摘要:

AbstractThe leaching of chlorfenvinphos through soil was studied in two field experiments by applying it to sloping arable land at 22 kg active ingredient/ha and following its movement down the slope. Only very small quantities of the insecticide later appeared lower down the slope and at the bottom. In one of these experiments there was a pond at the bottom of the slope and residues could not be detected in the mud or water from this pond. Residues of the main soil metabolites of chlorfenvinphos could not be detected in the pond water at 23 and 36 weeks after application.Chlorfenvinphos was applied at the same dosage to the surface of the soil in the first compartment of a trough that sloped from the treated end with a gradient of 1 : 3–7 and consisted of six compartments containing soil to a height of 5 cm above the height of the transverse partitions. Leachates were collected at the bottom of each compartment. Most of the chlorfenvinphos in the leachates was collected during the first 9 weeks from the first compartment. Only 0.18% of the amount of insecticide applied was leached through the soil but this was nine times more than was observed with dieldrin in a similar experiment. Only small amounts moved down the surface of the slope. More chlorfenvinphos leached vertically into drainage water than laterally over the surfac

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780020101

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChlorfenvinphos was sprayed at a dosage level of 74 kg/ha (some 20–40 times the normal rate of application to agricultural land) on to the surface of a pond so that the water contained an average concentration of 6.1 ppm. This decreased to 2.0 ppm after five hours, and to 0.12 ppm after 1 month. Residues were detected in the mud 5 hours after the treatment of the water and the concentration increased rapidly up to 5 hours after treatment and reached a maximum value of 0.32 ppm at 115 hours after treatment.Chlorfenvinphos persisted in mud for at least 34 days and whilst there was a decrease in the numbers of Chironomidae larvae the numbers of other animals were too small to detect any significant changes.It seems unlikely that contamination of ponds by aerial spraying at commercial dosages (up to 5 kg/ha) or from run‐off and leaching of chlorfenvinphos from treated soil would be a serious hazard to free swimming aquatic anim

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780020102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn improved iodine test based on the ability of the live scale to react with iodine, yielding reduced iodine products which in turn are unable to give the blue colour reaction with starch, has been used for determining the mortality of the California red scale after treatment with various insecticides. 0.1% monocrotophos, omethoate or methidathion (active material) and 1.4% ethion formulation were found to give good control, while methomyl, mecarbam and azinphos‐methyl were less effective. The results obtained by the iodine method resembled those obtained by the visual method, commonly used for determining death in armoured scale

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780020103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractN‐acylation of aryl N‐methylcarbamates is known to reduce their mammalian toxicity considerably without adversely affecting their insecticidal activity. It has now been found that N‐acylation of several insecticidal oxime carbamates results in loss of toxicity both to insects and mammals. Kinetic data for base‐catalysed solvolysis and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, together with published work on metabolism, are combined to provide a rationale for this unexpected observation and to account for the selective toxicity of arylN‐acetyl‐N‐met

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780020104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe activities of natural and synthetic pyrethroids against male German cockroaches (Blattella germanica)were examined by means of dusting and direct spraying techniques. NRDC 107 (5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl(+)‐trans‐chrysanthemate) was the most active compound in killing cockroaches. Pyrethrins gave the most rapid knockdown and were 60% as active as NRDC 107 (Bioresmethrin) in killing power. Tetramethrin and the corresponding(+)‐trans‐ester gave rapid knockdown. Only(+)‐trans‐allethrin[(+)‐trans‐chrysan‐themate of(±)‐allethrolone] provided useful knockdown and killing power together. Piperonyl butoxide had a relatively stronger synergistic action with less active killing agents. The rate of knockdown during the first few minutes of exposure was not altered gre

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780020105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEmulsifiable concentrates containing toxic agents are usually formulated with blends of anionic and non‐ionic surfactants which determine the structure of the interfacial layer enveloping the suspended droplets.Electrostatic repulsion and London‐van der Waals attraction decide their flocculation whereas other properties of the interfacial layer may also play an important part in their coalesce

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780020106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA study has been made of the stability of pesticide oil‐in‐water emulsions containing toxaphene and diazinon as toxic agents, kerosene and xylene as solvents, and stabilised by blends of calcium dodecylbenzene‐sulphonate and polyoxyethylene nonylphenol condensates.Different emulsification techniques and their effects on emulsion stability have been t

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780020107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe spreading on the wool surface of emulsion droplets, stabilised by blends of calcium dodecylbenzene‐sulphonate and polyoxyethylene nonylphenol condensates, and containing toxaphene and diazinon as toxicants, kerosene and xylene as solvents, is mainly due to the intermolecular forces operating at the resulting interface, i.e. van der Waals forces, π‐ and H

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780020108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe decomposition of atrazine, linuron and picloram when incubated with two soils at four levels of application was measured for periods of 3 or 4 months. The applicability of zero‐order, half‐order, first‐order and Michaelis‐Menten kinetics was considered. None of the equations described the breakdown rates adequately in spite of the apparent theoretical advantage for using an expression of the Michaelis‐Menten type. In each case the rate of decomposition increased as the initial herbicide concentration

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780020109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMainly dormant seeds of nine weed species were incubated with 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid in Petri dishes. Four species showed markedly increased germination percentages with doses up to 100 ppm. Interactions of 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid with light in Matricaria recutita L. and with crop root exudates in Striga hermontheca Benth. were fo

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780020110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY