摘要:

AbstractPor, F. D. (Department of Zoology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.)An outline of the zoogeography of the Levant.Zool. Scr. 4 (1): 5–20, 1975.–The marine, freshwater and terrestrial distributional patterns in the region of the Eastern Mediterranean shorelands are discussed. Several historical formative events are singled out and especially the desertification of what is called the Palaeo‐eremic region. Thus a subtraction‐transition area between the Palae‐arctic and Ethiopian regions appeared. Faunal elements belonging to these three regions can be found in the area, admixed with a few Orienta species. The distributional pattern of the marine fauna is dominated by the faunal invasion from the Indo‐Westpacific region to the Mediterranean. The distribution of the freshwater animals more or less follows that of the terrestrial fauna with the important exception of the Oriental and Ethiopian fishes which took advantage of the steeplechase waterways leading from the Euphrates into the rivers of the Rift Valley. The humid tropical oasis enclaves as well as many of the freshwaters are the specific environments where most of the zoogeographically interesting species and endemics are found. These are precisely the environments which have most suffered from human interference.Summary(1) The Levant province is a meeting place and transitional area between the Palaearctic, Oriental and Ethiopian zoogeographic regions. In the marine world, its coasts are inhabited by the temperate Atlantic‐Mediterranean fauna and the tropical Indo‐Pacific fauna.(2) The broad “Palaeo‐eremic” desert belt serves as a filtering barrier between the three faunal regions. Inhabited by a peculiar fauna of mixed origin, the Palaeo‐eremic belt does not belong to any of the above‐mentioned regions. The ability to cross the desert barrier differs for the different taxa: it is maximal for mammals, birds and insects. Freshwater fish use a peculiar “steeple chase” waterway connecting the Nile with the Euphrates through the waterways of the Rift valley. The man‐made Suez Canal serves as a filtering pathway through which the Indo‐Pacific tropical fauna invades the Mediterranean.(3) In the terrestrial environments, the transition from the dominance of the Palae‐arctic species in the north to that of the Palaeo‐eremic species in the south, is complicated by the fourfold longitudinal geomorphological pattern of the area. Palae‐arctic species advance south along the cis‐ and trans‐rift mountain ranges, while Palaeo‐eremic and Ethiopian species extend northwards along the coastal plain and the Rift valley. The Indo‐Pacific emigrants to the Mediterranean advance northwards along the Levant coast, and their influence gradually decreases towards the north.(4) The Levant province has suffered the most profound human impact for some 10 000 years. Nevertheless, there are some endemic species in the area. These are animals of Palaeo‐eremic or Ethiopian character, especially concentrated in the waters and oases of the Rift valley. The wealth of the marginal populations in the zoogeographic, ecological, and physiological sense, makes protec

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1975.tb00713.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBoaden, P. J. S. (Queen“s University Marine Biology Station, Portaferry BT22 IPF, Northern Ireland.)Anaerobiosis, meiofauna and early metazoan evolution.Zool. Scr. 4 (1): 21–24, 1975.–Anaerobic marine sands have a fairly diverse fauna and flora consisting mainly of prokaryotes, protists, gnathostomulids, turbellarians, nematodes and gastrotrichs. An increasing body of evidence shows that the Metazoa from this environment are primitive in many respects. This paper suggests that much early evolution occurred in this habitat. Possible supporting evidence for this theory is discussed. It is concluded that the early Metazoa were benthic anaerobes and well established by the Middle Precambrian Era and that, in addition to the Prokaryota and Protista, the Gnathosto‐mulida, Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes originally evolved under anaerobic con

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1975.tb00714.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe fine structure analysis of the proboscis teeth in the genusCarcharodorhynchusMeixner and of the proboscis hooks in the genusDiascorhynchusMeixner revealed that these structures are not derived from local cuticularizations of the epidermis, but rather are closely associated with the basement lamina of the proboscis sheath epithelium. InDiascorhynchusthe hooks are specializations within the basement lamina enclosing the proboscis. The proboscis teeth inCarcharodorhynchusseem to be either an intracellular differentiation within the modified proboscis sheath epithelium or, as inDiascorhynchus, a derivative of the basement lamina. The latter is supported by the finding of similar, dermal teeth clearly derived from the basement lamina in the body wall of several species of the genusCarcharodorhynchus.It appears from this study that most “cutic‐ular” differentiations of the body wall in Turbellaria are either derivatives of the basement lamina or of the cytoplasm of the epidermis cells. These considerations are discussed in the light of possible evolutionary pathways leading from a ciliated epidermis (e.g. free‐living acoelomates) to a cuticularized hypodermis (e.g. Aschelmimhes and Arti

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1975.tb00715.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNew material of the marine tubificidRhyacodrilus prostatusKnöllner, 1935 is examined and redescribed asPhallodrilus prostatus(Knöllner) comb. n. The main reason for the decision of this systematic position is the presence of a second pair of prostate glands, previously not reported, attached to the ectal end of the atri

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1975.tb00716.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA terminology (in three languages) of the main descriptive terms of the anatomy of the phylum Phoronida is established and proposed to facilitate communication in future anatomical studies and taxonomical works. A brief discussion is given of the names (Latin and common) of this phylum. The present note must be considered as a preliminary work on nomenclature problems.

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1975.tb00717.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe organ of Bellonci (oB) inBoreomysis arctica(Krøyer) is described. The fine structure of the organ is found to agree with that of the oB among other investigated peracarideans. The difficulties met by Chaigneau in 1971 when homologizing the organs inB. arcticaand in the Isopoda have been eliminated. Into the cavity of the oB, (probably) sensory neurones protrude. The perikarya of the neurones are found in the wall of the oB. On the dendrites there are subterminal dendritic swellings from which dendritic branches and cilia arise. The branching dendrites are characteristic of the oB inB. arctica.Also the cilia branch, thus increasing the amount of sensory membranes in the organ

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1975.tb00718.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOphryotrocha longidentatasp.n. is described from the Skagerak, West Coast of Sweden. The species lives on muddy bottoms at a depth of about 100 m. It is distinguished by having biarticulated palps and by the structure of the jaw apparatus.Dorvillea erucaeformis(Malmgren) from the West Coast of Norway is redescribed and re‐established. This species was earlier considered identical withD. rubrovittata(Grube

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1975.tb00719.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRelationships between larval habits and external structures in last instar larvae in the Oligotrophidi were studied. More than one hundred species distributed among approx. 25 genera were examined. For comparison, literature records of larval habits and structural features referring to other taxonomic categories of gall midges were also evaluated. – The external larval morphology in the Oligotrophidi seems in several respects to be more specialized in various species whose larvae are solitary or are pupating regularly on the host plant than in the great majority of species with gregarious larvae pupating in the soil. Thus, the lateral papillae on the thorax and the ventral papillae on the abdominal segment 8 show a reduced pattern mainly in species whose larvae are solitary. Generally, species pupating in the soil possess a well‐developed spatula sternalis while various species with solitary larvae regularly pupating on the host plant show a more or less transformed spatula or no spatula at all. Mamelons on the ventral body side, probably organs facilitating locomotion, are conspicuous in most species pupating in the soil but small or lacking in many species with solitary larvae pupating on the host plant. Another difference, a body which is less elongated in several species showing solitary habits than in the remaining species studied in the present context, is possibly also connected with the mode of life. – Gall midges of other taxonomic categories of a higher rank show similar tendencies, as regards both the lateral papillae and the spatula sternalis. However, there seems to be no clear correlation between larval habits and the pattern of ventral papillae on the abdominal segment 8. Definite figures relating to mamelons or body shape in these midges are not available. – The study also yielded many examples of a large intra‐specific variation in some external structures of the larvae. In many cases this variation considerably delimits the possibilities of finding consistent distinguishing characteristics at spec

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1975.tb00720.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFive new species of water mites from Australia are described:Limnesia maceripalpissp.n.,Limnesia ingasp.n.,Unionicola (Giselaiax) lundbladisubgen.n., sp.n.,Neumania (Lemienia) gilasp.n. andKoenikea iinkasp.n.Giselaiaxsubgen.n. is established. In addition some remarks are made on the special fauna of water mites in Australia.Zusammenfassungfünf neue Arten von Wassermilben aus Australien werden beschrieben:Limnesia maceripalpis sp.n., Limncsia inga sp.n., Unionicola (Giselatax) lundbladisubgen. n., sp.n.,Neumania (Lemienia) gilasp.n.,Koenikea tinkasp.n. Eine der Arten gehört zu einem neuen Subgenus:Giselataxsubgen.n. Dazu werden einige Bemerkungen iiber die besondere Wassermilben‐Fauna Australiens gema

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1975.tb00721.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA comparative study of pads and folds in the foot is made on 56 passerine species, classified in 18 families or subfamilies of the suborder Oscines. A basic pattern of thirteen pads is recognized: twelve in the digits, each related to one phalanx; the thirteenth in the central part of the foot, ventral to the trochleas of tarsometatarsus. Certain pads in the anterior digits are divided in species with long and narrow pads. The number of folds varies, even in the same species, but a basic pattern is recognized. There is one fold at each joint. Except for the fold at the distal joint in the four digits, these folds are comparable with pads in certain non‐Passerifor‐mes. The folds at the proximal phalanx of the third and the fourth digit are interpreted as reduced pads. Some folds are separated parts of phalanx pads. – Most passerine birds have this basic pattern of pads and folds, clearly adapted to a life on branches or on twigs. Certain species, exemplified byAlauda arvensis, Plectrophenax nicalis, Certhia familiaris, andRegulus regulus, have different morphology of pads and folds, depending on a reduced number of papillae, and being adaptations to life on the ground, on tree trunks, or on very thin twigs. Relatively few papillae occur in certain species that winter in temperate or cold climates. This means a reduced area of contact with the substrate and is probably important in heat regulation by reducing the conductive heat flow through the papillae to the substrate.–The pads and folds have a restricted value for the classification on family or subfamil

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1975.tb00722.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY