摘要:

VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOQY AND AGRICULTURE. i. 61 1 Chemistry of Vegetable Physiology and Agriculture Comparative Studies on Respiration. VII. Respiration and Assimilation. W. J. V. OSTERHOUT ( J . Geiz. PhyszoE. 1919 2 1-3) .-Certain improvements in technique are described ; thus when a reagent is employed which has a ' I buffer " effect it is desir- able to have the same " buffer " action during the measurement of normal respiration as during exposure t o the reagent. An indicator should be present in the liquid containing the organisms so that changes in reaction may be observed. Preliminary results indicate that there is pronounced antagonism between such substances as sodium chloride and calcium chloride in their effect on respiration. J. C. D. Comparative Studies on Respiration. VIII.The Re- spiration of Bacillus subtilis in Relation to Antagonism. MATILDA MOLDENHAUER BROOKS (J. Get&. Physiol. 1919 2 5-15). -In relatively low concentrations of sodium potassium and cal- cium chloride the rate of respiration of B. swbtilis remains fairly constant for a period of several hours whilst in higher concentra- tions there is a gradual decrease in the rate. The effects of salts on respiration show a well-marked antagonism between sodium chloride and calcium chloride and between potassium chloride and calcium chloride. The antagonism between sodium and potassium chlorides is slight. 5. C. D. Comparative Studies on Respiration. IX. The Effects of Antagonistic Salts on the Respiration of Aspergillus niger. F. G. GUSTAFSON (J. Gen. Pltysiol. 1919,2,17-24).-1n relatively dilute solutions sodium chloride and calcium chlo'ride increase the respiration of Aspergillus in the presence of dextrose.Higher con- centrations cause a decrease probably due to the osmotic effects of the salts. The antagonism between sodium chloride and calcium chloride could bs demonstrated by a study of the respiration of this organism. Spores germinated on a medium containing 0-5Jl- sodium chloride and 0.05% of dextrose but failed to do so when calcium chloride was used instead of sodium chloride or when both salts were present. Apparently a substance may have different effects on respiration from those which i t has on growth. J. C. D. Proteinogenous Amines . IV. The Production of Hist- amine from Histidine by Bacillus coli eommunis. KARL K.KOESSLER and MILTON T. HANRE (J. Biol. Chem. 1919 39 539-584).-Bncil;'us coli conzmunis does not form histamine from histidine when acting alone in the presence of nitrates or ammon- ium salts or in a medium containing glycerol. When glycerol or dextrose and a source of nitrogen such as potassium nitrate or ammonium chloride are present some 5O:L of the histidine is con-i 612 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMIOAL PAPERS. verted into histamine. Under these conditions the medium becomes acid and the suggestion is advanced that histamine is produced by the bacillus as a means of neutralising the acid produced from glycerol. Cuntrary t o many statements it is found that hiseamine is never produced except in the presence of an easily available source of carbon.3. C. D. Formation of d-/3-Iminazolyl-lactic Acid from Z-Histidine by Bacteria. K HIRAI (Act. Schol. Med. Kyoto 1919 3 49-53; from Physiol. A bstr. 1919 4 256).-Histidine hydro- chloride prepared from ox blood was acted on for forty days in protein-free nutrient media with a strain of Yroteus vulgaris which was capable of converting E-tyrosine into y-hydroxyphenyl-lactic acid. The product was separated by precipitation with phosphotungstic acid ; it crystallised with 1H,O and ’had [u] 2 + 3 3 * 7 O the yield being 11%. It was identified by elementary analysis and by means of the platinichloride. H. W. Application of the Fixation Method in Bacterial Fermentation. I. Acetaldehyde as an Intermediate Product in the Fermentation of Sugar Mannitol and Glycerol by Bacillus coli Dysentery and Gas Gangrene Organisms.0. NEUBERG and F. F. NORD (Biochem. Zeitsch. 1919 96 133-158).-By employing sodium sulphite and calciuni sulphite as (( fixing ” agents acetaldehyde has been established as an intermediate product in the fermentation of dextrose mannitol and glyceroll. B. coli was employed in the fermentation of dextrose Flexner Y and Shiga-Kruse cultures in the fermentation of manni- to1 and Frankel’s bacillus (11. TVeZchhii) in the fermentation of gly- oerol. As the last-mentioned organism is an ancerobe the possibility of the formation of acetaldehyde as a secondary product from the Application of the Fixation Method in Bacterial Ferrnenta- tion. 11. The Establishment of an Aldehyde Stage in Acetic Acid Fermentation. C. NEUBERG and F.F NORD (Biochem. Zeitsch. 1919,96 158-175).-Alcohol was fermented in the presence iof calcium sulphite with Bacterium OrZ6aneszse B. Ascendens and B. Pastezcn’anum. I n each case acetaldehyde was established as an intermediate product in the fermentation. alcohol produced is excluded. 8. s. z. 8. s. 2. Acid Fermentation of Xylose. E. B. FRED W. H. PETERSON and AUDREY DAVENPORT ( J . Biol. Chem. 1919 39 347-383).- Xylose is readily fermented by bacteria which are found in fresh silage sauerkraut and manure and also in certain soils but the organisms commonly studied in the laboratory failed to break down the sugar. The organisms which can effect the fermentation are readily isolated in pure culture. The ferm,entation takes place either in the presence of free oxygen or in a limited supply and the main products formzed are acetic acid and lactic acid.TheVEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. i. 61 3 relation of acetic acid to lactic acid approaches the theoretical ratio of 40 to 60 that would obtain if these two compounds were the only products arising from fission of the xylose molecule. Traces of carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol were detected. Other sugars are fermented by these xylose-fermenting bacteria. J. C. D. C. R. MARSHALL (Proc. Roy. SOC. Edin. 1918-19 39 143-148).-An attempt to ascertain how silver in a particular form such as colloidal silver solutions (Bredig) can exert a bactericidal action. The impact of the larger submicro- scopic partic10 is not the cause whilst there is no evidence that adsorption of tohe silver particle takes place on the surface of the organisms.Electropositive and electronegative sols produced the same antiseptic action The concentration of free silver ions was insufficient to explain the pharmacological action but when the size of the particles was considered it was found that the bacteri- cidal value may be ascribed toi the ultra-mioroscopic particle beIow 15pp in diameter. Vitamine Requirements of certain Yeasts. FREDA M. BACHMANN ( J . Biol. Chcm. 1919 39 235-257).-The observa- tions of Pasteur and of Wildier on the nutritive requirements of yeast are confirmed. All ths yeasts investigated grew better and fermented more readily in a medium containing some small amounts of organic material other than sugar. It is suggested that the substances which are necessary for fermentation to be carried out effectively by the yeast are of the nature of vitamines (Wildier’s “bios,” La CeZZzcle 1901 18 313).The yeasts appear to vary considerably in their requirements for this accelerating factor. J. C. D. Mode of Action of Metal Sols. J. C. D. Action of Radium Emanation on the Vitamines of Yeast. KANEMATSU SUGIURA and STANLEY R. BENEDICT ( J . Biot. Chenz. 1919 39 421-433).-This investigation showed that exposure to radium emanation may causes partial destruction of the vitamines present in yeast. It is suggested that a part of the beneficial influ- ence of radium in the treatment of malignant. tumolurs may be dependent upon such destruction of the growth-accelerating factors. J. C. D. The Metabolin and Antibolin of Yeast.E. VAHLEN (Zeitsch. physiol. Chenz. 1919 106 133-178).-The authur has prepared metabofin and antibdin from yeast which altliough not quite identical with the similar principles previously extracted by him from the pancreas of cattle resembled them in their main properties. Metabolin accelerates alcoholic fermentation antibolin has the opposite effect. The principles can be transformed into each other by molecular rearrangement. An irreversible metabdin has also been prepared from yeast and potatoes. This metabolin also accelerated alcoholic f armentation and reduced the amount of sugar in the urine of diabetic patients on two occasions. s. s. z.i. 614 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. The Content and the Formation of Invertase in Yeast.H VON EULER and OLOF SVANBERG (Zeitsch. physiol. Ckem. 1919 106 201--249).-The inversion capacity of two strains of yeast examined from time to time has been proved to be constant. The optimum temperature f o r invertase formation in one of these strains has been found to be 26-30°. When the temperature was raised by about 35O no invertase formation could be observed. The invertase formation is further dependent on the acidity of the medium. The maximum enzyme formation coincides with the- opti- mum activity of the invertase. At a H-ion concentration higher than 2’,,=2 the invertase is destroyed; on the other hand a t a H-ion concentration of PHj= 6-7 the enzyme formation is 90% of its optimum. Water a t a t’emperature of 10° does not wash out the The Augmentation of the Catalase Activity of Yeasts.HANS VON EULER and INGVAR LAURIN (Zei&sch. pl$ysioZ. Chem. 1919 106 31 2-317).-Tlie catalase of Xaccharomyees Thermanti- tonum is activated by chloroform but not by an increase of temperature. Sunlight diminishes the action of catalase in living s. s. z. Ilex vomitoria as a Native Source of Caffeine. FREDERICK B. POWER and VICTOR K. CHESNUT ( J . Amer. Chem. SOC. 1919 41 ) 1307-1312).-Since the so-called “ Paraguay Tea)” which contains considerable proportions of caffeine is derived from certain South American species of ZEez the authors have examined other representatives of this genus found in the south-eastern States in order to discover possible home sources of the drug. Several species were found t o contain no caffeine a t all but I l e x zyomitok Aiton appears to be worth cultivating as a source of the base.Tinder the name “Yaupon,” the leaves were already used by the Indians for their medicinal and stimulating properties. Action of Cyanamide and of Dicyanodiamide on the Development of Maize. P. M A Z ~ VILA and M. LENOIGNE (Compt. resd. 1919 169 804-807) .-The results of water-culture experiments show that cyanamide a t a concentration of 0,162 gram per litre prevents the germination of maize seeds but that dicyano- diamide at this ooncentsation is not toxic towards their germination. Similarly cyanamide either with o r without the presence of sodium nitrate kills maize seedlings whereas dicyanodiamide in the presence od sodium nitrate does not appreciably check the development of the plant although with dicyanodiamide a8 the only source of nitrogen the plant does not increase in weight but yet remains a,live for several months. invertase of fresh living yeast.s. s. z. yeast cells whilst X-rays have no effect on it. J. C. W. W. G. Presence of Formic Acid in the Stinging Hairs of the Nettle. LEONARD DOBBIN (Proc. Boy. SOC. Ediiz. 1918-19 39 137-142).-Although i t is freqiietitly stated that formic acid is present in the stinging hairs of the nettle few attempts at a directVEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. i. 615 proof have been made. The author collected t,he acid present in a very large number of hairs by compressing tL leaves with filter- paper impregnated wit’ barium carbonate. From an examination of the barium salt formed he comes t o the conclusion that free formic acid does exist in the stinging hairs. The Yellow Colouring Substances of Ragweed Pollen.FREDERICK W. HEPL ( J . Amer. Clzem. Soc. 1919 41 1285-1289). -The pigments of ragweed pollen may be extracted by alcohol then precipitated in fractions from an aqueous solution by means of basic lead acetate and finally recovered from the lead precipitates in the usual way the yield being about 0.6%. The least soluble pigment is a quercitrin glucoside C21H20012 which fuses a t 228-229O to a cherry-red oil and thus differs from its three known isomer- ides quercimsritrin isoquercitrin and incarnatin. Among the more soluble glucosides is one which yields isorhamnetin on hydrolysis and this seems t o be predominant. E.RAMANN and A. SPENGEL (Landw. Verszcchs- Stat. 1918 92 127-146).-The interchange of bases occurring in mixed solutions containing two different bases has been studied by means of a permutite of moderately constant composition pre- pared in the wet way. The replacement of bases taking place when such a hydrated aluminium alkali silicate is treated with neutral potassium ammonium calcium and sodium salts has the character of a chemical exchange no signs of physical adsorption being detect- able. The interchanges are by equivalents that of potassium and ammonium fullowing the law of mass action; the curves expressing the ratios of the ions in solution and those of the bases in the sili- cates are coincident. In solutions containing sodium and calcium salts the interchange of bases corresponds predominantly with the ratio of the ions in the solution but preponderance of the calcium o r sodium salts resuIts in divergences dependent on a second factor of unknown nature.Potassium and ammonium are mutually replaceable and displace sodium and calcium completely from the silicate whereas the displacement of potassium and ammonium by sodium and calcium is incomplete. The ratios between the bases in the solutions and in the silicates have different values. Bases present in small proportions in the solutions are combined by the silicate in amounts greater than those corresponding with such pro- portions. Within wide limits the absolute concentrations of the salts in the solution are without appreciable influence on the com- position of the silicate tlhis being the case even with mixtures of calcium salts with those of the univalent metals.J. C. D. J. C. W. Soil-sorption. T. H. P. Solubility of Calcium Carbonate of Different Origins and Degrees of Fineness in Water containing Carbon Dioxide in Relation to Soil and Plants. G. HAGER and J. KERN ( J . Lnndw. 1916 64 325-342).-The degree of fineness of calcium carbonate influences considerably its solubility and especi- ally its velocity of dissolution in water containing carbon dioxide.i. 616 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. The less prolonged the action and the greater the proportion of carbon dioxide in the water the more marked are the differences observed with carbonates of different finenesses. The increased rapidity of dissolution as well as the more effective distribution obtainable probably causes the superior action on soil and plants of the more finely ground carbonate.T. H. P. Determination of the Emcacy of the Soil Feeding Stuffs Phosphoric Acid and Potash by Culture Experiments and Determination of their Relative Solubility by Acids. 0. LEMMERMANN A. EINECKE and L. FRESENIUS (Landw. Vcr- suchs-Stnf. 1916 89 81--195).-A large number of pot experi- ments have been carried out with soils of different types analyses of the soils especially as regards the relative solubilities of the phosphates and potassium compounds being also made. Determina- tions of such 5olubilities furnish in most cases a means of express- ing the physiological efficiency of these fertilising substances. I n the case of the phosphates the best od the various solvents tried for determining the relative solubility proves to be 1% citric acid solu- tion and the soil may be extracted by dropping the solvent through it or by shaking it with the solvent.For potash on the other hand this solvent is too we'ak and satisfactory results have been obtained by thel use of 10% hydrochloric acid. In these determinations allowance milst. be made for the physical characters of the soil. The common assumption that the potassium compounds of the better soils are more difficult>ly soluble than those of the lighter ones is not supported by the results ubtained ; such assumption applies more in the case of the phosphates this being perhaps attrributab'le t o the higher clay- and iron-contents of the better soils. The degree to which plants are able to utilise the phosphoric acid appears to increase with the poverty of the soil in phosphates. T. H. P. Comparison of Two Fertilisers according to Mitscherlich's Law of the Minimum. MARPAX GORSKI (Landw. Versuclzs- S t a t . 1919 93 113-130).-Results obtained in fertilising experi- ments with increasing proportions of ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate agree well with Mitscherlich's mathematical expres- sion (A. 1911 ii 760). It is shown that equality of the efficiency factors (Wirhmg~fakikmm) for corn- and straw-yields necessitates constancy of the ratio corn-yield straw-yield for different mini- mum factors. Calculation of the ratio between the efficiency factors for ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate gives value8 which remain almost unchanged no matter whether the efficiency factors of the corn-yield o r those of the straw-yield are employed in the calculation. T H. P,

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9191600611

出版商:RSC    

年代:1919

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

British Patents 1915. 14085 A i 196 112765 A. i 147 115244 A. i 2743 120081 A i 14 120936 A. i 9% 121347 A. i 98 121578 A. i 206 122498 A. i 147 122630 A. i 483 123685 A. i 251 124542 A. ii 228 125000 A. i 247 126062 A i 325 126084 A. i 325 126112 A. i 352 127740 A. i 388 128122 A. i 599 128372 A. 5 433 130357 A. i 480 130456 A. i 604 130626 A. ii 411 130840 A. ii 413 131161 A i 592 131379 A. i 521 131750 A. ii 465 131982 A. i 527 132555 A i 527 INDEX TO PATENTS. 132755 A. i 513 133108 A i 600 297442 A. i 147 306970 A. i 20 307284 A i 15 307357 A. i 29 307380 A ii 17 307490 A. i 49 307580 A ii 18 307857 A. i 20 307858 A. i 6 307893 A i 44 307894 A. i 33 307989 A. ii 18 308043 A. i 4 308298 A. i 99 308335 A. i 124 308666 A i 125 309455 A. i 148 309508 A. i 351 309627 A. ii 301 310426 A. i 351 310427 A. i 417 310967 A i 397 311906 A. i 498 312098 A. i 496 312643 A. i 574 German Patents(D. R. -P.). United States Patents. 1272522 A. i 209 1274394 A i 264 1279942 A. i 13 1280219 A. i 231 1280220 A. i 231 1280221 A. i 231 1280222 A. i 231 1280223 A. i 231 1280225 A. i 231 1280228 A. i 231 1280227 A. i 231 1286944 A. i 402 1297952 A. i 560 1299214 A i 505 1299215 A i 505 1302583 A. i 465 1304108 A. i 467 1305462 A. i 549 1306439 A. i 551 1306963 A. i 569 1306964 A. i 569 1307570 A. i 584 1308071 A. i 601 1308413 A. i 5’17 1308414 A. i 577 1314538 A. i 528 710

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9191605710

出版商:RSC    

年代:1919

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ERRATA. VOL. XCII (ABSTR. 1907). Page Line i. 216 bottom for “m.p. 240’” r e d “1n.p. 204O.” VOL. CIV (AHSTR. 1913). Page Col. Line i. 780 17 7 1 1 } for ‘( Nitrous oxide ” rend ‘ Nitric oxide.” ii. 1210 i. 32 ii. 1337 ii. 1390 ii. 19”) 36 28 I I VOL. CVIII (ABSTR. 1915). Pqge Col. Line 1. 326 ii. 934 ii. 16 ii. 10;3 8-10 i; ) for “Nitrous oxide ”read I ‘ Nitric oxide.” tho entry “behaviour of various substances with (PAEzER) A. i 326,” should be transposed to line 19 (nnder nitrogen dioxide). VOL. CXVI. (ABSTR. 1919). Page Line i. 357 15 i. 402 1 ,) “ BKEXER” read “ BREUER.” i. 559 13 c c ERIC DODDEELL EVANS” read “ERIC DODDRELL EVENS.” for ‘ I an tipyrine ” rend ‘( l-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone.” ii. 261 13 ii. 263 24 ii. 312 20 ii. 327 7” ii. 351 15 ii. 443 3” ii. 446 7” ii. 529 15” ,) “ten” read “two.” ,) ‘‘ ALBEVT NOYER ” rend “WILLIAM A. NOYES jun.” ,) “ KIECIIOF ” read “ KIRCHIIOF.” ’ ‘( LA~\TGHAUS ” rend ‘‘ LANGHANS.” “ ZEPFEL ” reud ‘‘ ZIPTEL.” ‘ ‘ HURSH ” read “ HORSCH. ” after “421*73O ” insert “ on the platinum resistance scale.’ for “chloroform ” read ‘‘ iodoform.” * From bottoni. 711

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA9191605711

出版商:RSC    

年代:1919

数据来源: RSC