ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440090202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThrough volatilization and long distance atmospheric transport, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been redistributed throughout the global environment. Over the last 70 years, these compounds have permeated every known environmental niche including the remote polar regions of the globe. In this article, the solubility and volatility of the PCB congeners are reviewed relative to the remedial technologies that are currently in use or under consideration. The following discussion focuses primarily on the management options for PCB‐contaminated, subaqueous solids that require removal, dewatering, drying, and other treatment to degrade the target contaminants and/or containment in engineered facilities including constructed islands, upland secure landfills and subaqueous pits. Environmental mobility resulting from natural and engineered processes is discussed in relation to the potential for contributing to the global loading and redistribution of PCBs. Additionally, select emerging technologies and management options are reviewed relative to their potential to produce secondary environmental impacts resulting from the soluble and/or volatile redistribution of PCBs. Based on a lack of long‐term experience and the recognition that contaminants will remain unaltered for decades, technologies involving engineered containment structures should be considered temporary remedial measures until cost‐competitive, destructive processing of contaminated sediments is fea

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440090203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBest value remedial design combines traditional design by prescriptive specification with the use of open competition to determine design elements specified by performance requirements. Compelling reasons to use best value remedial design include the potential realization of life cycle cost savings, an inherent flexibility that can accommodate changing public priorities as well as evolving innovative technologies, and the ability to provide a protective remedial action. Best value challenges include technical issues such as the selection of the “best” technology from the proposals received during the open competition aspect of the process. A major administrative challenge is the development of a partnering relationship which fosters trust between project stakeholders. The best value approach is appropriate for most projects where the stakeholders have a genuine desire to pursue environmental restoration in an effective, open, and cost‐effective manner. It is conceivable that the state of the practice will evolve in terms of effectiveness and cost savings as a result of the best value approach because environmental professionals will be required to consider critical nontechnical elements during the pre‐design and design stages of a

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440090204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough the application of microbe biotechnology has been successful with petroleum‐based constituents, microbial digestion has met with limited success for widespread residual organic and metal pollutants located above the potentiometric surface. Vegetation‐based remediation, on the other hand, shows potential for accumulating, immobilizing, and transforming low levels of persistent contamination from the subsurface. Agricultural bioremediation, called geobotany or phytoremediation, relies on the remediating abilities of contaminant‐accumulating plants to remove contamination from soil or groundwater.In natural ecosystems, plants act to filter and metabolize substances generated by nature. Phytoremediation affirmatively applies this process to help clean up contamination created by artificial means. Plants have proven effective at remediating areas contaminated with organic chemical wastes such as petroleum products, solvents, wood preservatives, pesticides, and metals. Phytoremediation is not the best technology for every site but has shown success with lead, cadmium, zinc, and radionuclides. The phytoremediation process takes much longer than conventional methods to clean a site and is dependent upon the type and degree of contamination. Concentrations must be within a narrow range of tolerable levels and the presence of the contamination must be at the appropriate depth.Nevertheless, phytoremediation offers an effective alternative to conventional, engineered remedial plans that usually involve costly activities like excavation, treatment, and disposal of soil or pump‐and‐treat technologies for groundwater. Phytoremediation also seems to be a promising new technology for the treatment of stormwater, industrial wastewater, and sewage. The relative low costs of capital for start‐up together with negligible operations and maintenance costs provide a strong incentive for further investigation and development of phytoremediati

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440090205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPetroleum‐contaminated soil remediation in Minnesota will continue to include land treatment, composting, and thermal treatment alternatives. Contaminate levels, soil volume, disposal costs, and public opinion are ultimately the deciding factors in selecting any soils treatment technology appropriate for mitigating and remediating petroleum releases that, pursuant to the Minnesota Rules… “will protect the waters of the S

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440090206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA model is presented to estimate quantities of wastes generated by the demolition of various types of industrial structures. It is intended to be used for preliminary planning purposes in the absence of any detailed structure‐specific information. Detailed material quantity estimates compiled for structures at the U.S. Department of Energy's Fernald site in Ohio were used to develop the statistical relationships in the model. The model provides estimates of the total quantity of wastes, the quantities of waste concrete, and the quantities of wastes that originate from at‐, below‐, and above‐grade portions of a st

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440090207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe use and performance of soil vapor extraction (SVE) as an in‐situ remedial technology has been limited at numerous sites because of both geologic and chemical factors. SVE systems are not well suited to sites containing low permeability soils or sites contaminated with recalcitrant compounds. Six‐phase soil heating (SPSH) has been developed by the Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (Battelle) to enhance SVE systems. The technology utilizes resistive soil heating to increase the vapor pressure of subsurface contaminants and to generate an in‐situ source of steam. The steam strips contaminants sorbed onto soil surfaces and acts as a carrier gas, providing an enhanced mechanism by which the contaminants can reach an extraction well.Full‐scale applications of SPSH have been performed at the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in Aiken, South Carolina; at a former fire training site in Niagara Falls, New York; and at Fort Richardson near Anchorage, Alaska. At each site, chlorinated solvents were present in low permeability soils and SPSH was applied in conjunction with SVE. The results of the three applications showed that SPSH is a cost‐effective technology that can reduce the time required to remediate a site using only convent

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440090208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne of the strategies now in vogue in hazardous waste cleanup is basing remedial strategies on future land use. The initial thrust of CERCLA for permanent and complete remedies has given way, pushed by concepts like “brownfields” and base closure and reuse, to strategies often based on “institutional controls” that attempt to stabilize future land uses at a site based on residual risk. The heart of this concept is that instead of removing all wastes from a site, some wastes can safely remain so long as in the future the site is not used in such a way that the residual contamination poses an unacceptable risk to human health and the environment. “Institutional controls” is a term for land use management strategies that do not rely on engineering approaches to reduce risk, but rather seek to ensure that the site is not used in an inappropriate way in the future.This article cautions that such a strategy has inherent residual risks that must be understood by those involved in implementing hazardous waste cleanups and those responsible for future uses of contaminated property. Simply put, institutional controls are only as good as the processes that are in place to ensure they are respected in the future. This presents particular problems for active duty installations because most of the protections commonly available to private sector sites are not useful at active installations. This article discusses an initiative by the Air Combat Command to develop a handbook on instituting and maintaining land restrictions. It will also discuss that effort in light of the April 21 EPA Region IV guidance on assuring Land Use Controls at Federal Facilities. This article is based on a paper and presentations given at the 1998 ACC Environmental Trainin

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440090209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCommon deficiencies in the typical evaluation of the surface water quality impacts of hazardous chemical sites are discussed. Particular attention is given to deficiencies in monitoring stormwater runoff, as well as the input of contaminated groundwaters that lead to impairment of the beneficial uses of nearby surface waters because of site‐derived hazardous and deleterious chemicals. An alternative approach, Evaluation Monitoring, is presented in this paper. Evaluation Monitoring shifts the monitoring program from periodic sampling and analysis of stormwater runoff and ambient waters for a suite of chemical parameters, to examining the receiving waters to determine what, if any, water quality use impairments are occurring in surface waters due to the runoff‐associated constituents and shallow groundwater in

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440090210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440090211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY