ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA semilongitudinal study of the growth of Hawaiian children from four cohorts was carried out with measurements taken at four consecutive annual visits. Each visit entailed an anthropometric battery, including skinfold measurements at six sites. Additionally, interviews with children and their families elicited information on socioeconomic status, other social conditions, and degree of identification with Hawaiian culture. Genealogies were completed to allow estimates of percentage of Polynesian ancestry (PPA) for the Hawaiian children, with estimates compressed into quartiles of PPA. A principal components analysis of the six skinfold measures for each child was carried out, deriving two components. Components relating to centrality of fat distribution were significantly higher among native Hawaiians than in non‐Hawaiians, and the components were significantly related to PPA in analyses of covariance for preadolescent children. The relationship between socioeconomic variables and amount of body fatness appears to be stronger than the relationship between these variables and fat distribution. The results suggest a relatively greater role for Polynesian hereditary influence on fat distribution than on quantity of fat among contemporary native Hawaiian children. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractObesity in American Samoan adults in 1990 was compared to that in 1976–1978 to evaluate population changes concomitant with modernization. Body weight, stature, the body mass index (BMI), and two skinfolds were measured in 1990 in 830 males and females 25–74 years old, and were compared to corresponding data from 1976 and 1978 for 1,621 adults. Mean BMI and skinfold thicknesses increased markedly from 1976–1978 to 1990 in males at all ages. Mean BMI for 45–54 year old males was approximately 3.6 kg/m2higher (P<0.0001) in 1990 than in 1976–1978, but was only 0.6 kg/m2higher in females of the same age. The prevalence of overweight increased significantly from 66% in 1976–1978 to 85% in 1990 (P<0.001) in 35–44 year old males, but remained about the same, 91%, in females of that age. Similar sex differences in temporal change were found in skinfolds. Fasting serum total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides were obtained for a random subsample of 67 males 40–49 years old and were compared to lipid levels in a 1978 sample of American Samoan males of similar age and residence. Both total and HDL cholesterol were significantly different between 1978 and 1990, 178 vs. 205 mg/dl (P<0.02), and 43 vs. 37 mg/dl (P<0.01), respectively. Triglycerides were higher in 1990 than in 1978, 169 vs. 128 mg/dl. The results suggest that obesity and adiposity increased more over 12–14 years among adult males than among females, who in 1976–1978 were already massively overweight. ©

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne of the concomitants of the rapid socioeconomic and medical changes which occurred in American Samoa beginning with World War II has been an increase in chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease and diabetes. As part of the Samoan Studies Project, a 1976 survey focusing on obesity and blood pressure was conducted in American Samoa. A total of 624 men age 18 or greater were seen at that time. In 1989 we conducted a follow‐up examination of 31 of these men, reassessing blood pressure, and also examining blood glucose and previously diagnosed health problems, focusing on chronic diseases such as hypertension, stroke, cancer, and diabetes. In a prospective analysis of mortality, Crews (Hum. Biol.60:417–433, 1988) found that 111 American Samoan men who had blood pressures measured in a public health department survey in 1975 and subsequently died between 1975 and 1981, had higher average systolic and diastolic blood pressures than the 2,588 survivors (140/88 vs. 129/84). Using these data, the 1989 sample was stratified according to the 1976 blood pressure measurement of the men and a sample of 14 normotensive men (1976 blood pressure<140/90) and 17 hypertensives (1976 blood pressure ≥140/90) was selected. The average age, weight, and number of cigarettes smoked per day was not significantly different for these two groups at the 12‐year follow‐up. However, several indicators of health status did differ. The hypertensive group had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures (P≤ 0.001). Additionally, the hypertensive group had higher random blood glucose values (P≤ 0.005) and were significantly more likely to be hypertensive and/or have impaired glucose tolerance (P≤ 0.001). Change in weight was predictive of change in blood pressure, but not of absolute value of blood pressure. This paper notes the importance of elevated blood pressure as a predictor of future chronic disease risk for Samoan men. © 1993

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHuman apolipoprotein genetic variation is associated with phenotypic variability in body habitus and in lipid and glucose metabolism, interrelated aspects of human physiology. In this study, structural variation at the apolipoprotein E and H loci, documented for 67 residents of American Samoa, was investigated for associations with body habitus, plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, pulse rate, and blood pressure. Compared to men with the commonAPO E*3 allele, those withAPO E*2 had higher weight, percent trunk fat, ratio of subscapular to triceps skinfold, and larger subscapular, suprailiac, and medial calf skinfolds; men with theAPO E*4 allele had lower weight, body mass index (BMI), upper arm circumference, estimated arm muscle circumference, and a smaller suprailiac skinfold. Such variability by apolipoprotein E types was not observed in Samoan women nor when men and women were combined for analysis with or without statistical control for sex. At the APO H locus, little difference in aspects of body habitus was observed between men carrying the most commonAPO H*2 allele and the less commonAPO H*1 allele. Percent trunk fat and the subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio tended to be larger in women with theAPO H*1 allele. Plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were lower in Samoans with theAPO E*2 andE*4 alleles, but higher in those with theAPO H*1 allele. Blood pressure and pulse rate were lower and higher, respectively, in those with theAPO E*4 allele. The observed associations differ from those observed in Caucasian, Japanese, and Hispanic samples, and support suggestions that associations between apolipoprotein polymorphisms and morphological measures vary across ethnic groups. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe lifestyles and social environments of Pacific Islanders have changed profoundly as a result of local development and migration to urban, cosmopolitan centers. These changes have often been accompanied by an increase in chronic diseases, alcoholism, and suicide. As a result, the health effects of psychological and physiological stress have become an increasing concern in Pacific Island nations and in countries with significant Pacific migrant communities. Several studies in the Samoan Studies Project have examined catecholamine excretion rates in order to understand how the behavioral, psychological, and environmental changes of modernization affect the physiological stress responses of young Samoan adults. The results of studies in rural and urban Western Samoa, American Samoa, and Honolulu, Hawaii show that several complex factors associated with urban, more cosmopolitan lifestyles tend to increase stress hormone levels. Specifically, lifestyle differences in physical activity, diet, and social interaction have significant independent and interactive contributions. These behavioral factors can lead to a high degree of day‐to‐day variability in catecholamine excretion. The implications of these findings for future research designs are discussed. However, the data suggest that it is a complex interaction of lifestyle factors, not any specific single factor, that determines the physiological stress responses of Samoans in different environments. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRoad traffic accidents (RTAs) in Pacific societies in general are examined and a case study presented. There is a paucity of data on Pacific RTAs. Available data are generally poor in quality and specificity, with few adequate measures of risk. Despite this, it is clear that motor vehicle accidents are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity throughout the Pacific. Most Pacific societies are in a state of low motorization and are experiencing high vehicle fatality rates but low population fatality rates. When motorization reaches a higher level, however, RTA deaths and injuries begin to have an impact on population structure and on societal as well as family economies. Using archival and ethnographic evidence, examination is made of the sociocultural context of motor vehicle use, roaduser behavior, and RTA occurrence on Niue Island, a nation with a high degree of motorization. Motorcycles are the preferred mode of transport on Niue. Cultural values and behaviors that affect motor vehicle accident rates include exaggerated risk‐taking, especially by young adult males. Alcohol plays a significant role in driving and other risky behaviors. Such behavior appears not just on Niue but in other Pacific nations also. It is vital to effectively monitor motor vehicle collisions and the effects of road and traffic development in these small scale societies. Culturally appropriate “road rules” and driver education campaigns, enforcement of traffic ordinances, highway improvement, and the development of safe public transport systems will be needed in order to reduce both short‐term and long‐term consequences of continued motorization and RTAs. © 1993 Wiley

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFertility levels in selected populations of coastal and highland Madang Province of Papua New Guinea are analyzed from reproductive history data. Changing levels of fertility between 1964 and 1984 are examined using reconstructed censuses. Age‐specific infertility rates are calculated and evaluated with available data on rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and contraceptive usage. These suggest that STD‐associated infertility may be a major factor underlying levels of fertility lower than expected. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY