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i. 1206 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICBL PAPERS. Physiological Chemistry. Influence of Hydrogen Sulphide on Respiration. H. W. HAGGARD and Y. HENDERSON (Amer. J . Physiol. 1922 61 289- 297).-An atmosphere containing O-05yo of hydrogen sulphide causes the death from lung edema of dogs only after many hours’ continued breathing whereas a concentration of 0.1 yo causes death in fifteen to twenty minutes. Estimations of the carbon dioxide and oxygen content of the blood and its carbon dioxide combining power indicate that hydrogen sulphide in sufficientPHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. i. 1207 amount stimulates the respiration through an action on the vagi. As a result carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and the hydrogen-ion concentration of the blood lowered until alkalosis of sufficient degree is produced when the stimulating action of the hydrogen sulphide is counteracted and an apncea follows before and during which the hydrogen sulphide of the blood is oxidised.Small amounts of hydrogen sulphide are generally without per- ceptible effect on the respiratory centre whereas larger amounts paralyse respiration. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. Relation between Changes of Temperature and Consump- tion of Oxygen by Cold-blooded Animals. M. N. J DIRKEN (Arch. Ndeerlund. physiol. 1922 7 126-131).-Measurements of the oxygen consump tion of cockroaches (Periplun eta anberimnu) show an increase with rise of temperature the temperature coefficient being 4.3 between 10" and 20" and 1.7 between 20" and 30". W. 0. K. Gas and Electrolyte Equilibria in Blood. I. Technique for Collection and Analysis of Blood and for its Saturation with Gas Mixtures of Known Composition.J. H. AUSTIN G. E. CULLEN A. B. HASTINGS F. C. MCLEAN J. P. PETERS and D. D. VAN SLYKE ( J . Biol. Chem. 1922 54 121-147).-The authors describe a technique for the preliminary treatment of blood by means of which it is hoped in conjunctio;i with analytical methods previously described (Van Slyke and Stadie this vol. ii 78) to obtain accurate quantibative data concerning the various reactions involved (cf. Henderson A. 1921 i 473) in the respiratory changes in blood. The main features of the technique are two methods for saturating the blood with gas mixtures whereby changes in the gaseous equilibrium due t o the changes in pressure and temperature which result when the tonometer is removed from the bath may be avoided.In the first method the tonometer consists of two chambers connected by means of a rubber tube. When saturation is complete the blood is run into the smaller chamber the rubber connexion is closed a t two points by means of clamps and the chambers are then separated by cutting the rubber at a point between the two clamps. Before removing the smaller chamber from the bath the gases are displaced from it by mercury from a levelling bulb. In the second method analysis of the gas phase is avoided by caIciilating the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen taken from it by the blood during saturation. The whole technique from the drawing of the blood to the analysis of the blood gases is aescribed in detail in the original and a diagram is provided illustrating the apparatus employed.Equations necessary for the calculations involved are also developed E. S. Gas and Electrolyte Equilibria in Blood. 11. The Reversibility of the Effects of Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Tensions on the Carbon Dioxide Content of De- fibrinated Horse Blood. JOHN P. PETERS GLENN E. CULLEN and J. HAROLD AUSTIN (J. Biol. Chem. 1922 54 149-152).-No irreversible changes in the carbon dioxide capacity of defibrinated tt" 2i. 1208 ABSTRAOTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. horse blood are produced by reducing the carbon dioxide or oxygen tension to 15 mm. The reduction of the carbon dioxide ctipacity of dog's blood by similar treatment is probably due as Evans (this vol. i 890) suggests to the formation of acid which occurs P.VAN PAASSEN (Nederland. Tzj'dschr. Geneeskunde 1921 65 ii 1162-1171).-The concentration of the calcium-ions on which the effect of the calcium content of the blood depends in serum is given by the expression K[H+]/[HCO,- J where K=350. Thus when the concentration of thc hydrogen-ions is constant in the blood a change in the concentration of calcium ions can be brought about only by increasing or decreasing t,hc concentration of the hydrogen carbonate-ions. rapidly in dog's blood. E. s. Calcium in the Blood. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. The Blood-sugar Content of Capillary Blood as Compared with that of Venous Blood. ISAAC NEUWIRTH and I. S. KLEINEX ( J . Lab. Clin. Jfed. 1922 7 495-497).-1n twenty individuals the capillary blood sugar was found to parallel the venous blood sugar.The average of all twenty capillary figures for blood-sugar is 0.136y0 as against 0.130% for the venous. The slight difference in this sense would be expected. The blood-sugar estimations were made by the Kleiner micro-method. . CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. Blood-sugar. A. STASIAK (2. physiol. Chem. 1922 123 104-115).-Dog's blood shows an increase of its sugar content if it be boiled with 2% hydrochloric acid before precipitating the proteins with colloidal ferric hydroxide. Blood does not contain maltose. The bound sugar probably exists as a polysaccharide. If mercuric chloride is used to precipitate the proteins no marked increase of reducing power is caused by hydrolysis. Exchange of Chlorine between the Red Blood Corpuscle and the surrounding Solution.I. The Influence of Nar- cotics on the Exchange of Chlorine. R. SIEBECK [in part with Urethane increases the permeability of the red blood-cells to chlorine-ions and its action is parallel to its effect in inhibiting the oxidation processes in the cell. For example both effects are reversible on removal of the urethane. Similar results are obtained by the use of other narcotics such as methyl ethyl propyl n-butyl and amyl alcohols diethylurea and phenylurea. Coagulation of the Blood. 11. Thrombin and Anti- thrombins. JOHN WILLIAM PICKERING and JAMES ARTHUR HEWITT (Biochem. J . 1922 16 587-598; cf. this 1-01. i 393).- The failure of the blood to coagulate after the injection of thrombin is not due to the secretion by the liver of an excess of antithrombin.The antithrombin obtained from liver is a post-mortem product. Yeast and hydrolysed edestin are also capable of yielding a similar principle which is a product resulting from the hydrolysis of pro- W. 0. K. D. HACKRTACK] (Arch. t%pt. Path. Pharm. 1922 95 93-103).- W. 0. K.PHYSIOLOCICAL CHEMISTRY. i. 1209 tein. The addition of thrombin to blood in the state of a reversible gel causes immediate coagulation. Thrombin seems t o be the accelerator rather than the initiator of coagulation. The Carbamino-reaction of the Blood-proteins and their Alleged Importance in the Transport of Carbon Dioxide by the Blood. CAMILLO AUSENDA (Biochem. Z. 1922 132 188-1 96).-From experiments on blood serum ascites-fluid and pleural exudate the author finds no evidence that Siegfried’s alleged “carbamino-acids” play any part in the transport of carbon dioxide.If these fluids be saturated with carbon dioxide in the presence of milk of lime or sodium carbonate or hydroxide and the proteins then precipitated by ammonium sulphatc or obtained free from simple constituents by dialysis there is no greater quantity of carbon dioxide fixed by the protein than in the normal physiological state of the blood. ROGEE FISCHER (Compt. rend. SOC. Biol. 1922 87 124-126).-Esperiments were carried out on serum and on the isolated proteins from serum and from egg in order to determine whether or not there is a physical equilibrium between the albumin and globulin in the blood the coagulation either by alcohol or by heat being examined in the presence of a 0.2% solution of gelatin.The globulin like the whole serum is found to be stabilised whilst the albumin becomes less stable. The globulin acts as a stabiliser for the serum-albumin and this relationship is found to be general. The most stable ratio (50 parts of globulhi to 100 parts of albumin) closely approaches that of the two proteins in the blood. S. 8. Z . H. K. Colloidal Equilibrium of Blood Serum. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. The Separation of the Globulins of Horse’s Serum. M. VILA (Compt. rend. 1922 175 728-731; cf. Piettre and Vila this vol. i 63).-The globulins in the serum may be fractionated into three groups by addition of N/lOO-hydrochloric acid and subsequent treatment of the precipitate with acetone. The fraction so obtained contains globulin which is insoluble in acid under tho conditions specified by the author.Another fraction separates on elimination of the added acid. The third fraction remains in solution it has the character of serum-albumin. Cholesterol Content of Blood-serum. HEIENANN STEATJSS and WOLFGANG SCHUBARDT (Zentr. inn. Med. 1922 43 425-432 ; from Chem. Zenl’r. 1922 iii 5132).-Dnta are given for the cholesterol content of pathological blood-sera. From a consideration of fat exchange it would appear that necrobiotic processes play a part in Human Mixed Saliva. I. Determination of the Hydrogen- ion Concentration of Human Mixed Saliva. 11. Variations in the Hydrogen-ion Concentration. HENRY E. STARR ( J . Biol. Chem. 1922 54 43-54 55-64).-1. The saliva is collected under oil to prevent loss of carbon dioxide.A portion (1 c.c.) is H. J. E. the changes in cholesterol content of sera. G. w. R.i. 1210 ABSTRAOT8 OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. diluted with freshly-boiled distilled water (9 c.c.) and the P estimated colorirnetrically using bromo-thymol blue (1 C.C. of a 0.01 yo solution) as indicator 141. Using this method the PH values of 610 specimens of human mixed saliva were found to vary between 5.75 and 7.05 867& of the specimens giving values between 6-35 and 6.80. The hydrogen- ion concentration of saliva varies directly with the alveolar carbon dioxide increases after a meal and during exercise and decreases as a result of voluntary deep breathing in the open air or of emotional excitement. Ingestion of large doses of sodium hydrogen carbonate decreases the salivary PH and increases the urinary PH.E. S. Metabolism of Inorganic Salts. I. The Inorganic-ion Balance of the Blood in Parathyroid Tetany. ERWIN G. GROSS and FRANK P. UNDERHILL (J. Biol. Chem. 1922 54 105- 120).-The blood of dogs with parathyroid tetsny showed a low calcium and a high potassium content; the values for other in- organic ions were approximately normal. Tetany is thus allied to a disturbance in the ratio of potassium to calcium and conse- quently of total univalent to total bivalent ions. R. ROSENANN (Arch. Nderlund. physiol. 1922 7 358-361).-The consumption of large quantities of flesh increases the excretion of calcium. A low body content of calcium increases the readiness to hay-fever the administration of calcium chloride acting beneficially.With increased calcium in the diet there results a retention of potassium presumably to be explained by the antagonistic physiological action of calcium and potassium and also an increased output of sodium. E. S. The Metabolism of Calcium. W. 0. K. Some Induced Reactions and their Analogues in the Animal Body. N. N. MITTRA and N. R. DHAR (2. unorg. Cheni. 1922,122,146-150).-The authors point out that many substances -proteins carbohydrates fats etc.-which undergo oxidation in the animal body are under ordinary conditions stable in the presence of oxygen The oxidation of these substances is readily induced by ferrous hydroxide and it is argued that the iron of the blood induces the oxidation in the body. In the case of oxidation the authors find that only easily oxidisable substances can act as negative catalysts ; this is supported by several examples.W. T. The Gonads of Rhixostoma Cuvieri. FELIX HAUROWITZ (2. physiol. Chenz. 1922 122 145-159; cf. A 1921 i 206).- The gonads after being freed froin fat were extracted with alcohol and with water and in these extracts and in the residue the following substances were found on examination potassium sodium magnesium calcium iron chlorine sulphate mid phosphate taur- ine 0- and p-cresolsulphonic acids trirnethylamine betaine choline and various peptides and proteins containing alanine tyrosine,PHYSIOLOaICAL CHEMISTRY. i. 1211 glutamic acid arginine phenylalanine cystine lysine proline and leucine. W. 0. K. Influence of the Dextrose Concentration and of the Alkalinity on Glycolysis in Vitro.P. MAURIAC and L. SER- VANTIE (Compt. rend. Xoc. Biol. 1922 87 200-201).-Experi- ments with blood and with various organs (lung testes) show that the amount of dextrose that is destroyed under standard experi- mental conditions bears a close relation to the initial dextrose content of the solution. The glycolysis is not always proportional to the quantity of sugar. The curve of the percentage loss of sugar gives the optimum point at a concentration of dextrose of about 0.3%. Similarly the glycolysis is dependent on the reaction of the medium a PR of 7.8 being the optimum. This reaction corresponds with that which has also been shown to be most favour- able to the consurnptlion by the heart of sugar from the artificial circulating fluid.CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. The Evolution of Oxidative Enzpes. G. MARINESCO (Compt. rend. Xoc. Biol. 1922 87 31-34).-The author studied the oxydase reaction of various tissues especially the nerve-tissue in human embryos of different age and concludes that there is a double mechanism of respiration in the cell (1) The iron plays the role of a catalyst and is present in the nucleus where there are no oxydases and (2) the oxydase granules found in abundance in the cell are identified as mitochondria. R61e of Hydrogen and Hydroxyl-ion Difhsion in Nerve and Muscle Action. ELLIOT Q. ADAMS ( J . Physical @hem. 1922 26 639-649) .-A theoretical paper in which calculations have been made based on the assumptions that nerve and muscle action depend on an autocatalytic conversion of dextrose or galactose into lactic acid kept in check by diffusion and that the significant factors in the initiation of a response are the autocatalytic reaction and the diffusion of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.In plasma the reaction of which is that of normal blood [H'] 0.45~10-7 P 7.35 and X11-0.55 where X is the hydrogen-ion potential relative to pure water a t 37" the reaction within the excitable nerve or muscle fibre is calculated to lie between [H'J 0.51 x 10-7 PH 7.29 XH-0.49 and [Ha] 1 . 0 3 ~ 1 0 - ~ PH 6-99 XH-040. For effective stimulation the reaction must be acidified locally within the fibre to a critical value which depends on the concen- tration of enzyme (lactacidase) present in the fibre and must be more acid than the last-named figure [H'] > 1.03 x 10-7 PH > 6.99 Xq7-0.19.It is calculated that a plasma reaction of PH 6.92 [H ] 1.20 x XH-0.12 will abolish the response of nerve or muscle. This is in agreement with the observation of Van Slyke that the most acid reaction during life (in deep coma) is PH 6.95 [He] 1 . 1 2 ~ 1 0 - ~ XH-0*15. Production of Acetoacetic Acid from Urocanic Acid in the Surviving Liver. M. KONISHI (2. phpiol. Chem. 1922 122 237-240).-0n transfusing the liver of a dog with urocanic CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. J. 3'. S.i. 1212 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. acid or with glyoxalinelactic acid a small amount of acetoacetic acid is formed; the amount is rather more tjhaii afkr transfusion with histidin c b . W. 0. K. The Proteolytic Enzymes of the Kidneys.X. G . € T m r t < ( Z . phpiol. Chern. 1922 122 307-317).-Thc kidneys of horses contain an enzyme attacking peptone with an optimum PH of 7.8 and an enzyme attacking casein in acid solution. Preliminary treatment of the kidneys with acid increases the action of the enzymes due apparently to the fact that the enzymes are gradually destroyed a t approximate neutrality. W. 0. K. UBALDO S A i m r A m m o (Biochem. Z . 1922 132 293-294).-Freshly and finely divided thyroids (400 grams) were extracted with hot dilute acetic acid and the solution concentrated and precipitated with basic lead acetate. The lead-free filtrate was concentrated and precipitated with alcohol. The filtrate from this gave potassium picrate and then a red picrate unmelted a t 300° and a picrate m.p. 255-2995'. After removal of picric acid from the mother-liquors addition of alcohol precipitated a crystalline substance m. p. 225-228" which contained calcium nitrogen carbon and a large proportion of oxygen. H. K. The Influence of the Thyroid on Creatine-Creatinine Metabolism. PAUL SCHENK (Arch. expt. Path. Phrm. 1922 95 45-63).-1n thyroidectomised rabbits the blood creatinine is not markedly decreased but the excretion of preformed creatinine in the urine shows a marked diminution. A marked increase then takes place on administration of thyroid extract. Mechanism of the Contraction of Striated Muscle pro- duced by Poisons. V. The Action of Specific Muscle Poisons on Lifeless Colloids. OTTO RIESSER and S. M. NEU- SCHLOSZ (Arch. expt. Path. Pharm. 1922,94,190-221).-Character- istic changes in the viscosity of a gelatin solution are produced by addition of muscle poisons such as veratrine strophanthin digit- alin quinine caffeine nicotine and novocaine but not by poisons (morphine codeine atropine acetylcholine) which have no typical action on muscle.Where the physiological actions of the poisons are similar as for example in the cases of strophanthin and digit- alin the influence on the viscosity is also similar; in other cases it is dissimilar. The physiological antagonism between veratrine and novocaine and veratrine and atropine is paralleled by an an- tagonistic influence on the viscosity of gelatin solutions ; the mechanism of the antagonism is however different in the two cases. It is concluded that the action of muscle poisons is due to the changes which they produce in the colloids of the muscles.A New Constituent of the Thyroid. W. 0. K. E. S. Tension and Extensibility of Muscle during Contraction by Acids or Chemical Means. F. VERZ~R J. B~QEL and 137. SZBNYI (Biochem. Z. 1922 132 %81).-The tension developedPHYSIOIiOQICAL CHEMISTRY. i. 1213 in an acid solution of Pn less than 3 is less than that in normal contraction of muscle whilst aqueous solutions of chloroform ethyl and methyl alcohols glycerol aniline and ammonia produce considerable tension. The extensibility of muscle is increased by acid over that of normal muscle and the above-named reagents ctiminish it. Thc resiilts support von Fiirth’s thtwry of muwlv con traction. H. K. The Replaceability of Potassium by Uranium in Cross- striped Muscle.17. VERZ~R and W. SZ~NYI (Biochem. Z . 1922 132 53-63).-The sartorius muscle of the frog immersed in sodium chloride solution exhibits fibrillary movements which are inhibited by equimolecular quantities of potassium or uranium salts. The action is reversible in both cases but only so in the case of uranium if long contact is avoided. Emanation is without action on the fibrillary movements. If the movements be in- hibited by potassium or uranium then addition of the other restores the movements to some extent. The Materials Extracted from Muscles. XXI. The Organic Bases of the Flesh of Swine. I. A. SMORODINCEV (2. physiol. Chem. 1922 123 116-129).-Using more than 2 kilos. of pig’s flesh the following approximate figures are found for the content in organic bases creatine 0.228% ; purines 0.086y0 ; carnosine 0-289y0 ; methylguanidine 0.03270 ; carnitine 0.03270.As compared with other animals investigated it is particularly rich in creatine and carnosine. The Action of Digitalis Calcium and Barium on Strips of Heart Muscle (Lowe) and the Antagonistic Influence of Cocaine Magnesium and Potassium. MARTIN BRANN (Arch. expt. Path. Pharm. 1922 94 222-234).-Contrary to Lowe’s statement digitalin produces contractions in strips of ventricle free from ganglia an action which is antagonised by cocaine and potassium chloride. Calcium chloride which resembles digitalin in its action is similarly antagonised by cocaine magnesium chloride and potassium chloride. The two last substances but not cocaine also antagonise the tonic action of barium chloride.E. S. H. K. W. 0. K. Potassium-Calcium Equilibrium in Animal Systems. H. ZWAARDEMAHER (Biochem. Z. 1922 132 95-102).-A dis- cussion of this subject with reference to replacement of potassium by uranium and thorium in Ringer’s solution. Decarboxylation. K. SPIRO (Arch. A’derland. phy&ioZ. 1922 7 227-233) .-A general review of the place of decarboxylation in biochemical phenomena. W. 0. K. The Non-protein Nitrogen in Goat’s Milk. WILLIAM TAYLOR (Biochem. J . 1922 16 611-612).-There was found a correlation in a lactating goat between the output of nitrogen in the urine and the percentage of non-protein nitrogen in the milk. Both seem to be determined by the amount of protein in the food. H.K. s. s. 2,i. 1214 ABsTRBms or (SHEMIOAL PAPERS. The Excretion by the Gastric Mucous Membrane and the Salivary Glands of Alkaloids Administered Subcutaneously. KARL JAKOB HUBER (Arch. expt. Path. Phrm. 1922 94 327- 351).-The literature on the excretion of alkaloids after adminis- tration to animals is reviewed. In experiments described various alkaloids were injected subcutaneously in dogs. Atropine and eserine were excreted neither in the stomach nor in the saliva; arecoline was detected in the saliva but not in the stomach; papaverine and veratrine on the other hand appeared in the stomach. E. S. Permeability of the Intestine to Sucrose. PIERRE WORINGER (Cmpt. rend. Xoc. BioE. 1922 86 1093-1095).-When either mono- or di-saccharides are ingested in quantities exceeding the assimilative capacity of the organism the excess is eliminated through the urine.In this case the disaccharides must first undergo cleavage into two monosaccharide molecules. The disaccharide however also appears in the urine as such and can be demonstrated by the change in the reducing power of the urine following acid hydrolysis. In this way the author shows that both in dogs and in babies a fixed amount of disaccharide (on the average 1-56? and 1.58% respectively) appears in the urine and this is independent of the actual amount of sucrose fed or the body weight of the organism. This is thought to demonstrate direct permeability of the intestinal mucosa to sucrose. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. Application of the Methods of Correlation to the Study of the Urine.CHARLES POWELL WHITE (Lancet 1922 [I] 202 369-371).-An attempt to determine the manner in which the various radicles in urine are associated in solution by an examin- ation of the correlation coefficients derived from existing series of analyses of the urine of cancerous persons. As preliminary con- clusions evolved from this statistical inquiry it is suggested that (a) sodium potassium and chlorine are excreted in association with the water and hence through the glomeruli; urea uric acid and sulphate are excreted independently of the water and therefore presumably through the tubules ; phosphate magnesium and cal- cium may be excreted by both channels; ( b ) the association of urea with sulphuric and phosphoric acids demands further investi- gation; ( c ) uric acid may be excreted as calcium and potassium urates but not as sodium urate; (d) potassium is excreted chiefly as chloride; ( e ) sodium is excreted as chloride phosphate and sulphate; (f> calcium and magnesium are excreted chiefly as chlorides phosphates and sulphates ; (9) there are no indications of the excretion of alkali salts of ethereal sulphuric acids.A. A. E. The Relation between the True Reaction of the Urine and the Alveolar Tension of Carbon Dioxide. GUSTAV ENDRES Biochem. Z . 1922 132 220-241).-Parallel observations have b een made on the P of the urine by a colorimetric method and the alveolar tension of carbon dioxide. After a meal both curves,PHYSIOLOBICML CHEMISTRY. i. 1216 show a similar tendency the PH curve rising to a maximum after two or three hours and the alveolar tension of carbon dioxide rising to a maximum.The form of the curves also depends on the diet flesh diet giving steeper curves than carbohydrate diet. It is very probable that the hydrochloric acid secretion of the stomach is largely responsible for these variations. Drugs sleep muscular activity and bleeding have their effects traceable in the curves. H. K. Some New Observations on the Relation between the True Sugar Content of Urine and the Sugar Content of Blood. D. G. COHEN TERVAERT (Arch. NderEand. physiol. 1922 7 352- 354).-There does not seem to be any direct quantitative relation between the sugar content of the urine and that of the blood following the consumption of quantities of dextrose. Organic Acids in Urine R.GOIFFON and 3’. NEPVEUX (Compt. reizd. Xoc. Biol. 1922 86 1132-1133; from Chem. Zentr. 1922 iv 409).-Using the method of Van Slyke and Palmer (A. 1920 i 459)’ the authors found in cases of acetonuria increase in total organic acids and in p-hydroxybutyric acid in the urine. Sufficient agreement was not obtained for these acids to be regarded as the sole factor in acetonuria. The organic acid content is inde- pendent of the acidity. Sodium hydrogen carbonate renders the urine alkaline without diminution in the organic acid content. W. 0. K. G. W. R. Blood in Impaired Cell Respiration. Cause of Avian Beri-beri. ALFRED FLEISCH (Arch. expt. Path. Pharm. 1922 95 17-35).-Pigeons suffering from avian beri-beri show a de- crease in the difference of the arterial and venous tensions of carbon dioxide and also a similar decrease with regard to oxygen.A similar effect is found in pigeons suffering- from cyanide poisoning. These results are taken to support Hess’s view that the essential change in avian beri-beri is a decrease in the rate of cell oxidations (cf. this vol. i 399). Diabetes p-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Laemlose. A. DESBREZ H. BIERRY and F. RATHERY (Compt. rend. 1922 175 536-539).-Different sugars are not interchangeable in a diabetic ration ; their molecular structures affect to a considerable extent the results of assimilation. The authors consider that it is necessary to deal with the specific results to be obtained from each sugar. The ingestion of lamlose furnishes a remedy for certain irregularities of metabolism; in cases of diabetes it provides a means of pre- venting or reducing the elimination of p-hydroxybutyric acid.When the carbohydrate tolerance of a diabetic patient has been determined it is sufficient to administer lzvulose associated with phosphates and with vitamin-B to the ascertained limit. W. 0. K. H. J. E. Examination of the Pentose in a New Case of Pentosuria. A. N. WRZESNEVSKI (Biochem. Z. 1922 132 135-137).-The pentose excreted in it case of pentosuria in a female was identifiedi . 1216 ABSTRAOTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. as r-arabinose by means of its diphenylhyhazone and its phenyl- osazone. H. K. The Chemical Nature of Toxins and Antitoxins. I?,. SALKOWSKI (Biochm. Z. 1922 132 84-88).-The author recalls some unpublished experiments made by himself in I896 on the preparation of diphtheria antitoxin free from protein. 'I'h(1 diph- theria antitoxin serum was saturated with sodium chloride.treated with two volumes of saturated sodium chloride solution and tri- chloroacetic acid added so long as there was a precipitate. The protein precipitate carried the antitoxin down with it. The product is filtered off and triturated with water which dissolves the anti- toxin. The same procedure has been employed by Blumeizthal (Z. klin,. Med. 1896 30) for the preparation of protein-free toxin from the spinal marrow of a case of tetanus. J-I. K. Influence of the Sodium-ion in the Production of Tetany. FREDERICK F. TISDALL ( J . Biol. Chem. 1922 54 35-41).-- Disodium phosphate injected intravenously into four dogs pro- duced a condition resembling active tetany in one case and an incipient tetany in the remainder; phosphoric acid on the other hand produced no marked effect. Analyses of the inorganic constituents of the blood indicate that the important factor in the production of tetany is a disturbance of the sodium-calcium ratio.I n the case of gastric tetany however increase in the bicarbonate ion is apparently responsible. The Behaviour of Phenyl-lactic Acid in the Animal Organism. I. Y. KOTAKE and Y. MQRI (2. physiol. Chem. 1922 122 17&-185).-After dl-phenyl-lactic acid has been ad- ministered to dogs rabbits or monkeys their urine contains the d-acid along with the inactive isomeride. With man on the other hand the l-acid is present in excess in the urine after administering dl-phenyl-lactic acid.W. 0. K. The Behaviour of Phenyl-lactic Acid in the Animal Organism. 11. Y. MORI (2. physiol. Chem. 1922 122 186- 190).-The resolution of phenyl-lactic acid by means of the strychnine salt is described and the following rotations were found d-phenyl-lactic acid m. p. 124" [.ID +20*92" l-phenyl- Zuctic acid m. p. 124" [E] -19.86". After d-phenyl-lactic acid is administered to man phenylpyruvic acid is found in the urine along with unchanged material. If the l-acid be administered smaller amounts of phenylpyruvic acid are found. With dogs only very small amounts of phenylpyruvic acid are formed from either acid. W. 0. K. The Behaviour of Phenylpyruvic Acid in the Animal Organism. Y. KOTAKE and Y. MORI (2. physiol. Chem. 1922 122 191-194).-Both in men and in dogs phenylpyruvic acid is reduced to I-phenyl-lactic acid this being found in the urine.The solution is free or practically so from prokin. E. S. W. 0. K.PRY SIOLOCI IC A r CIIE M ISTRY. 1. 1227 The Behaviour of Phenylalanine in the Animal Organism. Y. KOTAKE Y. MASAI and Y. MORI (2. physiol. Chem. 1922 122 1 95-200).-After the administration of dl-phenylalanine to rabbits phenylpyruvic acid hydroxyphenylp.puvic acid and I-hydroxy - phenyl-lactic acid along with d-phenylalaniiie are found in I htl urine. d- I- and dl-Phenylalanines can all be oxidised by thr. The Excretion of Hydroxyphenyl-lactic Acid after Ad- ministration of Tyrosine to Rabbits. Y . KOTAKE and &I. OKAGAWA (2. physiol. Chem. 1922 122 201-205).-0nly verx small quantities of hydroxyphenyl-lactic acid are found along with much larger amounts of hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid in the urine of rabbits after administration of I - or dl-tyrosine. No evidence could be obtained that hydroxyphenyl-lactic acid can be converted w.0. I<. The Asymmetrical Reduction of Ketonic Acids to the Corresponding Alcohols in Organs. Y. MORI and T. KANAI (2. physiol. Chem. 1922 122 206-210).-Phenylpyruvic acid and hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid are reduced by the liver kidney and spleen to I-phenyl-lactic acid and I-hydroxyphenyl-lactic acid. animal organism to phenylpyruvic acid. w. 0. K. into hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. w. 0. K. The Behaviour of Amino-acids in Vitally Stained Animals. I and 11. Y. KOTAKE Y. MASAI and Y. MORI (2. physiol. Chem.1922 122 211-219 220-224).-1f phenylalanine or tyrosine be administered to a rabbit which has been vitally stained by the injection of an alkaline carmine solution there is less phenyl- pyruvic acid or hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid in the urine than in the absence of the staining. Vital staining therefore appears to inhibit the oxidative deamination of amino-acids. It also inhibits the oxidation of phenylalanine to tyrosine as shown by transfusion experiments on the liver after death. On the other hand the production of acetoacetic acid from phenylalanine is not interfered with. W. 0. K. Comparative Researches on the Production of Aceto- acetic Acid from d- and Z-Phenyl-lactic Acids and from d- and 2-Hydroxyphenyl-lactic Acid in the Surviving Liver. Y. MORI (2. physiol.Chem. 1922 122 225-229).-dl-Hydroxy- phenyl-lactic acid has been resolved through its morphine salt and the following constants have been found d-hydroqphenyl- lactic acid [a] +18-87" ; 1-hydroxyphenyl-lactic acid [aJD -18.92". On transfusion through the liver of a dog both forms of phenyl- lactic acid give rise to small amounts of acetoacetic acid the I-form being the more effective. I-Hydroxyphenyl-lactic acid likewise yielded a small amount of acetoacetic acid the d-form none at all. The Production of Urocanic Acid from Histidine in the Dog. Y. KOTAKE and M. KONISHI (2. physiol. Chem. 1922 122 230-236).-Urocanic acid can be isolated from the urine of W. 0. K.i. 1218 ABSWCTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. a dog after the administration of histidine either by the mouth or by subcutaneous injection.No urocanic mid was found after the administration of glyoxaline-lactic acid. The Deaminating of Tyrosine in the Animal Organism. Y. KOTAKE Z. MATSUOKA and M. OKAGAWA (2. physiol. Chem. 1922 122 16&175).-1n the urine of a rabbit to which Z-tyrosine had been administered Z-hydroxyphenyl-lactic acid and hydroxy- phenylpyruvic acid were found and also a small amount of dl- hydroxyphenyl-lactic acid ; whilst after dZ-tyrosine had been given hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid Z-phenyl-lactic acid and d-tyrosine were found. Phenol is also present. W. 0. K. The Deamination of Amino-acids and the Reversible Transformations of the Products so arising in the Animal Organism. Y. KOTAKE (2. physiol. Chem. 1922 122 241- 244).-A summary of the work of the author and his collaborators on this subject (cf. preceding abstracts). Formaldehyde in the Urine after Administration of Hexa- methylenetetramine. KURT VOIT (Arch. expt. Path Pharm. 1922 95 124-128).-Formaldehyde may be detected in the urine after the administration of hexamethylenetetramine but its presence has not been established in blood or other body fluids. Physiological Researches on Vitamin-B and Water- soluble Biocatalysts. G. J:SON BLOHM C. G . SANTESSON and H. VON EULER (Arkiv Kem. Min. GeoZ. 1922 8 No. 13 1-27).- Various preparations from yeast and malt which accelerate the growth of yeast lower the blood-pressure if injected into rabbits reduce the pulse-rate and also affect the breathing. They are however only very slightly less active as biocatalysts after in- activation by heating except in the case of particularly pure pre- parations where the difference is more marked. Chloroform in the Blood after Death. C. S. GIBSON and P. P. LAIDLAW (G%y’s Hospital Reports 1922 July 359-366).- Estimations of the chloroform in the heart blood of rabbits killed by an overdose of chloroform show a larger amount a few days after death than a t death an increase apparently due principally to the passage of liquid from the vascular system after death. . W. 0. K. W. 0. K. W. 0. K. W. 0. K. W. 0. K.

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9222201206

出版商:RSC    

年代:1922

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

i. 1218 ABSWCTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. Chemistry of Vegetable Physiology and Agriculture. The Mechanism of the Reversal in Reaction of a Medium which takes place during growth of Bacillus diphtheria?. CHARLES GEORGE LEWIS WOLF (Biochern. J. 1922,16,541-547).- The reversal of reaction from acidity to alkalinity in carbohydrate- free media caused by the growth of Bacillus diphtherice is dueVEGETABLE msIomaY AND AGRICULTURE. i. 1219 partly to the production of volatile acids. These acids are con- verted into carbonates when the medium becomes more alkaline. Organic acids such as malic and succinic acids are also utilised to produce carbonates. Formic acid is not formed as an intermediate Decomposition of Citric Acid of Cow's Milk by some Bacteria. HEINRICH KICKINGER (Biochem. Z.1922 132 210-219).-The citric acid content of milk is unchanged when the milk is boiled or pasteurised but falls off on long keeping. In fractionally sterilised milk the citric acid content falls off during the first day but remains constant after the third sterilisation. This is not due to lactic acid forming bacteria but to peptonising bacteria (Bacillus subtilis Proteus vulgaris). product. s. s. z. H. K. Influence of Radioactive Substances on Acetic Ferment- ation. LABORDE JALOUSTRE arrd M. LEULIER (BUZZ. SOC. Chim. Biol. 1922 4 415-418).-The acetic fermentation of wine is at first accelerated and later retarded by the addition of mesothorium in amounts not greater than that equivalent to one micro-gram of radium bromide per 100 C.C. Concentrations of thorium-X greater Action of Ultra-violet Rays on Saccharomyces cerevisim.ROMOLO DE FAZI and REMO DE FAZI (Giorn. Chim. l n d . AppZ. 1922 4 463-464).-The results previously obtained (A 1916 i 236) have been confirmed in a large scale experiment on a brewery wort. T. H. P. than this completely stop the fermentation. E. s. Activators or" Fermentation. ERNST LIN DBERQ (Bi0che.m. Z. 1922 132 110-134).-The accelerating influence of yeast water yeast co-enzyme and milk has been determirled on washed and unwashed dried yeast; and also the influence of abietic acid amyrin and cholesterol. The former group accelerate the fer- mentation but the latter are without action. Pyruvic acid is fermented more rapidly than dextrose but lactic acid was practic- ally untouched. H.K. Behaviour of some Amino-acids towards Oxygenated Yeast. FRITZ LIEBEN (Biochem. Z. 1922 132 180-187).- Unlike lactic acid amino-acids are not quickly destroyed by oxygenation of their solution in presence of yeast-cells. Further Experiments on the Destruction of Lactic Acid by Yeast. OTTO FURTH and FRITZ LIEBEN (Biochem. Z. 1922 132 165-179; cf. this vol. i 502).-The disappearance of lactic acid observed on shaking yeast suspensions in a current of oxygen could not be attributed to the formation of simple derivatives such as acetaldehyde or P-hydroxybutyric acid etc.; half of the carbon of the lost lactic acid does however appear as carbon dioxide the other half possibly being utilised in the building up of tissue. H. K. H. K.i. 1220 ABSTRACTS OF OHEWOAL PAPERS.The Chemical Composition and the Bouquet of Wines. PHXLIPPE MALVEZIN. (Ann. Chim. Am&$. 1922 4 298-301).- The fact of a substance being capable of exciting the sense of smell is attributable to the presence of certain chemical groups in its molecule which by analogy to chromophores are termed osmo- phores. Thus the groups -CEO -CN and -NO are osmophores which when attached to the benzene nucleus give rise to the odour of almonds. Similarly the traces of ethers esters and other odorous substances which are slowly formed in wines on keeping exert a marked effect on the odour of the wine and owing to the extreme sensitiveness of such organoleptic tests it is possible to detect the presence of combinations of osmophores as for example -0- and -CH in cthyl acetate an important constituent of matured wines whcn ordinary chemical tests would fail.G. F. M. The Influence of the Constitution of Nutritive Media on the Composition of Aspergillus niger. MILE F. TERROINE R. WURMSER and J. MONTAN~ (Compt. rend. 1922 175 541- 544) .-The nitrogen content of Aspergillus niger decreases during the course of development does not vary with concentration of nitrogenous food and decreases considerably in media rich in sugar with the exception of young cultures which increase in nitrogen content with increasing concentration of available carbo- hydrate. The substitution of urea or sodium nitrate for ammonium sulphate in the nutritive medium scarcely modifies the quantity that of peptone or guanidine considerably lowers it whilst changes in the sugar exert little influence except for the lower values ob- tained in presence of galactose.When nitrogen is absent from the culture medium the nitrogen content is considerably lower. H. J. E. Fermentation of Pentoses by Moulds. W. H. PETERSON E. B. FRED and E. G. SCHMIDT ( J . Biol. Chem. 1922 54 19- 34) .-Out of twenty-five specks of moulds investigated sixteen were found rapidly to ferment both xylose and arabinose; the destruction of the pentoses was however somewhat less rapid than that of dextrose. Aspergillzcs niger and other species of ,4spergillus were especially active in fermenting the pentoses ; Penicillium gluucum was also active but with other Penicilliu the fermentation proceeded slowly. In agreement with results obtained by others it was found that more than 90% of the carbon of the pentose consumed could be accounted for as carbon dioxide and mycelium. No volatile acid or alcohol was produced but it small quantity of a non-volatililz acid appeared to be formed.E. S. Urea and Urease in Fungi. A. GORXY and P. COSTY (Compt. rend. 1922 175 539-541 ; cf. Goris and Mascr6 A. 1909 ii 175). -The results of a considerable number of experiments show that urease is present in almost all the higher fungi. In those speciesVEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. i. 1221 in which the ferment is absent or is present only in very small quantity urea is found in variable percentage in the mycelium. H. 5. E. The Relation between the Colloidal State and the Physio- logical Functions of Protoplasm. REN$ WURMSER and RAYMOND JACQTJOT (Compt.rend. 1922 175 782-784).-Sea- weed when heated for two minutes in sea-water undergoes a greater reduction in its assimilative than in its respiratory function tho excess of disengaged oxygen over absorbed oxygen decreasing and eventually being reversed with rise of temperature. The respiration effect was also determined in darkness thus excludirlg assimilation and was found to be small in comparison with the latter although its rate of diminution with rise of temperature is considerably less. H. J. E. The Effect of the Reaction of a Nutritive Solution on Ger- mination and the First Stages of Plant Growth. RALPH M. 111x0~ (Medd. K. Vetenskapsakad. Nobel-Inst. 1922 4 No. 9 1-28) .-To study the effect of hydrogen-ion concentration on the germination of seeds and the early growth of plants experi- ments were made with peas cereals and carrots.The nutritive solution used was Tollen’s solution of which the P was varied as required by the addition of hydrochloric acid or sodium hydr- oxide; other experiments were made with tap water and with sterilised agar. Germination took place over the wide range of P 4 to 7.6 with only slight variation a t the two extremes but in the middle part of the range there was a point where the rate of germination was a minimum. This point was a t P 5.0 for peas PH 6.0 for maize wheat and oats and PH 5.5 for carrots. On the other hand the root growth of carrots was a maximum a t this critical point a t the end of the tenth day. The author is inclined to interpret the critical point as that of greatest efficiency and the point of normal growth.It is difficult however to define a standard for normal growth. There is always a tendency when a plant is growing in a solution with a P value lying towards one extreme for the plant to modify this value towards one lying between PIX 5.0 and 6.8. These and other observations by different authors indicate an ionic equilibrium between the roots of tlie plant and the salts of the solution. The greater rate of germination of seeds in solutions with P values lying on either side of the critical value may be due to the stimulating effect in small concentrations of the two toxic ions H+ and OH-. E. H. R. Some Relations of Arsenic to Plant Growth. I. JOHN STEWART (Xoil Xci. 1922 14 lll-lP8).-The solubility of lead arsenate in solutions of salts comparable to those existing in the soil solution was determined.In water the solubility was three parts per million. This figure was scarcely affected by the presence of neutral sulphates and nitrates but was markedly increased by acid salts and salts hydrolysing in solution to give an alkaline reaction. The solubility of lead arsenate in soil is roughly pro-i. 1222 ABSTRAOTS OF OHEMICAL PAPERS. portional to the amount of soluble salts in the soil with the exception of alkali soils where the figure is lower than would be expected. The presence of carbonate hydrogen carbonate and potassium ions appears in most cases to facilitate the solution of lead arsenate. Some Relations of Arsenic to Plant Growth.11. JOHN STEWART and EDWIN S. SMITH (Soil Sci. 1922 14 119-126).- Crops were grown in soil to which varying amounts of disodium arsenate were added. Distinct evidence of stimulation in low concentrations was observed although no decisive information could be obtained from the dry weights of crops obtained. Higher concentrations of arsenate proved injurious. It is suggested that the accumulation in the soil of arsenates from sprays may be beneficial since the solubility of lead arsenate in the soil solution is sufficiently small to prevent the concentration of arsenic reaching the toxic dose. A. G. P. A. G. P. Hippuric Acid and Urea as Nutrient Materials for Plants. TH. BOKORNY (Biockem. Z. 1922 132 197-209).-1n higher strengths than O*09yo hippuric acid is toxic to plant-cells urea a t 1 % being harmless.The Influence of Sucrose on the Greening of Etiolated Cotyledons at Various Stages of Germination. (ERL.) S. MANSKY (Biochem. Z. 1922,132 18-25).-The etiolated embryos or shoots of the pumpkin were grown in the dark and then exposed to sucrose solutions of different strengths and a t different periods of growth in sunlight. There is a minimum concentration of sucrose which favours chlorophyll formation an optimum and a maximum concentration and each of these depends on the age of the embryo. H. K. What Becomes of Carbohydrates when the Leaves of Trees Die 3 RAOUL COMBES and (UE) DENISE KOHLER (Compt. rend. 1922 175 590-592).-When the leaves turn yellow and die on the trees the amount of soluble carbohydrates decreases by about one-half during the change.Leaves which have been plucked and subsequently undergo the change of colour also diminish in carbo- hydrate content but only by one-third. In both cases the insoluble easily hydrolysed carbohydrates increase in quantity ; this is due to a transformation of the less easily hydrolysed polysacchaides into those more easily hydrolysed. These conclusions are drawn from a study of the leaves of Fagus sylvatica and ~ s c u l u s hippo- castanurn both of which species give analogous results. Changes which Occur in the Pectic Constituents of Stored Fruit. MARJORIE HARRIOTTE CARR$ (Biochem. J. 1922 16 704-712).-Pectin reaches a maximum during the process of ripen- ing and then gradually falls as the fruit (apple) becomes over-ripe.The date of picking of the fruit has no effect on the development of the pectin in either cold or ordinary store. Protopectin-the H. K. H. J. E.VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. i. 1223 precursor of soluble pectin-can be estimated by hydrolysing the residue with N/20-hydrochloric acid after the soluble pectin has been extracted and utilising the calcium pectate method. Pre- liminary work suggests the existence of a definite relationship between the quantities of soluble pectin and protopectin con- stituents and that the production of soluble pectin is due to enzyme action. There is a possibility of the existence of a third soluble Chemical Constituents of Green Plants. XXI. The Non- existence of Crassulacea Malic Acid. HARTWIG FRANZEN and RUDOLF OSTERTAG (2.physiol. Chem. 1922 122 263-297).-It appears that the third optically active form of malic acid said to exist in Bryophyllum Crassula arborescens Echeveria secunda glauca and other plants does not really exist. A review of the literature suggests that i t is really an impure form of ordinary malic acid and an investigation on the acids of Echeveria has shown that the impurity which has been responsible for the erroneous conclusion is a bimolecular anhydride of malic acid pectin. s. s. z. The presence of this has been shown by using the ester-hydrazide method previously employed. Besides this anhydride and mucfi malic acid the presence of traces of succinic acid and possibly of citric acid has been demonstrated by the same method. W. 0. K. Carrageen (Chondrus C & S ~ U S ) .111. The Constitution of the Cell-wall. BARBARA RUSSELL-WELLS (Biochem. J. 1922 16 578-586).-The chemistry of the hot and cold extracts of carrageen as prepared by Haas and Hill and by Haas (A. 1921 i 839) was studied. Both extracts contain pentose radicles and calcium and ammonium ethereal sulphates. The ash also contains calcium magnesium sodium potassium and traces of iron. Pectic radicles are absent from both extracts The cold extract contains a dialysable organic substance. On oxidation the cold and hot extracts yield mucic oxalic and tartaric acids-more muck but less oxalic acid is derived from the cold than from the hot extract. The extracted residue of carrageen contains cellulose. There are indications that Ceruiniurn rubrum also contains ethereal sulphates.s. s. z. Botanico-chemical Notes. EDMUND 0. VON LIPPMANN (Ber. 1922,55 [B] 3038-3041).-During an exceptionally warm summer drops of nectar fell from the garden foxglove which solidified readily and contained large quantities of sucrose. Trehalose has been isolated from a sample of wild oats grown near Kissingen An exudation from the stems of a quince tree which had been damaged by smoke and was nearly dead consisted of a viscous white gum which was very rapidly and almost completely hydro- lysed by dilute acid with productiog of r-galactose,i . 1824 ABSTRACTS OF CI€Ei%TTCAL PAPERS. Malic citric tartaric and succinic acid have been isolated from the berries of the mount'ain ash; the natiire and relative amounts of the acids appear t,o depend on the variety of berry and thp degree of ripeness.H. W. The Relation between Anthocyanin and Oxydases. MARCEJ MIRANDE (Conzpt. rend. 1922 175 595-597).-The development of colouring matter in scales from bulbs of Lilium candidum and L. martagon on exposure to light depends on an oxidising action. The presence of an oxydase in the scale is shown but it is confined to that portion in which the anthocyanin is formed or which is capable of formation of anthocyanin. The Relation between Tissue-acidity and the Presence of Anthocyanin in the Scales of Lily Bulbs exposed to Light. MARCEL MIR-~NDE (Compt. rend. 1922 175 711-713; cf. this vol. i 1100 and preceding abstract).-Scales from bulbs of Lilium candidum and L. martagon when detached and exposed to light undergo an increase in acid content which is due partly to the fracture and partly to the acidification which is correlated with pigmentation.The author has shown that an oxydase is present but that its distribution is limited to those cells in which the pigment is formed whilst acidification occurs at all points. If the oxydase is a factor in the acidification which accompanies pigmentation this is clearly differentiated from the general develop- ment of acid; if not its only function appears to be the part played in anthocyanin development. The conclusion is drawn that this work confirms the author's statement that oxidation is a factor in an thocyanin synthesis. The Transformation of a Chromogen of Yellow Flowers of Medicago fulcata under the Action of an Oxydase.ST. JONESCO (Compt. rend. 1922,175 592-595).-An alcoholic extract of the yellow flowers of M . falcata gave a clear liquid of an intense yellow colour and a series of tests showed that the pigment was of the flavone type. Reduction of the pigment by nascent hydrogen gave a colourless solution but the action of the oxydase obtained from Russula delica resulted in the production of a substance of the same colour as the violet flowers of &I. falcata which responded to tests in a manner characteristic of anthocyanins. Similar results are obtained by oxidation of the yellow pigment with hydrogen peroxide and the author concludes that oxidation of the chromogen H. J. E. H. J. E. kads to its transformation into an anthocyanin pigment. H. J. E. The Phytosterols of Ragweed Pollen.FREDERICK W. HEYL (J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1922 44 2283-2286).-From the unsaponi- fiable fraction of the ether extract of the pollen of ragweed Ambrosia artemisifolia L the author has isolated a new phytosterol ambrosterol C,,H,,O m. p. 147-149" giving an acetate m. p. 112- 113". In addition this fraction contains a phytosterol C,,H,,O m. p. 147.5-148" and considerable amounts of a more hlghlyVEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. i. 1225 oxygenated substance probably an oxyphytosterol. Appreciable quantities of the higher homologues of the methyl alcohol series of which cetyl and octadecyl alcohols were identified and traces of a hydrocarbon were also found. W. G. The Presence of Aucubin and Sucrose in Seeds of Rhin- anthus Crista-GaZZi L.MARC BRIDEL and (MLLE) MARIE RRAECKR (C'onzpt. reizd. 3922 175 532-534; cf. A. 1921 i MI).- - AU(+LI bin ailti YLI(?I'~SC~ w ( w ~ o1)tnined in purc crystallitic cwriclit,ioii f i r )in illti seed. Nitrogenous Metabolism of Higher Plants. 111. The Effect of Low-temperature Drying on the Distribution of Nitrogen in the Leaves of the Runner Bean. ALBERT CHARLES CXIBNALL (Biochem. J . 1922,16 599-607).-0n drying the leaves of the runner bean at a low temperature some of the protein is autolysed with the product,ion of water-soluble nitrogenous products which chiefly consist of ammonium salts asparagine and amino- acids. The reduced protein is however not appreciably changed in character. The dried leaves contain enzymes which are activated by water. The presence is indicated of an asparaginase which is act'ivated by the addition of water and under the specified con- Nitrogenous Metabolism of the Higher Plants.IV. Dis- tribution of Nitrogen in the Dead Leaves of the Runner Bean. ALBERT CHARLES CHIBNALL (Biochem. J. 1922 16 608-610).- For comparison with the seasonal variations previously described (this vol. i 908) the nitrogen content of and its distribution in the dead leaf of the runner bean killed by a frost in the twenty- Application of Bourquelot ' s Biochemical Method to the Investigation of Sugars and Glucosides in some of the Scrophulariacece. (N~LLE) MARIE BRAECKE (Bull. Soc. C'hinh. BioZ. 1922 4 4 0 7 4 1 4 ; cf. A. 1915 i 631).-Nine plants were investigated and all were found to contain sugars hydrolysable by invertase and a glucoside hydrolysable by emulsin.In the cases of Peiztstemot~ hgbridus Colliiisia bicolor Benth. Peiztgtemon barbatus Roth. and Freyliizia cestoides Colla the glucoside appears to be identical with aucubin (cf. this vol. i 209) although in the three last plants other principles decomposable by emulsin are probably also present. E. S. The Presence of the Glucoside of an Essential Oil in the Leafy Stems and Roots of Sedurn tekphium Linn. MARC BRIDEL ( J . Pharm. Chim. 1922 [vii] 26,2S9-29$).-Bourquelot's biochemical method reveals the presence in the leafy stems and roots of Sedum telephium a glabrous plant growing in the Vosges and elsewhere in France a glucosidal principle giving on hydrolysis by emulsin an aromatic substance having an odour of roses.So far the glucoside has anly been obtained in an amorphous cop- dition. It is soluble in water alcohol acetone or cldoroform. €1. ,J. E. ditions manifested marked synthetic activity. s. s. z. fourth week of its life is given. s. s. z.i. 1226 AkSlrRllCTS OB OHEWUAL PAPER$. Its aqueous solution reduces FehIing's solution 1 gram being equivalent to 0.103 gram of dextrose. It has [ C C ] ~ -28.57". On hydrolysis with sulphuric acid an aromatic substance having an odour 'reminiscent of eucalypt01 or terpineol is produced. The different substances produced by the action of ernulsin and sulphuric acid respectively might indicate that the fermentation product is a substance related to geraniol which as is known gives terpene derivatives by the action of sulphuric acid.The reducing sugar was identified as dextrose. G. F. M. Carbon Monoxide in Tobacco Smoke. HEKRY E. ARM- STROXG and E. V. EVANS (Br&. &fed. J. 1922 (I) 992-993).- Hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide are present in tobacco smoke in minute amounts. The carbon monoxide was estimated in a Bone and Wheeler apparatus or by Gautier's method and found to vary with the rate of smoking being the greater the more rapidly air is artificially drawn through the glowing tobacco the length and temperature of the glowing portion being thereby increased. Cigarettes smoked normally yield a smoke containing 0.6-0.88% of carbon monoxide pipes from 0.7-1.l4./b and cigars from 6-8% (when smoked quickly). As regards cigars the results are little affected by make or quality closeness of packing and rate of smoking being the determining factors.A. A. E. Differences Effected in the Protein Content of Grain by Applications of Nitrogen made at Different Growing Periods of the Plant. W. F. GERICKE (Soil Sci. 1922 14 103-log).- Pot cultures of various cereals were fertilised with sodium nitrate periodically during the first three to four months after sowing. In general the later the application of nitrogen was made the higher became the protein content of the matured grain. The relative variations of protein content produced depended on the length of the normal growing period of the plant. Thus no differ- ences were produced by fertilisation during the dormant periods of growth of winter wheat and to a lesser extent of rye. The hardness of the wheat grains followed the increased protein content ; from a soft seed wheat the whole range from a typically soft to a typically hard grain could be produced according to the period at which nitrates were added.The size of the grains varied but little. A. G. P. Biochemistry of Phosphorus. F. ROGOZINSKI (Bull. Acad. Sci. Cracouie 1915 [B] No. 5,87-98).-h the milling by-products of the cereals 16--35y0 of the phosphate i s present in an insoluble form whilst in the residues from oil-bearing seeds the corresponding figure is 50-82%. Most of the soluble phosphate of the maize kernel including all the phytin phosphate is present in the germ. In the case of sprouted malt the inorganic phosphate is found to iricreade at -the expense of the phosphorus in the proteins and the pliyth.The phytin phosphate appeam t o be stored in the outerVEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AURICULTURE. i. 1227 portion of the wheat kernel. Rye bran is comparatively poor in phytin phosphate but rich in inorganic phosphate. For the pre- paration of phytic acid wheat bran rice fodder and rape press cake are the only considerable sources. Coconut press cake has a high content of phytin and a low content of phosphate whilst the reverse is true for palm nut press cake. It was observed in the case of the wheat kernel that all the inorganic phosphate is soluble in water and is present as potassium phosphate This appears to be the case also in other seeds. Absorption (by Soil) of Ammonium Ions from Solutions of Ammonium Salts and the Effect of Electrolytes thereon.B. AARNIO (2. PjZanz. Dung. 1922 [ A ] 1 320-325).-The absorption by soil of ammonium ions froin solutions varies accord- ing to the ammonium salt used for the experiment being approx- imately the same for ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate but greater for ammonium hydrogen phosphate. The effect of the addition of electrolytes on absorption from ammonium sulphate and ammonium hydrogen phosphate solutions was also studied. In most cases absorption is decreased ; hydroxyl ions however cause increase in absorption. It is held that absorption is influenced according to the effect of the substances present on the degree of dispersion of the absorbent. Electrolytes which flocculate soil decrease absorption whilst where a dispersing effect is exerted absorption is increased.Soil consists both of positively and negatively charged particles and anions are absorbed to some extent as well as kations. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. G. W. R. Some Investigations on the Electrical Method of Soil Moisture Estimation. THOMAS DEIGHTON ( J . Agric. Sci. 1922 12 207-230) .-The method examined consists of measuring the resistance between carbon electrodes pressed into the soil to a meamred depth. It is shown that the resistance measured is the mean resistance of a volume of soil rather larger than a sphere of which the two electrodes are the poles. The limitations of the method are discussed and a mathematical investigation of the path of the current in the soil agrees well with experimental data. From a consideration of a number of moisture-resistance curves it is concluded that with moisture contents greater than lo% the resistance varies inversely with the square of the moisture content.With less than 1OYG of moisture one or more irregularities appear in the curves depending it would seem on the physical conditions of the soil colloids. The possibility of determining by this method the depth of water fables in arid lands is indicated. A. G. P. Origin of Soil Colloids. NEIL E. GORDON (Science 1922 55 676-677).-The author disagrees with Whitney’a theory (this voi. i 708) regarding the mode of formation of soil colloids pre- ferring to regard the process as being based largely on chemicali. 1228 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. reaotions. Many soil particles are hydrated silicates containing varying amounts of aluminium iron silicon sodium potassium calcium magnesium and other elements in smaller quantities ; they are surrounded by an aqueous film the salts in the outer layer being subjected to constant hydrolysis.The hydrolytic products of the soluble compounds are partly dissolved by the film and partly adsorbed by the insoluble products of the iron and aluminium salts which form a gel casing. Percolating rain-water removes part of the soluble salts thus destroying the salt equilibrium between the water film and the gel and releasing some of the soluble adaorbed salt to the water film with eventual peptisation of the gel. The latter in the course of percolation may again be coagu- lated whilst the soil particle is again exposed to hydrolytic action.There is experimental support for this view of the origin of soil colloids. A. A. E. Absorption of Water by Soil Colloids. W. 0. ROBINSON ( J . Physical Chem. 1922 26 647-653).-Samples of colloidal matter extracted from thirty-four soils which differed in texture origin mode of formation and chemical composition showed a relatively constant absorption of .vvat,er. The soils examined included loam clay loam silt loam sandy loam soils and subsoils. The extreme absorptions were 0.240 gram and 0.348 gram of water per gram of colloid and the mean value was 0.298. It is suggested that the colloidal matter in a soil might be fairly closely estimated by determining under certain conditions the water absorpt'ion of the soil and dividing the result by the average factor 0-298. J. F. S. Occurrence of Sulphate Reduction in the Deeper Layers of the Earth. C. A. H. VON WOLZOGEN K~~THR (Proc. li'. Acad. Wetensch. Amsterdam 1922 25 188-198).-A number of samples of soil (peat clay and sand) taken from nine new wells in the Amsterdam district have been examined for the presence of the sulphate reducing organism Jficrospira desulfuricans by placing small portions in a solution containing 100 tap-water 0.5 sodium lactate 0.1 aspargine 0.5 hydrated magnesium sulphate and 0.001 hydrated ferrous sulphate a t 25". In every case after two to twenty days the reduction of the sulphate was evident by the formation of ferrous sulphide. Consequently the grey colour of the sand and the blue to bluish-black colour of the clay point to the sulphate reduction occurring a t depths from 10 metres to 34-50 metres. The bacteria have been isolated and counted and shown to be facultative anaerobic organisms. The transformation of sulphate into ferrous sulphide by Microspira desulfuricans explains the partial or total absence of sulphuric acid from deep dune water. J. F. S.

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9222201218

出版商:RSC    

年代:1922

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INDEX TO PATENTS. Austrian Patent. British Patents. 85136 A i 954 144681 A i 1009 145060 A. i 992 147001 A. i 178 147118 A. i 112 147119 A. i 111 148419 A. i 340 153605 A. i 262 153917 A. i 567 154559 A. i 430 154907 A. i 420 155577 A. i 481 1.56103 A. i 425 156117 A. i 516 156121 A. i 517 156116 A. i 514 156122 A. i 515 156136 A. i 523 156148 A. i 522 156215 A. i 559 156538 A . i 559 158558 A. i 5E2 160433 A. i 178 161539 A. i 639 164302 A. i 560 164326 A. i 236 164715 A. i 257 165446 A. i 585 165770 A. i 132 165771 A. i 132 167157 A. i 926 167781 A. i 529 171292 A. i 942 172682 A. i 259 173004 A. i 222 173006 A. i 260 173063 A. i 254 173097 A. i 218 173166 A. i 260 173540 A. i 252 174101 A. i 364 175019 A. i 448 176038 A i 465 176925 A. i 560 177189 A. i 517 177807 A. i 1152 179753 A.i 650 180016 A. i 625 181247 A. i 872 182986 A. i 853 183044 A. i 836 183351 A. i 941 183897 A. i 914 184625 A i 1058 185612 A. i lG68 185913 A. i 1179 186859 A. i 1179 217486 A. i 828 6352 A. i 962 6581 A. i 961 22347 A. i 385 521119 A. i 75 521281 A. i 579 521469 A. i 7 5 523108 A i 810 525539 A. i 531 526129 A. i 801 526686 A i 946 301278 A. i 093 301279 A. i 992 338736 A. i 631 338737 A. i 565 338738 A i 46 338853 A. i 46 338926 A. i 6 1 339101 A. i 579 339350 A. i 553 339494 A i 605 339561 A. i 554 339562 A. i 514 339945 A. i 556 339947 A. i 46 340744 A. i 464 340872 A. i 315 340873 A i 365 340874 A. i 365 341112 A. i 762 341837 A . i 567 342048 A. i 574 342733 A. i 824 343054 A. i 861 lanadian Patent Dutch Patents. French Patents German Patents(D. R.-P.).1286 343055 A. i 554 343056 A. i 819 343053 A. J 823 343147 A i 819 343148 A. i 860 343149 A. i 867 343'249 A. i 822 343321 A. i 980 343323 A. j 867 343930 A. i 934 344027 A. i 952 344028 A. i 949 344029 R. i 950 344030 A. i 950 344140 A . i 948 344501 A i 952 314878 A. i 913 345145 A. i 918 345361 A. i 1066 346065 A. i 818 346188 h. i 942 346236 A. i 915 346325 A. ii 706 346388 A. i 991 346461 A. i 950 346462 A. i 991 346673 A . i 1039 346810 9. i 999 346888 A.. i 949 347377 A. i 991 347604 A. i 980 347609 A. i 992 348379 A. i 950 3484e4 A . i 943 348906 A. i 1066 349794 A. i 1145 349915 A. i 1115 350376 A. i 1066 350429 A. i 977 352129 A. i 11 60 352719 A. i 1137 352720 A. i 1036 352721 A. i 1136 352980 A. i 1071 353195 A. i 1131 353932 A. i 1172 354696 A. i 1173 354698 A.i 1151 354950 A. i 1173 355926 A. i 1128Japanese Patents. 37211 A. i 219 37212 A. i 349 38647 A. i 543 38752 A j 523 39210 A.. i 716 73683 A. i 942 88188 A. i 3 88561 A. i 31 89053 A. i 38 89055 A. i 818 89241 A. i 276 90480 A. i 942 90587 A i 628 Swiss Patents. lSDES TO PATESTS. 90590 A. i 827 90807 A. i 860 9172f? A. i 953 92296 A. i 992 United States Patents. 1374695 A. i 27 1374720 A. i 954 1374721 A. i 1039 1374722 A. i 27 1375949 A. i 53 1378343 A. i 61 1378939 A. i 31 1384615 A. i 245 1384637 A. i 179 1388573 A. i 654 ii. 1287 1390972 A. i 391 1393191 A. i 315 1393597 A. i 370 1394851 A. i 355 1399082 A. i 666 1399144 A. i 652 1401631 A. i 648 1403117 A. i 679 1406547 A. i 748 1408974 A. i 888 1417875 A i 943 1418900 A. i 1022 1419091 A. i 938 1419092 A. i 938 1424236 A. i 1128

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9222206286

出版商:RSC    

年代:1922

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ERRATA. VOL. 104 (ABSTR. 1913). Page Line i. 681 11 for (‘ 4-~-iminoethylglyoxaline ” read ( ( 4-~-aminoethylglyoxaline. ” VOL. 106 (ABSTR. 1914). ii. 135 10* for (‘ Thorium ” read “ Thallium.” ii. 874 8* col. ii. for ‘(thorium” read “thallium.” VOL. 108 (ABSTR. 1915). i. 719 8* delete ‘‘ VERXIER.” ii. 891 17 col. ii. “Vernier.” ii. 965 26 col. ii. “Vernier see Le‘on Oivaudin.” ii. 1103( ii cola i.1 ,- “VERNIER.” VOL. 120 (ABSTR. 1921). i. 165 25 for (‘ ZEIOLER ” read “ ZIEGLER.” i 796 16* “ ethyl r-pinate ” read ‘ I ethyl r-pinonate.” VOL. 122 (ABSTR. 1922). i. 224 34 i. 319 1’ “ftcrfurmn read “furan.” i. 371 I S (‘ Bis-l:S’-indyl ” read “Bis-l:3’-iitdiZ.” 22 9 ( ( 3:3’-indyl ’’ read * ( 3:3’-indil.” 27 ‘( 1:l’-indyl” read (‘ l:l’-indil.’’ 31 ( ( 3:3’-MethylketyZ (3:3’-~irnrthylketoyl)’’ read ‘( 2:2’-Dimothyl- for ‘ ‘ Digitoxon ” read ‘ ‘ Digitoxose.” 3 3’-indil (2 2’-dimethyl-3 3’-diind; yl). ” i. 554 17 “ SCRLIUHTUNG” read ‘* SCHLICHTINQ. i. 563 16 ‘(TELECKY” read “TELECZKY.” i. 758 25 ( ( bis-3-curbethozy“:4-dimerhylpyrryl~net~~ene1’ yad “ et7zyZ methentdbiv-2 :4-dimethylpyrrote-3-carboxyZate. “ CO,Et*C:Me ‘( CO,Et*C:CMe i. 758 17* I C= etc.” read I >c= etc.” MeC =X/ M e e N i. 848 13* insert “[cf. Steve?; A. 1921 i 7351.’’ i. 94.5 13 for (‘ Cympopogan read ‘( Cymbopogon.” ii. 77 8 ( ( 1’b0,5U0,,4H2O ” read ‘( 2Pb0,5U03,4H,0.” ii. 415 20 (‘122 ” read ‘‘ 121.” ii. 519 18* ‘( KANAKER ” rend “ KARRARER.” ii. 582 bottom ‘( 30% of hydrogen peroxide” read ‘‘ 30% hydrogen peroxide.” ii. 655 3 ‘( christobalite ” read (‘cristobalite.” ii. 710 16* “lead tetraethyl” read “rnaqnesium ethyl iodide.” ii. 714 5 “naurite” read “nauruite.” ii. 714 12 ‘( vsriszite ” read ‘( variscite.” ii. 768 2* “ HALLE ” read (‘HALLA.” ii. 530 13* ‘( HAMMERS~EN ” read “HAMYARS’CEN.” * From bottom. 1258

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9222206288

出版商:RSC    

年代:1922

数据来源: RSC