ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeveral demographic aspects of population aging in developing countries are considered: the older old, the median age of a population, life expectancy and mortality, functional status and disability, sex differences, urbanization, and the labor force. While the demographic impact of population aging is becoming better appreciated, the descriptive epidemiology of age‐related changes in health and physical functioning in developing countries is still at an early stag

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAmerican Samoan mortality records, from 1920 through 1988, and epidemiological survey data from 1976 are used to examine demographic definitions of the elderly in different time periods and to examine the association of body habitus and blood pressure with mortality among middle‐aged and older Samoans. In the 1920s, the average Samoan lived 24 years, but over 50% of deaths occurred prior to age 15. In the 1980s the average Samoan lived about 54 years and 50% of deaths occurred after age 58. The common definition formatua(an elder or true old one) was 50 years in 1962, an age to which only 17% of the population lived in the 1920s; this value increased to 60–65 years by 1976, when 53% of the population survived to age 50 years and 34% to age 65 years. These data suggest that quantitative demographic factors may have constrained Samoan cultural definitions ofmatuai.e., “elderliness” during the 20th century. Among middleaged and older Samoans who died between 1976 and 1980, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were differentially associated with cause‐specific mortality by age and sex. None of these risk factors was associated with mortality in older men, but BMI and systolic pressure were significanltyloweramong middle‐aged men who died. In contrast, all four risk factors were associated positively with mortality in middle‐aged women, but in older women only systolic

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a study designed to test the hypothesis that an inevitable concomitant of aging at high altitudes is chronic mountain sickness resulting from excess erythrocytosis secondary to exaggerated hypoxemia caused by aging processes in the respiratory system. It compares age differences in respiratory system function in oxygenating the blood measured as percent O2saturation of arterial hemoglobin during wakefulness and sleep and in erythrocytosis measured as hemoglobin concentration in 17 young (22–35 years) and 16 older (47–68 years) rural and urban resident Bolivian Aymara men, healthy lifelong residents of 3,500–4,000 m who were tested at 3,600 m. The results do not support the hypothesis. Older urban men are significantly more hypoxemic during wakefulness and sleep than young urban men, while there are no age differences in the degree of hypoxemia among the rural residents. However, older urban men do not have the higher hemoglobin concentration predicted by the hypothesis. Both urban and rural older men have lower hemoglobin concentration than their young counterparts, a finding not attributable to age differences in nutritional status or testosterone concentration. Despite their relatively low hemoglobin concentration, older men have estimated arterial O2content in the normal sea level range for young men and in this sense retain the capacity to adapt to high altitude at least through the seventh decade of

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA five‐year follow‐up sample of 509 adult male and female Samoans experiencing modernization in American Samoa was studied to determine the relation between baseline biocultural factors and follow‐up blood pressure level. Analyses were stratified by sex and baseline age: 18–44 and ≥45 years. Baseline factors in the predictive models included blood pressure level, sum of skinfolds, age, education level, and reported salt intake. This Samoan adult sample was characterized by high prevalence of overweight at all ages, continual fat gain, and high incidence of overweight in young adults over five years. Blood pressure levels were moderate in young adults considering the adiposity, although almost one‐third of those ≥45 years of age were hypertensive. In young adults baseline adiposity was the most important predictor of follow‐up blood pressure, whereas in older adults age itself was most important. As age increases, physiologic blood pressure regulation may become less labile due to long‐term adiposity and salt intake and lead to persistent elevations

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper presents analyses from a comprehensive prospective cohort study of mid‐aged women [the Massachusetts Women's Health Study (MWHS)], with numbers sufficient to provide stable estimates of parameters in the normal menopause transition. Three questions are addressed: what are the natural menopause transitions and when do they occur; what factors affect the transitions; and what signs and/or symptoms accompany the transitions? The data were obtained primarily from 5 years of follow‐up of 2,570 women in Massachusetts who were aged 44–55 years as of January 1, 1982. Prospective study of the cohort consisted of six telephone contacts (T1–T6) at 9 month intervals with excellent retention. A subset of the full cohort was defined that consisted of women who were premenopausal (rather than perimenopausal) at baseline (To) (n = 1,178). Confirming prior reports, the age at natural menopause occurred at 51.3 years with a highly significant median difference (1.8 years) between current smokers and non‐smokers. The new analyses reported here on median age at inception of perimenopause (47.5 years) and factors affecting it are consistent with findings for age at last menstrual period. Smokers tend to have not only an earlier but also shorter perimenopause. The length of the perimenopausal transition, estimated at about 3.5 years, has not been previously reported. The relationship between menopause transitions and symptom reporting appears to be transitory, with reporting rates showing an increase in the perimenopause and a compensatory decrease in postmenopause. The implications of combined hormone replacement therapy for future research on menopause in industrial societies is discussed in relation to these

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBeginning in October, 1982, annual monitoring of the density of the radius has been conducted on a population of affluent elderly citizens of Sun City, Arizona. In the summer of 1983, a second component of the project was added, drawing on residents of subsidized retirement residences in Tucson, Arizona. The study, now in its eighth year, has followed the procedure of collecting data on 225 individuals in each city each year, adding new subjects to compensate for attrition as needed. Total sample size in this mixed‐longitudinal study presently stands at 1209. In order to develop normative standards for all age groups and allow construction of sex‐specific bone density profiles for the two populations, additional subjects were recruited from the University community and from health monitoring projects in progress in the College of Medicine. The total sample is presently slightly over 2,000 individuals, approximately 1,500 of whom are women. In addition to bone mineral density data, collected with a Lunar SP‐2 photon absorptiometer at a site located one‐third of the distance from the distal end of the radius, comprehensive questionnaire data concerning medical history, current medications, exercise habits, and nutritional intakes were collected in the Sun City and Tucson longitudinal studies. One of the most significant findings of this study to date has been the sharp difference between the remodeling patterns observed in men as opposed to women. In addition, longitudinal observations show that bone loss follows a pattern that is more episodic than steady in bot

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs shown in 744 adult men and women aged 30–49 at entry and followed for 21.4 ± 0.9 years there is continuing subperiosteal expansion in both sexes as well as continuing and increasing endosteal surface resorption. In this longitudinal study, bone loss (as shown by medullary cavity expansion) begins by the 5th decade and increases thereafter. The smaller gains at the outer bone surface are essentially independent of the larger losses at the inner (endosteal) surface and neither functionally nor causally related. Though bone loss and net bone loss is nearly as great in men as in women, absolutely speaking, two‐decade bone loss constitutes a larger percentage of the initially smaller bone mass in the female. In both sexes subperiosteal apposition (delta TA) and endosteal resorption (delta MA) are bone‐size dependent though in diametrically opposite directions. These trends in two‐decade bone change are not affected by smoking behavior, alcoholic beverage usage, antihypertensive usage, or early menopausal age. Similarly, the long‐term bone changes prove to be independent of energy and mineral intakes and to long‐term changes in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intake. Though dietary intakes do not predict long‐term bone changes, the amount of tissue bone present at entry is highly correlated (>0.93) with tissue bone 21.4 years later in men and women alike. Accordingly, only a small amount of intraindividual cortical variance in the later years still remains to be explained by life‐style, dietary, medication, and

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe history of exercise science reveals that at least three scientists received the Nobel prize for investigations in exercise physiology. The work of these men and their contemporaries was concerned with physiological mechanisms and work performance, not directly with health. Hippocrates and other physicians and philosophers of the ancient world believed that regular physical activity contributed to health and longevity. However, it was only during the last 30–40 years that the focus of exercise research shifted to a study of the impact of physical activity on health and disease. The reason for this change in research emphasis is due to the fact that a) chronic disease is associated with life‐styles, b) people are less active in the Western world, c) prevention is perhaps the ultimate answer to the maintenance of health, and d) chronic disease frequently begins in childhood. A summary of our knowledge concerning the effects of exercise is presented. Because former college athletes have engaged in strenous sports training in their youth, they are of particular interest in this regard. Results of many investigations indicate that former college athletes live about as long as their classmates, and die at about the same rate from heart disease. Former athletes come from larger families, gain less weight after college up to the age of 55 years, are more active in life, and are more likely to be smokers and/or drinkers than their former college classma

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe directional and fluctuating asymmetry characteristics of the human skull with reference to demographic and genetic parameters are presented. In addition, the discriminatory ability (in sex, age, and tribal origin) of asymmetry variables was evaluated against a battery of conventional metric measures. Regarding directional asymmetry (DA), the results show that the calvarium exhibits a clear right‐sided “excess” and the basal region a left‐sided “excess.” The DA of traits of the face appears ambiguous. Age and sex evidently have no bearing on DA, whereas tribal origin does. In fluctuating asymmetry (FA), the effect of age is negligible; sex is a factor, albeit to a minor extent. The facial region manifests the highest mean FA value and the calvarium the lowest. The more a skull deviates metrically from the population mean, the higher the mean FA value. FA and DA measures show a relatively low intercorrelation (<0.20). Comparison of the discriminatory ability (F = 1, F = 4) of asymmetry vs. metric measures shows that the former are better classifiers of tribal affiliation, whereas the latter discriminate better betwee

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY