摘要:

AbstractIn order to evaluate variation in body fatness by category of frame size (small, medium, and large) during growth, a sample of 7,286 Cuban children and adolescents (3,721 males, 3,565 females) 5–20 years was surveyed. Fatness was estimated from skinfold thicknesses at four sites: subscapular, triceps, suprailiac, and posterior calf. Elbow breadth was used as an estimate of frame size. Generally, the larger the frame size, the greater the amount of subcutaneous fat regardless of age and sex. The results suggest that in the assessment of obesity and its associated risk, in children and youth, frame size, given by categories of elbow breadth, should be taken into account. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe amount of work that people do is a focal point of human life, an outcome with extraordinarily complex roots. The physical task itself, the natural setting, biological work capacity, and behavioral patterns presumably condition productivity. This paper presents a model by which work output of Chinese cycle haulers was investigated, and outlines investigative techniques including work physiology, health assessment, cold response, and ethnography of the workplace and home. The objective is to explain variation in work done on a daily, monthly, and seasonal basis. This paper also quantifies work output, or productivity, using long‐term pay records as measures of productivity. While pay records, which show statistically normal distributions, serve as the primary dependent variable in the analysis, field observations and experiments offer supplementary data on the behaviors that produce work output. In a sample of 48 men, various measures of biological capacity and behaviors, such as motivation, predict overall productivity regardless of season. Since mean daily pay and monthly pay have different predictors, there is much individual choice in how many days per month one works. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEthnographic assessment of worker lifestyle and motivation was paired with measurement of health, maximum oxygen uptake, anthropometry, and cold response to predict productivity in order to determine how well behavioral ratings and biological rankings of worker capacity predict actual productivity. The subjects were Chinese laborers hauling heavy loads on a cycle by human power during a Beijing winter. Worker productivity was measured as pay for unit of work done. This paper reports the ethnographic methods and results. Worker health was assessed through a physical examination including vital signs, echocardiogram (ECG), nutrition, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Worker motivation was assessed during 10 weeks of participant observation, extensive interview, and a visit to the worker's household. Motivation was rated using a rank‐order comparison of all 50 workers from lowest to highest. Other observational ratings (household assets, demands on worker, and health of household members) were completed at the time of the home visit using five‐point scales. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBio‐impedance analysis (BIA) measurements have been used to predict components of body composition. Their validation is required for populations varying in race, sex, and age. In 371 Whites, 182 Blacks and 225 Asians, single‐frequency BIA at 50 kHz (RJL‐100) resistance and reactance measurements were correlated with same‐day measurements of total body water (TBW) by THO dilution, total body potassium (TBK) by whole body40K counting, and fat‐free mass (FFM) by dual‐photon absorptiometry. BIA correlation coefficients with TBW, TBK, FFM, and fat varied by sex and race for all measured body composition components. The highest correlation was for FFM, and the lowest was for fat mass. Prediction equations were further improved by including age, stature, and weight for each of the study cohorts. The SEE for predictions were in the ranges of 5–6, 6–8, and 7–10% of measured FFM, TBW, and TBK, respectively. BIA was effective in predicting body composition when subjects are specified by age, sex, stature, weight, and race for subjects from 18 to 94 years of age. © 19

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThough several studies have examined the relationship between parental ABO blood types and reproductive success, results have been inconsistent. In this paper, the relationship is considered using the data collected by Newton Morton and colleagues from a sample of 1,068 nuclear families of migrant workers in Brazil. Morton et al., using segregation analysis, compared parental and offspring generations and found evidence of selection acting through the mechanisms of maternal/fetal incompatibility in the ABO blood group system (Morton et al. [1966] Am J Hum Genet18:153–171). Further analysis of the same sample yields results which favor the conclusions that: (1) type B mothers have, on average, more offspring than mothers of other ABO blood types; (2) selection as expressed in reproductive differences affects females and not males; and (3) the ABO polymorphism in this sample is maintained by favoring reproductive success in heterozygous mothers. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFive polymorphic restriction enzyme sites in the beta globin gene cluster (HindIII Gγ‐Hind III Aγ‐, Ava IIINV−2β‐and Hpa I and Bam HI 3′β‐globin gene) were studied in individuals from 13 families: 13 homozygote patients for sickle cell anemia, two double heterozygotes (one SC and one S/βThal), 35 AS heterozygotes (23 parents and 12 siblings), one father (A/βThal), and three normal siblings. In addition, 17 normal unrelated Mexican subjects were studied. All subjects were from the state of Veracruz on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The Southern blot technique was used. Fifteen haplotypes were identified in the 142 chromosomes. Five were the most frequent: two haplotypes, (+−+++) (52.4%) and (−−+−+) (19.0%) were associated with βSchromosomes; two haplotypes, (−−+++) (38.2%) and (−−−++) (19.7%), were linked with βAchromosomes, and the fifth (−−++−) was present in both types of chromosomes. Haplotype (+−+++) corresponded to the Bantu or Senegal type. With Hinc II analysis after PCR amplification in both the 5′ and 3′ regions of the ψβ‐globin gene, it was possible to distinguish between these African types, as in the former both restriction sites are absent. This analysis was done in 23 βSand 10 βAsubjects. All βSchromosomes disclosed the Bantu type, while βAwere similar to Caucasians. Bantu and Benin haplotypes have been found with high frequency in African populations, indicating the great influence of African genes in the population of the Mexican coasts. In addition, two previously unidentified haplotypes were found: (++−−+) and (−++++). These can be explainded by cross

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGenetic affinities between the migrant groups of fishermen from Puri and their parental counterparts in the Southern areas were examined using 11 genetic loci: four blood groups, five red cell enzymes, and two serum proteins. The samples for the parental populations (about 430 subjects) were drawn from 34 villages spread along the 400 km coast in Ganjam district of Orissa and the contiguous Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam, and East Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. Significant departures between the migrant groups and their parental counterparts were observed at some loci, although the configuration of interpopulation distances among the migrants mimicked that of the parental populations. While the observed differences may be due to a founder effect and subsequent random genetic drift in at least two of the three small populations, given high child mortality and the systematic nature of differences observed, the role of selection cannot be totally ruled out. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA sample of 3,211 males and females insured by the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (I.M.S.S.) residing in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA), northeastern Mexico, were selected by their monophyletic or polyphyletic surnames. ABO, Rho(D), and MN blood groups were determined, and phenotype and gene frequencies were estimated to study the genetic variation among populations with these surnames, to estimate the genetic contribution from their most important ancestral populations, both Spanish and Mexican Indians, and to compare genetic structure with other populations that have been reported from this MMA and other urban centers in Mexico with the hypothesis that the persons with monophyletic surnames are the closest descendants of the founders, who colonized the MMA between 1577 and 1596, and that they still conserve some degree of genetic isolation. The results indicate that the selected persons with monophyletic surnames are the closest to the Spanish, supporting the above hypothesis; on the other hand, persons with polyphyletic surnames are the closet to other Mestizo populations from central Mexico and the Mexican Indians. Hybrid persons with one monophyletic and one polyphyletic surname are closer to the monophyletics due to the fact that 90% of these polyphyletics originated in northeastern Mexico. It is concluded that, at present, the Mestizo population from the MMA is integrated by two subpopulations, one with monophyletic and the other with polyphyletic surnames. It is suggested that due to an increase in migration in Mexico, the Mestizo genetic structure of the MMA population will slowly become more uniform. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn 48 normal weight subjects, 25 females and 23 males, body impedance was measured at multiple frequencies. Two different electrode placements were used, one the commonly used distal electrode placement, in which the source electrodes are on the dorsal sides of the hand and foot and the sensor electrodes are on ankle and wrist, and a second placement, in which the sensor electrodes are placed more proximally, at the knee and elbow. Theoretically a proximal electrode placement could result in more precise estimates of body water compartments. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were determined using deuterium oxide dilution and bromide dilution, respectively. The aim of the study was to investigate whether proximal electrode placement results in a more precise estimation of TBW and ECW using multifrequency impedance analysis. Correlation coefficients of impedance and the impedance index stature2/impedance) with TBW and ECW were not or were only slightly higher using proximal impedance values, resulting in slight improvement of the estimation error for TBW (0.13 kg) and ECW (0.04 kg). The differences between measured and predicted values (residuals) of TBW and ECW were not correlated with TBW and ECW, but they were correlated with body fat and body water distribution (ECW/TBW). These correlations did not differ between distal and proximal impedance measurements. It is concluded that proximal impedance measurements do not substantially improve the prediction of body water compartments. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe energy cost of physical activity has long remained the component of energy expenditure most difficult to quantify. Measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE) in free‐living infants by the doubly‐labelled water method permits a new approach. The energy cost of activity was estimated in 12 week infants as the difference between TEE and the sum of minimal metabolic rate, the energy cost of tissue synthesis, and thermogenesis. No differences were found between the sexes or between breast‐fed and formula‐fed infants. However, the cost of activity was substantially higher than previously assumed. The approach is more suitable for use with groups rather than individuals. © 1995 Wiley

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY