摘要:

VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. i. 1189 Chemistry of Vegetable Physiology and Agriculture. Chemical Changes in Vegetable Organisms Undergoing Fermentatioo. MARIN MOLLIARD (Compt. rend. 19 14 159 512-514).-Experiments were made on the changes in the sugars and nitrogenous compounds in the pericarp of Ciccurbitn maxima kept in open and in closed tubes f o r periods of 30 75 and 150 days. Both the loss of total substance and of reducing sugars soluble in alcohol was greatest in the open tubes whilst the non-reducing sugar soluble in alcohol first disappeared in the closed tube; the sugars insoluble in alcohol remained almost the same in the open tube and were only considerably reduced in quantity in the closed tube during the last period of the experiment. Whilst the total nitrogen remained about the same the protein nitrogen decreased to rather more than half in the open tube and to less than half in the closed tube. The soluble nitrogen (especi- ally ammonia) increased under both conditions the increase being greater in the closed tube.The amino-nitrogen remained constant in the open tube and was doubled in the closed tube and the amide nitrogen disappeared altogether first in the closed tube. N. H. J. M.i. 1190 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. Relation of Bacterial Transformations of Soil Nitrogen to Nutrition of Citrous Plants. KARL P. KELLERMAN (J. Agric. Research 1914 2 101-113).-The results of pot experiments in which soils from typical orange-growing areas in California were employed showed that an excess of nitrogen as nitrates produces the same symptoms of malnutrition as have been observed in small areas throughout the orange belt in California.An examination of samples of soil from California showed that samples from the vicinity of deteriorating trees are richer in nitrates than elsewhere. Both the _poor and good soils usually contain rather large amounts of insoluble nitrogen the difference being in the rate of nitrification. In pot experiments it was found that a normal rate of nitrification is obtained by mixing a green crop with the soil. Large amounts of mature straw are to be avoided; small amounts of straw may however be applied with advantage to fields too high in nitrates. Ground limestone in addition will probably be beneficial. N. H. J. M. The Soluble Polysaccharides of Lower Fungi.11 Myco- galactan a New Poly saccharide in Aspergillus niger. ARTRUI~ W. Dox and RAY E. NEIDTG (J. Biol. Chow. 1914 19. 235-237. Compare this vol. i 1038).-MycogaZactnn CSHIOO5 is obtained from hot aqueous extracts of immature culturee of Aspergillus lziger by treatment with alcohol. The dried material dissolves in cold water a t the ordinary temperature and when the solution is immersed in a freezing mixture a transparent jelly is formed. It gives a faint blue colour with iodine which may be due however t o a trace of impurity. It has [u] +284O. Galactose is produced by hydrolysis with dilute acid. H. W. B. Formation of Hexone and Purine Bases in the Autolysis of Glomerella. HOWARD S. R ~ E D ( . I . Bior. Chevn. 1914 19 257-262. Compare A.191 1 ii 916).-Autolytic changes occurring in cultures of Glomerella rufomacdnns result in the production of ammonia histidine lysine xanthine and hypoxanthine. No indication of the formation of amines could be detected. The dried fungous mycelium when incubated with gelatin solution liberated lysine. H. W. B. P-p-Hy droxyphenylethylamine a Pressor Compound in an American Mistletoe. ALBERT C. CRAWFORD and WALTER K. WATANABE ( J . Biol. Ch~m. 1914 19 303-3fl4).-The base C,H,IN previously isolated by the authors (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1911 57 865) from Yhoradeizdron flavescens (mistletoe) has been identified by them as P-p-hgdroxyphenylethylamine. H. W. B. Proximate Analysis of Wheat. A. BARBIERI (Compt. rend. 1914 159 431-434).-Twenty kilos. of wheat were washed with distilled water and the residue submitted first to maceration with cold water then ext.raction with warm water (50-60°) and finally with boiling water The residue from this treatment was sieved,VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.i. 1191 and the portion passing through was treated with absolute alcohol a finely granular homogeneous white flour ( M ) being obtained on filtration. The portion remaining on the sieve was similarly treated with alcohol filtered and the filtrate kept. The aqueous extracts obtained with boiling and warm water were separately concentrated on a water-bath and then alcohol was added the precipitates a and 8 being filtered off. These two filtrates were mixed with those from M and from the residue on the sieve the alcohol was distilled off and the aqueous rwidue ((7) shaken with chloroform.The filtrates from the first two treatments with water were also shaken with chloroform after concentration. The three separate chloroform extracts so obtained were mixed and on dis- tilling off the chloroform the residue after treatment first with ether and then with alcohol yielded from the second solvent 2 grams of a yellow colouring matter which was probably a physio- logical transformation product of chlorophyll. It did not give either the biuret reaction or the reaction for acraldehyde was insoluble in water but soluble in benzene carbon disulphide or light petroleum. The aqueous layer from C was treated with alcohol until a slight precipitate appeared and then dialysed and from the dialysez liquid monopotassium phosphate and potassium sulphate were obtained but no monocalcium phosphate.The flour M together with the precipitates a and B on extrac- tion with ether gave an oil of which the major portion was in- soluble in acetone and contained no phosphorus sulphur or nitrogen and the smaller soluble portion 8 grams contained 0.221 gram of phosphorus thus proving the non-existence of lecithins in the wheat. By incinerating the flour M and also the residue on the sieve they were found to contain respectively 0.30 and 0.62% of insoluble salts consisting chiefly of calcium sulphate and tricalcium phosphate but no carbonates. W. G. The Organic Phosphoric Acid Compound of Wheat Bran. 11. Compare A. 1912 ii 1205).-The author shows that the organic phosphoric acid compounds obtained from wheat bran by the usual methods are contaminated with oxalates and inorganic phosphates. Purer preparations have now been obtained by precipitation from very dilute hydrochloric acid with alcohol.Several amorphous barium salts have been prepared; also an amorphous silver salt which darkens very rapidly and finally turns quite black. These com- pounds are quite different from the corresponding phytates. Evidence is adduced to show that wheat bran contains several organic phosphoric acids differing. so slightly from one another that their separation is very difficult. The Organic Phosphoric Acid Compound of Wheat Bran. 111. Inosifol Monophosphate a New Organic Phosphoric Aeid Ocanmng in Wheat Bran. R J. ANDERSON (J. Bid. Ch~m.1914 18 441-446. Compare preceding abstract).-Inositol monophosphate is prepared from the hydrochloric acid extract of R. J. ANDERSON (.I. Biol. Chm. 1914 18 425-440. H. W. B.i. 1192 ABSTRACTS OF CTlEMICAL PAPERS. wheat bran by treatment with barium hydroxide filtering off the precipitate and after removing excess of barium concentrating in a vacuum and precipitating with alcohol. The substance was purified by means of its insoluble lead salt. After recrystallisa- tion from water with the addition of alcohol it was obtained in colourless star-shaped aggregates of plates or prisms. Inesitol nionophosphate (36H6(OH),*O*PO(OH)2 when heated rapidly in a capillary tube softens a t 200° and decomposee a t 201-202O. When slowly heated it softens a t 1 8 8 O and melts a t 190-191O (decomp.).It is very soluble in water giving an acid solution but is insoluble in alcohol and the usual organic solvents. I n the cold no precipitate! is produced with copper acetate but on warming the solution a bluish-white precipitate separates which again dissolves completely on cooling. After hydrolysis with sulpliuric acid o r ammonia in a sealed tube inositol and phosphoric acid were isolated and identified. It is optically inactive. H. W. B. Is Silica an Indispensable Constituent of Plant Food? MARSHALL LUNDIE (5'. Afiican J. Sci. 9 330. 10; Ch,am. News 1914 1 10 200-202).-Water culture experiments with wheat supplied with the usual nutrients but withoutl silica. The dried leaves and stems contained respect.ively 1.212 and 0.449% of silica.Reference is made to a previous experiment by Hahn in which wheat grown under similar conditions was attacked by rust every plant being overrun with the fungus in t'wo days. It is suggested that whilst silica is not an essential plant food for cereals it may be of use in enabling the plants to resist attacks of fungoid growth. If this is correct cereals grown on dolerite and basalt soils should suffer less from fungoid attacks than cereals grown on granite soils climatic and weather conditions being the same (compare Hall and Morison Proc. Roy. "~oc. 1906 [B] 77 455). N. H. J. M. [Influence of Zinc Copper Manganese and Cerium on the Growth of Wheat.] J. A. VOELCKER (J. Rop. Agric. Soc. Engl. 1913 74 41 1-4'27. Cowpare A. 1913 i 1430).-Experimento with wheat grown in pots contaiiiiiig 40 lbs.of soil. Zinc was applied a t the rate of 0.01 0.02 and 0.03% in the forms of phosphate nitrate and carbonate ; copper (0.0025 0.005 0.01 0.025 0.05 and 0.1%) as sulphate and carbonate; manganese as phosphate and carbonate and cerium as oxide and sulphate (0.001 0.025 and 0.005%). As regards zinc it was found that the larger amounts of nitrate retarded germination whilst the other salts were almost without effect on germination and in the earlier stages of growth. Later in June a toxic effect was shown in the cwe of the larger amounts of carbonate and phosphate and especially with nitrate which caused the tops of the ears to be practically "blind." The final results showed a reduction in the yield of grain except with 0.01%VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.i. 1193 of zinc as nitrate and coincident'ly a more or less considerable gain of straw (except with the largest amount of nitrate); with 0.01% of zinc as nitrate the yield of straw was nearly doubled and the lowest gain with 0.03% as carbonate was 29%. Zinc phosphate and carbonate increased the root development which was very stunted when nitrate was employed. The conclusions drawn from the copper experiments are that stimulation occurs when the application is between 0.01 and 0.02%; that larger amounts are toxic and that smaller amounk are with- out effect. The greatest gain (straw 79 and graiii 62%) was obtained with 0.02% of copper as carbonate. With the beneficial amounts of copper especially with the sulphate the roots were very extensive and fibrous as compared with untreated plants.The results obtained with manganese and cerium were negative no indications of stimulation or of toxicity being obtained. N. H. J. M. Occurrence of Hydrogen Cyanide in Millet and Guinea Corn. J. R. FUELONU (Avzalpt 1914 39 430-432).-See this vol. ii 831. Occurrence of Methyl Alcohol in Maize Silage. E. B. HART and A. R . LAMB (J. AMMT. Chsni. Soc. 1914 36 2114-2118).- Hart and Willaman (A 1912 ii 1205) have found that maize silage contains a small amount (about 0.05%) of methyl alcohol whereas Dox and Neidig (A. 1913 i 236) have stated that this alcohol is absent. Several samples of maize silage have now been examined and in all case6 the presence of methyl alcohol was detected. As a number of different tests were employed for identifying the methyl alcohol the possibility is precluded of the reactions being due to some other substance.E. G. Lucerne. V. Enzymes Present in Lucerne. C. A . JACOBSON snd AUGUST HOLNES (J. Amev. Chem. SOC. 1914 36 21'70-2182)- In an earlier paper (A 1913 i 151) an account was given of the enzymes present in the seeds of Iuceiiie (Medicago sativa). A qualitative study has now been made of the enzymes in ( a ) the dried stems and leaves ( A ) the fresh steins and leaves and (c) the fresh roots. The following enzymes have been detected. I n (a) emulsiii and pectinase iii large quantities invertase and protease (peptolytic) and small quantities of amylase and peroxydase. In ( b ) emulsiii a.nd pectinase in large quantities coagulase peroxydase and protease (peptolytic) and small quantities of lipase amylase and invertase.I n ( c ) peroxydase in large amount coagulase invertase and pectinase and small quantities of amylase and emulsin. J. A. VOELCHER (J. Boy. Agi-ic. SOC. Enq.. 1913 74. 419-422) -Pot experiments with tomatoes in an artificial soil consisting of rotted turf sand and limestone both in It's natural state and after being heated in a moist coil- E. G. Experiments with Tomatoes.i. 1194 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. ditiorr at 80-100°. To some pots lithium phosphate (Li = 0.0025 and 0.005%) wae added whilst others received magnesia in such amounts that the total magnesia in the soil was raised from 0.396 to 0.792 1.188 and 1.584 respectively. The highest amountl of magnesia was practically equal t o the lime present in the soil.The effect of heating alone was to raise the yield of fruit 73%. Addition of 0.002 and 0.005./ of lithium to the unheated soil reduced the yields to 29 and 37% respectively of the amounts obtained in soil alone. I n the heated soils with lithium the yields were 71 and 14%. So that the toxic effect o€ the smaller amount of lithium was much reduced by heating the soil whilst with the larger amount the toxic action was more marked in the heated soil. As regards magnesia the normal soil containing 1.118% showed an increase of 13% over the unmanured soil whilst in those con- taining 0.792 .and 1.584% the yields were respectively reduced to 89 and 12%. I n the heated soils containing 0.792% of magnesia the yield was 31% over that of the unheated soil without added magnesia; with 1.584% of magnesia in the heated soil the yield was only 22%.Magnesium carbonate gave similar results to the oxide. As compared with wheat tomatoes are more affected by lithium and magnesium. Comparative Efflciency for Milk Production of the Nitro- gen of Lucerne Hay and the Maize Grain. Effect of Diuresie on Milk Secretion. E E. HART and G. C. HUMPHBEY [with J. J. WILLAMAN and A . K. LAMB] (J B d . Chewi. 1914 19 127-140. Compare A 1913 i 151).-Further experiments on heifers show that the nitrogen of lucerne hay is as effective1 as that of the1 maize kernel for the formation of the milk proteins. Lucerne hay has specific diuretic properties. The increased renal activity observed when i t is employed as a constituent of the food is associated with a corresponding diminution in the flow of milk.The diuretic stimulus causes in some cases a shrinkage in volume of 2.5-2-75 kilos. of milk in a flow of 11.5 kilos. daily. It has not been awert'ained whether salts or specific substances of organic nature in the hay are responsible for the) diuretic action. H. W. B. N. H. J. M. Flavour of Roquefort Cheese. JANES N. CURRJE (.J. A g k . Research 1914 2 l-l4).-During the ripening of Roquefnrtl cheese a considerable amount of the fat is hydrolysed the chief factor in the hydrolysis being a water-soluble lipase produced by Pethi- cillitcm r o p e f o r t i . The result is an accumulation of the acids of inilk fat both free and combined. The peppery flavour of the cheese is due t o hexoic octoic and decoic acids and their readily hydrolysable salts.N. H. J. M. Humic Acids. BR. TACKE A. DENSCET and TIT. ARND (Landta. Jahrb. 1914 45 195-265),-A reply to Gully ( M i t t . k. bayr. Moor- kultwanst No. 5) in which the behaviour of peat towards tricctlciumVEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. i. 1195 phosphate sodiuni acetate and other salts calcium oxalate aluminium and ferric chlorides and colloidal ferric hydroxide the extraction by water of absorbed bases from Sphagnum and peat the electric conductivity the iodine reaction the inversion of sucrose by peat and the liberation of hydrogen in presence of iron aiid peat are discussed. The results are opposed to the view that reactions are clue to colloid adsorption aiid not to the presence of acids.N. H. J. M. Selective Adsorption (by Soils). E. G. PARKER (J. Id. Bq. C/vnz. 1914 6 h31-835).-SoiIs have not only the power of ad- sorbiiig dissolved salts from solution but also of adsorbing one ion at a greater rate than the other; the na.ture of the surface of the constituents of a soil is such that the cation is adsorbed at a mucli greater rate than the anion. The presence of baties (calcium magnesium etc.) in solution after contact of certain salt solutions with a soil is not due to direct chemical reaction of the salt with the silicates of the soil but to a secondary reaction of the free acid resulting from the selective adsorption of the cation with the mineral constituents of the soil. Generally the smaller the soil particles the greater the selective adsorption of the cation.The adsorption of the cation increases with the con- centration of the solution up to a certain point and then remains practically constant. A t very low concentrations the adsorption of the cation is complete. The presence of other substances may Occurrence of Aldehydes in Garden aud Field Soils. OSWALD SCIIRRINEK and J. J. SKINNER (J. Franklit& [net. 1914 178 329-343).-Experiments in which a large number of soils were extracted with 3% sodium hydroxide and the extracts after being treated with acid to remove the humic acids examined for alde- hydes. Physiological tests were made with the aldehydes by means of wheat seedlings and when possible qualitative tests with felrric chloride and magenta reagent were made.The soils included fourteen garden and greenhouse soils which had failed to grow good crops .and sixty field soils. Of the unproductive garden soils five contained aldehydes ; out of thirty unproductive field soils nine contained aldehydes ; and out of the same number of productive soils three contained aldehydes. Aldehydes were found in neutral acid and alkaline soils mostly in acid soils. No relation seems to exist between the crop being grown or the type or texture of the soil and the presence of alde- hydes. The presence! of aldehyde is not confined to any locality being found as far apart as New York and Mississippi. The effect of the extracted aldehyde material on the growth of wheat varied from slightly t o very harmful. Of the extracts in which aldehydes were not found nineteen were without effect iiineteeii were injurious and fourteen beneficial or slightly so.or may not affect selective1 adsorption by a soil. w. P. s. N. H. J. M.i. 1196 ASS'I'RACTS OF CHEMICAL P-QPERS. Action of Manganese in Soil. J . J. SKINNER and M. X. SULJ.IVAN (ZI49. / ) a p t . Ayric. Bull. No. 42 1914).-The refiults of pot experiments in which wheat was grown in an unproductive sandy loam both without and with addition of manganese (as chloride sulphate nitrate carbonate and dioxide) showed a stimulating effect when the salt was applied in amounts from 5 to 50 per million. On a productive loam manganese salts were without effect. I n further experiments on the action of manganese salts 011 the growth of wheat in aqueous extracts of soils and on the oxjdising power of the plants it was again found that manganese increased growth and oxidation in unproductive soil6 ; in produc- tive soils there was increased oxidation whilst the growth was decreased.Finally a field experiment is described in which wheat rye maize cowpeas and potatoes were manured with manganese sulphate (56 kilos. per hectare). It was found that manganese sulphate decreased both the crop and the oxidising power of the t d whim was an acid one. The conclusion is drawn that the beneficial action of manganese may be due to increased oxidation resulting in the destruction of injurious products in the soil whilst the injurious action in the case of good soils may be duel to excessive oxidation. Acid soils which are unf avourable to oxidation and catalysis do not seem t o be benefited by manganese. N. H. J. M. Sulphur as a Fertiliser. J . A. VOELCHER (J. Koy. A p i c . SOC. EngZ. 1913 74 419).-Applic ations of flowers of snlph\ir at the rate of 3.36 6-72 and 13.44 kilos. per-hectare were without effect on mustard rape and clover grown in pots. The sulphur was mixed with the last portion of the soil used to fill the pots. N. H. J. M. Influence of Sulphur on Soil Acidity. H. CLAY LINT (J. Irbd. Eng. Chern. 1914 6 747-748).-1n order to ascertain the rate of oxidation of sulphur in soils 100-gram portions of soil were treated with 33 mg. of sulphur (equivalent to 1000 lb. of sulphur per acre foot) and the moisture content was adjusted a t 20%. The acidity of the soils increased gradually as shown by the Jones calcium acetate method up to the eighth week when all the sulphur was oxidised. Sulphur is oxidised more rapidly in heavy clay loam soils than in sandy loam soils (compare A. 1913 i 811). w. P. s.

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9140601189

出版商:RSC    

年代:1914

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Austrian Patents. 62281 A. ii 459 62524 A. ii 473 63166 A. ii 413 63501 A i 647 63525 A. i 992 63526 A. i 919 63529 A. i 913 68538 A i 1054 63613 A. i 705 63819 A. i 917 63822 A. i 920 29988 A. i 917 457843 A. i 1064 462276 A. i lOi0 462711 A i 647 462905 A. i 655 463487 A. ii 649 463497 A. ii 648 463508 A. i 993 464081 A. i 1071 464478 A. i 1070 261969 A. i 203 262144 A. ii 125 262236 A. i 217 262327 A. i 89 262469 A. i 203 262470 A. i 209 262553 A. i 129 262788 A. i 92 262832 A. i 134 262883 A. i 180 262884 A. i 129 263016 A. i 5 263017 A. i 4 263018 A. i 64 263066 A. i 5 263150 A. i 84 263286 A. ii 51 263340 A. i 63 263396 A. i 35 263423 A. i 62 263456 A. i 9 263457; A. i 8 263458 A. i 90 British Patent. French Patents. German Patents (D.B.P.) INDEX TO PATENTS. 263459 A.i 19 263460 A. i 99 263470 A. i 87 263655 A. i 88 26.3903 A. i 91 264007 A. i 5 264008 A. i 5 264009 A . i 93 264010 A. i 87 264012 A. i 39 264014 A. j 99 264043 A. i 94 264139 A. i 88 264263 A. i 20 264264 A. i 5 264265 A. i 88 264287 A. i 93 264290 A i 63 264292 A. i 91 264293 A. i 91 264388 A. i 100 264389 A. i 80 264390 A. i 23 264391 A i 80 264527 A . i 47 264654 A. i 16 264586 A. i 45 264924 A. i 98 264925 A. i 5 264940 A i 64 264941 A. i 64 264942 A. i 92 264943 A. i 87 265167 A. ii 47 265197 A. i 92 266120 A. i 12 266121 A. i 22 266122 A. i 45 266123 A. i 45 266124 A. i 38 266351 A. i 180 266405 A. i 186 266522 A. i 20 266563 A. i 62 266578 A. i 91 266656 A. i 21 266788 A. i 20 266866 A i 20 1197 266944 A.,.i 98 266945 A. i 203 266946 A. i 203 266952 A i 63 267040 A.i 5 267079 A. i 129 267080 A. i 129 267081 A. i 62 267082 A. i 216 267205 A i 134 267208 A. i 84 267209 A. i 84 267210 A. i 38 267211 A. i 62 267271 A. i 53 267272 A i 79 267306 A. i 78 267307 A. i 99 267347 A. i 21 267381 A. i 45 267411 A. i 101 267412 A. i 101 267445 A. i 193 267523 A. i 203 267553 A. i 136 267595 A. i 24 267699 A. i 198. 267700 A. i 162 267980 A i 180 268012 A. i 150 268100 A. i 129 268101 A. i 129 268102 A. i 129 268158 A. i 208 268172 A. i 216 268174 A. i 283 268219 A. i 184 268220 A. i 345 268221 A. i 345 268340 A i 245 268451 A. i 216 268452 A. i 479 268454 A. i 297 268592 A. i 298 268621 A. i 683 268657 A. ii 362 268658 A. i 269 268786 A. i 250ii. 1198 German Patent8 (D. B. P. ) 268793 A.) i 324 268594 A. i 325 268829 A.i 672 268830 A i 575 268841 A. i 756 268866 A. ii 209 268931 A. i 729 268968 A i 757 268983 A . i 342 269205 A i 217 269206 A. i 217 269214 A. i 1092 269327 A. i 279 269335 A. i 685 269338 A. i 938 269430 A. i 937 269501 A. ii 515 269541 A. ii 413 269542 A. i 948 269543 A. i 679 269544 h. i 680 269660 A!. i 5 6 2 269692 A. ii 328 269699 A. i 609 269743 A. i 610 269744 A. i 610 269745 A. i 610 INDEX TO PATENTS. 269661 A. i 708 269826 A . i 676 269833 A. i 484 269886 A. i 761 269887 A. i 761 269938 A. i 680 269996 A. i 661 270049 A. i 488 270180 A. i 943 270253 A. i 761 270254 A. i 609 250256 A. i 761 270257 A. i 761 270258 A. i 1010 270259 A. i 1010 270260 A. i 665 270346 A. ii 474 270485 A . i 647 270486 A. i 943 270487 A. i 1001 270488 A. i 762 270568 A.i 561 270575 A. i 991 270705 A. ii 41 0 271159 A . i 672 271194 A . ii 725 271381 A. i 1046 2T1431 A. i 685 271642 A. ii 456 271643 A. i 924 271682 A. i 944 271737 A. i 939 272337 A. i 1048 272338 A. i 943 272516 A. i 920 272529 A. i 1063 272530 A. i 967 272562 A. i 1079 272612 A. i 1090 272638 A. ii 724 273029 A. j 1046 273101 A i 1046 273317 A. i 1049 62968 A. i 483 62969 A. i 479 63012 A. i 532 63031 A. i 572 63032 A. i 572 63359 A. ii 453 63360 A. ii 453 63361 A. ii 453 64016 A. i 517 64347 A. i 1101 64348 A i 1090 Swiss Patents.

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9140606197

出版商:RSC    

年代:1914

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ERRATA. VOL. C (ABYTR. 1911). Page Line i 239 19” for “ KOLLISCH ” read “ K~LLTSCH.” i 231 3 ‘‘ l-AcelyZ-2-metk?llii.ldole read ‘ ( 2-Aeetyl-l-1ncthyEiitclole.” VOL. CIV (ABSTR. 1913). i 235 17 f o r ‘‘ ROCAS ” read ‘ I ROXAR.” i 482 24 ‘( C,,H,,06X ” rend “ C,,H,,O,S,.” ii 532 :$} “ tuilgstate ” read “ molybdate.” I 7 I1*i 10* “inolybdate” rend “ tungstate.” : 9 * j ii 967 1 2 ‘I SCHWARTZ ” read “SCHWAI:~.” VOL. CVI (ABSTR. 1914). i 69 i 97 12 “ Contan;” read “ Constants. i 444 2” L ‘ eleven read “above.” i 596 1 ‘( Chloro-p-aminobenzeneazobenzene ” read “ Chloral-p-amino- benzeneazobenzene . ” i 670 2 “ R ~:C(OEt)‘S.C6H70,(0Ac) ” 5” f o r “ Oil of Citrons ” read “ Citronella Oil.” read ‘ I R‘N:C‘( OEt) ‘S*C6H70&.” 10 “C,H;N:C(SEt)*S C H 0 OAc),” 25 ‘( S02Me~CH,~CH,*CH,~N:C(SEt)~S~C6H,0,(OA~),x 14* ‘‘C,H,.N:C(OEt).S*C H 0 (OAc),” 6rehd51( C3H5-N:C(SEt)*S*C H 0 Ac,.” read “ SO,hle.CH C!H;CH;N:C(SEt) S‘C6H705A~q“’ ‘Y&{,‘* C H7*N C(OE t) *S .C6H70,Ac,.’’ i 673 2 and 30 ‘‘ bmzyl ” read “ bvnzoyl. i 778 24 “ FAGINOLI ” rzad “ FAGIUOLI.” i 933 i 980 24 before “ d- or Z-bromoca~ii~~horsol~~ionate ” insert “ silver.” 12* after “ H. SrxioxIs ” insert “ P. ~ E M M E R T . ” ii 70 14 for “ Nitrating ” ?.end “ Titrating.” ii 75 15 ‘‘ ROSPBLA’I.T ” read “ ROSENBLBTI‘.” ii 135 lo* “ Thorium” rend “Thallium.” ii 285 10 “ Zaldwar” rend (‘ Zaldivar.” ii 613 28 “ boxwood ” read “ beechwood.” ii 1038 30 col. i insert “ Biringuccio Vannoccio work of (MIELI) A. ii 45.” COLLIWTIVE INDES 1903-12 (AUTHORS). ;i} f o r “ Kollisch” read “Kollisch.” ii 2 280 31 col. i ‘‘ 2253” read ‘( 2353.” ” Frorii bottom. 1199ERRATA (continued). COLLECTIVE INDEX 1903-12 (SUBJECTS). Page Line 39 39 13” col. i “ KOLLISCH” rend “ KOLLISCH.” 14” col. i for “ l.-Acetyl~?-methylindole ” read “ 2-Acetyl-l-methyl- indole. ANXUAL REPORTS 1913 VOL. X. product which appears to have etc.” 140 2* for “ I t appears t o have etc.” read “ I t gives with nitric acid a INDEXES 1 9 1 3. Title page for Vol. CIV. Part I. for “ Organic Chemistry” read ‘( Organic Physiolngical and Agricultural Chemistry. ” Title page for Vol. CIV. Part 11. for “Physical Inorganic Mineralogical Physiological Agrionl tural and Analytical Chemistry ” read “ Physical Inorganic Mineralogical and Analytical Chemistry.” * From bottom. 1200

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9140606199

出版商:RSC    

年代:1914

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

i. 1206 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. Physiological Chemistry. Determination of the Composition of the Different Proteins of Ox and Horse Serum by the Method of Van Slyke. PERCIVAL HARTLEY (BiocAem. J. 1914 8 541-552).-The author has separated the proteins of ox and horse serum and estimated the ammonia- melanin- cystine- arginine- histidine lysine- and residual amino- and non-amino-nitrogen present in each compound by van Slyke’s method (A. 1911 ii 944). The conspicuous differ- ences existing between serum-albumin and serum-globulin with re- gard t o their content of cystine diamino-acids (particularly lysine) melanin and ammonia are advanced by the author as additional evidence controverting Moll’s statement of a transformation of eerum-albumin into serum-globulin occurring in warmed blood serum (compare Bywaters and Tasker A.1913 i 1399). On thePHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. i. 1207 other hand the similarity of the figures obtained for the various globulins supports the views of Chick (this vol. i 1145) regarding the close relationship existing between euglobulin and $-globulin. H. W. B. Influence of Excessive Water Ingestion on Protein Meta- bolism. JOHN BOYD ORR (Biochern. J. 1914 8 530-540. Compare Fowler and Hawk A. 1910 ii 625).-A series of experiments carried out on men-shows that the excessive ingestion of water pro- duces an increased excretion of urinary nitrogen due chiefly to an increase in the elimination of ammonia and urea. The action is not however to be regarded as a mere flushing out of waste products from the system because i t is found that the most marked rise in the urinary nitrogen after water drinking occurs on a low protein diet whilst when the subject is on an excessively high protein diet where a large amount of nitrogenous end-products would be pre- sent in the system the smallest rise occurs in the total urinary nitrogen.I n the latter case although during the period of ex- cessive water ingestion the total urinary nitrogen remains almost stationary the absolute amount of urea and the percentage of the total nitrogen excreted as urea bot,h increase. This result which is obtained in all the experiments shows that the main effect of excessive water drinking is a stimulation of the catabolic processes of metabolism. Since on returning to a normal water consump- tion a retention of nitrogen is observed the period of excessive water ingestion is also attended by a stimulation of the anabolic phases of protein metabolism.The appearance of creatine instead of creatinine in the urine during the period of excessive water drinking as recorded by Fowler and Hawk (Zoc. cit.) was not observed. A decrease in the fzecal nitrogen indicating a more complete utilisation of the protein of the food is another of the beneficial effects accompany- ing copious water drinking. H. W. B. Physiology of Reproduction in the Domestic Fowl. IX. Effect of Corpus Luteum Substance on Ovulation in the Fowl RAYMOND PEARL and FRANK M. SURFACE (J. Biol. Chern. 1914 19 263-278).-The desiccated fabfree substance of the corpus luteum of the cow when injected in suspension in proper dosage into an actively laying fowl immediately inhibits ovulation. The duration of this effect varies with different birds from a few days to two to three weeks. After the bird begins ovulating again the laying goes on unimpaired. The same effect is produced by the injection of extracts of the lutear substance either intravenously o r intra-abdominally. The active subst,ance which produces the inhibition is inactivated by boiling. H. W. B.

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9140601206

出版商:RSC    

年代:1914

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

i. 1208 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. Chemistry of Vegetable Physiology and Agriculture. Significance of Certain Substances for Plant Growth. W. B. BOTTOMLEY (Ann. Bot. 1914 28 531-540).-Peat which was snb- jected t o the action of cert’ain aerobic soil organisms a t 26O and after being sterilised mixed with nine parts of soil and kept for seventeen days a t 26O induced a considerable fixation of nitrogen amounting with two different soils t o 77 and 54 mg. per 100 grams of soil. Further experiments with various plants showed that aqueous extracts of the bacterised peat (1 part of peat to 200 of water) supplied all the plant food required and that seedlings of Primula malacoides (in loam leaf-mould and sand) grew to twicel the size when treated twice with an aqueous extract of 0.18 gram of the peat.Stimulating effects were obtained by employing the residue of an alcoholic extract of peat by the phosphot.ungstic acid p r s cipitate from an aqueous extract of the same residue and finally by the silver fraction corresponding with Funk’s (( vitamine ” fraction. The last substance added to a complete nutritive solu- tion a t the rate of 0.35 per million increased the growth of excised wheat seedlings grown for fifty days 59%. The plants showed a continuous growth whilst those without the peat sub- stance increased 14.7% in sixteen days and then lost in weight the final loss being 10.9%. It is suggested that during germina- tion substances are formed which enable the embryo to utilise the food present in the seed and that this substance can be wholly or partly replaced by the substance obtained from peat.N. H. J. M. Injurious Root Secretions. D. PRIANISCHNTKOV (Rev. gen. Botan. 1914 25 563-582).-The results of experiments in which etiolated wheat plants were grown successively in the same distilled water showed no reduction in the yield; under these conditions no sub- stancs toxic to wheat seems t o be secrete3 by the roots of wheat. I n sand and soil-culture experiments it was found however tha€ the yields of subsequent crops were considerably reduced accord- ing to the plants grown not only when the same plant was grown two or three times in succession but with different plants. The reduction in yield was much greater when the roots of the first plant’ were left in than when they were removed.Oats grown in an extract of black soil gave a very small yield whilst normal growth was obtained when the extract was filtered through charcoal. When the extract was distilled and both the distillate’ and the residue employed as culture solutions the former produced a normal growth and the latter a much smaller yield; the difference was still more marked when the distillatJon was conducted under reduced pressure. The conclusion is drawn that roots contain a substance which isVEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. i. 1209 toxic both to the same and t o other plants. It is suggested that one cause of the reduced yield of a second growth may be the increased alkalinity which would be greater when the first crop is removed during early periods of growth and varies according t'o the plant grown.On the other hand alkalinity is not removed by charcoal which in 'some cases raised the yield to its original amount. The expe'riments referred to form part of a research by PQri- tourine ( ~ P L I Z . Inst. crgron. Jfoscow 1913 No. 4 ; in Russian). N. H. J. M. Origin of Vanillin in Soils. Vanillin in Wheat and in the Water in which Wheat Seedlings have Grown. M. X. SULLIVAN (J. hd. Brig. Chem. 1914 6 919-921).-since vanillin or a closely related parent substance appears t o be fairly widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom the author has determined whether or not vanillin can be detected in wheat as a type of field crop and in the water in which wheat has grown. Un- germinated wheat was found to contain about three parts per million of vanillin ; the quantity increases slightly during the early growth of the plant and the substance can pass from the plant t o the medium of growth either directly or more probably as a result of cell sloughing and disintegration.Treatment of the ground seeds with acids increases the yield of vanillin this being due apparently to the hydrolysis of the parent substance; the latter is regarded as being coniferin. Vanillin is also found in rotten oak wood pineapple pulp and lawn grasses. Its presence in wood and various forms of vegetation would lead t o the con- clusion that the vanillin found in soil has its origin in vegetable dQbris and to a minor extent in direct excretion or cell sloughing by growing plants. w. P. s. Analyses of Two Echinacea Roots.F. W. HEYL and J. F. STALEY (Arne?*. J. Pharm. 1914 86 450-455).-The following results were obt'ained on the analysis of the roots of two species of the genus Bratmeria (Echinacea) obtained from Kansas and Missouri B. angustifolia moisture 10.90% ; starch none ; pento- sans 15.6 ; " crude fibre," 24.77% ; protein 6.54% ; ash 7.76% ; inulin 5.9% ; resin 1.84% ; sucrose 6.92% ; reducing sugars 3.65%. B. purpurea, moisture 10.18%; starch none; pentosans 15.6% ; '' crude fibre," 29.65%; protein 5.31%; ash 6.93%; inulin (not estimated) ; resin 2.00% ; sucrose 3.40% ; reducing sugars 3.41%. B. angustifolia also yielded 0.04% of an amber-coloured volatile oil but did not contain any alkaloid sufficiently basic to be ex- tracted by the ordinary methods; this does not exclude the possi- bility of the presence of choline and allied substances.w. P. s. Plant Chemistry. P. Q. KEEGAN (Chenz. News 1914 110 21 1-212).-Qualitative analyses of various plants. In Parncrssia pZustris a moderate amount of mucilage a tannoid and a catecholi. 1210 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. tannin were found. PinguicuZa vulgaris contains a good deal of mucilage sucrose and tannoid but no' tannin. Nitrates were not found in either plant. The golden saxifrage was found to produce much mucilage with some gum a little nitrate some sucrose a little tannin but no tannoid. Holly-leaved barberry resembles ivy ; both contain caff etannin and a tannoid probably quercit- agenin (the former containing more caffetannin and the latter more tannoid) and the aqueous extracts of the leaves show several reactions in common.Nimulus Zuteus contains nitrates and about 1% of caffetannin but no tannoid. An examination of both leaves and roots of wild geranium showed that the leaves (in July) con- tained a little nitrate much sucrose considerable gallotannin and tannoid but very little catschol-tannin ; the roots contained no nitrates and no sucrose but considerable amounts of starch and calcium oxalab. The relation of assimilation and deassimilatory processes in plants t o the reaction of the protoplasm is discussed. N. H. J. M. Urease Content of Certain Indian Seeds. HAROLD EDWARD ANNETT (Biochem. J. 1914 8 449-458).-Urease has been detected in the following seeds sword bean (Canaualia eizsiformis) khulti kalai (Dolichos biflora) V r a w Zobata and six varieties of soja bean.The sword bean contains weight for weight several times as much urease as the soja bean and may possibly be substituted for it in ttheG estimation of urea (compare Plimmer and Skelton this vol. ii 306). H. W. B. Investigation of the Diastase of Alfalfa [Lucerne] and the Effect of Rapid Curing on the Food Value of Alfalfa,. R. C. SHUEY (J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1914 6 910-919).-The diastatic activity of lucerne (Medicago sativa) is greater in the morning or after a period of darkness than after exposure to light. Much more diastase is present in the plants during the summer than in the spring and autumn and the younger plants contain the larger quantity. Drying in a moist atmosphere a t 50° decreases t'he diastatic zctivit.y but it is considerably increased when the material is dried in a current of air with gradual increase of temperature.Light and weathering in the field tend to destroy the diastase and the effect of rain during the curing is very injurious. Highly diastatic lucernes generally contain more water-soluble constituents than specimens low in diastase but the water-soluble substances cannot be increased above a certain limit (about 40%). The loss of digestible constituents during handling and curing may vary from 20% under Pavourable conditions t o as much as 50% under adverse weather conditions. Curing by artificial heat gives a hay of better colour odour and flavour than can be produced by other means and the cost of artificial drying is estimated to be less than that due to losses sustained during curing in the field. w.P. s.VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. i. 1211 Chemical Changes during Silage Formation. EAY E. NEID~G (J. Amer. Chern. Soc. 1914 36 2401-2413).-1n earlier work (Dox and Neidig A. 1913 i 236) a study has been made of the acids and alcohols contained in maize silage. An account is now given of an investigatioa of the changes occurring during silage forma- tion in silos of three different types (1) a hollow clay tile silo; (2) a wooden silo; and (3) a concrete silo. The following changes were observed but no differences were noticed which could be attributed to the materials of which the silos were constructed. Non-reducing sugar was rapidly changed to reducing sugar and the amount of the latter subsequently decreased.The quantity of volatile acids and lactic acid increased daily. Small quantities of alcohol were produced. Carbon dioxide was formed with consider- able rapidity after the silos had been filled and free oxygen dis- appeared from the silos after the second or third day. The maxi- mum temperature reached in any of the silos was 32-5O. E. G. Acid Mineral Soils. G. DAIKUHARA (Bull. h i p . Centr. Agrk. Exper. Stat. Jcpan 1914 2 1-40).-Results of pot experiments in which barley was manured with potassium chloride in addition to ammonium sulphate and disodium hydrogen phosphate showed that whilst satisfactory results were obtained in two clay soils the effect of the potassium salt in a sandy granite soil was to reduce the yield t o almost nothing.Addition of calcium carbonate along with the manures resulted in a very great increase over the un- manured pots. The soil which contained only a small amount of humus was found to give a strongly acid reaction due to the absorption by the soil colloids of aluminium o r iron compounds. I n presence of potassium chloride soluble acid aluminium or iron compounds are formed. The examination of a considerable number of Japanem and Corean soils showed that three-fourths of them were acid and that in the case of more than half of these the acidity was due to absorbed aluminium or iron compounds. Soils from mesozoic formations are the most frequently acid then tertiary palzeozoic and diluvial soils. The examination of twenty specimens of kaolin showed that thirteen were acid four neutral and three alkaline.The acid kaolins behave towards neutral salt solutions in the same way as acid soils whilst the others after treatment with dilute acids and washing become acid and acquire the properties of acid kaolins; similar results were obtained by subjecting granite and other alkaline rocks to the action of aqueous carbon dioxide for some weeks. The acidity of soils is increased by treatment with dilute acids. The filtrates from the soils treated with potassium chloride solu- tion give with ammonia a precipitate consisting mainly of aluminium hydroxide the amount of which corresponds with the acidity of the soil and the amount of N/lO-alkali used in the titration. Soil acidity can be detected by moistening 5 grams of the soili.1212 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. in a test-tube with a 10% solution of potassium nitrite and suspend- ing a strip of potassium iodidestarch paper in the tube by means of a cotton-wool plug. Acidity due to colloid absorption can be detected by treating the soil in a watch-glass with potassium chloride solution and testing with litmus paper. To estimate the acidity the air-dried soil (100 grams) is shaken f o r an hour with 250 C.C. 01 normal potassium chloride solution. One hundred and twenty-five C.C. are then boiled t o remove the carbon dioxide and titrated with N / 10-sodium hydroxide. The treatment is repeated as long as the extract is acid 150 C.C. of fresh potassium chloride being added each time. A. A. MEGGITT (Hem. Dept. Agric. India CAern.Ser. 1914 3 235-269).-The soil is very old alluvium and is a light loam in good physical condition containing an adequate amount of potassium and it moderate amount of humus whilst it is deficient in phosphoric acid and especially so in calcium carbonate (0.02%). The soil contains an organic acid which is toxic to some plants in solutions containing 30 per million. In the case of some plants however the substance is not only non- toxic but is beneficial in concentrations which are injurious t o other plants. The toxicity is more or less completely overcome by adding a complete nutritive solution or by neutralising with lime. In practice it has been found that whilst some plants such as Phaseolzcs mungo will grow on the soil and give a moderate crop others fail to get beyond the stage of seedlings unless considerable amounts of lime are1 added. For neutralisation the soil requires 880-1350 parts of lime per million. The results of a large number of plot experiments with various manures with and without lime showed that in absence of lime most of the plots failed altogether the exceptions being those which received basic manures (sodium and potassium carbonates and basic slag) and some which received superphosphate. The fact that superphosphate in absence of lime enabled the plants t o grow is attributed to its action in stimulating root development resulting in extra-cellular root oxidation and the destruction of the toxic substance. The effect of superphosphate which is very much less than that of lime is increased by addition of sodium nitrate. N. H. J. M. An Acid Soil in Assam. N. H. J. M.

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9140601208

出版商:RSC    

年代:1914

数据来源: RSC