ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310010102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310010103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310010104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTreadmill measurements of maximum oxygen intake were made in 218 boys and 136 girls 6–16 years of age who were classified as nutritionally normal or marginally malnourished. max (1· min−1)increased with age, was lower in the undernourished than in the normal, and was significantly lower in girls than in boys. The sex differences persisted when max was expressed in terms of body weight and lean body mass, indicating that differences in physical activity between sexes may be the cause. The lower values of absolute max have implications for the productive ability of these children in heavy physical work when they are adults. When expressed in terms of body weight there are no major differences between Colombian and European children in the magnitude of their max va

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310010105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMorning and evening testosterone levels were measured in the saliva of Efe pygmies (N = 11) and Lese villagers (N = 18) living in the Ituri Forest of northeast Zaïre and compared with levels in Boston controls (N = 10). With one exception, levels in the individual Zaïrois subjects fall within the normal ranges reported for Western clinical populations. Daily variation in the Zaïrois subjects (a.m./p.m. ratio = 1.32 for Efe, 1.22 for Lese) is also comparable to both the Boston controls (1.61) and values reported by other researchers for Western subjects. Average morning levels for the Zairois subjects (420 pmol/liter for Efe, 341 pmol/liter for Lese), however, fall significantly below the average for the Boston subjects (589 pmol/liter; Efe,P<0.05; Lese,P<0.01). A correlation between morning testosterone level and height is observed for the Lese sample (r=0.76,P<0.005). Similar correlations have not been reported for Western subjects. Possible roles of acute and chronic environmental conditions in generating these observations are noted. This study demonstrates the potential utility of salivary steroid assays for investigating questions related to male gonadal function under field conditio

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310010106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSocial and economic determinants of fertility, mortality, and child survival were studied in a sample of 519 mothers from EL Progreso, a disadvantaged community located on the outskirts of Guatemala city. Fertility (children ever‐born) and mortality (number of children who had died postnatally) data were obtained from interviews, along with data on the characteristics of the mothers, fathers, and the households. Contraceptive use was recorded on a subsample of 167 mothers of 5‐year old children. Following factor analyses, three variables were selected for analysis: Years of schooling of the father and the mother and the type of fuel used for cooking. Father's education and type of fuel were significantly related to maternal fertility, while only the educational attainment of the mother was related to child mortality and survival. When contraceptive use was included in the ANCOVA in the subsample, it was a significant determinant of fertility, while father's education became nonsignificant. In terms of mortality, contraceptive use was a significant determinant, while the significance of the mother's education fell to a borderline value (P= 0.0

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310010107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLongitudinal data are widely regarded as the most efficient and informative type of data with which to investigate growth. Paradoxically, appropriate statistical methods for analyzing longitudinal data have been unavailable; with the exception of a computer program for executing Rao's (Biometrika46:49–58, 1959) one‐sample polynomial growth curve analysis (Schneiderman and Kowalski, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.67:323–333, 1985) and another applying the Preece‐Baines function (Brown and Townsend, Ann. Hum. Biol.9:495–505, 1982), no programs for analyzing longitudinal data are generally available to the scientific community. Whereas much of the pediatrically oriented work has involved fitting growth curves for individual children, the concern here is the estimation of growth trends for populations. An Adequate understanding of average tendencies is a prerequisite to understanding the growth of individuals. The present paper implements Hills' (Biometrics24:189–196, 1968) analysis, which is formally equivalent to Rao's but uses finite differences instead of orthogonal polynomials. This method is suitable for data collected at unequal time points and generates explicit measures of velocity and acceleration. The polynomial specification of the curve that best fits the data is also determined with this method. An additional advantage of this approach is that it is conceptually simpler than the classic model of Rao. An application of this method is given using the same craniofacial growth data as in our earlier (1985) paper for comparability. We provide an easy to use program written in GAU's (Edlefson and Jones, Kent, WA; Applied Technical Systems, 1985), a matrix programming language that runs on PC‐compatible microcomputers. This implementation for PCs extends the accessibility to investigators who may not have access to mainfr

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310010108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe hypothesis, that clustering of elevated levels of blood pressures, plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterols, and serum glucose in men and women was associated with indices of adiposity and adipose tissue distributione was tested while controlling for family membership, age, level of education, income, and smoking as well as menopause (surgical and natural )and the use of oral contraceptives and replacement estrogens in women. The study population included 146 white men and 171 white women, 18–88 years of age, from 4 large kindreds residing in the Dayton, Ohio, metropolitan area. The data were collected between 1977 and 1980 as part of a study of genetic factors in essentials hypertension. Four groups of individuals with similar levels for blood pressures, plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterols, and serum glucose were defined for each sex by using a k‐means clustering algorithm. A group was identified in each sex that had higher than average values for all of these risk factors. Membership in this group was associated significantly with age and weight/stature2in the men, and with age, weight/stature2and the interaction of age and weight/stature2in the women, after controlling for level of education, income, smoking, and, in the women, also for menopause, use of oral contraceptives, and replacement estrogens. Group membership was not associated significantly with family membership or with an index of adipose tissue distribut

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310010109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo assess the influence of environmental conditions on the pattern of menstrual variation among women, data on menstrual cycles were recorded longitudinally from 127 university women who lived in a group of houses surrounding a central courtyard. Adequate follow‐up was available on 76 women, among whom menstrual synchrony occurred in a short period of time. During the first month of coresidence, the day of menstrual onset deviated from the mean by an average of 13.7 days. During the next month, however, this average deviation declined to 2.6days. Moreover, it was found that menstrual synchrony occurred in the overall sample regardless of the house of residence, although synchrony occurred to a greater extent in some houses than in others. It would thus appear that common environmental influences play an important role in the overall pattern of menstrual cyclicit

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310010110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Casiguran Agta constitute a Negrito hunter‐gatherer society in northeastern Luzon. The hypothesis presented is that this population has suffered serious decline over the last half ‐century. Demographic data collected over a 24‐year period are used to substantiate this hypothesis. Agta figures on crude death rate, rate of natural decrease, infant mortality, life expectancy at birth, and homicide are among the most extreme known for any human population. Reasons for this decline are described, with emphasis on the factor of hom

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310010111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY