摘要:

AbstractFrom survey data on surnames in an immigrant community of Indians in Houston, Texas, it is shown that the family size distribution and the distribution of the number of male children per family are independent of the surnames of the parents. This provides a direct test of selective neutrality of surname distributions. A genetic theory of sampling distribution of neutral alleles is employed to estimate the parameter of the surname distribution, and analytical results for the expectation and variance of the frequencies of surnames with a different number of copies in a sample are provided. It is also shown that the surname distribution may indicate presence of mixture in a sample, which can be examined by such theoretical approaches. The transition of surname distributions in two successive generations is shown to follow the pattern predicted by random extinction of surnames.

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe gene products of the apolipoprotein A‐I, A‐II, A‐IV, C‐II, C‐III, D, E and H loci have been screened by isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting from two Papua New Guinean populations, the Huli and the Pawaia. Only APO E and APO H revealed common polymorphisms. A putative unique A‐IV variant has been identified, but due to the lack of family data it is not characterized further. Three common APO H alleles were observed in both groups with comparable frequencies. But significantly different distributions of three APO E alleles were noted in the Huli and the Pawaia. The respective frequencies of theAPO E*2,APO E*3, andAPO E*4 alleles were 0.154, 0.356, and 0.490 in the Huli and 0.138, 0.603, and 0.259 in the Pawaia. A strikingly high frequency of theAPO E*4 allele in Papua New Guinea may provide a useful insight into the studies of genetic and environmental interactions in controlling the cholesterol levels in the general

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines the prevalence of Wilson bands and hypoplasias in the dental enamel of a sample of Postclassic and Historic Maya Indian remains from the archaeological site of Lamanai, Belize. Mandibular canines were removed from 23 individuals from the two periods. The surface of a polished, acid etched, longitudinal section of each canine was examined with scanning electron microscopy for the presence of enamel malformations.A large number of Wilson bands and shallow hypoplasias were identified; however, more severe macroscopic hypoplasias were rare. The two kinds of defects were found to be temporally associated in only 25–50% of instances, indicating that circumstances leading to their formation are likely distinct.The mean number of both Wilson bands and shallow hypoplasias was found to be significantly different between samples, indicating an increase in developmental stress in the Historic occupation. As dietary differences have not been detected between the occupations, the observed differences in enamel defect prevalence can be attributed to the effects of changing epidemiological patterns following the Spanish conques

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAvailable information on mean adult male and female height, weight, sitting height, and relative sitting height for 62 groups is used to examine the relationship between anthropometric measurements and climate, geographical location, and linguistic affiliation among South American Indians. Results of correlation analysis indicate that height increases from the north to the south of the continent and is significantly negatively correlated with precipitation but is not significantly correlated with most measures of temperature. Only in females is weight significantly correlated with any of the location or climatic variables. Sitting height is correlated with both temperature and precipitation, while relative sitting height is more strongly correlated with temperature, and the direction of the correlation indicates that groups living in colder areas have relatively shorter legs. The interpretation of the correlations for sitting height and relative sitting height is complicated by the fact that the correlations of these measurements change when only the low‐altitude groups in the data set are considered. There are no significant differences in male height between linguistic stocks when the analysis is limited to those stocks represented by at least five groups. In general, there appears to be more patterning in body size and shape variation in South America than there is in terms of genetic variation. The correlations between anthropometric measurements and climate in South America differ in some ways from those observed for other areas of the worl

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo hundred eighteen South African Negro male crania were arranged in 5‐year birthdate cohorts from 1880–1884, 1890–1894, up to 1930–1934 inclusive and investigated for the presence of a secular trend in their dimensions. Maximum breadth, maximum length, basibregmatic height, cranial base height, and bi‐auricular breadth (BAB) were measured, and cranial index (CI), cranial capacity (CC), and cranial base height index (CBHI) were determined. Cranial length exhibited a significant increase from 1890 to 1930. Cranial base height and CBHI exhibited statistically significant declines over the same period. The absence of secular trends in the other dimensions studied corresponds to previous analyses of the lengths of the femora and tibiae of the same sample. The secular trends in cranial length, cranial base height and its index, and the absence of trends in the other dimensions, are discussed in relation to an apparent decrease in the standard of living occurring in this population after 1900. It is unlikely that the absence of a positive secular trend denotes the attainment of a genetically determined ceiling to the physical size of the subjects represented by these skeletons. It is more likely that the environmental factors believed to produce a positive secular trend were absent in the years from which this sample was drawn and that signs of improvement in these factors, if any, would be so recent that evidence of their effect is not yet available from our cadaver‐derive

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA random sample of 2,130 apparently healthy Bulgarians, 1,065 of each sex, was investigated to obtain a detailed picture of finger dermatoglyphic asymmetry and intraindividual diversity in the population examined.Both sexes showed an almost equal pattern of asymmetry and diversity. Relative pattern asymmetry, taking into account the pattern type frequencies, tends to be higher in males, being especially pronounced on fingers which show a low asymmetry in other aspects.Like other populations so far examined, Bulgarians display higher rates in males than in females concerning the total, ulnar, and radial ridge‐counts, their asymmetries, and intraindividual diversities. However, the more analysis of the ridge‐count asymmetry is worked out in detail, the more it becomes evident that both sexes are asymmetrical not so much to a different degree as in a different manner. As a whole, the ambidirectional, directional, fluctuating, and relative asymmetries are practically consistent in both sexes. Important sex differences are revealed in the structure of the directional and fluctuating asymmetries concerning contrasts between their radial and ulnar levels. The sex differences in directional asymmetry are discussed in the light of possible effects of the sex chromosomes upon the mediolateral developmental gradients. Expressed modulation of the fluctuating asymmetry by finger is interpreted as evidence for considerable differences between separate finger pairs in their sensitivity to stressful factors.Presented results are relevant to anthropology and population genetics and could have implications in medical genetics and teratology, serving as normative data in pathological conditi

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA commingling analysis of the distribution of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was performed on measurements from 9,226 individuals living in Tecumseh, Michigan during 1962–1965. Even after correcting for skewness in the distributions, multiple normal distributions fit the data significantly better than a single normal one, suggesting some level of commingling. The exact nature of the components differed depending on the phenotype, and the number of components entertained, suggesting a possibly complex etiology, but with some definite qualitative effects. Segregation analysis under the mixed model is needed to address the nature of blood pressure in this community more definitivel

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examined the combined effects of maternal smoking and maternal age on birth weight. A sample of 1,851 white, full‐term infants (37 to 42 weeks) born to primiparous mothers ranging in age from 18 to 41 years was derived from the database of the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS), available through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The mothers were classified into three age groups—young, middle‐aged, and older‐aged—corresponding respectively to values below the 15th, between the 15th and 85th, and at or above the 85th percentile of age.Analyses of the data show that the reduction in birth weight associated with maternal smoking when compared with nonsmoking averaged 181 gm for the young group (18 to 20 years), 162 gm for the middle‐aged group (21 to 29 years), and 154 gm for the older‐aged group (30 to 41 years). These differences are independent of total income. Hence it appears that the birth weight–reducing effect of smoking is not enhanced among women of older reproductive ages (30 to 41 years). Furthermore, the reduction in birth weight is dose responsive. That is, the greater the number of cigarettes smoked per day, the lower is the resulting mean birth weight and the higher is the proportion of low‐bir

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY