摘要:

Abstract:Six male volunteer subjects were studied for 70 days in a high security hospital setting under a token economic (micro‐economic) system. A 42‐day regimen of free purchase and compulsory marijuana smoking was established, using one gram cigarettes with 8.5 mg Δ‐9THC. This period was preceded and followed by two weeks when marijuana was not available. Subjects were paid only for goods produced. Earnings could be saved or spent to satisfy subjects' needs and consumer desires. All economic transactions were recorded. Data was collected every half hour of each subject's dominant activity. The subjects demanded, and recieved, two wage raises. Introduction of cannabis resulted in lower productivity; reduction of intake raised productivity. A fall in productivity was matched by a fall in time spent working, but not in efficiency. Subjects spent more time resting awake and in entertainment during periods when more marijuana was smoked. Some indications of “amotivational syndrome” were present but no evidence of physiological damage was yielded by clinical medical examinations. Certain relationships between alcohol and rnarijuana

ISSN:0001-6683    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1974.tb03315.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:The performances of eight healthy young males were tested 1–3 hrs after oral administration of placebo, 10 mg diazepam (mean serum levels 286–281 ng/ml respectively), ethanol (mean serum levels 0.080–0.043), or the same amount of ethanol (mean serum levels 0.081–0.045) combined with 10 mg diazepam (mean serum levels 289–339 ng/ml). Both ethanol and diazepam reduced concentration, efficiency, and attention (Osgood Test). Combined administration augmented this subjective impression, and also reduced motivation. Ethanol significantly (α = 0.05) reduced the score in the Minor Tracing Test, and diazepam significantly reduced the score in the Letter Cancellation, Flicker Fusion Frequency, and Mirror Tracing tests, and in the Clinical Examination. Combined administration of ethanol and diazepam increased the detrimental effects on the tests mentioned above, and also increased the effect on Time Evaluation Ability (not significant) and Complex Coordination (α = 0.04) and Sorting tests (α = 0.055). Generally diazepam slowed the subjects, ethanol speeded them up, but increased their errors, combined administration both slowed them up, and increased

ISSN:0001-6683    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1974.tb01551.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:A spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of chlorprothixene (CPT) and its metabolites in autopsy material has been developed. The method involves repeated extractions with non‐polar solvents at pH 11–12 and thin‐layer chromatographic separation, followed by u.v. spectrophotometry of hydrochloric acid‐methanol extracts of the chromatographic fractions. The method which has a lower detection limit of 0.1 μ/g material, was used for blood, urine and liver from 12 cases, in which CPT was considered as the only or contributory cause of death. In the cases in which death occurred due to CPT only (2.5–4 g of CPT orally), the total concentration of thioxanthenes (i.e. CPT and its metabolites) were 0–1 μg/mg in the blood, 0.1–15 μg/ml in the urine and 22–86 μg/g in the liver. This indicates an extremely uneven distribution of thioxanthenes in the body. In addition to unchanged CPT, 5 thioxanthene metabolites were detected in the material. Three metabolites were identified as chlorprothixen‐sulphoxide, N‐monodemethylchlorprothixene and N‐monodemethylchlorprothix‐cnsulphoxide, respectively. The two unidentified thioxanthenes on the basis of their u. v. absorption spectra were assumed to be a sulphoxide and a non‐sulphoxide metabolite of CPT. It is concluded that CPT is a more toxic drug than previously believed, and that the total concentration of thioxanthenes in the liver is the most suitable parameter for the toxicological evalu

ISSN:0001-6683    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1974.tb01552.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:In vitro, chlorpromazine forms complexes with DNA, RNA, hyaluronic acid and heparin. Irradiation with ultraviolet light induces chemical degradation of chlorpromazine. These phenomena are discussed in relation to chlorpromazine‐induced lupoid syndrome with antinuclear factors in the blood serum of human patients as well as to photo‐toxic and photo‐allergic derma

ISSN:0001-6683    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1974.tb01553.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:In previously published studies only 33–66% of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine after oral administration of14C‐histamine. In the present study the corresponding figures were higher: between 68 and 80% of the administered14C‐activity was recovered in the urine within the first 48 hours of administration. Between 1.8 and 18% was exhaled as14CO2, whereas between 13 and 19% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the faeces. Thus nearly 100% of the administered14C‐activity was recovered. Urinary14C‐metabolites of histamine were determined by isotope dilution technique and by autoradiography. We were unable to obtain a constant specific activity for 1.4‐methylimidazole‐acetic acid by isotope dilution technique and an estimate of the balance between the urinary metabolites could not be obtained by this technique. Autoradiography indicated that oxidative deamination is the main pathway of orally administered histamine, and that imidazoleacetic acid riboside is the main urina

ISSN:0001-6683    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1974.tb02011.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Methoxyflurane and tetracyclines may cause dose‐related renal dysfunction. In the present study rats were treated with oxytetracycline (37.5 and 75 mg/kg/day) or tetracycline (75 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for four days and one methoxyflurane anaesthesia (1 % for 45 minutes) was given on the second day. The combined treatment as well as methoxyflurane anaesthesia alone, caused polyuria, elevated urinary fluoride excretion, increased serum uric acid concentration and SGPT activity. The histological examination showed shrinkage of glomeruli and tubular protein deposits in the kidneys and marked fat infiltration in the liver of rats treated with the antibiotics and methoxyflurane, while the anaesthetic seemed to cause only slight fatty changes in the liver. A probable renal tubular lesion caused by methoxyflurane, or its metabolites, was indicated by the polyuric effect, the lack of response to injected vasopressin and the uric acid retention while the tetracyclines probably added to the toxic effect mainly through their anti‐anabolic action. Oxytetracycline, in combination with one halothanc anaesthesia, did not seem to cause hepatotoxicity in the r

ISSN:0001-6683    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1974.tb02012.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:The hydroxylation of the tricyclic antidepressant drug, desmethylimipramine, has been studied by the use of isolated liver microsomes from human foetuses and adults. Desmethylimipramine was hydroxylated in both foetal and adult human liver microsomes. Thin‐layer chromatography of a chloroform extract of the incubate indicates that desmethylimipramine is aromatically hydroxylated in position

ISSN:0001-6683    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1974.tb02013.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Glucuronidation ofp‐aminophenol (PAP),p‐nitrophenol (PNP), and bilirubin has been studied in cultures of a clonal cell line with liver‐like functions and homogenates from the same cells. The purpose was to study the effect of simultaneous addition of substrates to cultures of living cells and to homogenates with an excess of UDPGA, and to compare the glucuronidation rates in living cells and in homogenates from the same cells, fortified with UDPGA. The rates of glucuronidation of PAP, PNP, and bilirubin by cells in culture were about 50, 70, and 15 nmol/mg protein/hour respectively. In fortified cell homogenates the respective glucuronidation rates were about 500, 1800, and 15 nmol/mg protein/hour. PNP inhibited the glucuronidation of PAP and bilirubin both in cell cultures and cell homogenates. PAP inhibited the glucuronidation of bilirubin in cell cultures. Bilirubin did not inhibit the glucuronidation of the other substrates. PNP glucuronide did not inhibit the glucuronidation of bilirubin or PAP in cell cultures or homoge

ISSN:0001-6683    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1974.tb02014.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and disulfiram decrease the biliary excretion of methyl mercuric compounds. The biliary mercury excretion returns to normal after a time period which is dependent on the dose of the inhibiting compound. For some doses of DDC the excretion of mercury increases above control values following the period of inhibition. DDC treatment increases brain, muscle and fur content of mercury. There is an increased retention of mercury in the liver, but decreased amounts of mercury in the kidney. Mercury in red cells is not affected. Faecal excretion of mercury decreases as expected because of decreased biliary excretion. The urinary excretion of mercury also decreases, but the mechanism is not clear. Changes in the excretion and organ distribution pattern indicate similar mechanisms for DDC treatment as for bile duct ligation, but DDC probably also changes the organ distribution and excretion by complex formation with some methyl mercuric compound.

ISSN:0001-6683    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1974.tb02015.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6683    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1974.tb02016.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY