摘要:

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. ii. 1303 ERRATA. VOL. 126 (ABSTRACTS 1924). Page Line i. 17 5* for ~:HOUGOUNENQ ” read “HUGOUNENQ.’’ i. 184 29 mucus ” read “ mucous membrane.” i 263 33 ,) ‘‘ small ” read (‘ large.” i. 515 16* ‘‘ this vol. i 294 ” read I‘ this vol. i 288.” i. 537 14* -4-pyridine ” read 6t -4-py?.idone.” i. 603 11* cc trimethyl ’’ read ‘( trimethylene.” i. 661 S* “ thiophen-cocaine ” read “ thiophen-atropine.” i. 684 18* (* Stilzilobium ” read (‘ Stizolobium.” i. 944 30 u trimethyl-y-mannoside8 and tetrarnethyl-y-mannosidea ’’ reatl ‘# trimeihyl-y -methylmannosides and tetrarnethyl- y -methyl- 77Utnnosides.” i. 953 15* ‘‘ p-nitrophenyl thiocyanate ” read ‘‘ of mononitro deriva- tives.” i. 962 11* ‘‘ dibromocinnamic acid ” rend “ cinnamic acid dibromide.” i. 967 i.973 i. 1054 i. 1060 i. 1121 i. 1121 i. 1246 ii. 218 ii. 299 ii. 355 ii. 567 ii. 830 ii. 913 5. 987 ii. 989 18* (‘ C0,H~CBH4~CO~C6H,~C0,H : read “ C02Hy*C,H4-CO*C,H4.0H. ¶ “KTl(CN),,H,O ” y d ‘‘ KTI(CN),.” ‘( triphenylmethylphosphorus dichloride ” read “ triphenyl- 7* “Sahina read “Asahina.” 8 18 Y u 3 ” read ‘& 2 or 3. 25 methoxyphosphorus dichloride.” 7* “ PHCI,-OR = PC1,R:O + HCl ” read “ PRCl,*OH = PRC1,:O + HC1.” 15 ‘‘ 4-dimethylmethyleneamino-3-amimphenylarsinic acid ” read 6 L 3-amino-4-isopropylideneaminophen ylarsinic acid.” 19* ‘‘ klA2-AoB ’’ read ‘‘ k/(A2-Ao2).’ 11* ‘‘ solution neutralised to phenolphthalein ” read “ alcoholic 11* The reagent used is cuprous oxide suspended in sulphuric acid not the compound of cuprous sulphate and ethylene. 12 col. i f o r ‘‘ Nordobt‘ ” read “ Nardroff.” 15 ii insert c L Nardroff R. won. 20 . ii ddete “Nordoff R. von. See B. Davis. 5 6 c NORDOFF ” read ‘‘ NARDROFF. (formol-free) solution neutralised to thymolphthalein.” 12* for “ SEDBERG ” read “ SVEDBERG.” See also B. j[lavis.” * From bottom.

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9242606303

出版商:RSC    

年代:1924

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INDEX TO PATENTS. Austrian Patents. 92386 i 211 93319 i 160 93325 i 153 94307 i 1066 British Patents. 189091 i 180 191008 i 92 193843 i 35 194719 i 8 196272 i 131 198379 i 211 199721 i 1081 200810 i 838 202660 i 668 204522 i 670 206143 i 1054 209506 i 623 210050 i 870 211772 i 671 211814 i 674 214756 i 874 214765 i 861 214836 i 887 217715 i 991 217753 i 957 218542 i 1111 220668 i 1247 516997 i 1111 370854 i 88 370974 i 31 371016 i 46 372P42 i 159 373285 i 206 3i3286 i I 6 7 373736 i 173 374098. i 207 374141 i 134 374142 i 198 374291 i 203 374366 i 179 French Patents. German Patents (D. B. -P. ). German Patents(D.R. -P.). 374367 i 179 3753i0 i 3071 375463 i 1069 375616 i 1065 375715 i 1110 375718 i 108 376287 i 1092 376470 i 1071 376471 i 1080 376472 i 1205 376635 i 1069 377587 i 1078 377588 i 1101 377816 i 1060 377817 i 1060 378908 i 174 378909 i 174 379318 i 1118 379881 i 1063 380323 i 1065 380578 i 1059 380918 i 991 381180 i 1056 381350 i 1071 381916 i 1120 382091 i 1175 382714 i 1057 382904 i 1049 382911 i 1101 382913 i 1045 383190 i 1071 384284 ii 681 384351 i 1189 384790 i 1111 384982 i 1078 386615 i 1353 386616 i 827 386618 i 1303 386619 i 1312 386691 i 1312 386743 i 1050 386889 i 977 386998 i 1326 387850 i 1248 Japanese Patents.41910 i 259 42351 i 284 Swiss Patents. 95300 i 173 95614 i 186 95947 i 186 96389 i 160 96606 i 160 96607 i 160 97977 i 153 97978 i 217 97979 i 217 98312 i 185 98482 i 206 98559 i 174 98712 i 206 98713 i 206 99280 i 173 99452 i 1115 99453 i 173 99625 i 194 100363 i 1069 100364 i 1069 100365 i 1069 100366 i 1079 100367 i 1079 100368 i 1079 100369 i 1079 100370 i 1079 100371 i 1079 100410 i 1096 101402 i 1079 101513 i 1066 1429922 i 151 1457675 i 1248 1472298 i 508 1472778 i 579 1474567 i 640 1476934 i 640 1478463 i 668 1481779 i 641 1492054 i 1333 United States Patents. 1 SO4

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9242606304

出版商:RSC    

年代:1924

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1363 Biochemistry. Muscular Exercise Lactic Acid and the Supply and Utilisation of Oxygen. A. V. HILL C. H. N. LONG and H. LUPTON (Proc. Roy. Xoc. 1924 By 97 84-138).-1V. Methods of studying the respiratory exchanges in man during rapid alterations produced by muscular exercise and while breath- ing various gas mixtures.-The Douglas bag is considered more satisfactory than the closed gas chamber. The technique of the method is discussed with special reference t o gaseous mixtures containing a high proportion of oxygen. Where the mixtures contain more than 50% of oxygen serious errors are liable to occur. The recovery process after exercise in man.-After moderate short-lived exercise recovery is rapid and practically complete in a few minutes. This is due to the oxidative removal of lactic acid in the muscles where it was formed. After severe or prolonged exercise the same initial rapid phase occurs but this is followed by a protracted process which represents the oxidative removal of lactic acid which has had time (owing to an inadequate oxygen supply) t o diffuse from the muscles.These facts enable a dis- tinction t o be made between " moderate " exertion which is followed by the initial phase only and '' severe " exertion which is followed by both phases. During the early stages of recovery after severe exercise there is an elimination of carbon dioxide and a high respiratory quotient; during the later stages a retention of carbon dioxide and a low respiratory quotient. The carbon dioxide so retained was used as a measure of lactic acid removed and the oxygen used in recovery as a mea'sure of the energy used in the removal of the acid.From these two quantities the " efficiency " of recovery in man has been calculated and found t o agree with the value obtained for isolated frogs' muscle and also with that found by the amount of the lactic acid removed during any recovery interval compared with the recovery oxygen used in that interval. The time course of the recovery process while breathing oxygen-enriched air is not appreciably dserent from that while breathing atmospheric air and the main process of recol-ery is practically unsff ected by the higher oxygen pressures. The oxygen debt at the end of exercise.-Only about 5% of the oxygen debt is due t o the extra circulatory and respiratory effort associated with recovery.It is considered that the remainder is utilised in restoring lactic acid to its precursor. The breathilig of oxygen mixtures allows a considerable increase in the maxininm Content of Sodium Chloride in the Blood of certain Marine Invertebrates. M. DUVAL (Cmpt. rend. 1924 179 706- 708) .-The blood of various marine invertebrates especially of the crustaceans contains appreciably less sodium chloride than the IV-'TI. V. VI. oxygen debt. (Cf. this vol. iy 1128.) 0. 0.i. 1364 ABSTRACTS OF C€LEMICAL PAPERS. sea-water in n-hich they are found. Equality between the osmotic pressures of the blood and of the water is effected by the other components of the blood. The blood of SipcmcuZus nudus how- ever contains exactly the same proportion of sodium chloride as sea-water.T. H. P. J. H. AUSTIN G. E. CULLEN H. C. GRAM and H. W. ROBINSON ( J . Biol. Chem. 1924 61 829-840).-In the acidosis following ether anzes- thesis there is in the blood a rise in the concentration of chloride ion a fall in that of hydrogen carbonate and a sligh5 fall in that oE the total base. These observations are in themselves insufficient t o account for the increase in hydrogen-ion concentration which is simultaneously observed and necessitate the hypothesis that the increased acidity is brought about by the presence of other unidentified anions. The authors suggest the liberation of lactic acid in the tissues as a possible cause of tha phenonienon. (In this ccnnexion cf. Ronzoni Koechig and Eaton this vol.i 1258.) Changes in Blood Electrolytes in Ether Acidosis. C. R. H. Experimental Alterations in the Calcium Content of Human Serum and Urine. C. P. STEWART and J. B. S. HALDANE (Biochem. J . 1924 18 855-857).-The calcium content of human serum ca.n be raised by 10 to 20% by ingestion of calcium and ammonium chlorides by breathing 6 to 7% carbon dioxide or by forced breathing. It can be lowered by 10 to 20% by ingestion of sodium hydrogen carbonate. The urinary calcium output is increased by ingestion of ammonium chloride and is little affected Changes in the Phosphorus Partition in Human Blood during Arnrnonium Chloride Acidosis. H. D. KAY (Biochem. J. 1924,18 1133-1138).-There is a rise in inorganic phosphorus during ammonium chloride acidosis. The " lecithin '' or lipin phosphorus changes in a similar way in this condition.The organic acid-soluble phosphorus (i.e. the organic fraction after precipitating the blood with trichloroacetic acid) shows an imme; diate fall at the outset followed by a slow return to normal after se-reral days. This change takes place in the portion of the fraction which is resistant to hydrolysis by the bone enzyme. The signifi- s. s. z. Chemical Changes in the Blood during Fasting and sub- sequent Re-feeding. s. MORGULIS and A. C. EDWARDS (Amer. J . Physiol. 1924 68 477-498) .-During prolonged fasting the lion-protein and urea nitrogen of the blood of dogs usually increases then remains constant and finally increases again ; the amino-acid nitrogen remains constant or suffers at first a slight temporary diminution ; the uric acid of the blood increases progressively ; the creatinine remains constant but the crsatine first diminishes and then rapidly rises.The sugar and chlorides which diminish at first increase again during the later stages. When the animals are by sodium hydrogen carbonate. s. R. z. came of these changes is discussed.BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1365 once again fed very extensive changes occur in the composition of the blood which eventually reaches a normal condition. A. A. E. Chemical Changes in Blood of Dogs after Tnyro-para- thyroidectomy. I. GREENWALD ( J . Biol. Chem. 1924 61 649-657).-After removal of the thyroids and parathyroids of dogs there was found during the resulting tetany no change in the titratable alkali sugar or nucleotide nitrogen of the blood a decrease in the calcium and a slight increase in the acid-soluble phosphorus; in view of the marked decrease in the excretion of phosphates which follows parathyroidectomy i t appears that in this condition phosphorus must be deposited in the tissues.C. R. H. Amino-acid Content of the Blood and its Significance as a Test of Liver Function. 35. VON FALKENHAGSES (Arch. exp. Path. Pharm. 1924 103 322-32l).-The results of determinations of the amino-acid content of human bled both normal and pathological (including diseases of the liver) give no support to the view that the liver plays an important part in ktermedinry protein rnefabolism. Determinations of the zmino nitrogen content of the blood following ingestion of smino-acids are of no value as tests of liver function.Possible Significance of Hexosephosphoric Esters in Ossific- ation. IV. Phosphoric Esters of the Blood. H. W. GOODWIX and R. ROBISON (Biochem. J. 1924? 18 1161-11G~).-Two phosphoric esters were isolated from the blood. One of these reduces -Fehling’s solution and is lzvorotatory. It is hydrolysed by the bone enzyme. The other does not reduce Fehling’s solution Rate of Elimination of Inorganic Salts frolYn the Blood Stream. 0. BARKUS (Smer. J . Physiol. 1924 69 3 5 4 0 ) . - After intravenous injection chlorides disappeared from sheep’s blood almost immediately phosphates fir& rapidly and then slowly ; results with sulphates were untrustworthy. E. S. and is not acted on by the enzyme. s. s. z. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS.Carbohydrate Metabolism. I. Variations in the Nature of the Blood-sugar. L. B. WIBTER and FV. SmTIr (Proc. Eoy. SOC. 1924 B 97 204O).-Normal blood filtrates have a lower rotation than would be expected from their copper-reducing power on the assumption that the reducing substance present consists solely of an equilibrium mixture of c(- and &glucose; the rotation however slowly increases and in 3 to 4 days corresponds with the reducing power. Filtrates from the blood of diabetics on the other hand have a high rotation which remains constant or diminishes only slightly. After mild hydrolysis (dilute hydrochloric acid) the rotation and reducing power of the normal filtrates correspond whilst this treatment increases the rotation without affecting the reducing power of diabetic filtrates.i.1366 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. After injection of either thyroid extract or adrenaline the blood of rabbits resembles diabetic blood in the above respect but behaves normally when these substances are injected successively although there is an increase in total blood-sugar. The blood of rabbits in convulsions due to insulin has a low rotation and no reducing power; the convulsions are relieved by adrenaline alone or by a mixture of thyroid and adrenaline. The mechanism of the action of insulin is discussed. E. S. Hyperglycsernia after Parenteral Administration of Protein. W. LAUFBERGER (2. ges. exp. Jfed. 1924 39,487494; from Chem. Zentr. 1924 i 2794).-Intravenous injection of minimal admounts of protein causes hyperglycmnia in rabbits.The course of the hgperglgczemia varies with the protein used. Caffeine does 1 - _ " iiot cause an appreciable hyperglyczm& in spayed females. G. W. R. Effect of Ultra-violet Light on the Content of Fat and Sugar in the Blood of Animals deprived of Vitamins. D. ALPERK (Strahlentherapie 1923 15 661-4566 ; from Chem. Zentr. 1924 i 2887).-The water and sugar in the blood of normal animals increase as the result of ultra-violet radiation. Less marked results are obtained in the case of the fat content. There is generally an increase in the light petroleum and ethyl alcohol fractions without corresponding increase in the cholesterol content. The blood of animals deprived of vitamins exhibits the same changes. G. W. R. Alcohol. I. Determination of Ethyl Alcohol in Blood.H. KIONKA and P. HIRSCX (Arch. exp. Puth. Ybrrn. 1924 103 282-294).-The alcohol is removed from the Blood by distillation at 40" under diminished pressure using an efficient condensing arrangement and its content in the distillate determined by means of an interferometer. E. S. Alcohol. 11. Alcohol Content of Hwnan Blood in the Fasting Condition and after Ingestion of Carbohydrates or of Small Amounts of Alcohol. G. KUHN (Arch. exp. Puth. Phccrm. 1924,103 295-312).-Values varying between 0.0006 and 0.0051% were found for the alcohol content of the blood of fasting individuals No regular variations in these values were observed following a carbohydrate meal. Ingestion of small amounts of alcohol (two glasses of beer) together with a meal poor in carbo- hydrates however produced uniform increases which reached a ma'ximum in about an hour.E. S. Effect of Cations on Red Blood-corpuscles. W. ASHBY (Amer. J . Physiol. 1924 68 250-261 585410 611-621).- Chlorides of sociium magnesium calcium strontium and baiium increase and of potassium and lithium decrease the resistance of human red blood-corpuscles to hypotonic sodium chloride solution. It is suggested that potassium can combine with the substance of the corpuscle in a manner different from that ofBIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1367 sodium. Changes produced by calcium and magnesium are not accounted for by loss of potassium. The red corpuscles of rabbit’s horse’s and pig’s blood having a high potassium content behave similarly; those of cat’s dog’s and steer’s blood in which sodium predominates are affected by univalent cations in the reverse manner but as before with magnesium and calcium.It is argued that the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and serum must be due to specific mutual relationships between the ion and cell-substance. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. E. F. HIRSCH ( J . Bid. Chem. 1924 61 795-505).-1n the process of clotting blood becomes more acid the average decrease in p observed being 0.09. It is suggested that the normal process of clotting may be brought about by changes in reaction following changes in the tension of carbon dioxide. 0 C. R. H. Blood Coagulation Anti-coagulants and Hzmolysis. J . W. PTCKERIKQ and F. E. TAYLOR (Proc. Roy. Xoc. 1924 B 97 1-19).-A parallelism exists between haemolysis and the inception (i.e.the pre-clot phase) of the clotting of blood. Thus potassium oxalate asnd sodium citrate inhibit the hzmolytic actions of hetero- logous sera a specific hamolysin and cobra venom ; this inhibition is removed by calcium chloride which also restores coagulability. Too large a concentration of calcium chloride however inhibits haemolysis but it is also known to prevent coagulation. Other anti-coagulants (Witte’s peptone leech extract neutralised thymus- and yeast-nucleic acids novarsenol) which inhibit the pre-clot phase also restrain the haemolytic actions of the above substances. f i r t h e r examples are discussed in the original. These results are interpreted in favour of the theory of the coagulation of blood advanced by Pickering and de Souza (Biochem.J. 1923,17 747). Changes in p of Blood with Coagulation. E. S. Hzmolytic Action of the Soaps. E. PONDER (Biochem. J. 1924 18 845-851).-The stearates palmitates and oleates are haemolytic. The stearates are the least and the oleates the most active in this respect. The changes of shape of the erythrocytes are very similar to those produced by saponin and by bile salts. Thig lytic action of soaps is inhibited by the presence of serum plasma and a solution of hemoglobin especially in the case of oleatee. If however these substances are added to the soap after this has been allowed to act on the cells a slight acceleration in the lytic action may be effected. Sodium and potassium soaps behave similarly. The time-dilution curves are logarithmic whilst the time-temperature curves are hyperbolic.The percentage haemolysis curve of sodium oleate (the only soap with which these observations can be made) is of the sigmoid type and shows when suitable con- centrations are used a slight positive skewness. Solutions of the soaps tend to lose their haemolytic power on keeping. Colorimetric Determination of Blood p at Body Tem- perature. S. S. Z . A. B. HASTINGS and J. SENDROY jun.-(See ii 869.)i. 1368 ABSTRBCTS OF CHBImCAL PAPERS. Determination of Gases in Blood and other Solutions by Vacuum Extraction and Manometric Measurement. I. D. D. VAN SLYKE and J . M. NEILL. 11. C. R. HARINGTON and D. D. VAN SLYm.-(See ii 872.) Determination of Carbon Dioxide in Serum in presence of Ether. Micro-determination of Proteins in Blood-serum.W. Determination of the Protein Fractions in Serum and Plasma. R81e of Phosphates in Carbohydrate Metabolism. I. Action of the Muscle Enzyme on the Organic Phosphorus Compounds of Blood. 11. Effect of Insulin Administration on the Distribution of Phosphorus Compounds in Blood and Muscle. H. D. MAY and R. ROBISON (Biochem. J. 1924 18 1139-1 151).-From experiments with muscle enzyme which hydrolyses hexosediphosphoric but not hexosemonophosphoric ester on the phosphoric esters of blood it is concluded that a hexose- diphosphoric ester may be present in the blood; the evidence however is not entirely conclusive. The greater part of the organic phosphate of the blood which is hydrolysable by the bone enzyme is not hydrolysed by muscle (this vol.i 904). Evidence is pro- duced that after the administration of insulin organic phosphoric esters are synthesised in the corpuscles at the expense of the inorganic phosphate originally present in the blood plus additional phosphate drawn from other tissues. These esters are chiefly of the type not hydrolysed by the bone enzyme but it is probable that sugar or a sugar derivative enters into their molecule and on the basis of 1 mol. of dextrose per atom of phosphorus the p'hos- phoric acid thus esterified would account for nearly 40% of the sugar simultaneously disappearing from the blood. No changes are found in the amount OE inorganic phosphate or total acid- soluble phosphorus in muscle iollowing insulin administration but there is a marked increase (50%) in the amount of phosphoric esters (" lactacidogen-P ") hydrolysed during 3 hours' nutolysis of the macerated muscle a t 38".The phosphate for this increased " lactacidogen " is apparently drawn from the muscle. There is no evidence as to the origin of the carbohydrate portion of the molecule but it accounts for more than seven times the amount of Relationship of Phosphates to Carbohydrate Metabolism. I. Time Relationship of the Changes in Phosphate Excretion caused by Insulin and Sugar. S. S. SOICHEY and F. N. ALLAX (Biochem. J. 1924,18 1170-1 184).-The administration of insulin to normal animals results in an immediate reduction in the excretion of inorganic phosphate and ammonia and in the titratable acidity of the urine The nitrogen excretion in these circumstances increases in the first 6 hours after the administration of the insulin J.H. AusTm.-(See ii 873.) BERGER and L. PETSCHOCHEB.-(see ii 636.) H. W. KNIPPING and H. L. Kow1Tz.-(See ii 636.) dextrose which disappears from the blood. s. s. z.BIOCHENISTRY. i. 1369 whilst the excretion of creatinine is unaffected. The volume of the urine is usually diminished in the first 3- or 6-hour periods after insulin and is followed by a compensatory incresse usually appearing in the post-hypoglpmmic period. The administration of sugar induced an increased excretion of phosphate but a decrease in the excretion of nitrogen. The joint effect of insulin and sugar brings about a decrease in the phosphate and nitrogen excretion. The administration of acid does not alter the excretion of phosphate.The phosphorus excretion of diabetic dogs without insulin is very high. Administration of insulin causes a decrease in the excretion then an incroase with return to the level for a normal dog. These v changes are discussed and their significance is Suggested. s. s. 2. Acid-Base Exchanges in Mammalian Voluntary Muscle. S. ANDREWS F. BEATTIX and T. H. MILROY (Biochem. J. 1924 18 994-1008).-1n the expressed juice from frozen muscle there are present a t least three systems which carry base in a readily disposable form namely the inorganic phosphates the organic phosphate precursors and the colloidal or protein salts. When lactic acid is produced as a result of heating the juice the acid secures its base from all these systems the buffering capacity depending especially on the base derivable from the hydrolysed organic phosphate precursor and also from the constituents of the juice which do not pass into the ultrafiltrate.If there is no inorganic phosphate increment accompanying the acid production the buffering capacity is diminished as the sole base-carrying systems which are then in evidence are the pre-formed inorganic Antiketogenesis. V. Ketolytic Reaction. Action of Glycollaldehyde and of Glyoxal. P. A. SHAFFER and T. E. FRIEDEMANN ( J . Biol. Chem. 1924 61 585-623; cf. A. 1921 i 754; 1923 i 166).-Glycollaldehyde like dextrose has the power of accelerating the oxidation of acetoacetic acid by hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solution. The previous view that the ketolytic reaction consisted in the condensation of an intermediate oxidation product of dextrose with acetoacetic acid with the formation of a readily oxidisable product led to similar experiments with glyoxal which is known to be an intermediate product in the course of the oxidation of glycollaldehyde to formic acid.Owing however to the extreme rapidity with which glyoxal is oxidised in alkaline solution it does not under these conditions condense with aceto- acetic acid and therefore cannot act ketolytically. It is therefore necessary to assume that the ketolytic power of glycollaldehyde is due to the condensation of the aldehyde itself with acetoacetic acid probably by Knoevenagel's reaction (A. 1898 i 446) the condensation being accelerated by the rapid oxidative removal of the product. The hypothesis is supported by a quantitative analysis of the products of the ketolytic reaction; this analysis further indicates that 2 mols.of acetoacetic acid condense with 1 mol. of glycollaldehyde. It is suggested that the ketolytic action phosphates and the proteins. s. s. z.i. 1370 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. of dextrose may similarly be due to the direct condensation of the hexose itself by virtue of its aldehydic properties with 2 mols. of acetoacetic acid. C. R. H. A. J. QUICK ( J . Biol. Chem . 1924 61 679-683).-After administration of small doses of menthol to rabbits almost 50% is excreted in the form of menthol-glycuronic acid ; the amount conjugated decreases as the dose approaches the lethal amount. During prolonged administration of sub-lethal doses the daily excretion of menthol- glycuronic acid remains practically constant.E. SLUITER (A~cch. Xderland. Physiol. 1924 9 461479).-Perfusion experiments with blood containing added dextrose show that the sugar content of the blood falls for a time and then remains nearly constant ; the failure to fall to a lower level may be due to the change of pH of the blood caused by the production of lactic acid inhibiting further glycolysk. The amount of sugar disappearing is not proportional to its con- centration ip the blood nor does it give rise to the theoretical quantity of lactic acid. Influence of " Collargol Blockade " of the Liver on Inter- mediary Metabolism. SUGANUMA (Biochem. Z. 1924 144 141-146).-0bservations have been made of the effect of intra- venous injections of collargol on the hepatic functions of starving dogs.The secretion of bile is diminished but later returns to supra-normal levels. The sugar and amino-acid content of the blood are increased ; the former however becomes sub-normal before returning to normal values. Collargol injection lowers the urea content of the blood. The rise in blood-sugar is ascribed to stimulation of the liver cells whilst the decreased blood-urea follows on the inhibition of the " star " cells of Kupfer. W. C. ROSE and G. J. Cox ( J . Biol. Chem. 1924 61 747-773).-Rats fed on a diet of which the sole source of nitrogen is completely hydrolysed casein grow a t a slower rate than those fed on the unhydrolysed protein; if the hydrolysis products are treated with silver sulphate and barium hydroxide to remove arginine and histidine the residual mixture of amino-acids does not suffice for growth or maintenance of weight.The addition of 0.1 g. of histidine monohydrochloride per 100 g. of food to the diet which had been made deficient by the above treatment restores its growth-promoting properties whereas the addition of even large amounts of arginine.does not do so. The latter observation is in contradiction to the conclusiom of Ackroyd and Hopkins (A. 1917 i 237) regarding the interchange- ability of arginine and histidine in metabolism. Comparative Ability of Deficient Proteins and Ammoniacal Organic Salts partially to Satisfy the Minimum Nitrogen Requirements. E. F. TERROINE P. FLEURET and T. STRICKER (Arch. Intern. Physiol. 1923 22 43-86).-During the adminis- Synthesis of Menthol-glycuronic Acid in the Rabbit.C. R. EL Decomposition of Sugar in the Lungs. H. J. C. J. P. Relation of Argiaine and Histidine to Growth. C. R. H.BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1371 tration of a nitrogen-free diet preceded by injection of ammonium salts the nitrogen excreted was of the same order as that obtained when gelatin had been given. The economy value resultant from ammonium salts when the minimum nitrogen reserve is used up is smdler than that from gelatin probably on account of the presence of some amino-acids. The amount of nitrogen necessary for endogenous metabolism can be regarded as the sum of (a) the amount of “ differentiated ” nitrogen in the form of amino-acids and ( b ) that of “ undifferentiated ” nitrogen (of ammonia) often masked by nitrogen of amino-acids or ammonium salts.CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. Changes in the Lime Content of the Hen’s Egg during Development. R. H. A. PLIMMER and J. LOWNDES (Biochem. J . 1924,18 1163-11G9).-Shell-less eggs contain more than sufficient lime for the needs of the developing chick. The lime content of eggs increases during the development of the chick; it enters the egg from the shell. A similar increase occurs in pigeons’ eggs “Lecitiburin,” a Lecithin from the Eggs of the Shark. M. P. PONCE (And. Asoc. Quim. Argentina 1924 12 5-12).-A iiote describing the preparation from the eggs of the shark of cz lecithin m. p. 70” to which the name “ lecitiburin ” is given. during development. s. 8. z. G. W. R. Chemical Composition of Edible Viscera from Meat- producing Animals.W. C. POWICK and R. HOAGLAND (J. Agric. Res. 1924 28 339-346).-Analyses are recorded of edible viscera of steers pigs calves and lambs. I n general the food values depend mainly on the protein content. Livers corresponded closely with lean beef in nitrogen content but other organs were inferior in this respect. TVith the exception of hearts tongues lungs and stomachs the organs examined usually contained more phosphorus than lean beef. A. G. P. R. CLOGNE (MLLE.) WELTI and M. PICHON (Bull. SOC. Chim. biol. 1924 6 788-790).-Determinations of placental glycogen by the method of Bierry and Gruziewska and by an improved modification of this method give values varying between 0.60 and 1.66%. Cholesterol Content of the Bile Blood and Flesh of the Hippopotamus.J. A. GARDNER (Biochem. J. 1924 18 777- 784).-The bile of the hippopotamus contains both free and ester cholesterol to the extent of 0.47% of the solid matter. Small quantities of free and ester cholesterol were also found in the blood and in the flesh of this animal. s. s. z. Inositol. 11. Synthesis of Inositol in the Animal Body. J. NEEDHAM (Biochem. J. 1924 18 891-904).-The animal body seems to possess the power of synthesising inositol. Rats fed on an inositol-free diet for 8 months contained the normal amount of [Cf. B. 1924 961.7 Determination of Glycogen in the Placenta. J. P.i. 1372 ABSTRACTS O F CHEMICAL PAPERS. free inositol. No diminution in the body-content of inositol was observed when a lasting and vigorous excretion of the compound was induced in rats subsisting on a n inositol-free diet.Uric Acid in the Pieridce; Quantitative Study. V. B. WIGGLESWORTH (Proc. Roy. Xoc. 1934 B 97 149-155).-1n Pieris brassice the wings of the male contain more uric acid than do those of the female. This difference is attributed to the greater size of the wing scales which cover the androconia of the male. The total amount of uric acid is unchanged during pupal life. The Pieride appear to differ from other families in the use to which uric acid is put rather than in the amount produced. Bioluminescence. V. Luciferin of Cwridina Hilgen- dorfii. S. KANDA (Ainer. J . Physiol. 1924 68 435443).-The methyl-alcoholic extract of Cypridina is evaporated to a small volume ethyl alcohol is added the liquid filtered and the filtrate evaporated to dryness.The residue is dissolved in distilled water saturated with hydrogen and the luciferin is completely precipitabed on saturation with ammonium sulphate. The precipitate after rapid drying is again extracted with water saturated with hydrogen or with absolute methyl or ethyl alcohol. The luciferin the presence of which is indicated by the production of light with C'ypridina luciferase gives Molisch's reaction but neither Millon's nor the ninhydrin reaction. It is not precipitated by acids alkalis or salts other than ammonium sulphate ; results obtained with alkaloidal reagents were not conclusive. Circulation of Lead in the Organism Investigated by a Radio-chemical Method. I. A. CHRISTIANSEN G . HEVESY and 8.LOMHOLT (Compt. rend. 1924 179 291-293).-Lead hydroxide mixed with olive oil containing a little lamp-black and some radium-D was injected into rabbits and guinea-pigs. A diagram is given showing lead distribution in faxes urine and viscera together with that found a t the point of injection. The proportion of lead found in the liver and faxes is greater whilst that in the kidneys and urine is less than in the case of bismuth. H. J. E. A&cro-determinatisn of Silicon and its Concentration in Determination of Cystein. Determination of Cystine. Mammary Secretion. V. I. Further Research on the Threshold and Effects of Protein "Excess.'' 11. Quanti- tative Relation of Vitamin-B to Protein. G. A. HARTWELL (Biochem. J. 1984 18 785-794).-A high proportion of protein in the diet of the lactating rat produces an abnormal condition in the young.There is however a quantitative relationship between protein and vitamin-B in the diet; if the latter is increased when the protein is increased no evil results ensue but the rate of growth of the suckling is impaired. The function of vitamin-B is primarily S. S. Z . 0. 0. A. A. E. C e l ? h . h Organs. G . BERTRAND.-($Ce ii,,872.) Y. OKuoA.-(See ii 792.) Y. OIiuuA.-($ee ii 793.)BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1373 concerned with the metabolism of protein or with the nitrogen Mineral Content of Human Milk in Normal and Rachitic Families. S. V. TELFER (Biochem. d. 1924 18 809-813).-No .appreciable differences were found in the composition of the milks of women whether the infants developed rickets or not.S. S. Z . H. UPDEGRAFF and H. B. LEWIS ( J . Biol. Chem. 1924 61 633-648).-A modification of the technique of Polin and Wu (A. 1919 ii 308) is described which is suitable for the removal of proteins from saliva and the average concentrations of the non-protein nitrogenous constituents of normal saliva have been determined and compared with corre- sponding figures for blood. The total non-protein nitrogen of saliva is 37% of that of blood but the relationship between the individual constituents is different in the two fluids e.g. in saliva there is relatively much ammonia and urea and practically no amino-acid nitrogen. C. R. H. Analysis of Urine. MAX WEINTRAUT (Arch. Pharm. 1924 262 360-368).-A discussion of the determinations necessary for diagnostic purposes and of the results produced by various patho- logical conditions.B. F. Exchanges of the Blood and the Excretion of Urobilin. G. KUHL (Arch. exp. Path. Pharm. 1924 103 247-259).-Con- trary to Whipple's view (Arch. intern. Ned. 1922 29 No. 6) the urobilin excreted in the urine and faeces is derived solely from the destruction of hz?moglobin. When injected into normal dogs hz?moglobin is converted quantitatively into urobilin and excreted as such; in anaemic animals however part of the hzemoglobin is retained. Following loss of haemoglobin (withdrawal of blood) the excretion of urobilin falls below the normal. Photochemical Reaction of Urine. A. VON S06s (2. klin. Med. 1924 98 347-352; from Chem Zentr. 1924 i 2789).-In dark mines substances are found which inhibit the action of photo- graphic developers on silver chloride which has been exposed to light.Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Commercial Dextrose on Urinary Reducing Substance. C. C. WANG and A. R. PELSHER (J. Biol. Chern. 1924 61 659-665).-Ingestion of commercial dextrose causes a greater excretion of reducing substances than does the same weight of pure dextrose; the effect is due to an unidenti- fied constituent of the commercial preparation which can be extracted therefrom with alcohol. The extract alone produces no excretion of reducing substance. Rapid Determination of Lead in Urine. L. J. FAIRHALL.- (See ii 873.) Determination of Mentholglycuronic Acid in Urine. A. J. &uIcK.-(See ii 876.) VOL. CXXVI. i. 3 a part of the protein molecule. s. s. z.Organic Constituents of Saliva. E. S. This effect is attributed t o protective colloids. G. W. R. C. R. H.i . 1374 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. Direct Nesslerisation Micro-Kjeldahl Method and a Modi- fication of the Nessler-Folin Reagent for Ammonia. F. C. KOCH and T. L. MCMEEKm.-(See ii 871.) N. WATERMAN (Arch. N&rland. Physiol. 1924 9 573-587).-Warburg's observ- ation that the glycolytic power of carcinoma tissue from a rat mas abnormally high has been confirmed for several types of tumour (man and rats) by measuring the carbon dioxide displaced from a Ringer solution containing added dextrose and excess of sodium hydrogen carbonate. The effect of calcium salts on this glycolysis has been studied and the lactic acid produced has been determined. It is found that normal pancreatic tissue from several types of animal possesses a definite though much smaller power t o convert sugar into lactic acid.Attempts to raise the glycolytic power of normal tissue to the high level of that of tumour tissue (kidney tissue with its very low glycolytic power was used) were made; addition of phosphates to the Ringer solution was without effect hexosephosphate gave inconclusive rcsults ; extraction of triturated carcinoma tissue with physiological saline and addition of the extract t o the medium caused a rise in glycolytic action in some cases. H. J. C. Calcium Content of the Blood-serum in Cases of Gout. V. COATES and P. C. RAIMENT (Riochem. J. 1924,18 921-924).- There is a considerable rise in the calcium of the blood-serum in Chemical and Physico-chemical Changes in Blood in Experimental Nephritis.J. MOSONYI (2. klin. Med. 1924 99 500-505; from Chem. Zentr. 1924 i 2788).-After poisoning with cantharidin the elimination of nitrogen in dogs remains normal. The freezing point of the blood rises to -0.512" and then sinks gradually to normal. After uranium poisoning marked nitrogen ret,ention occurs and the freezing-point of the blood rises to -0*53" then falls to -0-638" and subsequently becomes normal after repeated small rises. Mercuric chloride poisoning causes at first an increase in the nitrogen content of the blood. After 7 days the residual nitrogen falls considerably below normal and remains a t this level until the end of thc illness. G. W. 5- Nephropathic Action of the Dicarboxylic Acids and their Derivatives.I. Tartaric Malic and Succinic Acids 11. Glutaric and Malonic Acids. W. C. ROSE ( J . Phnrrn. Exp. Ther. 1924 24 123-146 147-158).-The acids were administered sub- cutaneously to rabbits and their effect on renal act'ivity determined by analyses of the blood constituents and by the phenolsulphone- phthalein test; in a few cases histological examinations of the kidneys were made. Tartaric and glutaric acids exerted a pro- nounced and dl-malic acid a slight nephropathic action while I-malic succinic and malonic acids were inactive. The renal- toxic action of certain acids appears t o be associated with their slow oxidation in the organism. From the fact that calcium Glycolytic Properties of the Cancer Cell. cases of gout. s.s. z.BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1375 glutarate has a greater solubility than calcium succinate it is con- cluded that the toxicity of the glutarates is not due t o the deposition of the insoluble calcium salt in the kidney. Relation of the Fat-soluble Factor to Rickets and Growth in Pigs. S. S. ZILVA J. GOLDING J. C. DRUMMOND and V. KORENCHEVSKY (Biochem. J . 1924 18 872-880).-Rickets characteriaed by the presence of significant amounts of osteoid tissue can be induced in pigs on a diet in which dried separated milk is the main source of the fat-soluble vitamins. Chemical Basis for the Treatment of Tuberculosis. Action of Steapsin and Insulin on Tubercle Bacilli. L. G. ROBINO- VITCH and G. W. STILES (Amer. Rev. of Tuberculosis 1924 9 587-612).-Lipase in alkaline solution to which is added a " co- hydrolyser " of bees-wax (chloroform) acts as a decorticator of tubercle bacilli presumably by hydrolysing the lipoid outer mem- brane.Insulin produces the same effect as lipase. J. P. Action of Alkaloids on the Field-locust (Acridides). R. BECKER (Arch. exp. Path. Pharm. 1924 100 33&348).-The pharmacological actions of alcohol ethereal oils chloroform xylene benzene acids alkalis and salts on the female of the field-locust are briefly recorded. At greater length are described investigations on the action of alkaloids including physostigmine veratrine cocaine hydrochloride nicotine caffeine-sodium salicylate morph - ine hydrochloride arecoline hydrobromide pilocarpine hydro- chloride and also of mixtures of thesc alkaloids. Similar eflects to those obtained by the alkaloids i.e.paralysis vibration of the jumping legs etc. are obtained by the application of heat. E. S. 111. S. S. 2. W. 0. K. Action of Chemical Irritants on the Vitality of Protozoa as Measured by the Rate of Division. H. HANDOVSKY E. DU BOIS-REYMOND and C. M. VON STRANTZ (Arch. exp. Path. Pharm. 1924 100 273-287) .-Cantharidin undecylenylvanillylamide amyl nitrite and arsenious oxide usually inhibit the rate of division of Balantiophorus minutus. Histamine hydrochloride inhibits it a t first and then later accelerates it. Cantharidin and arsenious oxide appear occasionally to have a stimulating action on some of the cells of a culture. W. 0. K. Action of Some Compounds on the Excitability of the Nervus Ischiadicus of the Frog.H. HANDOVSKY and R. ZACHARIAS (Arch. exp. Path. Pharm. 1924 100 288--293).- Morphine hydrochloride chloral hydrate alcohol urethane cam- phor cocaine hydrochloride veratrine strychnine nitrate and hydrogen peroxide increase in low concentration and decrease in high concentration the excitability of the nervus ischiadicus of the frog. Phenol antipyrine and novocaine were depressants and caffeine an excitant a t all concentrations tested. Arsenious oxide was without effect. The inorganic ions present also influence the excitability the potassium ion tending to increase it. W. 0. K. 3 a 2i. 1376 ABSTnACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. Leucocytogenic Properties of Copper Potassium Cyanide. E. TROCED (Rassegnu Clin. Terap. Sci. aff. 1923 22 148-167; from Chem. Zentr.1924 i 70).-Intravenous injection of a 0.2% aqueous solution of “cuprocyan” results in an increase in the number of leucocytes in the blood of rabbits. The efFect is partly shown by the lymphocytes. Pharmacological Investigations on Iron Colloidal Ferrous Sulphide prepared in Presence of Gelatin. 11. Experiments on Rabbits by Intravenous Injections. L. SABBATANI (Atti R. A m d . Lincei 1923 [v] 32 ii 473479).- !I%e effects on rabbits of intravenous injections of the colloidal ferrous sulphide prepared by the method previously elaborated (this vol. ii 116) are described. Whether in vitro or in vivo or in tissues isolated from the dead body the sulphide passes into hydrated ferric hydroxide which remains tenaciously held a t the point where the sulphide was first fixed and is difficult to observe as its colour is easily confused with that of the tissucs themselves. T.H. P. Pharmacological Investigations on Iron. V. Colloidal Ferrous Sulphide prepared in Presence of Gelatin. L. SABBATANI (Atti R. Accad. Lincei 1924 [v] 33,- i 8-13; cf. this voI. ii 116 and preceding abstract).-Details are given of the effects produced in dogs by intravenous injection of colloidal ferrous sulphide prepared in presence of gelatin. Induced Oxidation and the Explanation of the Internal Use of Iron Salts and of Fever. N. R. DHAR ( J . Physical Chm. 1924 28 943-947) .-The induced oxidation of fats proteins sugars etc. by air a t the ordinary temperature in the presence of sodium sulphite or of freshly-precipitated ferrous hydroxide (T. 1917,111 690; A.1921 ii 36 37,391 ; 1922 i 1210) is regarded as a close analogue of the processes which occur in the body. Fever is described as an auto-catalytic reaction accelerated by foreign “ Nitritoid Crisis ” Produced by Arsenobenzene Deriv- atives. VI. Experiments on Isolated Organs with Plain Muscle. A.BUSACCA (Arch. Farm. sperim.Sci.aff. 1924,23,58-71). -Neosalvarsan in 0.01% solution is without effect on vascular musculature of isolated lung which is without sympathetic innervation. In 0.01 yo solution it produces enlargement of the pupil of the isolated eye of a frog whilst at higher concentrations it acts as a local caustic and produces constriction. In 0.02% solution neosalvarsan and oxidised neosalvarsan stimulate motility in the plain muscle of certain human organs.With higher doses this effect is maintained in the case of neosalvarsan whilst in the case of oxidked neosalvarsan a depressant effect is produced. Neowlvarsan in therapeutic doses stimulates the terminal fibres of the sympathetic system and it is suggested that this system is involved in the “nitritoid crisis.” G. W. R. T. H. P. substances e.g . bacterial secretions. s. s. G. W. R.BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1377 Toxicity of Chaulmoogra Oil. B. E. READ ( J . Phurm. Exp. Ther. 1924 24 221-258).-Ethyl hydnocarpate causes the same disturbances as the oil and hydnocarpic acid as the ethyl or glyceryl ester or salt appears to be the most active constituent of prepar- ations of the oil. Toxic doses of hydnocarpates cause hzemolysis renal irritation and fatty infiltration of the liver.Increased lymph flow follows intravenous injection of ethyl hydnocarpate. Ad- ministered in this way it kills rabbits in a dose of 0.5 C.C. per kg. body-weight causing hy-persensivity with lowered blood calcium inco-ordinated movements and finally death from respiratory failure. H. J. C. M. CLOETTA and H. TIIOMANN (Arch. exp. Path. Pharm. 1924 103 260-281).-During narcosis with ether alcohol or “ somnifen,” the calcium content of the plasma of dogs is depressed (8-15%) the depression running parallel with the narcosis ; corresponding with this depression the potassium content of the plasma is increased. On the other hand excitation with ac-tetrahydro- p-naphthylamine produces a rise in the calcium content. I n conformity with these results injection of substancm which precipitate calcium (oxalates phosphates) decreases the action of the above narcotics the phosphates being the more effective in this respect.Administration of calcium increases the narcotic action in the case of frogs but this effect has not been observed with dogs. No significant changes occur in the density viscosity or protein content of the plasma during narcosis nor is the stability of the plasma colloids towards increases in temperature or changes in the concentration of ions altered; the surface tension however usually decreases slightly but it is doubtful if this is of significance for narcosis. These results suggest that narcotics produce a disturbance in the ioflic equilibrium in the brain and perhaps in other organs.Narcotic Leucocytosis. Experimentdl Researches on Guinea-pigs. R. SEYDERHELM and E. HOMANN (Arch. exp. Path Pharm. 1924 100 322-334) .-Ether chloroform ethyl chlor- ide ethyl bromide chloral hydrate urethane alcohol sulphonal and morphine which induce narcosis when administered to a guinea-pig also cause a marked leucocytosis in that animal whilst scopolamine which does not cause narcosis in the guinea-pig does not give rise t o a leucocytosis. There would therefore appear to be a definite leucocytosis associated with the effect of drugs causing narcosis. W. 0. K. Comparative Toxicity of Novocaine Neocaine Procaine and Apothesine. Effect of Intravascular Injections. W. R. MEEKER and E. B. FRAZER ( J . Pharm. Exp. Ther. 1924 22 375-392) .-Novocaine (German) and the corresponding products neocaine (French) and procaine (American) have equal toxicity as determined by the minimum lethal dose on intravenous injection into rabbits under uniform conditions and are equally effective as local or regional anmthetics.The American product “ apo- thesine ” is more toxic. Theory of Narcosis. E. S. W. 0. K. 3 a*i. 1378 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. Study of Two Series of Procaine Derivatives with Reference to the Relationship between their Pharmacological Action and Chemical Constitution. H. L. SCHMITZ and A. S. LOEVEN- HART ( J . Pharm. Exp. Tker. 1924 24 159-166).-Determinations have been made of the relative anaesthetic activities and toxicities of various subsfituted aminoet,hanol and aminopropanol esters of p-aminobenzoic acid using the rabbit's cornea for the former measurements and mice for the latter.In both series the anzesthetic activity increased with increase in the size of the substituent a'lkyl groups the isopropyl compounds being more active than the n-propyl compounds. The toxicity however also increased. In the aminoethanol series this increase was proportional to the increase in anaesthetic activity whilst in the case of tohe aminopropanol series it was greater than the anzesthetic activity. Hence although the members of the latter series have greater anaesthetic activities t,han t'hose of the former their therapeutic indices are smaller. E. S. Local Anasthetic Properties of p-Aminobenzoyldiiso- propylaminoethanol Hydrochloride ( " Isocaine " ) Cocaine Procaine and Butyn. H.L. SCHMITZ and A. S. LOEVENHART ( J . P7mrm. Exp. Ther. 1924 24 167-177).-" Isocaine " has approximately the same efficiency as cocaine in anzesthetising the cornea and only three-tenths of its toxicity. It is twice as toxic as procaine and hence is less suitable for paralysis of sensory nerve trunks although it has about the same efficiency as the latter substance for this purpose. Eutyn has ten times the toxicity of procaine; it is more efficient (but more toxic) than cocaine in anaesthetising the cornea and only half as efficient as procaine for paralysis of sensory nerves. The minimum lethal doses of the drugs differ with different species. Colloid Chemistry of Protoplasm. 111. Viscosity of Protoplasm at Various Temperatures. IV. Heat of Coagul- ation of Protoplasm. L.V. HE~BRUNN (Amer. J . Physiol. 1924 68 645-648 ; 69 190-199).-111. Maximal viscosities were observed in the protoplasm of the egg of the clam Cumingia a t 2" 15" and 30". IV. The temperature of coagulation of the protoplasm of sea urchin and Cuminyia eggs is below that of proteins but the coefficient is similar. The coagulation of protoplasm is probably associated with a change in the physical state of the emulsified fats. E. S. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. Biochemistry of Skin and the Chemical Basis of Skin Swelling. M. KAYE and D. J. LLOYD (Biochem. J. 1924 18 1043-1057) .-There is an absolute identity of the conditions producing hordness in the interfibrillary fluid in which the fibrils and fibres of skin are embedded with those causing irreversible coagulation of proteins and it is concluded that the cementing of the fibrils in some dried skins must be due to coagulation.Sub-BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1379 found to remove the coagulated interfibrillary matter. The col- loidal swelling of skins is due to the network of skin fibres which consist of collagen and the swelling in acid and in alkaline solution is brought about by the formation. of ionisable salts of collagen. The removal of free amino groups in the skin reduces the amount of acid absorbed and combined. The swelling in acid solution is Nature of Foetal Re-adsorption. N. H. LONG and A. S. PARKES (Biochem. J . 1924,18,800-805).-Intra-uterine absorption of the fetus is due to autolysis of the latter and not to the action Autolysis. XII. Experimental Atrophy of Muscle Tissue. K.K. CHEN W. MEEK and H. C. BRADLEY ( J . Biol. Chem. 1924 61 807-827).-During 9 weeks after section of the sciatic and femoral nerves in rabbits the muscles supplied by these nerves lost 150% in weight; they showed no increased water content. Such atrophic muscle contains the same amount of free amino-acids as healthy muscle and slightly more peptides; when subjected to sterile autolysis it develops the same reaction as normal muscle but liberates more free amino-acids than the latter. It is suggested that this is due to a gradual alteration of the structural cell-proteins into a digestible form during the process of atrophy. C. R. H. Effect of Heat on the Activity of the Peroxydase in Milk. G. SPITZER and M. C. TAYLOR ( J . Dairy Xci. 1924 7 234-244).- By use of the Storch reaction in cornparatjive experiments on various mixtures of sterilised with raw milk it was shown that the greater part of the peroxydase is inactivated at 85".The rate of inactiv- ation is a function of the temperature and time of exposure and appears to follow a definite law. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. Laws of the Action of Laccase Influence of the Reaction of the Medium. P. FLEURY (Cmpt. rend. 1924,179 709-711 ; cf. A. 1924 i 594 697 921 1144).-The optimum value of p for the action of laccase varies from 6.7 to 7-6 as the percentage of guaiacol initially present in the solution varies from 1 to 0.25. The action of the laccase is regarded as the resultant of two phe- nomena one being the fixation of the guaiacol by the enzyme and the other its oxidation; the former of these becomes less and the latter more intense as the value of p increases. J.CLARENS (Bull. SOC. chim. 1924 [iv] 35 1198- 1206) .-Using the constant-volume ureometer previously described (Job and Clarens A. 1909 ii SSS) the oxidation of quinol in alkaline solution has been studied by measuring the rate of absorp- tion of oxygen. The oxidation is proportional to the alkalinity of the solution and owing to the formation of acid oxidation products the oxidation ceases when the acidity reaches a certain value. If the acidity is removed by the addition of calcium carbonate the oxidation continues a t a rate determined by the velocity of reaction of the calcium carbonate with the acid oxidation products. The vclocity of oxidation is increased by the presence of manganous due to the presence of free amino groups.s. s. z. of uterine enzymes. s. s. z. T. H. P. Oxydases. 3a*2i. 1380 ABSTRACTS OF CHBMICAL PAPERS. salts. The acceleration is attributed to the power of manganese to form complexes with hydroxyl ions thereby favouring the action of hydroxyl ions on the quinol in the presence of oxygen a view supported by the fact that iron and copper salts similarly accelerate the oxidation. Oxidation in the presence of the oxydase of lucerne follows a different course. The oxidation products are not acid and the oxidation continues regularly; if the oxydase is destroyed by heat or by using very strongly alkaline solutions the oxidation of the quinol continues until the alkalinity of the solution disappears owing to the formation of acid oxidation products a certain number of hydroxyl ions being however irnmobilised in a complex with the the oxydase.This second mode of oxidation of quinol in presence of an oxydase is also catalysed by manganous salts. Xanthine Oxydase. I. Preparation and Properties of the Active Material. M. DIXON and S. THURLOW (Biochem. J. 1924 28,971-976) .-Xanthine oxydase is associated with the caseinogen of milk and a stable preparation can be obtained by treating the milk with an equal volume of saturated ammonium sulphate solu- tion. The precipitated caseinogen and fat are then dried between filter-paper thoroughly extracted with ether and the residue is dried. The enzyme can be adsorbed from a neutral solution of this preparation almost completely by alumina and filter-paper. Char- coal adsorbs it only slightly.It is destroyed by alcohol and acetone and slowly by atmospheric oxygen. Ether chloroform toluene and glycerol do not inactivate it. The presence of fat in a finely- divided state as in milk accelerates the action of the enzyme. Hypoxanthine and xanthine on keeping in neutral solution become Xanthine Oxydase. 11. Dynamics of the Oxydase System. M. DIXON and S. THURLOW (Biochem. J . 1924,18,9?6-988).-The following results on the dynamics of xanthine oxydase have been obtained by employing the method of reducing methylene-blue to its leuco base in a vacuum. The reaction velocity is not affected by hydrogen-ion concentration between pH 5-5 and 9. Above pn 9 and below p g 4 the enzyme is destroyed.Between pH 4 and 5 the reaction velocity is very small but no destruction occurs. The reaction velocity is directly proportional to the enzyme con- centration but is independent of methylene-blue concentration providing it is not very small. The reaction velocity is independent of purine-base concentrations up to a certain critical concentration beyond which it decreases. This critical concentration becomes higher with increased enzyme concentration. Below the critical concentration of the substrate hypoxanthine reduces methylene- blue twice as fast as xanthine does but as the inhibition begins the rates approach one another and become equal when inhibition is complete ; the reaction velocity is then dependent on methylene- blue concentration.On addition of purines other than the sub- strate the reaction velocity is also eventually decreased. The authors incline to the view that Schardiizger enzyme and xanthine oxodase are identical. R. B. incapable of oxidation by the enzyme. s. s. z. s. s. z.BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1381 Xanthine Oxydase. 111. Reduction of Nitrates. M. DIxON and S. THURLOW (Biochem. J . 1924 18 989-992).-The " atite " of Haas and Hill (this vol. i 349) is identical with the oxydase or oxydases of milk. Xanthine oxydase reduces nitrates to nitrites in the presence of hypoxanthine xanthine adenine or aldehyde. The rate of reduction of nitrate is proportional to that of the reduc- tion of methylene-blue under various conditions. The inhibitory effect of purines is also observed in this case (see preceding abstract).S. s. z. Phosphoric Esterase of Blood. M. MARTLAND F. S. HANS- MAN and R. RORISON (Biochem. J . 1924 18 1152-1160).-The inorganic phosphate in the laked whole blood and in laked corpuscles increases rapidly a t first and then more slowly until after 4 days it amounts to 93% of the organic acid-soluble phosphorus in both cases. The rate of hydrolysis is greater at a pn slightly on the acid side of the normal blood reaction and close t o the neutral point. The enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis is present in both plasma and corpuscles or is possibly adsorbed by the latter from the plasma. It resembles the muscle esterase in its ability to hydrolyse hexosediphosphoric esters and in its relative inactivity towards hexosemonophosphoric and glycerophosphoric esters.A portion of the esters hydrolysable by bone is also hydrolysed by the blood enzyme during the early stages of autolysis but the remaining portion is very resistant. It is found that no significant change in the reducing power occurred during the early stages of the autolysis in laked blood or corpuscles although 50% of the phosphoric esters might be hydrolysed. I n the later stages of the hydrolysis a rise of about 30% in the sugar value is usually observed. In unlaked whole blood a t a p somewhat above normal synthesis of phosphoric esters was observed; when the p H rises above or falls below certain limits the rate of hydrolysis of the phosphoric esters becomes greater than the rate of synthesis and the inorganic phosphate increases. At a pH somewhat lower than 7.0 the rate of hydrolysis A.use of hvertase. B. Repeated Use of the same Preparation of Invertase. E. K. 0. SCHMIDT (2. Ver. hut. Zuckerind. 1924 817 727-78G).-A .-A solution of invertase prepared by the autolysis of yeast can be concentrated a t 30"/30 mm. without much loss of activity. A study of the effect of invertase on solutions containing different concentrations of sucrose shows that the time required to reduce the rotatory power of the solution to zero increases with the concentration of sucrose somewhat more slowly than the latter up to 20% sucrose and more quickly between 20% and 50% sucrose. The optimum temperature for the action of yeast invertase is about 55". The less pure the sugar the less active is the invertase.B.-At 55" a t which temperature zymase is destroyed whole yeast can be used for the inversion of sucrose; it is possible after inversion is complete to remove the yeast by filtering the solution through a collodion filter and use it for the inversion of a second may approach that in lakecl blood. s. s. z.i. 1382 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. lot of sucrose or to make the process of inversion continuous by sucking the sucrose solution slowly through such a filter covered with a layer of yeast. Preparations obtained by the adsorption of invertase on charcoal are not suited for repeated use because the enzyme is readily dissolved out from the adsorbate but the dried residue of a mixture of a solution of invertase with one of gelatin can be used for the inversion of at least eleven successive quantities of sucrose without loss of activity.Mode of Action of Invertase. H. VON EULER and K. JOSEPHSON (ArEiv Kemi Min. Geol. 1924 9 No. 4 1-6).-It is calculated that for invertase k,= 10-7 kb= lO-l1 with the isoelectric point about pH=5; viscosity measurements show a minimum at pH= 4-5. Reaction-producing molecules of catalyst +substrate are postulated their formation and decomposition discussed and their concentration is estimated a t 10-8 for 0-1N-sucrose. The activity-p curve is said to be almost identical with that of raffinase on the alkaline side of the optimum. C. R. H. [Cf. B. 1924 Dec. 26.1 F. M. H. Properties of a Highly Active Invertase Preparation. K. MYRBACK (Arkiv Kemi Min. Geol. 1924 9 No. 2 1-6).-A highly purified stable invertase (If=240) was prepared (cf.B. 1924 Dec. 26) and was found to have no significant optical activity. Its acidity (cf. Michaelis Biochem. Z. 1915,65 360) was half that of an albumin preparation but its basicity was about equal to that of the albumin (cf. Euler and Josephson A. 1923 i 721). The equivalent concentration of the invertase was found to be 1 . 6 4 ~ in 1 yo solution corresponding with an invertase equivalent of about 6000 ; kb=3 x 10-l'. Polysaccharides. XXVII. Lichenase. P. KARRER and M. STAUB (Helv. Chim. Acta 1924 7 916-928 ; cf. this vol. i 471).- Lichenase occurs in Plata-barley from the first to the eleventh day of germination. Its amount increases a little after the first day and then remains constant. It is present in nearly constant amount in spinach seeds both before and during germination.During the first few days of germination the lichenase of maize is distributed equally between the embryo and the endosperm. Sub- sequently a greater proportion is found in the embryo. Green Triticum repens contains lichenase. The enzyme has been found in the intestine of a rabbit (cf. Tschermak Biochem. Z. 1912 45 452) but all previous attempts failed to reveal i t in the alimentary canal of any other vertebrate. It is now shown to be present in the stomach of the pig and of the cow but not in the rennet-bag of the latter animal. Whether it originates in these places or is introduced along with the food is not certain. Lichenase is not present in the stomach of a calf which has been fed entirely on milk.The effect of additions on the enzymic hydrolysis of lichenin was studied at p 3.94-7.1. Dextrose lamulose galactose maltose sucrose cellobiose and gentiobiose inhibit the action ; sodium chloride is inactive; the effect of egg-albumin varies with prr but is greatest in feebly acid solution. F. M. H.BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1383 Snail-lichenase after dialysis for many da,ys contains no enzymes acting on starch inulin maltose lactose p-methylglucoside or ethyl p-methylglucosidosalicylate and invertase is present only in traces. On the other hand the enzyme decomposes not only lichenin but also cellobiose and gentiobiose. The decomposition of gentiobiose supports the theory that cellulose contains ghcose residues attached by 1 6-glucosidic linkings.W. E. E. Diastatic Power of the Juice of Different Varieties of Potatoes. A. JOSZT and B. STARCZEWPKI (Rozpraw bjolog. z xakmsu rolnictwa hodowli i med. wet. 1922 ; from Chem. Zentr. 1924 i 2784). -Removal of nitrogenous substances from the juice of potatoes is not completely effected by heating or by treatment with lead acetate animal charcoal or colloidal ferric hydroxide. To accomplish this it is necessary to add 1% ammonium sulphate after heating the juice for 10 minutes a t 100". Considerable differences are shown in diastatic power but no marked relationship was found between the acidity of the juice the starch concentration and the degree of germination. G. W. R. Influence of Hydrogen-ion Concentration on the Action of certain Amylases. J. T. GROLL (Arch.Nierland. Physiol. 1924 9 5x1-538) .-Differentiation between various amylase prepar- ations has been studied by comparing the types of curves obtained by plotting the time of hydrolysis of starch against the p of the buffered medium (methods are those of the author; cf. ibid. 1918 2 516; 1922 6 445). The amylase of ox-blood acts best in an alkaline medium p 8. The amylases of different organs or secre- tions of the same animal may vary considerably (in man that of saliva and pancreas; cow that of milk blood and pancreas) or be nearly the same (in man pancreas and urine). I n the same organs of different animals a similar variation is found ; e.g. the amylase of human pancreas differs considerably from those of ox and pig pancreas which are very similar. H. J .C. Allelocatalysis and the Growth of Yeast. G. L. PESKETT (Biochem. J . 1924 18 866-871) .-Living yeast-cells grown in bacteria-free media in hanging-drop preparations multiply in proportion to the number of cells present. The phenomenon of " allelocatalysis," i.e. the mutual acceleration of reproductive rate by contiguous organisms observed by Robertson (ibid. 1921,15,612) in the case of certain infusoria does not hold true in this case. s. s. z. Cannizzaro's Reaction in the Mechanism of Alcoholic Fermentation. C. SCIIWEIZER and H. GEILINGER (BUZZ. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. 1924 42 20-31).-The acetic acid and alcohol pro- duced by the action of pressed yeast on acetaldehyde are formed in equivalent amounts as required by Cannizzaro's reaction only when oxygen is completely excluded from the reaction mixture.E. S.i. 1384 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. Specific Action of Plant Proteases. A. V. BLAOOVESCHENSKI (Biochem. J. 1924 18 795-799).-From experiments on the proteases of Cannabis sativa Phctseolus Mungo Brassim r a p Lupinus luteus Hibiscus esculentus; and Dolichos rnelanophthalmus DC. the author concludes that the enzyme from everv ~ l a n t s~lits its own globulin more actively than thYe globulins of "other plints. s. s. z. Behaviour of Dried Enzymes on Exposure to Heat. 111. Pancreatic Enzymes. C. ARTOM (Arch. Farm. sperim. a#. 1924 38 105-132).-Both the enzymes in the pancreas of the dog and those in the pancreatic juice itself when dried at 10-30" with- stand higher temperatures in the dry state than after re-solution in water.This protective effect of drying is however considerably less marked in the latter than in the former of the two cases. These results correspond with those previously obtained with intestinal enzymes. T. H. P. Ammonia Production by Animal Tissues in witro. I. Use of Mixed Tissue Extracts. J. M. LUCK (Biochem. J. 1924 18 814-824) .-A series of experiments with mixed and single tissues is described. Free ammonia is liberated from trypsin-digested caseinogen by the liver and kidney and very slightly by intestinal rnucosa. It is considered to be due to deamidation and not to deamination. Urea was formed by preparations of the liver intestinal mucosa and kidney. Marked ammonia production was observed in mixtures of gastric mucosa and liver preparations.No appreciable deamination by either gastric mucosa or liver or other single tissue preparation could be demonstrated. Definite deamid - ation was effected by the liver gastric mucosa kidney intestinal mucosa and most liver mixtures. The liver and the liver-mixtures synthesise an amide-like substance. No residual amide nitrogen could be found after the action of a gastric mucosa-liver mixture s. s. z. 11. Demonstration of Urease in the Animal Body. J. M. LUCK (Biochem. J. 1924,18 825-828).-I?rom experiments on a number of animals it is concluded that the animal body contains urease. The gastric mucosa of the carnivora gave the most active preparations. The distribution of the enzyme in the stomachs of the ruminants is definite. The enzyme is present in the abomasum where peptic digestion takes place.No urease could be found in the gastric mucosa of the rodents. C. RICHET and H. CARDOT (Ann. Imt. Pmteur 1924 38 842-847).-It is shown that the irregularities observed by the authors in lactic acid fer- mentation in the presence of mercuric chloride as an antiseptic are dependent on the dilution of the inocula being more marked a t dilution 30,000 than a t 300 whilst a t it dilution of 300,000 the mercury-treated cultures do not ferment (cf. Lumiere A. 1923 i 353). J. P. on totally hydrolysed gelatin. Ammonia Production by Animal Tissues in vitro. s. s. z. Irregularities in Lactic Acid Fermentation.BIOCHEBflSTRY . i. 1385 Regularity of Lactic Acid Fermentation. A. L U M I ~ E (Ann. Inst. Pasteur 1924 38 848-850).-Polemical in reply to Richet and Cardot (preceding abstract).Influence of Media containing Bile on the Chemical Com- position of Bacillus subtilis. A. BERTHELOT and E. OSSART (Bull. Soc. Chim. biol. 1924,6 770-772).-Cultures of Bacillus sub- tdis grown in media containing bile and afterwards dried yield on acid hydrolysis a much smaller proportion of reducing substance (dextrose) than do cultures grown in the absence of bile. Bacterial Nutrition. 11. H. R. WHITEHEAD (Biochem. J . 1924 18 829-832).-When broth is autoclaved some substances necessary for streptococcal growth are destroyed. These sub- stances are contained in the fraction of the broth precipitable by phosphotungstic acid. This fraction alone however is not sufficient. Glycine alanine leucine tyrosine tryptophan histidine aspartic and glutamic acids do not remove this deficiency in the same way as does the filtrate after precipitation with phosphotungstic acid.Caseinogen broth was submitted to fractionation by Dakin’s butyl alcohol extraction method and i t was found that the fractions soluble in butyl alcohol in butyl and in ethyl alcohol and the fraction insoluble in butyl alcohol did not promote streptococcal growth alone. Complete growth was obtained only when all the three fractions were reunited although partial growth could be obtained with any two fractions. The fraction insoluble in butyl alcohol wits active in high concentration. This was most probably Relation between the Chemical Composition of Peptones and Hydrogen Sulphide Production by Bacteria.F. W. TILLEY ( J . Bact. 1924 8 287-295) .-Commercial peptones con- tain unoxidised partly oxidised and oxidised sulphur compounds. No hydrogen sulphide is liberated by bacteria from the last named but freely from the others. Hydrogen sulphide is produced from cystine in abundance. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. Fermentation of Salts of Organic Acids as an Aid to the Differentiation of Bacterial Types. H. C. BROWN J. T. DUNCAN and T. HENRY ( J . Hygiene 1924,23,1-22).-The production of gas and change of reaction produced by bacteria in organic salt media are irregular and cannot be used as criteria for the differentiation of bacterial types. Suitable data can be obtained however because the decomposition of the salts of certain organic acids having insoluble lead salts can be demonstrated by adding lead acetate to the media after incubation (only formic of the simple monobasic and dibasic aliphatic acids is readily attacked ; monohydroxy- carboxylic acids are also stable but tartaric and citric acids are easily decomposed).Using the sodium salts of citric d- E- and r- tartaric fumaric and mucic acids seven different groupings of the common Salmonella types have been obtained (the usual sugar reactions give only four). The method has been applied to other groups of bacteria Citric acid on bacterial decomposition by J. P. J. P. due to incomplete extraction. s. s. 2.i. 1356 ABSTRACTS OF CIIEMICAL PAPERS. B. suipestifer yields acetic and succinic acids and carbon dioxide; a reaction mechanism is suggested. Fumaric acid yields succinic acid.These organic salt fermentations cannot be used to replace the sugar reactions in general use. Production of Organic Compounds of Sulphur in Bacterial Cultures with Special Reference to Glutathione. J. W. MCLEOD and J. GORDON (Biochem. J. 1924 18 93?-940:.-A distinct nitroprusside reaction was observed in 24-18-hour cultures of a number of anaerobes Bacillus paratyphus B and most allied species Cholera ivibrio B. typhosus B. pyocyaneus and some strains of B. coli and B. proteus. No such reaction could be detected in cultures of Shph ylococcus Xtreptococcus Pneumowwus G o ~ c c u s Meningococcus B. influerize B. Morax-dxenfeld B. paratyphsus A or the dysentery bacilli. The thermostable substance reacting with nitroprusside is oxidised glutathione or some related compound originally present in the medium and reduced by the organisms in Selective Bactericidal Action.E. A. COOPER and G. E. FORSTNER (Biochem. J . 1924 18 941-947).-The chemical germi- cides namely those that react with the constituents of protoplasm have a more powerful action on Bacillus coli than on B. pyocyuneus. Formaldehyde forms an exception in this respect attacking both organisms equally. Germicides on the other hand such as the aliphatic alcchols phenol etc. which exert a physico-chemical action on bacteria are more active towards B. pyocyuneus than towards B. coli and their germicidal action in this case resembles that of heat. Chemotherapeutic Experiments with Chaulmoogra and Allied Preparations. IV. Growth-inhibiting Effect of Organic Compounds towards Acid-fast Bacilli.V. Mechanism of Growth-inhibiting Effect of Chaulmoogra and Other Vege- table Oils. 0. SCHOBL (Philippine J . Xci. 1924 25 123-134 135-15O).-IV.-In general water-soluble organic antiseptics inhibit the growth in vitro of Bacillus tuberculosis whereas fat solvents do not. The sodium copper and nickel salts of fatty acids are antiseptic ; the zinc strontium lead and uranium salts are inactive. The presence in a compound of an aliphatic double bond a benzene nucleus one or more phenolic groups or an alkyl group attached to a benzene nucleus all tend to increase its antiseptic activity. The amino group in aromatic compounds has no influence if it is attached to the benzeiie ring but greatly increases the activity if it is in the side chain.Terpenes are less active than their related straight -chain compounds. V.-Although the degree of unsaturation of vegetable oils does not run parallel with their power to inhibit or to promote the growth of acid-fast bacteria yet complete hydrogenation abolishes their activity. In terms of Ehrlich’s theory the author suggests that all the oils which have any effect on the growth of bacteria have tt “ haptophore ” group by virtue of their unsaturation and that the H. J. C. the course of their development. s. s. z. s. s. z.BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1387 nature of their effect depends on whether the rest of the molecule is a ‘‘ toxophore ” as in the case of chaulmoogra oil or a “ nutriphore” as in the case of the growth-stimulating oils. The “ nutriphore ” in the latter case is the glycerol part of the molecule the fatty acids being without effect.Some evidence was obtained of acquired tolerance on the part of the bacteria towards chaulmoogra oil. C. R. H. Extraction and Purification of Insulin. L. BANTI (Arch. Farm. sperim. a . 1924 38 176-184).-Marked improvement in the yield of insulin obtained from pancreas is attained by addition of a relatively high proportion of acid to the alcohol used for the extraction and by the employment of a procedure which gives highly concentrated aqueous solutions of insulin without evaporation in a vacuum. Duality of Insulin. L. BARD F. SCHMIDT and M. ARNOVLYEVITCH (Compt. rend. SOC. Bid. 1924 90 790-792; from Chern. Zentr. 1924 i 2794).-Two insulin hormones are distin- guished one concerned in the oxidation of sugar to carbon dioxide and water and the other polymerising sugar to glycogen.An equilibrium appears to exist between the two hormones whereby an increase in the one is associated with a decrease in the other. [Cf. B. 1924 Dec. 26.1 T. H. P. G. W. R. Efficiency of Various Sugars and their Derivatives in Relieving the Symptoms caused by Insulin in Mice. P. T. HERRING J. C. IRVINE and J. J. R. M~CLEOD (Biochem. J . 1924 18 1023-1042).-Complete positive results mere obtained with dextrose and mannose. Maltose was also permanently efficacious but its action was slower. Temporary disappearance of symptoms was obtained with lievulose galactose and tetra-acetylfructose. Lactose 2 3 5 6-tetramethylglucose 2 3 5-trimethylglucose sucrose a- and (3 -met hylgluc osides t e trame t h yl- (3-me thylglucoside tetramethyl-y-methylglucoside glucose-monoacetone salicin man- nitol dulcitol and p-glucosan had no action at all.The relation of chemical structure and some physiological considerations are discussed. s. s. 2. Concentration-Action Curve of Insulin Preparations and Anti-Insulin. S. G. DE JONGH (Biochem. J. 1924 18 833-838).-An anti-insulin substance was observed in some Dutch preparations which showed the phenomenon of double convulsant doses and differed in their behaviour in the case of rabbits and of diabetics. The concentration curve of insulin with regard to sugar ssems to be a straight line that of the anti-insulin an adsorption curve. s. s. 2. E. A. DOISY J. 0. RALLS E. ALLEN and C.G. JOHNSTON ( J . Biol. Chem. 1924 61 711-727).-Fresh liquor folliculi was mixed with alcohcl and the solution evaporated to drpess after removal of the proteins ; the residue was extrmted with alcohol and the solution treated with Extraction and Properties of an Ovarian Hormone.i. 1388 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. acetone to remove phospholipins this process being repeated several times; finally the dry residue from the alcoholic extracts was taken up in ether. Amounts of the order of a few mg. of the dry residue from this ethereal solution when injected into ovariectomised rats were found to induce t'he full cestrous cycle in these animals. The active substance is soluble in ether alcohol chloroform light petroleum or acetone but insoluble in water. It is thermostable and moderately resistant to both acid and alkaline hydrolysis; it is not affected by tryptic digestion.Preparations with similar properties were obtained from placenta and from whole ovaries but the yield of active substance was much smaller ; no active prepara- tions could be made from corpora lutea. C . R. H. E. POULSSON (Biochem. J . 1924 18 919-920).-A sampie of cod-liver oil 23 years old in daily doses of 3-5 mg. promoted growth in rats deficient in vitamin-A . Stability of the Vitamin-A of Cod-liver Oil Towards the Hardening Process. S. S. ZILVA (Biochem. J. 1924 18 881- 882) .-If anaerobic conditions are observed cod-liver oil can be hardened a t a temperature of 150" and deodoriseii without any Investigation of Barley Malt and Beer for Vitamins43 and 4.A. HARDEN and S. S. ZILVA (Biochem. J. 1924,18,1129- 1132).-The vitamin-B of barley is not affected by the malting process and is frequently present in the finished malt but is absent from the culms. The antiscorbutic vitamin appears in the steeped grain and is present in the green malt but absent from kilned malt The beer examined by the authors (India Pale Ale) was free from both vitamins-B and -C. Fractionation of Bios and Comparison of Bios with Vitamins-B and 4. G. H. W. LUCAS ( J . Physical Chem. 1924 28,1180-1200).-The bios contained in malt combings and in rice- polishings can be fractionated by precipitation in alcoholic sclution with barium hydroxide into bios I and 11 neither of which has by itself any great influence on the rate of reproduction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae race F but together enormously increase the crop of yeast.A top yeast is described however which is much less dependent on bios than race F. Bios I and I1 cannot replace the vitamins in preventing polyneuritis in pigeons or scurvy in guinea- pigs or in maintaining the growth of rats. The growth-producing vitamin can be extracted from rice-polishings by treatment with pepsin. The chemical treatment employed in the fractionation of bios destroys the growth-promoting vitamin. Action of Nitrous Acid on the Antineuritic Substance in Yeast. R. A. PETERS (Biochem. J. 1924 18 858-865).- Primary and many secondary amines are not responsible for the antineuritic activity of acid extracts of yeasts since such extracts retain their activity after being treated with nitrites.Histamine Durability of Vitamin-A of Cod-liver Oil. s. s. z. appreciable loss in the vitamin-A content. s. s. z. s. s. z. M. B. D.BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1389 sometimes cures polyneuritis in pigeons ; this confirms Abder- halden’s observations. Daily doses of this drug do not however Dietetic Value of Barley Malt and Malted Liquors as Determined by their Vitamin Content. H. W. SOUTHGATE (Biochem. J. 1924 18,769-776).-Barley and malt tested on rats have been found t o contain water-soluble-B in considerable and equal amounts. Malt has also been shown to possess antineuritic properties in the case of pigeons fed on a basal diet free from vitamin-B. Beer independent of its yeast content contains vitamin-B but to a inuch less extent than that the corre- sponding amount of malt used in its manufacture.Vitamins-A and -C are not present in appreciable quantities in barley or its derivatives. s. 8. z. Nutritive Properties of Milk. 111. Effectiveness of the XSubstance in Preventing Sterility in Rats on Milk Rations High in Fat. H. A. MATTILL J. S. CARMAN and M. M. CLAYTON ( J . BioZ. Chem. 1924 61 729-740).-Rats of both sexes fail to reproduce on a milk diet of high fat content ; the addition of nucleo- protein to such a diet has no effect but reproductive power is retained if wheat embryo in added to the food ; preliminary ethereal extraction of the wheat embryo however deprives the latter of its curative power. This observation together with the fact that addition of green lettuce leaves to the diet will also prevent sterility indicates that the missing factor is the substance designated “ X ” by Evans (J.Metabol. Res. 1923,3,233). Extraction and Determination of Lipochromes from Animal and plant Tissues. K. H. COWARD (Biochem. J . 1924 18 11 14-1122).-The only quantitative method of extraction is saponification in an atmosphere of nitrogen with aqueous potassium hydroxide of not higher strength than 20%. Cvet’s observation on the existence of four xanthophylls has been confirmed by employing his chromatographic method (fractional filtration of the pigments through it column of chalk). This method has also been found suitable for separating carotin and lycopin from a mixture of the two pigments. A curve for use with the Hellige colorimeter is given for the determination of carotin.K. H. COWARD (Biochem. J . 1924 18 1123-1126).-The pigments of etiolated wheat seedlings are carotin and the four xanthophylls isolated by Cvet from green leaves. It is impossible to obtain quantitative figures for the four xanthophylls by Cvet’s chromatographic method. s. 8. z. Yellow Pigments of Australian Acacias. J. M. PETRIE (Biochem. J . 1924 18 957-964).-The water-soluble yellow pig- ment of Acacia linifdia A . decurrens and A . longifolia is a glucoside which on hydrolysis yields flavonol kaempferol and rhamnose. Free flavonol is absent. The yellow flavonol obtained on hydrolysis delay the onset of the disease. s. s. z. C. R. H. s. s. z. Lipochromes of Etiolated Wheat Seedlings.i. 1390 ABSTRdCTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.can be transformed by reduction with nascent hydrogen into a red solution resembling that of anthocyanins. The acacia t'annins are composed of phloroglucinol and protocatechuic and gallic acids and deposit on hydrolysis large amounts of the red phlobaphen anhydrides. The flavonol is present in quantities of about 0.06% of the fresh Grape Pigments. 111. Anthocyans of Seibel Grapes. R. J. ANDERSON ( J . Biol. Chenh. 1924 61 685-694; cf. this vol. i 1152).-The pigment occurring in the skins of the hybrid Seibel grapes was isolated as the picrate red needles and converted into the chloride C,H,,O,,Cl prisms (+3H,O) m. p. 160" (sintering at 158"); on hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid this yields the antho- cyanidin chloride Ci7H1,07Cl prisms (+ 1-5H20) m. p. above 260" [picrate (+H,O)].Glucosazone was isolated from the filtrate after the hydrolysis. Methoxyl determinations indicated that the anthocyanidin was a mixture of the mono- and di-methyl ethers of delphinidin containing a preponderance of the dimethyl ether. Delphinidin iodide was isolated from the solution after removal of the methoxyl groups. Details are given of the absorption spectra of the chlorides of the anthocyanin and anthocyanidin. C. R. H R. J. ANDERSON and F. P. NBENHAUER (J. A m r . Chem. Soc. 1924 46 2113-2118).-A sample of sitosterol obtained from the bottom fraction of maize-gluten sterols as previously described (this vol. i 924) was acetylated and brominated by Windaus and Hauth's method (A. 1907 i 921). On debromination with zinc dust and acetic acid in alcoholic solution followed by hydrolysis with alcoholic potassium hydroxide a sitosterol was obtained which on recrystallisation had m.p. 138-139" [a]:- -36.69" ; acetyl derivative m. p. 130-131" [a]? -40.20". Sitosterol from wheat bran and from crude maize oil similarly purified yielded products having m. p. 140-141" [a] -34.90" (acetyl derivative m. p. 130-131") and m. p. 138-139" [a]; -34.87" (acetyl derivative m. p. 128-130" [a13 -38.81") respectively and it is concluded that sitosterol as usually prepared is contaminated with small amounts of dihydrositosterol. The approximate composition of a mixture of the two sterols can be calculated from the formule S =(25.82-R)/0-6246 and P = (36.64+R)/0.6246 where S and P represent the percentages of sitosterol and dihydrcsitosterol respectively and R is the specific rotation of the mixture in chloroform the values -36.64" and +25-82" being chosen for the specific rotations of the respective pure sterols.R. B. E. K. NELSON ( J . Amer. Chem. Xoc. 1924 46 2337-2338).-Fractionation by the ester- hydrazide method shows that the non-volatile acids of the peach consist chiefly of I-malic acid and citric acid in approximately equal proportions. The m. p. 145" is recorded for citric acid trihydrazide (cf. Curtius A. 1917 i 635; Franzeii and Helwert A. 1923 i 637). E. B. flower carotin and xanthophyll from 0.14 to 0.3%. s. s. z. Sitosterol. Non-volatile Acids of the Peach.BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1391 Non-volatile Acids of the Dried Apricot. E. I<. NELSON ( J . Amer. Chem.Soc. 1924,46,2506-2507 ; 'cf. preceding abstract). -The non-volatile acids of t'he dried apricot identified by esteri- fication fractionation and conversion into the hydrazides consist of I-malic and citric acids in the proportion 2.5 1 with traces of an unidentified acid possibly oxalic acid. F. G. W. Acetaldehyde A Normal Constituent of the Tannin-rich Contents of the " Inclusion " Cells in the Mesocarp of certain Fruits. C. GRIEBEL (2. Unters. Nahr. Cenussm. 1924 48 218- 220).-In a previous paper (this vd. ii 791) the presence of small amounts of acetaldehyde was demonstrated in certain fruit's. The so-called inclusion cells (A. 1919 i 427) were found to contain acetaldehyde readily liberated from the cell by distillation with 2% tartaric acid. The contents of the inclusion cell of Ceratonia siliqua L separated by mechanical means gave a considerable amount of acetaldehyde on distillation with water alone a further yield being obtained by distillation with acid.The acetaldehyde is considered to be responsible for the coagulation and consequent disappearance of the rough taste of the tannins during the process of ripening. G. S. W. Ripening Process of Bananas. C. GRIEBEL (2. Unters. Nuhr. Genussm. 1924 48 211-227).-During the ripening of bananas the tannin-rich cell contents of the latex tubes present in the pith become coagulated and the tannins pass from a soluble to an insoluble condition. Subsequently the latex tubes break down forming the so-called inclusion cells. These cells are found to contain acetaldehyde in an easily liberated condition (cf preceding abstract).Fruit in which the normal process of ripening has been suppressed by frost is tasteless and odourless the formation of sugar from starch and the production of amyl acetate having been inhibited; at the same time the fruit contains tannin in a soluble condition and only traces of acetaldehyde are present. G. S. W. Wax from Pagrcea. A. J. ULT~E (Bull. Jar& Botan. Buiten- zorg 1924 6 [3] 1-3; from Chem. Zen&. 1924 i 2882).-The fruits of Fagrcea have beneath the outer integument a layer of white glutinous substance from which by coagulat4ion with alcohol a white slightly elastic mass was obtained containing ash 0-23% protein 0.22% caoutchouc 5.16%. From the first alcoholic extract crystals m. p. 79" were obtained which yielded on hydrolysis lupeol m.p. 211" and palmitic acid. Phytosterol was also present. G. W. R. Isolation of an Inhibitory Substance from Plants. W. L. WMANN and C. HEMSTREET ( J . Agric. Res. 1924 28 599-602). -A substance which inhibit's the act'ivity of the cabbage-rot organism was isolated from rotted cabbage plants. The substance was effective against other " soft-rot " organisms and gave positive results at exceptionally great dilution. It was destroyed byi. 1392 ABSTRACTS OF CREMICAL PAPERS. exposure to a temperature of 63" for 30 minutes but survived after 20 minutes at 56". It is not considered to be a product of the soft-rot organism. A. G. P. Action of Bromine on certain Plants. A. PITINI (Arch. Furm. sperim. a#. 1924,38,164-168).-Decomposition of glucosides contained in plants by the action of bromine (cf.Liotta A. 1920 i 587) is the result of a hydrolytic process and t'akes place either not at all or only partly if the plants ar9 first thoroughly dried. Alka- loids contained in plants are unaffected by bromine only if they are stable towards the halogen hydracid which is formed. Absorption of Carbon Dioxide the First Step in Photo- synthesis. H. A. SPOEHR and J. M. MCGEE (Science 1924 59 513-514).-Dried and ground leaf material to which the same amount of water has been added as was originally contained in the leaves absorbs carbon dioxide from the air in the dark ; the manner of drying the leaves however greatly affects their absorptive capacity. Helianthus leaves similarly treated and free from carbon dioxide absorbed 4.59 mg.of the latter per g. a t 25". Ex- traction of the dried leaves with cold absolute alcohol greatly and with water somewhat reduced the absorptive capacity but the material extracted by the alcohol absorbed only very small amounts of carbon dioxide. The absorptive capacity of the leaf is also destroyed by heat. Extraction with acetone did not affect the absorptive capacity but the latter was reduced by 90% by extrac- tion with water saturated with ether a t 20" (Chibnall and Schryver's method for protein extraction) the residue absorbing as much carbon dioxide as the original leaf material. It is considered that support is accorded to the theory that the leaf absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by a mechanism similar to that which in the blood of mammals serves to free the tissues from this gas.The major portion of the carbon dioxide is probably absorbed by the proteins of the leaf; this primary union may be of importance in determining the cause of the asymmetric nature of the synt,hesis of carbohydrates in the chlorophyllous plant. A. A. E. R. H. DASTUR (Ann. Bot. 1924 38 779-788).-Inadequate water-supply results in a decline in the photosynthet,ic activity of leaves and ultimately causes their decay. This factor also accounts for the fact that Willstatter and Stoll were unable to obtain constant values for the assimilation numbers of the leaves of the same species. Chemonastia of Drosera roturadiolia. I. W. MEVIUS (Biochem. Z. 1924 148 548-565).-Solutions of the sodium halides cause inflection of the leaf tentacles of Drosera rotundifoliu the duration of which varies with the concentration of the stimu- lating solution whilst weak solutions produce a quicker response than concentrated solutions.Sodium nitrate is a more active stimulant but is also more injurious to the leaves than the halides whilst sodium sulphate only excites the tentacles in concentrated T. H. P. Water Content a Factor in Photosynthesis. 0. 0.RTOCHEMISTRY . i. 1393 solutions. Potassium salts show somewhat parallel results but here the more concentrated solutions act more quickly. The activity of the anions follows the series NO >I > Br > C1> SO,. The alkaline-earth chlorides warmed at 51" inhibit the inflection of the tentacles a similar result being obtained with warm 0-25N- potassium chloride solution.A chemical stimulus and a heat stimulus do not summate. Droseru leaves kept in a strong solution of alkaline-earth salt and then placed in sodium chloride show an immediate infolding of the tentacles. The alkaline-earth salts exert no harmful action on the leaves. Nitrate-reducing Properties of Plants. V. L. ANDERSON (Ann. Bd. 1924 38 699-706).-Nitrate is frequently found in green plants. Of the plants examined more than 20:4' contained nitrite. The nitrate-reducing mechanism " atite " (cf. Haas and Hill this vol. i 349) was observed in 23 plants. Atite does not appear t o be of much significance in the protein metabolism of Influence of Nitrifying Bacteria on the Growth of Barley. E. €3. FRED (Soil Sci.1924 18 323-329).-The yield of barley (total dry weight) grown under sterile conditions in sand supplied with nutrient salts and nitrogen as ammonium sulphate was nearly doubled when pure cultures of nitrifying bacteria were added 2 weeks before planting. The favourable effect on the plants was evident throughout growth and the presence of nitrates in the inoculated pots and their absence from the others was confirmed by test. The barley contained 0.78y0 of nitrogen when nitrifying organisms were present and 0*66% in their absence. Relation of the Molecular Proportions in the Nutrient Solution to the Growth of Wheat. M. C. SEWELL ( J . Agric. Res. 1924 28 387-393).-Wheat plants were grown in sand cultures with nutrient solutions containing varying proportions of dissolved s a h .Grain yields were as good from solutions high in nitrogen and low in potassium and phosphate as from those with less nitrogen but higher proportions of phosphate and potassium salts. J. P. the plant. 0. 0. C. T. (3. A. G. P. Antagonism of Hydrogen Ions and Neutral Salt IOM in their Action on the Germination and Growth of Wheat. H. LUNDEG~RDH (Biochem. Z. 1924 149 207-215).-Calcium and potassium chlorides and sodium dihydrogen phosphate diminish the toxic effect of increasing hydrogen-ion concentrations on the growth of wheat seedlings more especially between p 4-5 and 6.8. The antagonism between salt and hydrogen ions is also shown in their action on germinating wheat seeds. Nitrogenous Constituents of the Juice of the Alfalfa Plant CLucerneJ.11. Basic Nitrogen. H. B. VICKERY ( J . Biol. Chem. 1924 61 117-127; cf. this vol. i 1275).-In addition to the asparagine and tyrosine already reported there have been isolated from the unhydrolysed juice of the lucerne plant arginine J. P.i. 1394 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. lysine stachydrine choline a purine in the form of its chloride and a base (unidentsed) which gives a picrate melting at 298". Taken together the substances so far isolated account for 44% of the organic solids and 13.6% of the total nitrogen of the protein-free solution obtained by treating the original juice wit'h alcohol. Variation with Temperature of the '' Swelling Value " of Amylogen. A. MAIGE (Compt. rend. Xoc. Biol. 1924 40 685- 687 ; from Chem. Zentr. 1924 i 2784-2785).-1n experiments with the embryos of germinating beans the critical concentration of sugar a t which starch is transformed into amyloplasts was found to be increased both by raising and by lowering the temperature.G. TEsToNI.-(See ii 790.) C. R. H. G. W. R. Methylpentosans in Cereals. Determination of Nitrate and Ammonia in Nitrogenous Materials. 0. M. SHEDD ( J . Agric. Res. 1924 28 527439).- The Devarda alloy method of Strowd (Soil Sci. 1920 10 333) is modified by allowing the reduction to take place a t ordinary temperatures for 24 hours previous to heating. A control experi- ment on a portion of the test-liquid without Devarda's alloy is carried out with each determination. The method was used for determining nitrate in tobaceo leaves and is suitable for the examin- ation of fertilisers. Where nitrate and ammonia are to be deter- mined in portions of the same solution a preliminary filtration is advised.A. G. P. Determination of Ammonia in Soil. N. BENGTSSON (SoiZ Sci. 1924 18 255-278).-By successive extractions of soil with potassium chloride solution (25 g. of soil extracted with a t the most seven 100 C.C. portions of approximately 4% solution) added ammonia could be recovered quantitatively and determined in the combined filtrates. Very low figures were obtained by this method for the ammonia present in air-dried arable soils indicating that organic nitrogen compounds are not decomposed. A detailed procedure is given (cf. B. 1924 Dec. 26) which proved entirely satisfactory with all surface soils but failed in the case of one heavy clay subsoil. J.W. TIDMORE and F. W. PARKER (Soil Sci. 1924 18 331-338).-A comparison of the strength (intensity factor) of the soil acids in 25 soils as determined by the Truog " avidity " method (cf. A. 1916 ii 404) by the sugar inversion method (cf. Rice and Osugi A. 1918 i 520) and by the hydrogen-ion concentration showed good correlation between the results. The methods are based on different principles and the close agreement between the results obtained may be explained by assuming that the acids of the solid phase undergo hydrolysis producing hydrogen ions the extent of such hydrolysis depending on the strength of the acids. It is considered that the results support the view that the pH of the soil solution is largely determined by the acid silicates of the soil.[Cf. B. 1924 Dec. 26.1 C. T. G. Methods of Studying the Strength of Soil Acids. C. T. G.BIOCHEMISTRY. i. 1395 Influence of Sulphur Oxidation on Solubility of Soil Minerals. R. E. STEPHENSON and W. L. POWERS (Soil Sci. 1924 18 317-321).-The application of various amounts of sulphur to soil maintained at optimum moisture content greatly increased the water-soluble calcium and potassium and decreased the water- soluble phosphorus. Nitrification was depressed by the heaviest application and there mas an appreciable increase in acidity. Two soils were used one representative of arid conditions with pE 7-0 and the other of humid conditions with p 6.4. Flocculation of the colloidal material of the soils by the products of oxidation of the sulphur was very marked.It is suggested that the increase in the soluble calcium may account to some extent for the response given by leguminous crops especially lucerne to light dressings of sulphur on certain soils. N. M. COMBER and S. J. SAINT (Soil Sci. 1924 18 131-132).-Jones (this vol. i 820) claims to have shown that beyond a certain point an increase in concentration of a base in solution results in a decrease in the amount absorbed by a soil in contact with the solution. This conclusion is based on determinations of the carbon dioxide evolved on shaking carbonates and hydrogen carbonates of alkali and alkaline-earth metals with soil. I n the experiments with normal carbonates the carbon dioxide given off will form hydrogen carbonate with the remaining carbonate and hence cannot be taken as a measure of the amount of base absorbed.Experiments in which the amount of base absorbed by a soil is calculated both from the carbon dioxide evolved and by titration after filtering show definitely that Jones’ conclusions are not justified. Resistance of Soils to Acidification. A. DENOLON and V. DUPONT (Compt. rend. 1924 179 300-302).-Aqueous extracts of soils from various sources from which calcium carbonate has been excluded behave towards both sulphuric and lactic acids as weak buffer solutions. This property is attributed to the humates present. When the soil remains in contact with the aqueous extract the colloidal clay reacts with sulphuric acid so that the suspension exhibits marked buffer action. Microscopical Study of Soil. S. WINOGRADSKY (Compt. rend. 1924 179 367-371).-A method of soil treatment is described which yields five specimens for examination from each sample. These are stained with erythrosin. From observation of a series of such specimens the following general conclusions are drawn. Normal arable soil contains onlycocci in groups ; these are surrounded by a gel or membrane and firmly attached to the particles resulting from flocculation of colloid matter. Mineral dkbris except in so far as it is colloidal is free from microbes ; this applies particularly to the coarser particles. I n the case of soils to which soluble fermentable matter has recently been added free microbes dis- tributed in irregular clusters predominate. These often consist of forms which are not present in normal soil and are not associated C. T. G . Absorption of Bases by Soils. C. T. G. H. J. E.i. 1396 ABSTRACTS 08 CHEMICAL PAPERS. with colloidal partioles. A soil which is foul may readily be recog- nised by the bacterial forms present in the solution even after centrifuging. [Cf. B. 1924 Dec. 26.1 H. J. E. J. S. BURD and J. C. MARTIN (Soil Sci. 1924 28 151-167).-The con- centration and composition of the soil solutions obtained by the displacement method from seven soils have been compared portions of each soil having been kept for 8 years under different conditions namely cropped fallowed and air-dried. The displaced solution is taken as a trustworthy measure of the true soil solut,ion (cf. J. Agric. Sci. 1923,13,265) and it is assumed that the air-dried soils have remained unchanged and represent the condition of the soils a t the beginning of the 8-year period The cropped soils all showed a marked decrease in concentration of total solutes and nitrates in the displaced solutions a t the end of the period whilst the fallowed soils with one except'ion (a highly productive soil) gave considerably increased concentrations. The concentration of phos- phate in the cropped soils is decreased-an unexpected result since it is known that phosphate tends to form a saturated solution and re-establish equilibrium very rapidly. The concentration of sulphate increased in both cropped and fallowed soils. With soils in a low state of fertility due to continuous cropping there is a seasonal decrease in concentration of most of the solutes but the initial concentration of the soil solution in any given growing season returns to its original magnitude by the beginning of the following season. The results cannot be taken to apply to natural drained soils in which the effect of leaching comes into play since the experimental soils were kept in vessels allowing no escape of drainage water. C. T. G. Secular and Seasonal Changes in the Soil Solution.

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9242601363

出版商:RSC    

年代:1924

数据来源: RSC