and chronic nonspecific diarrhea (11%). Intestinal blood loss was seen only in patients with Crohn's disease and cow's milk intolerance, irrespective of iron nutritional status. On the other hand, iron malabsorption was very common, affecting 85–95% of the iron-deficient patients in all diagnostic groups, except in chronic nonspecific diarrhea. Iron malabsorption was less common among patients with adequate iron nutritional status than in those with iron deficiency. Iron malabsorption appears to play a major role in the pathogenesis of iron deficiency in patients with malabsorption. The iron absorption test shows greater sensitivity as a screening test for upper intestinal malabsorption than the D-xylose absorption test.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A cohort of 336 infants was followed from birth for a total of 717 child-years for development of atopy and occurrence of acute diarrhea. During follow-up 94 (28%) of the infants developed atopic eczema or gastrointestinal allergy associated with food allergens, or both. Infants with food allergy had significantly (p = 0.0074) more episodes of acute diarrhea than infants with no atopy, but there was no apparent temporal correlation between the occurrence of acute diarrhea and appearance of gastrointestinal allergy or atopic eczema. Serum IgE levels in children up to 2 years of age who had diarrhea and atopic eczema were lower than those in atopic eczema children with no diarrhea, but infants with gastrointestinal allergy who had acute diarrhea tended to have higher IgE levels than those without diarrhea. Breastfeeding over 6 months of age reduced the incidence of diarrhea in the first year of life in both atopic and nonatopic infants, but had no significant effect on the total incidence of diarrhea during the 2 year follow-up, as infants breast-fed longer had more diarrhea in the second year of life. Prolonged breast-feeding also reduced the severity of diarrhea in atopic infants aged 7–12 months but not for older infants.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The behavior and intraluminal esophageal pH of 48 infants (5–26 weeks old) were continuously recorded during the 120-min period following their ingestion of a standard volume of apple juice (pH ∼ 4). To evaluate the effect of three basic behavior states on the frequency of infant gastroesophageal reflux, the data from all 19 of these infants who spent time in all three behavior states during the 120-min study were analyzed for this study. Results were expressed as the frequency of gastroesophageal reflux episodes per hour of time spent crying, per hour of time awake without crying, and per hour of time asleep. Reflux frequency while crying was compared to reflux frequency while awake without crying; reflux frequency awake (both crying and not crying combined) was compared to reflux frequency asleep. The results indicate that, as has been shown previously, sleeping decreases reflux frequency [nine (1–48) episodes per hour awake vs. two (0–134) episodes per hour asleep, expressed as median (range), p = 0.025], but that, contrary to expectation, crying appears to decrease rather than increase both reflux frequency [11 (0–84) episodes per hour crying vs. 17 (0–213) episodes per hour awake without crying, p = 0.035] and total duration [21% (0–79) of crying time with pH < 4 vs. 41% (0–93) of noncrying awake time with pH < 4, p = 0.025], Crying does not exacerbate reflux in infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Carbohydrate solutions that empty rapidly from the stomach have been shown to produce less gastroesophageal reflux (GER) during the postcibal period than more slowly emptying formulas. These observations have not been extended to complete infant formulas containing fat, carbohydrate, and protein constituents. Medium chain triglyceride has been shown to significantly accelerate gastric emptying compared to long chain triglyceride for preterm infants when investigated in commercial infant formulas. Using a previously reported acidified formula model coupled with esophageal pH probe testing, we have documented in a group of 28 infants that modification of formula by enrichment with medium chain triglyceride produced no improvement in rates of GER during the first 2 h after feeding.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The effect of milk type on physiological, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) was studied in 37 breast-fed and 37 formula-fed, healthy, term neonates aged 2–8 days. The neonates were randomly selected from the public maternity ward and studied for 4 h after their morning milk feed. GER was recorded by a pH microelectrode placed 6 cm above the gastroesophageal junction and analyzed in the third and fourth postprandial hours. Sleep state was accurately defined from the electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, electromyogram, breathing, and behavioral observations. Movement was recorded from a piezo-electric transducer. In active sleep, the breast-fed neonates demonstrated GER episodes of significantly shorter duration than the formula-fed neonates. The means and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 3.0 (1.6,5.2) compared with 8.3 (5.0,13.3) min/h of active sleep respectively (p < 0.05). This could not be explained by greater milk volume or increased movement before or during reflux in formula-fed neonates. However, the lower median pH values for GER in breast-fed neonates, 2.0 versus 2.5, were significantly different (p < 0.05). This difference may reflect more rapid gastric emptying. The lower esophageal pH is more likely to stimulate peristalsis and thus limit the duration of reflux (shorter episodes), in the breast-fed neonates.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Human colostrum contains several antioxidants which prevent the detection of human polymorpho-nuclear leukocyte (PMN) respiratory burst products. Using column chromatography to fractionate colostrum, two peaks of antioxidant activity were resolved away from colostral proteins and further characterized. One peak contained both cytochromec-reducing activity and H2O2-depleting activity. This peak had the chromatographic, spectral, and antioxidant characteristics of ascorbate, and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, was shown to contain ascorbate as well as at least four other materials. The antioxidant activity in this peak was totally ascorbate oxidase sensitive and partially uricase sensitive. The other peak contained only H2O2-depleting activity and had the chromatographic, spectral, and antioxidant characteristics of uric acid. By HPLC, uric acid was the only component in this peak and its antioxidant activity was completely uricase sensitive and ascorbate oxidase resistant. Colostral uric acid levels were measured in eight postpartum women and found to be approximately one-third of simultaneously determined serum uric acid levels. Colostrum contains at least two separate antioxidants, one of which is ascorbate-like and the other is uric acid. We speculate that these antioxidants may function in human colostrum as traps for neutrophil-generated reactive oxygen metabolites.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID