摘要:

MINERALOGIUAL CHENISTRY.Mineral o g i c a 1 C h em i s t r y.1269Presence of the Diamond in an Indian Pegmatite. ByCHAPER (,4nn,. Chiin. Phys. [6], 2, 284--28d).-After noticing t h eYariow theories as t o the origin and formation of the diamond, theauthor announces that he has found diamonds in situ in a pegmatite,in Nizam, in the Presidency of Madras. The results of his observa-t ons show that the pegmatite contains epidote to a large amount, andalso oligoclase and microcline, and i t seems more than probable thatit is this rock which has furnished the diamonds contained in theYOL. XLYI. 4 1270 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.various deposits worked in Hindostan. There appears to be morethan one mode of formation of the diamond, as it would be verydifficult to show any analogy between the pegmatite and either themagnesian mud of the South African diamond beds, or the rockwhich has given rise to the latter by its disintegration, as it containsno granitic fragments.As the diamond has been found in a rock as ancient as pegmatite,i t may be found in all the products of the erosion or disintegration of'pegmatite ; that is to say, in the quartzites with or without mica, inthe clays.in pudding-stones, &c. Moreover, the presence of thediamond in itacolumites and other secondary rocks, accompanied bycrystallised quartz, apatite, rutile, oligist, &c., is no evidence that ithas been formed in the sedimentary deposits.Origin and Distribution of Phosphorus in Coal and CannelCoal. By A.CAENOT (Compt. rend., 99, 154--156).-The presenceof phosphorus in coal ash has already been observed by severalchemists. The author has determined the amount of this element invarious fossil plants, and in different samples of coal, with the follow-ing results :-C. E. G.Fossil calamodendrom ..........,, cordaites. ...............Mineral charcoal .............,3 lepidodendron ..........,, psaronius (fern) .........Coal from Commentry.. ........9 9 Ferrieres ............Caniiel from Commentry. .......,, Lancashire .......7 9 Wigan. ........... ,, Newcastle . . . . . . .9 , Glasgow .......... ,, Virginia ..........Boghead cannel from Autun ....,, ,, Frioul ....Anthracite.. ..................Paraffin shale from New SouthWales ......................P per cent.7 r--n-,I.i r .0.00195 0.002450*00062 tracestraces traces0.00271 0.00 7 120.003990.001630.013850.014670.04260 0.039 1'20.028520.02246traces0.005720.02 7 7 10.01956traces0.062 75Microscopic examination shows that cannel is composed of decom-posed vegetable fragments of very various character, but generallycontains a large number of spores or pollen grains very irregularlydistributed (Renault). The two specimens which were almost freefrom phosphorus were found to be equally free from spores. Analysisof the spores and pollen of the modern representatives of carboni-ferous plants (Lastrcea, Polystichum, Osmunda, Lycopodium, &c.)shows that these parts are very much richer in phosphorus than theother organs of the plants.I t follows that the greater part of th1271 IlINERBLOGICAL CHENISTRY.phosphorus present in coal has been derived from the spores and thepollen of the plants from which it has been formed.I n the same piece of coal, there are frequently alternate brilliantand dull layers, the former having been derived from the wood, bark,and roots, the latter from the leaves and other dkbris. In a samplefrom Commentry the dull layers gave 10.5 per cent. of ash, and con-tained 0.00815 per cent. of phosphorus ; the bright layers contained3.8 per cent. of ash and 0.00386 of phosphorus. C. H. B.Deposit of Saltpetre (Potassium Nitrate) at Cbchabamba,Bolivia. By SACC (Compt. re.rbd., 99, 84--85)-To the east ofCochabamba, near the village of AranB, there is an immeme salinedeposit of the composition : Potassium nitrate, 60*7 ; borax, traces ofsodium chloride and water, 30.7 ; organic matter, 8.6 = 100.Thesoil on which this deposit rests is brown and inodorous when dry, butwhen moistened it evolves ammonium carbonate and hydrosulphide.I t has the composition :-incombustible residue, 74.2 ; borax and salts,15.5 ; organic matter, water, and ammonium salts, 10.3 = 100. Theincombustible residue consists of very fine sand, and a very large pro-portion of calcium, iron, and magnesium phosphates. The saltpetrehas been formed by the oxidation of the ammoniacal salts in the soilin presence of‘ potash and soda derived from the decomposition of theslates on which the soil rests.The potassium nitrate has reached thesurface by capillapy action, whilst the more soluble sodium nitratehas been washed down by the rains to the drier and hotter districtsalong the coast. Fossil bones are very common in the district, andit is possible that this deposit a t Aran6, which is sufficient to supplysaltpetre to the whole world, is the product of the decomposition of agigantic deposit of prehistoric animals. C. H. B.Pinnoite, a New Borate from Stassfurt. By H. STACTE (Be.,17, 1584--1586).-This mineral differs in its chemical and physicalproperties from the borates previously found a t Stassfnrt. It has asulphur or straw-yellow colour, but is sometimes green, with a shadeof red or grey. Hardness is 3-4 ; sp. gr.= 2-27.. Its formula isMgBzOa,3Hs0. When heated, it decrepitates, becomes white, andmelts with some difficulty, imparting a green coloration to the flame.Mineral acids dissolve it readily on heating. When boiled withwater, an alkaline liquid is obtained, from which a flocculent precipi-tate separates, but redissolves as the solution cools, A. K. M.Haydenite. By H. N. MORSE and W. S. BAYLEY (Amer. Chem. J.,6, 24--25).-This mineral from BalCimore was first described asan independent species by Cleaveland, and confirmed by Levy’sassertion of its monosymmetric form. J. D. Dana and Des Cloizeauhave, however, found the mineral t o be really rhombohedral, likechabazite; bub the only two published acalyses by 13. Sillimari andDelesse do not agree with each other, or with Rammelsberg’s formula,for chabazite.The author has analysed an apparently undecom-posed material, with the result that its composition agrees with t’he447.1272 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.chabazite formula, and haydenite is, therefore, chemically and physi-cally identical with chabazite.Si02. A1203. Fe203. CaO. MgO. BaO. K20. H20.49.29 18.06 0.79 5.13 0.86 1.46 3.16 21.31 = 100.0749.19 18.07 0.88 5.19 0:86 1.48 2.84 21.31 = 99.81H. B.Avalite. Ry S. M. LOSANITSCH (Bey., 17, 1774--1775).-Avalite isthe name the author gives t o a new chromium mineral which he hasobtained from the neighbourhood of Mount Avala, near Belgrade.This mineral occurs in clay, and many minerals from that district, inthe form of small green scales.The author freed it from clay, &c.,by levigation, the mineral being specifically lighter than the clay.This mineral is not attacked by the ordinary acids, but is easilydecomposed by means of hydrofluoric acid, o r by fusion with alkalinecarbonates. The analyses gave the following results :-SiO, ............Cr,O,. ...........AI,O,. ...........KZO ............Fe203. ...........C hromite ........H20 (hygroscopic).Loss on ignition . .hlg0 ............I.58.1314.5914.373-541.100.431.682.395.3811.55.5910.39B6.603-692**551.741.801.395.42111.61-529.8214-142-511.281-203-430-7s4.4899.61 99.17 99.11The author considers the water, chrarnite, iron, and magnesium tobe impurities.The green colour of much of the quarzite occurring inserpentine from the district of Belgrade is due to the presence ofavalit e. L. T. T.Origin of Phosphorites and Ferruginous Clays in LimestoneDistricts. By DTEULAFAIT (Compt. rend., 99, 259--262).--Fromnumerous analyses of phosphorites and the associated rocks, theauthor concludes that the calcium phosphate existing in the cavernsin the south-west of Prance does not represent one-tenth of that whichexisted in the limestone which has been removed during the forma-tion of the caverns. The ferrugirious clays which accompany andoften cover hhe phosphates have the same composition as the residueobtained when the rocks foEming the walls of the cavern are treatedwith a dilute oxidising acid.Substanees such as manganese, nickel,cobalt, zinc, copper, and iodine, which exist in very small quantitiesin the ordinary .rocks of the phosphatic districts, are found in rela-tively high proportion in the phosphorite and the clays associatedwith it. It is possible, therefore, that the phosphorites i n the south-west of France have been extracted from the surrounding rocks bychemical reactions in t'he wet way. C. H. BMIXERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 1273The Granite District of the Black Forest. By J. H. KLOOS(Jahrb. f. N k . , 1884, 1, 66).-The principal rock of the middleportion of the Wieseii Valley is a coarsely granular biotiteqpanite,which differs from the ordinary granite of the Black Forest in thatmuscovite is always absent. I n this granitic mass, other crystallinerocks are frequently met with, both in veins and in irregular masses.The description of these rocks in the neighbourhood of the WiesenValley, forms the subject of this paperr special attention being paidto the diorites and gabbro of Ehrsberg, Waldmatt, and Kastel.This granitic district of the southern portion of the Black Forestpresents remarkable examples of the structural and physieal dif-ferences between minerals of the same or similar composition fromthe older and more recent massive rocks, and also of the alterations anddecompositions to which these minerals have been subjected after theyhave built up tlie rocks.The structure and physical properties ofthe orthoclase, the principal mineral in tho predominating biotite-granite, are totally different from those of the potash felspar usuallymet with in similar districts of the more recent crystalline rocks.Alabradorite, perfectly and uniformly filled with a powder rich inmanganese, like that presented in the Ehrsberg gabbro, is unknownin more recent eruptive rocks. Diallage and the green radiated horn-blende occur in this district in a form totally different from thatusual in trachjtes, basalts, and other more recent rocks. Theoccurrence of the quartz proves that it has crystallised out underunusual conditions, or that subsequent metamorphism has, to a greatextent, taken place. An excellent example of the subsequent altera-tion of a mineral by the action of water is presented by the conversionof labradorite into an albite and zeolitic mineral.The various stagesof this alteration may be seen both in the granite itself and in therock masses subordinate to it. As examples may be mentioned thealteration of the plagioclnse from the granitic and dioritic rocks intoniica-like minerals, tinally resulting in perfect pseudomorphs ; andsecondly, the alteration of the biotite of the finely granular granitesinto mica, which occurs to a small extent in the Ehrsberg diorite, antiin a very well-marked manner in the Kastel gabbro ; the alterat’ionof the biotite of the finely granular granites into a soft scaly nnelasticsubstance ; the alteration of olivine into serpentine in the Ehrsbergpicrite ; the alteration of augite o r hornblende in the minettes into anew fibrous yellow mineral, the exact nature of which has not yetbeen determined; and the alteration of the pinite and other con-stituents in the pinite-porphyry, are further exjmples.B.H. B.Mica-diorites and Kersantites of Southern Thuringia andthe Frankenwald. By R. POHLMANN (Juhrb. f. B h . , 1884, Beilagp,67--160).-The vein rocks, rich in mica, occurring in the northernflank of the Fichtelgebirge, described by Gumbel as “ lamprophyry,”are, €or the most part, kersantites ; mica-diorites and minettes occurt o a smaller extent. The kersantites are porphyritic rocks, and con-tain as constituents brown magnesium mica, felspar, augite partiallyreplaced by hornblende, quartz, calcite, titanite, apatite, magnetite,arid chromite.The magnesium mica was always found to be opticall1274 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.biaxial. It probably belongs partly to anornite, and partly to mer-oxene. I n order to determine the chemical nahure of the magnesiummica, that from the Barenatein rock was analysed, giving the follow-ing results :-SiO,. Ti02. Al2O,. Mn,O,. Fe,03. FeO. CaO. MgO.58-72 0.75 16.26 trace 7.40 5.25 1-86 18-74!K20. Na20. F. H20. Total. Sp. gr.8.89 trace trace 2.60 100.47 2-88The felspar is, for the most part, triclinic (oligoclase, labradorite) ;but orthoclase is also present. The rather light coloured monoclinicaugite on decomposing hardly ever passes into uralite, but intouhloritic products. The presence of chromite crystals is worthy ofnote. The same is, to acertain extent, true of the quartz, if the porphyritic crystals are nottaken into account.The mica diorites are sometimes rich in augite and hornblende, as,for example, in the rock from Marlesreuth; a t other times thesebisilicates are entirely wanting, as it the case in the rock fromKod el schutz.Contact alterations of the kersantite were observed, both in therock itself and in the limestones and slates, but they are of slightimportance.The kersantites do not essentially differ in structure andmineralogical composition from those known in other districts. Theterm “ Iamprophyre ” is consequently incorrect from a petrographicalpoint of view, more especially as it was used as a collective name forrocks of different classes. B. H. B.The calcite is always of a secondary nature.Composition of the Water of the New Mineral Springs atBy K.BIRNBAUM (Ser., 17, 1614--1Ci15).-The com- Freyersbach.Parts per 10,000.Ferrous bicarbonate ..........Calcium bicarbonate ..........Magnesium bicarbonate ........Tricalcium phosphate.. ........Calcium su1phat.e. .............Potassium sulphate. ...........Sodium sulphate ..............Sodium bicarbonate. ...........Magnesium chloride ..........Lithium chloride. .............Silicic acid .................Carbonic anhydride. ...........Nitrogen ....................Total.. .......... -- -------Alfred’sspring.0 -441010 *39953 -07780 05000 .of3430 -33696.20081.02060 *24260 -09170 ‘930816 -78470 *0130----40 -1737Friedrich’sspring.0 *587515 *27504 -49490 ‘00750 *14652 *39626 *99402 -34990 -19670 *13001 *084119 -71491 ‘552554.9297Lithion’sspring.0 *304015 24254 -6233traces0 -11972 *79546 %6622 *19300 -28690 *17541.023616 -60630 -016149 *9524---ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1275Total carbonic anhydride ......Free carbonic anhydride.. ......Nitrogen ....................Loosely combined do, ......Total combined do. ......------ -----Temp. of water (that of the airSp. gr. at 12". ................ being 10'4')position of this wat>er is similar t o that of t'he mineral water examinedby Bunsen (Zeit. And. Chem., 1871,10,391), but differs from the latterin the proportion of the constituents, and in containing a considerableamount of lithium salts, as shown in the table, p. 1274.Gaseous Constituents. Number of Cubic Centimeters in 10,000 gramsWater.Alfred'sspring.13,434 '92,447 *24,894 *48,540 *510 '311 -7"1 -0025---Fried.rich' Yspring.Lithion'sspring.17,219 -5'7,188 *O10,031 *51,235 -911 -6"3,594 '0--.1 903515,546 *23,548'37,096 -68,449 -612 -811.5"----1 0002

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA8844601269

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1275Organic Chemistry.Properties of Liquid Methane and its Use as a Refrigerator.By S. WROBLEWSKI (Compt. vend. 99 136-137). - The methaneemployed was obtained by heating sodium acetate with soda-lime,and was liquefied by means of liquid ethylene. I t s critical tem-perature is -73.5" and the critical pressiire 56.8 atmos. The fol-lowing table shows the relation between the boiling point and thepressure :-Atmos. Boiling point.56.8 - 73.5"52.5 - 75-924-9 - 98.216.4 - 113.46.7 - 130.9At atmospheric pressure methane does not solidify but boilsbetween - 155 and - 160" and thus gives a temperature intermediatebetween those obtained with liquid oxygen and liquid ethylene re-spectively. C. H. B.Behaviour of E thylidene Chloride with Ethylamine andAmylamine.By A. W. HOFXANN (Bey. 17 1907-1908).-Whenethylidene chloride is heated with ethylamine collidine and ethylchloride 8.18 formed together with small quantities of ammonia andtriethylamine :1276 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.I. 4C2H4C!2 + 7NH2Et = CSHIIN,HCl + 6NH2Et,HC1 + EtCI.11. S(NH,Et,HCl) = 2NH4C1 + NEt3HCl.Amylamine yields collidi ne diamylamine triamylamine andAcetamide also yields collidine together with acetic chloride.Action of Chlorine on Isobutylene.ammoni urn chloride.L. T. T.By CH~CHOUKOFF (Rzdl.Soc. Clzinz. 41 253-254).-The action of chlorine on isobutylenedoes not give rise to a chloride of that hydrocarbon but to two iso-meric chlorisobutylenes. The first isocrotyl chloride CMe CHCl,forms isobutaldehyde when the aqueous solution is heated ; and whenwarmed with sodium ethylate it yields ethyl isocrotyl ether.Thesecond c7ilorisobatyZe.ne distils at 72-78' and is insoluble in water.On heating it with a solution of potassium carbonate it yields analcohol boiling a t 111-115". This combines with bromine forms ncrystal line alcoholate and evolves hydrogen chloride when treated withphosphoms pentachloride. The corresponding ethereal acetate boilsa t 119-121". The constitution of this chlorisobutylene is probablyCH, CMe.CH,Cl and that of the alcohol CH, CMe.CH,.OH.W. R. D.Caucasian Petroleum. By MARKOWNIKOFF and OGLOBINE ( E d .SOC. Chim. 41 258).-Hydrocarbons of the C1H2n series called bythe authors n q h t h e n e s constitute the principal part of Caucasianpetroleum.The members of this group of hydrocarbons do not formnitro-derivatives and resemble the paraffins in not yielding additirecompounds and also in the formation of alcohols from the chlorinatedderivatives. Certain of the chlorinated derivatives are convertible,by abstraction of hydrogen chloride into hydrocarbons of the C,H,-,series which behave like unsaturated compounds and may be termed,i aphth y Zenes. * When oxidised the naph t henes form oxid a t ion-pro-ducts or are converted into higher isologuep and thus possess all thecharacters of closed-chain hydrocarbons. The portion of Caucasianpetroleum having a higher boiling point probably contains hydro-carbons of the CnH2n-2 and C,H2n-c series whilst 10 per cent. of thepetroleum consists of benzenoi'd hydrocarbons belonging to knownseries and also to a series of hydrocarbons isomeric with styroleneand its isologues. These compounds furnish brominated derivatives,but no additive compounds. Their benzeno'id character is exhibitedin the formation of nitro- and sulpho-derivatives.The petroleum alsocontains acid and neutral cornpounds containing oxygen.W. R. D.Preparation of Cyanides and Ferrocyanides from Trimethyl-amine. By E. WILLM (Bull. SOC. Chirn. 41 449-451).-Thispaper describes the commercial application of the decomposition oftrimethylamine a t a red beat by which the whole of the nitrogen isobtained as hydrocyanic acid and ammonium cyanide together with* It would be better perhaps t o call these hydrocarbons naphthines (analogousto ethine) seeing that the term naphthyl has long been used to signify the h ~ p o -tlietical radical C,H,.-C.E. GORGANIC CHEJIISTRY. 1277gaseous hydrocarbons. The vapour of trim ethylamine is passed intoa retort heated to bright redness and the products are passed firstinto snlphuric acid where the ammonium cyanide is converted intohydrocyanic acid; and secondly into a solution of soda potash orcalcium hydroxide where the acid is converted into the correspondingcyanide. In this way concentrated solutions of the cyanides areobtained while the gaseous hydrocarbons free from ammonia andhpdrogen cyanide pass on and are collected for use in lighting theworks. From the solution of alkaline cyanide the correspondingferrocyanide is obtained by adding ferrous oxide freshly precipitatedfrom a solution of ferrous chloride by milk of lime and this liquidafter filtering yields without further concentration crystals of ferro-cyanide which are as pure as those obtained after the third crys-tallisation by the older method. The process appears to have animportant bearing on the economical utilisation of the residues frommolasses.W. R. D.Constitution of some Simple Cyanogen-compounds. BVG. CALMELS (Compt. rend 99 239-241).-When finely powderedmercuric cyanide is heated with an equal weight of methyl iodide insealed tubes at l l O ' the products are mercuric iodide methylcar-bamine and a tarry substance formed by the polymerisat,ion of thecwrbamine at the moment of its formation.Zinc cyanide must beboiled for a t least two days with ethyl iodide (in a flask with an in-verted condenser) in order to obtain an appreciable quantity ofethylcarbamine. The failure of this reaction with certain cyanidesis due to the fact that the conversion of these cyanides into iodidesrequires a temperature a t which the carbamine is decomposed.When an ethereal solution of zinc-ethyl is mixed with an etherealsolution of cyanogen iodide zinc cyanide is precipitated and ethyliodide is formed. The addition of an ethereal solution of cyanogeniodide to dry zinc methyl iodide however produces a considerabledevelopment of heat and zinc iodide zinc cyanide methyl iodide andmethylcarbamine are formed.When an ethereal solution of mer-curic methide is heated with an equivalent quantity of cyanogeniodide in a sealed tube a t 50° mercuric cyanide is formed ; but if thetemperature is raised to loo" tbe inverse reaction takes place andethylcarbamine is produced. The action of cyanoyen iodide inethereal solution on metallic zinc yields zinc cyanide and free iodine,the latter slowly combining with the excess of zinc. It is evidentthat in thepe reactions the metallic cyanide is formed in preferenceto the iodide but this fact does not determine the constitution ofcyanogen iodide for a metallic cyanide is always an intermediateproduct of the action of this substance on organo-metallic radicles.When however an ethereal solution of aluminium-ethyl is mixedwith a similar solution of cyanogen iodide aluminium iodide andacetonitrile are produced but no trace of ethylcarbamine is formed.I t follows that the constitution of cyanogen iodide is represented bythe formula NeC-I and is strictly analogous to the constitution ofthe chloride and bromide.These reactions confirm the existence of two distinct groups1278 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.cpanides and isocyanides amongst the most simple compounds ofcyanogen.C. H. B.Ethereal Salts of Cyanuric Acid. By PONOMAREFF (Hull. XOC.Chim. 41 315).-The ethereal salts of cyanuric acid were obtainedby the action of sodium methoxide and ethoxide on cyanogen iodideor bromide or on the polymerides of the latter. These compoundscombine with mercuric chloride and when ethyl cyanurate is heateda t 180-200" it is converted into ethyl isocyanurate.Heated to amoderate extent with baryta-water barium diethyl isocyanurate isformed; the corresponding acid is isomeric with that obtained byLimpricht. The ethereal salt can be reformed by heating the leadralt of the acid with ethyl iodide. The acid obtained by decomposingthe ethereal salts of cyanuric acid with potash is identical with thatderived from carbamide. The same ethereal salts can be obtained byheating the silver salt of cyanuric acid with ethyl or methyl iodide,but there are also produced the corresponding salts of isocyannricacid. When mono potassium and dipotassium cyanurates are treatedin a similar mariner at 180" the first salt gives rise to the diethyl-derivative and the second salt to the triethyl-derirative of cyanicacid.The author concludes that the salts of the formula (CONEt),are more stable than those of the formula (CNOEt),.W. R. D.Specific Volumes of Normal Fatty Acids and Alcohols.By A. ZANDER (Annalen 224 56-95).-The author has determinedthe sp. gr. and specific volume of the following compounds :-Action of Aluminium Chloride on a Mixture of Alcoholsof the Paraffin Series with Ethyl Chlorocarbonate. By B.YAWLEWSKI (Rer. 17 1606-1607) .-The author finds this reaction issimilar to that recently described by him in which ethyl phenylcar-bonate is produced (this vol. p. 1005). Aluminium chloride in con-siderable excess is added gradually to a mixture of propy2 alcoholwith ethyl chlorocarbonate and the whole allowed to remain forseveral hours ; the mass is then warmed when a violent action sets inaccompanied by an abundant evolution of hydrochloric acid.Theproduct is treated with water and a 10 per cent. solution of hydro-chloric acid then dried and fractioned. The ethylic propylcarbonate,PrO.COOEt obtained boils a t 145.6" (corr.) ; its sp. gr. is 0.9532 at20". A. K. M.Purification of Methyl Alcohol. By J. REGNAULD and VIrmmAx(Gomnpt. rend. 99 82-84).-Methyl alcohol prepared from methyloxalate almost alwa,ys contains small quantities of some substance,possibly either acetone or ethyl alcohol which yields iodoform whentreated with iodine. To obtain perfectly pure methyl alcohol thealcohol prepared from the oxalate is mixed with 10 per cent.ofiodine and sodiurn hydroxide added gradually until the reaction isdistinctly alkaline. The Iiquid is then carefully distilled. In thi1280 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.process the foreign organic substances are converted into iodoform,and the latter is decomposed by the alkali into an iodide and aformate.The peculiar saffron-like odour observed when iodine is mixed withan aqueous solution of potash or soda was obtained by the aut8horswith iodine liberated by the action of chlorine on a solution of fusedpotassium iodide in wa,ter distilled with potassium permangannte,and recently fused sodium hydroxide. The glass vessels containingthese substances had previously been strongly heated and wereexposed to the air as little as possible.It is evident therefore that ifthe odour is due to iodoform formed from traces of organic matter,the quantity of iodoform must be infinitesimal. C. H. B.Action of Zinc Propyl on Acetic Chloride. By MARKOWNIKOFF(BUZZ. Xoc. Chivn. 41 259-260). From analogy it was expectedthat the reaction of zinc propyl with acetic chloride would give thetertiary alcohol. methyl dipropyl cnrhinol but it is found to yield thesecondary alcohol methyZ propyl carbinol and propylene. This isexplained by the action of water on the unstable compoundCMePr,.Zn@Pr thus :-CMe(C3H7),.ZnOC,H7 + 2H,O = CsH6 + Zn(OH)Z +CHNe(C3H7).0H.*W. R. D.Cetyl Alcohol and Cetylacetic Acid. By F. KRAFFT (Ber. 17,1627-1631). In a previous paper (Abstr. 1883 1075) the authordescribed the preparation of hexadecyl alcohol by the reduction ofpalmitaldehyde and proved its identity with the chief constituent of'i cetyl alcohol " from spermaceti.Commercial cetyl alcohol (m. p.45-47-5") contains also octodeczJZ nkohol CISH30 and probably somelower homologues. The hexadecyl alcohol and octodecyl alcohol maybe separated by converting the mixture into the acetic ethers andfractioning. The purified oc todecyl alcohol crystallises in whitescales melts a t 59" and boils a t 210" (15 m.m.) agreeing with thealcohol obtained from stearddehyde (loc. cit.). To obtain cetylaceticacid cetylmalonic acid is first prepared by the action of sodium ethyl-ate on ethyl malonate and cetyl iodide.Cetylmalonic acid C,H,O,melts a t 120-121" and begins to decompose a t about this temperature,whilst a t 150-180" i t rapidly breaks u p into carbonic anhydride andcetplacetin acid ClsH,O,. After purification this melts a t 69*2",crystallises in large nacreous plates and is identical with ordinary(normal) stearic acid. Guthzeit states that the two are isomeric(Abstr. 1881 408).Chemical Composition of Carnauba Wax. By H. ST~~RCKE(Annalen 223,283-314). -Cai*nauba wax is obtained from Copcmhica,cerif,ra a Brazilian palm. It has been investigated by Berard ( B d .Soc. Chim. [l] 9 41) Story-Maskelyne (this Journal 1869 87) andArguing from Butlerow's results thereaction should probably be represented CMe(C3H7),.ZnOC,H; -+ 2H20 = C3H6+ C,HS + Zn(OH) + UHMe(C,H;).OH.-W.R. D.A. K. 31.* This equation is obviously incorrectORGANIC CHEMldTRY. 1281Pirerling who all find it to consist mainly of myristyl cerotate. Jnthe alcoholic extract of the wax Berard found free cerotic acid;Story-Maskelyne on the contrary found free myricyl alcohol whilstPiverling found the substance soluble in boiling alcohol to be dis-tinguished from myricyl alcohol by its melting point and elementarycorn positmion.Carnauba wax forms a hard brittle amorphous straw-yellow mass,melting at 83-83.5". I n confirmation of Story-Maskelyne's state-ment myricyl alcohol dissolves out on boiling with alcohol; it isaccompanied by a small quantity of myricyl cerotate whicb is solublein boiling alcohol to the extent of about 0.S2 gram per litre.Thewax was saponified by boiling it with alcoholic soda. The non-acidconstituents were separated by fractional solution in and crjstallisa-tion from light petroleum and subsequently from alcohol. There werethus obtained 1. A crystalline hydrocarbon of paraffin-like nature,melting at 59-59*5" and resolidifying at 58.7; 2. A crystallinealcohol of the formula C27H560 melting a t 76" ; on heat,ing this withsoda-lime &c. it is converted into an acid melting at 78*1-iS*4" ;3. Mpricyl alcohol C',H,O free and in combination (as myricylcerotate) forming about 45 per cent. of the wax employed. It crystal-lises in lustrous white tables melts a t 85*5-85*7" resolidifies at 85*3",is sparingly soluble in the cold but readily in hot alcohol ether,benzene light petroleum and chloroform.By heating it with soda-lime it is converted into melissic a c i d ; the formula C,H,O for thisacid is confirmed by fresh analyses of the acid and of its lead and silversalts. It crystallises in lustrous white plates or needles melts at89*9-90.2" resolidifies a t 89*2" is readily soluble in hot alcohol lightpetroleum chloroform and carbon bisulphide sparingly in boilingether. The lead salt melts a t 118-119" and resolidifies a t 117.5" itis sparingly soluble in boiling toluene and glacial acetic acid in-soluble in alcohol and ether; 4. A dihydric alcohol of the formulaC,H4,(CH,.0H),. It forms a pure white microcrystalline powder orfine needles melts at 103*5-103*8" resolidifies a t 102*5" is sparinglysoluble in light petPoleurn more readily in a mixture of benzene andether.By heating it with soda-lime be. it is converted into ab i b u i c acid which forms white crystalline flocks melts at 102*5" andresolidifies at 100.2" ; it is soluble in boiling alcohol benzene and amixture of ether and light petroleum. The lead salt C,H,(COO),Pb,is insoluble in boiling ether alcohol and benzene scarcely soluble inboiling toluene readily in boiling glacial acetic acid. It is decom-posed when heated to 125O.The separation of the acids obtained by the saponification provedexceedingly troublesome and was effected by a combined process offractional solution in light petroleum and fractional precipitationwith magnesium acetate. The products obtained were 1.An acidof the formula C23&.COOH isomeric with lignoceric acid andoccurring only in small quantity. It forms a fine crystalline powder,melts a t 72.5" resolidifies at 71.8" is readily soluble in boiling alcohol,ether light petroleum and benzene. The lead salt (C,H,O,),Pb,melts a t 110-lll" and resolidifies a t 108-109"; 2. The main acidconstituent is either identical or isomeric with cerotic acid C,H,O1282 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.It agrees with cerotic acid from bees-wax in all its properties exceptthat after fusion the resolidified acid exhibits no trace of crystallinestructure ; 3. A substance of lactone-like nature presumably of theformula C19R3,<;%>0. It forms a white crystalline powder meltsat 103*5" is sparingly soIuble in boiling 90 per cent.alcohol some-what more soluble in absolute alcohol benzene and tolueue readilyin boiling isobutyl alcohol. When heated with soda-lime &c. ityields a bibasic acid melting a t 89.5-90" whose lead salt on analysisgave numbers agreeing with the formula C,H,( COO),Pb.Action of Sulphur on Sodium Mercaptide. By H. B~TTGER(Annalen 223 346-348) .-Sulphur when heated at loo" withsodium mercaptide in presence of absolute alcohol yields ethylbisulphide and sodium polysulphides. Experiments were made tofind a readier method of preparing sodium rnercaptide ; by the actionof ethyl sulphide on sodium sulphide; of mercaptan on sodiumhydrosulphide ; of ethyl sulphide on sodium hydrosulphide ; and ofsodium sulphide on mercaptan but in each case with negativeresults.A. J. G.By H. BOTTGER (Annalen 223 348454).According to Miiller (this Journal 1871,904) sulphur does not act onethyl sulphide even on heating the mixture for four days a t 150".The author finds that by heating the mixture for 24 hours a t M O O ,the monosulphide is in part converted into di- tri- tetra- and pro-bably also penta-sulphide.Sulphur chloride acts riolently on ethyl sulphide hydrochloricarid being evolved carbon separating arid ethyl polysulphides beingformed.Sulphurous dichloride when mixed with ethyl sulphide and gentlyheated reacts with it to form hydrochloric acid sulphurous anhydride,carbon and ethyl polysulphides. Sulphuric dichloride reacts in asimilar manner.By the action of sulphuric hydroxychloride on ethyl sulphide thereare formed sulphuric acid snlphurous anhydride hydrochloric acid,and water whilst carbon separates.A New Ethylic Phosphate.By A. GEKJTHER (Annalen,224 274-288) .-An ethylic phosphate of the composition(EtO),H.P0.P(OEt)4 is obtained when phosphorous trichloride acts0x1 an excess of sodium ethjlate (which has been dried a t 180" in anatmosphere of hydrogen) in the presence of absolute ether. Alcohol,ethylene and ethyl phosphine are also formed during the reaction.The new phosphate is a colourless liquid lighter than water. It boilsbetween 150" and 160" with gradual decomposition into alcohol andDichlorovinyl Methyl Ether. By A. DENARO (Gazzetta 14,117-120).-The four known vinyl ethers are vinyl ethyl ether,C,H,.OEt ; monochlorovinyl ethyl ether C,H,Cl.OEt ; dichlorovinylethyl ether C,HCl,.OEt ; and trichlorovinyl ethyl ether CC13.0Et,A.J. G.Ethyl Sulphides.A. J. G.ethyl phosphite and phosphate. w. c. wORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1283but up to the present time vinyl methyl ether and its derivatives havenot been examined.Dichlorovinyl methyl ether C,HCl,.Onfe is prepared by heatingpotassium methylate (144 grams) with trichlorethylene (104 grams)for 16 hours at 50-60" in a flask furnished with a reflux condenser ;water is then added. and the ether which sepa:-ates is dried overcalcium chloride and fractionally distilled to separate the smallportion of unattacked trichlorethylene. The ether is a colourlessliquid of agreeable odour recalling that of acetal.It boils a t109-110" and its sp. gr. is 1.2934 a t 0" and 1.1574 a t 100". Whenexposed to the air it slowly decomposes with evolution of hydrochloricacid.When the ether is boiled with sulphuric acid diluted with fourparts of water in a reflux apparatus it is decomposed with formationof a crystalline substance which may be extracted from the productby skaking it with ether this melts a t 56-57' distils a t 118-l B l " and appears to be identical with Paternh's dichloraldehyde ; thereaction i n which it is formed beingCClz CH.OMe + SO,(OH) = CHCl,.CHO + SO,(OH).OMe.From its mode of formation and the action of snlphuric acid on it,there can be no doubt that the constitutional formula of the ether isCCl CH.OMe.Ally1 Dirnethyl Carbinol.By POUTOKINE (BUZZ. XOC. Chim. 41,2681.-The fractional distillation of crude ally1 dimethyl carbinolyields an alcohol boiling a t 174" which is attacked by bromiue hydro-bromic acid being evolved and when oxidised i t yields acetic andbutyric acids. It probably therefore contains the isopropyl-group,and may be represented as CsH,.CH CH.CHr.CMe,.OH.Dipropyl Propylidenic Oxide. By B. SCHUDEL (Nonatsh. Chenz .,5 245-250).-This compound is formed by the action of phospliineon a mixture of normal propyl alcohol and propaldehyde but only insmall quantities. A much better yield is obtained by heating amixture of the alcohol and aldehyde with acetic acid in sealed tubesa t 100". The product is fractionated until the thermometer rises tol l O o and the residue is then heated with potash in a silver flask con-nected with a reflux condenser for some hours ; it is finally washedwith water and dried over calcium chloride.I n this manner a liquidis obtained the chief portion of which boils a t 16:3-164" and consistsof dipropyl propylidenic oxide CHEt(OPr),. It is a liquid of sp. gr. =0.8495 a t O" and boils at 165.6' (corr.) and barometer at 747' mm.The determinations of its vapour-density gave the numbers 81.78 and80.14 (H = 1).That the oxide is in reality dipropyl propylidenic oxide is shownby the fact that when heated with acetic anhydride in sealedtubesa t 180" it yields propyl acetate and the compound CHEt(Ohc) asrepresented by the following equation :-CHEt(OPr) + 2G20 = 2Pr.OAc + CHEt(OAc)2.C.E. G.W. R. D.P. P. €31284 ABSTRACTS OF CII3JIICAL PAPERS.Action of Ammonium Chloride on Glycol at High Tempe-ratures. By A. W. HOFMANN (Ber. 17. 1905-1906).-No trace ofethylenediamine is formed b u t a pyridine base which proved to becollidine. The react,ion must take place according to the equation4C&02 + H,N,HCl= C,H,N,HCl+ 8H20.The temperature emplored was 300-400°. L. T. T.Butylic Glycerol Triacetin. By L. PRUMER (Con@. rend. 99,193-195).-The butylic glycerol previously described (Compt. rend.,80 1603) when heated with acetic anhydride in sealed tubes at14(~" yields a triacetin which can be obt'ained almost solid by evapora-bion over sulphuric acid and lime. It is a neutral substmce with 8bitter taste. C.H. B.A General Reaction of Polyhydride Alcohols in Presenceof Borax and Paratungstates. By D. KLEIN (Compt. rend. 99,3 44-147).-1n presence of an aqueous solution of borax dulcitolbehaves in the same manner as mannitol (Compt. rend. 86 826).Dulcitol is neutral to litmus and borax is distinctly alkaline but asolution containing less than 0.5 mol. of borax for each molecule ofdulcitol is strongly acid the acidity being greater the smaller theproportion of borax ; a solution containing 0.5 mol. of borax for eachmol. of dulcitol is neutral ; and a solution containing a higher propor-tion of borax is alkaline the alkalinity increasing with the amount ofborax present. These results were obtained by mixing saturatedsolutions of the two substances a t about 15".None of the solutionsshowed any rotatory power. The acid solution first mentionedacquires an alkaline reaction when diluted with a large quantity ofwater.With solutions of sodium paratungstate dulcitol also behaves in thesame way as mannitol. A mixture of concentrated solutions of thetwo substances has an acid reaction after boiling. The dulcitolsolution however has no rotatory power. The solubility of dulcitolis largely increased by the presence of sodium paratungstate and toa still greater extent by the presence of borax.These reactions are perfectly general and are produced by allbiborates soluble paratungstates and all non-condensed polyhydricalcohols the proportion of the alcohol required to produce an acidreaction being lower the higher the hydricity of the alcohol.Hydroxy acids such as mucic acid which contain a large number ofOH groups give similar reactions.An increase of rotatory poweronly takes place when the alcohol itself is optically active. Saccha-rose and dextrin do not give these reactions.The reactions admit of very simple explanation. Ethereal salts ofthe alcohol employed are formed and play the part of acids havinga greater saturating capacitj than the inorganic acid. They requirefor the formation of neutral salts a higher proportion of the base thanwas combinsd with the inorganic acid and consequently give acidsolutions. C. H. 13ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1285Persite a Sugar analogous to Mannitol.By A. MUNTZ andV. MARCANO (Compt. rend. 99 38-40).-Laurus persea a tree ofmoderate height very abundant in the tropics bears a fruit with afleshy pericarp rich in oil and a ligneous-looking seed. I n 1831Avequin stated that this seed contained a large quantity of mannitol,and Melsens found that this mannitol ha's the same percentage com-position as that derived from manna.The sugar is easily extracted from the seeds by triturating themwith boiling alcohol or water containing a little basic lead acetate.It crystallises rapidly and can be purified by repeated crystallisationfrom alcohol. I t has the composition C6H,aO6 and melts a t 183*5-184",like dulcilJol whereas the melting point of mannitol is 1641-164.,5".vnlike dulcitol however it yields oxalic acid without any mucic acidwhen oxidised with boiling nitric acid.This sugar to which theauthor gives the name persite is in fact analogous to but notidentical with mannitol.Persite is comparatively insoluble in cold water a saturated solutiona t 15" containing only 6 per cent. but it is very soluble in hot water,from which it separates in a farinaceous mass on cooling. It is onlyvery slightly soluble in cold alcohol but its solubility increases withthe temperature a boiling saturated alcoholic solution as it cools,deposits persite in a bulky mass of very slender needles. Persiteeven in concentrated solutions has no action on polarised light butit acquires a distinct dextrorotatory power on adding borax to tlhesolution. It has no action on an alkaline copper solution even afterboiling with dilute inorganic acids and it does not undergo truealcoholic fermentation.When treated with a mixture of fuming nitric acid and sulphuricacid persite yields a trinitro-derivative which detonates violently onpercussion.Nitropersite is only slightly soluble in cold alcohol butis somewhat soluble in boiling alcohol from which it is deposited in abulky crystalline mass. It is also somewhat soluble in ether. Asolution in a mixture of alcohol and ether has a dextrorotatory powerof + 2.1.When heated a t about 250" persite gives off water withoutbecoming dark-coloured and yields a substance analogous to man-nitan.Persite occurs in the seeds of Laurus persea to the extent of 6 to 8per cent.; in the pericarp from 1% to 6.3 per cent. according to thestage of maturity ; and in the dry leaves about 2 per cent. When thefruit is completely ripe the proportion of persite has considerablydiminished whilst that of oil has increased and hence it would seemthat persite like mannitol in the olive contributes to the formation ofthe fatty bodies. During the germination of the seeds the persitedisappears. C. H. B.Circular Polarisation of Cane-sugar. By B. TOLLENS (Ber.,17 1751-1758).-L4bout eight years ago the author and Schmitz,working independently both came to the conclusion now generallyaccepted that cane-sugar as well as dextrose and some other sub-stances investigated by Landolt have no unchangeahle specificVdL. XLVT. 41286 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Rotation for [ a ] ~ .Weight of sugarrotation but that this decreases slowly as the concentration increases.Hesse's investigation of the rotation of very dilute solutions (Amzalen,176 89 and 189) seemed to show however that in solutionscontaining only 1 to 3 per cent. sugar the rotation ([a]D = 68" about)was much higher than those containing 10 per cent. and upwards([a]= = 66-5-64"). The author has now made a careful series ofdeterminations with very dilute solutions; he used a Landolt-Laurent instrument and believes the results to be correct to within2'. He has found no such increase of rotation for dilute solutions,but if anything a very slight decrease ; and concludes therefore that" the specific rotation of very dilute solutions of cane-sugar followsthe same law as that of concentrated solutions," and that "only oneequation is needed for calculating the specific rotation of cane-sugarsolutions whatever their concentrations." The formula he previouslygave (Bey.10 1410) for the specific rotation of concentrated solu-tions [a]D = 66.386" + 0*015035"P - 0*0003986"P2 where P =percentage concentration of the solution is applicable to all concen-trations. The following table shows the results obtained comparedwith those calculated by means of the above formula.grams.The sugar employed was carefully purified by repeated crystallisa-tion from water and finally by precipitation from its aqueous solutionby alcohol.The author is a t present carrying out similar investigations withdextrose and already finds that the specific rotation decreases withdilution of the solution rather than increases.L. T. T.Melitose from Cotton-seed. By H. BIfrTHAusm (J. pr. Chew [a] 29 351-557).-This sugar which was discovered by Johnstonin 1843 and further examined by Berthelot has hitherto been foundonly in Tasmaoian manna. The author finds that it is contained inlarge quantity in cotton-seed and has prepared it from cotton-cakeORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1287The cake is extracted with hot alcohol (sp. gr. 0*848) and the extractis concentrated vhen it deposits crystalline lumps ; these are washedwith cold alcohol (80 per cent.) and then dissolved in alcohol heatedto 70"; the solution is treated with animal charcoal and allowed toremain 3 to 5 days when it deposits tufts of lustrous acicular crys-tals.The yield of pure melitose is 3 per cent. of the raw material.Melitose dissolves in 6 parts of water at 16" and is almost insolublein absolute alcohol. The aqueous solution has a higher dextro-rotatory power than cane-sugar [ m ] j = 117.4" (Berthelot gives= 88" f o r the hydrates and [ a ] j = 102" for anhydrousmelitose). It does not reduce Fehling's solution even on boiling.After boiling with dilute sulphuric acid the rotatory power is reducedto about one-half the original [aJj = 61*8' whilst Berthelot states thatit is onlyreduced by one-third. The analysis agrees with the formula,C12H22011,3H20. It undergoes partial fusion below 90° and onlyloses the last traces of water very slowly but if heated without fusion,the greater part of the water passes off at 84-85" and the remainderis then readily removed a t 104-108" without fusion.I?. F.F.Non-identity of Arabinose and Lactose. By C. SCHEIBLEE( B e y . 17 1729-1732) .-Claesson (Abstr. 1881 795) has disprovedKiliani's view of the identity of arabinose and lactose (Abstr. 1881,243). C. O'Sullivan (Trans. 1884 41 et seq.) has described fourdifferent arabinoses obtained from gum arabic and which hedesignates ot 6 "1 and 6 arabinose. The author is inclined to thinkthat O'Snllivan's a-compound is identical with his arabinose the./-compound with lactose (galactose) and the 6-conipound a mixtureof the two.The author has prepared the phenylhydrazine compounds of arabin-ose and lactose.Phen,yZarabinosazone is precipitated in the form ofoily drops which soon solidify it melts a t 157-158". PhenyZ-yalactosazone is precipitated a t once in crystalline form and melts at170-171". E. Fischer found the melting point of the latter to be182". L. T. T.New Method for Preparing and Estimating Glycogen. ByA. LANDWEHR ( Z e i t . Physiol. Chenz. 8 165-174).-The extractof the liver made in the ordinary way is boiled with a smallquantity of zinc acetate to coagulate all the albumin. The filtratefrom this precipitate is placed on the water-bath with an excess offerric chloride and after heating the whole of the iron is precipitatedwith soda. This precipitate is collected washed with hot watey,and dissolved in hydrochloric or acetic acid; the latter is prefer-able (in this case hydrochloric acid must also be added after solution) :it is then poured into three times itsvolume of alcohol. The glycogenthus prepared is free both from ash and from nitrogen.The quantitative determination can be made either by weighingthe pure precipitated glycogen after drying in a vacuum over sul-phuric acid and in the water-oven a t 120" or by calculating asglycogen the difference between the iron precipitate weighed after4 s 1288 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.1 s t Series .-Immersed 1 minute .. 9.577 5 minutes. 8.7 15 . . 8.7drying at 120" and the oxide of iron left after ignition. This how-ever is open to objection as the percentage of water is very variablein the excess of oxide of iron that must necessarily always be present.J.P. L.2nd Series.Immersed 10 seconds. 8.8 30 . . 9.3 1 minute . . 9.0 5 minutes,. 9.0 15 . . 8.8Conversion of Primary Amines into Nitriles. By A. W.I~OFMANN (Bey. 17 1920-192l).-In a previous communication(this vol. p. 1114) the author showed that the amide of ail acid of thORUANIC CHEMISTRY. 1289fatty series may be converted into the nitrile of the next lowermember of the series. The occurrence of the amines of the lowerhomologue in this reaction point to the fact of the intermediate forma-tion of amines. Taking into account the conversion of amines intomono-derivatives of nitrogen bromide (Abstr. 1883 7&9) the authorthinks the reaction must be looked upon as taking place in threestages :-I.C8H17.CONH + Br + 4NaOH = C8H17.NH + 2NaBr + Na2C03 j- 2H20.I[. CsHI7.NH2 + 2Br + 2NaOH = C9H1,.NBr2 + 2NaBr + 2Hz0.111. C,H,.NBr + 2NaOH = C,H,.CN + 2NaBr + 'LH,O.L. T. T.Trimethylenediamine. By E. FISCHER and H- KOCH (Ber. 17,1799-1801) .-The authors have prepared and examined this com-pound as it seems to be a suitable starting point for the preparationof the less oxygenised members of the uric acid group.It was prepared by the action of alcoholic ammonia on tri-methylene bromide. Niederist studied the reaction of these bodieson one another obtaining a number of complicated derivatives(Monntsh. Chew. 1880 838) but appears to have overlooked theformation of the amine.Trimethylene bromide was mixed with8 t o 5 times its weight of an alcoholic solution of ammonia saturatedat O" and the mixture was allowed to remain for two or threedays in well-closed vessels at the ordinary temperature. The liquidwas then evaporated to dryness when the hydrobromide of the basewas left mixed with bye-products which appeared similar to those ofNiederist but were not further examined. Trimeth ylenediamine,CaH6(NH2)? is a colourless mobile liquid resembling ethylene andpropylene diamines. I t distils at 135-136' and forms a cloud whenbrought in contact with moist air. When mixed with water consider-able development of heat takes place; when exposed t o the atmo-sphere it absorbs carbonic anhydride and is converted into thecarbonate. It is miscible in all proportions with alcohol ether,benzene and chloroform ; the anhydrous compound attacks cork andindiarubber readily.The hydrochloride C3H6(NH,C1) crystallisesin well-formed colourless prisms easily soluble in water. The hydro-bromide sulphate and nitrate are all crystalline but the twolatter exceedingly deliquescent. The platinochloride forms pale redglittering crystals sparingly soluble in water. L. T. T.Acediamine. By A. W. HOFMANN (Bey. 17 1924-1926).-Strecker showed (Annalen 103 328) that when acetamide wasacted OIL by dry hydrochloric acid gas acediamine C2H6N2 wasformed. Tawilderow (Bey. 5 477) could not obtain acediamineby Strecker's process and contended that the substance Strecker hadobtained was really a mixture of diacetamide hydrochloride andammonium chloride.Whilst working at some allied compounds theauthor has repented Strecker's work with perfectly satisfactoryresults obtained a good Sield of acediamine and found none ofTswilderow 's difficulties1290 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.I n order to assimilate the nomenclature to that he employed forthe phenyl-derivative he prepared (MurzatsSer. B e d . Akad. 1865,640) the author proposes to substitute the name ethenyldiamine forStrecker's acediamine. L. T. T.Triacetonamine and its Homologues. By E. FISCHER (Bey. 17,1788-1 799) .-In continuation of former communications on thissubject (Abstr. 1883 7'30 and 1153) the author describes a numberof derivatives of triacetonamine which he has investigated.Triacetorialkamine is best prepared by the reduction of triaceton-amine in slightly acid solution by sodium-amalgam.A much betteryield is obtained than if the reduction is carried out in alkaline solu-tions. Triacetonine already described (Zoc. cit.) is best purified bythe help of its hydrobromide; this salt crystallises from boilingwater in large prisms. The free base distils a t 146-147" under740 mm. pressure; it is poisonous and inhalation of its vapourcauses giddiness head-ache and sickness. It forms an unstable butcrystalline hydroxide. The hydriodide and aurochloride are bothsparingly soluble in cold water. A solution of the sulphate whenwarmed with sodium nitrite yields nitrosotriacetonine C,H,N.NO,which has a strong odour of camphor and crystallises in yellovishplates soluble in alcohol ether and benzene very sparingly so inwater.When it is boiled with hydrochloric acid a base is formed whichvery closely resembles triacetonine. When reduced with zinc andacetic acid nitrosotriacetonine yields a base which reduces Fehling'ssolution strongly and is probably a secondary hydrazine. Whenheated with methyl iodide triacetonine yields meth!y Ztriacetonine,which however is better obtained by the action of sulphuric acid onmethyltriacetonalkamine a t 100". Methyltriacetonine is a colonrlessoil sparingly soluble in water and easily volatile in a current ofsteam. It,s hydrobromide and hydriodide are easily soluble and itdoes not form a hydrate. Its aurochloride crystallises in small,characteristic yellow prisms.It is not attacked by nitrous acid andis probably a tertiary base.Triacehonine is an unsaturated compound and if its hydriodide isheated a t 130" with excess of hydriodic acid the sparingly solublehydriodide of an iodated base CgH18NI,HI is formed. Moniodotetra-methylpiperidine C9Hl,NI is liberated from this hydriodide by theaction of potash and crystallises in colourless plates easily soluble inalcohol ether and chloroform insoluble in water. It melts a t 90".The hydrochloride is more soluble than the hydriodide. Whenreduced with sodium-amalgam in aqueous solution it yields a basevery similar in properties to triacetonine. The quantity of this baseobtained was too small for the author to determine whether it wastetramethy lpiperidine.Pseudo- trzacetonu Zkamirze described by Hein tz (this Journal 18 7 7,i 592) as a bye-product in the preparation of triacetonalkamine wasalso obtained by the author.He believes however that Heintz'sformula C9H19N0 is not correct and that C9HI6NO or some multiplethereof more probably expresses its true composition. It probably isnot a simple acetone-base but is of higher molecular weight. It iORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1291undoubtedlg related to the alkamines as when treated with sulphuricacid a t 100" it yields pseudotyiacetonine easily soluble in alcohol andvolatile in a current of steam. It melts a t 128" and forms sparinglysoluble hydrobromide and hydriodide. It was only obtained in smallquantity and did not yield satisfactory analytical results but itsformula appears to be C8Hl,N.Vinyldiacetonarnine C8Hl,N0 already described by Heintz (thisJournal 1877 ii 878) is best obtained by the action of paraldehydeon diacetonamine oxalate.When reduced by sodium-amalgam inacid solution it yieldfi viiLYZdiac;etonaZX;amina CBH17N0 which melts at123" and is easily soluble in water and alcohol very sparingly so inether. It yields easily soluble salts with mineral acids and with goldand platinum chlorides. Its composition is the same as Wertheim'sconhydrine which it resembles so closely that the author is inclinedto look upon the two bases as identical. When heated with concen-trated sul phuric acid vinyldiacetalkamine yields i$nyZdiacetonine,C8HI5N a colourless oil which may be distilled in a current of steam,and has an odour resembling that of conine.When purified thisbase distils a t 137" under 741 mm. pressure. It is less soluble inboiling than in cold water and is miscible in all proportions withalcohol ether and chloroform. Its hydriodide crystallises in sparinglysoluble needles the hydrochloride and hydrobromide are much moresoluble. It forms a crystnllisable hydroxide and a characteristic auro-chloride. I t is converted into a nitrosamine by the action of nitrousacid. It combines with hydriodic acid in a manner similar to tri-acetonine forming iodotri:meth2/Z~iperidine C,H,NI ; this crystallisesin regular colourless prisms which melt at 60" and are easily solublein ether almost insoluble in water.Benzaldl'acetonaniine C1,H17NO was first prepared by Heintz(Abstr.1879 54) but the author having orerlooked Heintz's work,redescribed it (this vol. 54) under the name of benzodiacetonamine.He now proposes to revert to Heintz's nomenclature. This compoundyields benzaldiacetonalkarnine (this vol. p. 54) on reduction which isconverted into the corresponding acetonine by the action of strongsulphuric acid. Benzaldiucetonine C13HI7N has an odour resemblingat once that of piperidine and of benzaldehyde. It distils undecom-posed does not solidify at - 20° and is volatile in steam. Its hydro-chloride is easily soluble ; its hydrobromide and hydriodide verysparingly so. It forms an aurochloride which crystallises in longyellow needles.When heated in acid solution with sodium nitrite,it yields a nitroso-compound.Heinta gave triacetonamine the formula N H < ~ ~ Z ~ ~ ~ " > C O . Ac-cepting this formula as probably correct the bodies just describedwill be represented by the following formulae :-CMez.CH2 CNe2.CH2NH<CMe2.CHTriacetonalkamine. Triacetonine.\CH. NH/ \CH.OH'CMe2.CH21292 ABSTRACTS OF CHENICAL PAPERS.CHMe.CH CHPh.CH,'CMe,-CH,' \CMe,- CH,NH/ \CH.OH NH/ )CH.OH.Vinyldiace tonalkam ine. B enzaldiacetonalkamine.,CH CH,Latterly the formula 3'' 'N for pyridine has been gaining\CH CH'ground. I n the formation of acetonines from the corresponding nlk-amines the conditions seem to be very favourable for the bringingabout of such a linking of carbon with nitrogen.In every case,however the imide-group has remained intact the elements of waterhaving been split off from the carbon nucleus and thus formed anunsaturated body. There seems therefore to be no inclination forthe nitrogen in these bodies to unite with the carbon-atom occupyingthe para-position ; and although the case may be different with t,heless hydrogenised pyridine nucleus the author considers that a tpresent a t least the older formula for pyridine should be retained inpreference to the new.Imido-ethers from Acetone Cyanhydrin and Ally1 Cyanide.By A. PINNER (Ber. 17 2007-20l0).-Chlorobutyrimido-ether hydro-chloride C3H6C1.C(O~t) NH,HCl is prepared by saturating rz mix-ture of equal molecular proportions of ally1 cyanide and ethyl alcoholwith hydrochloric acid gas.It crystallises in large thick colourlessprisms. It dissolves readily in water but the solution soon decom-poses with separation of ethyl P-chlorobntyrate. Alcoholic potashappears t o convert it into crotonic acid. On long standing it becomesliquid and the oil on distillation yields ethyl B-chlorobutyrate and anamide which crystallises in thin colourless needles melts a t 149-152",and is readily soluble in alcohol and benzene probably crotonamide.Ammonia converts the imido-ether hydrochloride into an uncrystnl-lisable amidine hydrochloride.L. T. T.H~droxyisobutyrimido-eth er hydrochloride,CNe,(OH).C(OEt) NH,HCI,is obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid on a mixture of alcoholand acetone cyanhydrin.It can only be crystallised with difflculty.By treatment with ammonia it is convert'ed into hydroxyisobzLtyraini-dine hydrochloride CMe2(0H).C(NH2) NH,HCl which crystallises inlarge thick transparent plates and is readily soluble in alcohol andwater.By allowing a mixture of cinnamon oil and dry hydrocyanic acid tostand for some weeks cinnamaldelqde cyanhydrin C,H,O.HCN isobtained in white granular crystals melting a t 80-81" readily solublein alcohol and benzene sparingly soluble in light petroleum. Hydro-chloric acid and alcohol convert it into a crystalline imido-ether.Cyanbenzin C,H,N when pure crystallises in slender interlacedneedles and melts at 221". A. J. G.Hydroxy-base of Cyanmethine C6H8N,0. By R.WOLLKER( J . pr. Chrm. [ 21 29 131-134) .-The hydroxy- base of cyanmethinORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1293obtained by the action of nitrous acid on cyanmethine in acetic acidsolution (Abstr. 1883 653) differs from the corresponding cyan-ethine-compound in being very soluble in water. The author hasprepared it in a pure state hy heating crude cyanmethine with con-centrated hydrochloric acid in closed tubes a t 180" evaporating,neutralising with soda and ext,racting the hydroxy-base witch benzene.It forms very soluble crystalline salts with nitric and oxalic acids,and a platinochloride crystallising in plates.The author has endeavoured to prepare the base C6H8N2 analogousto cyanconine C9H,N (Abstr. 1883 352). By the action of phos-phorus pentachloride on the hydroxy-base an oil containing chlorinewas obtained soluble in ether alcohol and benzene insoluble inwater and nearly insoluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Withhydrochloric acid gas this forms a solid compound probably a hydro-chloride which is insoluble in alcohol and ether bnt very hypo-scopic ; it is decomposed by water into the original oil and hydrochloricacid.On reducing this oil with hydrochloric acid and zinc neutra-lising with soda and distilling with steam a distillate is obtainedhaving an alkaline reaction and giving a double salt with mercuricchloride. These compounds are probably analogous to chlorocyan-conine and cyanconine but were obtained in quantities too small foranalysis.On heating the hydroxy-base of cyanmethine with methyl iodide a t150" iodides of methylated ammonias are obtained chiefly tetra-methylammonium iodide and not a methylated hydroxy-base such asis formed by the action of iodide of methyl on the hydroxy-base ofcyanmethine.A. B.Compound formed by Addition of Hydrochloric Acid toa-.I-Dichlorocrotonaldehyde. By K. NATTERER (Monafsh. Chew .,5 251-265).-1n a former communication (Abstr. 1883 964) theauthor has shown that a-~~-dichZorocrotonaZdehyde unites directly withhydrochloric acid to form a compound isomeric with bufylchZora7 theconstihtion of which may be represented by either of the two fol-lowing formulae :-C H,C 1. C H C 1. C H C1. C HO o r CH? C1. C H? . C C I 2. C H 0.The object of this investigation has been to decide between thesetwo formulae and the results obtained indicate that this additivecompound of hydrochloric acid and a- y-dichlorocrotonaldeh yde is re-presented by the first of the above formultx ; for if i t is boiled withwater and barium carbonate it yields a syrupy compound whicb,when dry forms an amorphous mass not convertible into erythrol,as would be the case were the constitution represented by the secondformula.The substance obtained resembles the carbohydrates andmost probably has the constitution OH.CH,.CH,.CO.CHO,These conclusions find further support in the facts that the tl-i-chlorobutyric acid formed by the oxidation of this additive compound.cannot be converted into an unsaturated acid by treatment withzinc-dust and water or by heating it with an alcoholic solution ofpotassic iodide.The trichlurobutyric acid which has the constitution1294 ABSTRACTS OF CHEJlICAL PAPERS.CH2C1.CH2.CC1,.COOH appears to form a lactone by replacement ofone of the chlorine-at,oms and by long-continued boiling with wateris converted into an acid free from chlorine namely,0 H. C H . C H2 . C 0. C 0 0 H ,which resembles pyroracemic acid. P. P. B.Formation of Amides from Ammonium Salts. By N. MEN-SCHUTKIN ( J . p ~ . Chew. [ a ] 29 422-436).-The peater part of thispaper has already appeared in a shorter form ( B e y . 17 846 andthis vol. p. 836). The author gives tables containing the rate (that is,the amount formed a t the end of one hour) and limit of " amidation "of primary secondary and tertiary acids between 125' and 212.5".The formation of amides follows the same law as that of etherifica-tion and in the following table the values of different acids comparedwith formic acid are given.The temperature of the rate is 155" andof the limit 125" :---Primary acids :-Formic acid .Acetic acid .Propionic acid .Butyric acid. .Caproic acid. .Phenylacetic acid. .Isobutyric acid. .Senzoic acid. .Anisic acid .Secondary acid :-Tertiary acid :-Coefficient ofetherification.Rate.For the purpose of comparison the author gives a table (p. 1297)in which various results are shown in relation to the above acids. InColumn I are given the results for the affinities of the acids ascertainedby the decomposition of acetamide by dilute acids; in Column I1the decomposition of methyl acetate by dilute acids ; in Column 111the value of the investigated acids on salts the above being Oswald'sresults.In Column IV is given the thermal effect of the formationof the salts in the solid state by BerthelotORGANIC! CHEJIISTRY.I n all the above reactions the acids investigated show the samerelations. I n all the columns similar changes in the composition orisomerism of the acids show similar changes in the figures so that inall the reactions the same series are obtained. A. B.Influence of Temperature on the Rate of Certain Reac-tions. By N. MEKSCHUTKIN ( J . pr. Chem. [a] 29 437-447).-Inthis paper are given the conclusions derived from the author's investi-gations on the formation of ethyl acetate from acetic acid and elhylalcohol acetamide from acetic acid and ammonia and acetanilidefrom acetic acid and aniline.These reactions are not simple as arethe combination of two compounds or the decomposition of one com-pound into two but are double decompositions and the more com-plicated as they are reciprocal. The estimations are notl those of therate of formation or decomposition but the differential of the rateof the two reactions. Disregarding this disadvantage it is foundthat the influence of temperature on the increase in the rate of t'hereaction is regular The method of investigation has been to warmmolecular weights of the substance for an hour a t various tempe-ratures and then estimate the quantities of ethereal salt anilide oramide as the case might be which were formed.The influence of the temperature on the increase of the rate offormation of ethyl acetate is given in the following table.I n the firstcolumn is given the temperature of the experiment; in the secondthe percentage of ethyl acetate formed; and in the third the diE-ference in the increase usually between 10".Temperature.1296 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.In the formation of the ethereal salt the rate increases with the riseof temperature throughout but the amount of increase has a mnxininmand then diminishes. This maximum lies between 125" and 145",when the formation is about half completed. The rate a t 212.5"approaches the limit of the reaction (66.6 per cent.).The authorrepresents these reactions by means of curves of which the abscissa isthe temperature and the ordinate the percentage of ethereal salt,anilide or amide formed. The curve of the rate of formation ofethyl acetate has the appearance of an elongated letter S.The influence of temperatmure in the formation of acetanilide isshown in the following table :-Temperature,In t'his and in the preceding case the commencement of the forma-tion begins a t the ordinary temperature but the amount is small.The maximum of the increase in the rate is between 122" and 132",and in this case it is again half completed. The curve in these reac-tions is of the same form as the ethyl acetate curve.Finally in the case of acetamide the following results have beenobtained :-Amount of acetamideTemperature.formed.In this increase the maximum of increase in rate is sharpel- andA t 212.5 the rate isThe curve is like anmuch greater than in the two former cases.almost equal to the limit ($4.0 per cent.)ORGANlC CIIEMISTRT. 1297upright S and the maximum in the increase in the rate is about halfof the total decomposition.I n these reciprocal reactions the limit depends on the rate of bothreactions being the same. Bert,helot has shown that temperaturehas no influence on the limit in the cases of different systems ofalcohols and acids and the author has confirmed this. I n the forma-tion of acetanilide the author shows that a decrease in the limit takesplace by rise of temperature and in the formation of acetamide anincrease.The following table shows this :-Acetamide.100" 85-05 per cent.125 83-11 ,135 82.39 ,145 81.22 ,155 79-68 ,182.5 W.85 ,212.5 77.75 3 3Ace tanilide.> Temperature. Limit.-12.5" 75.10 per cent.140 713.18 ,155 81-46 ,182.5 82-82 ,212.5 84.04 ,Probably in these cases the limit may become constant at higher tem-pe ra t ures.I n these reactions the differences are small as compared with thedifferences in the chemical properties of the substances and it seemsprobable that the above experiments show the general character ofthe influence of temperature in such reactions which imply doubledecomposition. A. B.Acids contained in Beeswax. By F. NAFZGER (AnnnZem 224,225-258).-Brodie's formula for cerotic acid (AnnuZen 67 180 ;71 la) C27H5102 has been caIled in question by Heintz (J.pr. Clzam.,66 1) and others. SchalfejeE (Ber. 9 278 and 1688) denies thati t is a homogeneous product and states that it is a mixture of theacid C34H6802 melting a t 91" with other acids of the same series.The author finds that the cerine of beeswax consists chiefly of freecerotic acid melting a t 78*5" mixed with a small quantity of acids ofthe oleic series. By fractional precipitation of the alcoholic solutionwith magnesium acetate a small quantity of an acid melting a t 89"was isolated. It has the formula C3,H600z or C31H6202.Analyses of cerotic acid and its lead and silver salts failed to decidewhether the acid has the composition C26H5202 or C,H5,02. Theyprove however that this acid is not identical with the lignoceric acidof Hell arid Hermann (Abstr.1881 249).Myricin is chiefly composed of myricyl palmitate and the myricylsalt oE an acid of the oleic series. w. c. w.Action of Bromine on Levulinic Acid (p-Acetopropionic Acid).By C. HELL and E. A. KEHRER (Ber. 17 1981-19234)-DibrornZevz~-linic acid C5H6Br203 is obtained by gradually adding bromine to anethereal solution of levulinic acid the reaction being very vigorous.It is also formed by adding bromine to an aqueous solution of leru1298 ARSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.linic acid and allowing the mixture to stand for some days best insunlight It crystallises in tufts of needles or in thick apparentlyrhombic prisms melts a t 112-113" and is decomposed a t 130-14b".It is readily soluble in ether alcohol acetic acid ethyl acetate andacetone sparingly soluble in cold water chloroform and benzene,practically insoluble in light petroleum.It is not decomposed by coldwater whilst hot water decomposes it with elimination of all itsbromine as hydrobromic acid and an amount of carbonic anhydrideequal to a little less than one-fifth of the carbon present as COOH;the other decomposition-products have not been isolated. The bromine-derivative was also prepared from synthetical /3-acetopropionic acid,aiid agreed in all particulars with that above described confirmingthe statement of Conrad (Abstr. 1879 453) and Tollens (ibid. 523),as to the identity of levulinic and 6-acetopropionic acid.A.J. G.Preparation of Glyoxal Derivatives from Trichlorlactic Acid.By A. PINNER (Ber. 17 1997-2002).-0n heating a mixture oftrichlorlactic acid and carbamide dissolved in a little water on thewater-bath for 10-12 hours acetylene-carbamide is formed. If thewater be omitted dichlorovinyl-carbamide is obtained in addition. Bythe action of excess of ammonia on trichlorlactic acid glycosine isformed one of the nitrogenous bases obtained by Debus by action ofammonia on glyoxal. A mixture of trichlorlactic acid hydroxylamiiiehydrochloride and sodium carbonate yields glyoxime. Phenylhydra-zine acting on sodium trichlorlactate converts it into the compoundC,Hl4N4 prgviously obtained by E. Fischer (this vol. p. 1151) fromqlyoxal and phenylhydrazine.Sodium amalgam converts trichlor-lactic acid into a crystalline chlorinated acid probably monochlorlacticacid. A. J. G.Thiolactic and Thiodilactylic Acids. By J. M. L O V ~ N (J.p-.Chem. [2] 29 366-378).-An acid of the supposed formulaC2H,(SH).COOH is described by Schacht (Annulen 129 l) andBottinger (Abstr. 1876 624) ; the same chemists also briefly mentiona thiodilactylic acid but the author considering it very doubtfulwhether the acids described by them were really those in question,has subjected these acids to a detailed investigation.Action of a- Chloropropiowic acid o n Potassium Xu1phhydrate.-Whenpure chloropropionic acid is gradually added to a concentrated solutionof potassium sulphhydrate sulphuretted hydrogen is evolved andpotassium chloride thiolactate and thiodilactylate are formed accordingto the equations:-2KSH + C,R,Cl.COOH = KC1 + C,H,(SH).COOK + HZS.C,H,(SH).COOK + KSH = C,Hi(SK).COOK + HZS.CzH,(SK).COOK + CzH,Cl.COOK = KC1 + (C2H*.COOK),S.The tbiodilactylate was precipitated by means of barium chloride,and the thiolactic acid obtained from the filtrate by acidulating withsulphuric acid and shaking with ether.a-ThioZactic acid CHMe(SH) .COOH may be prepared more easilyby saturating an aqueous solution of pyruvic acid with sulphuretteORGANIC CHEMISTRY.1299hydrogen ttt a gentle heat strong hydrochloric acid and zinc are thenadded ; on cooling the thiolactic acid is extracted with ether. The acidis a colourless oily liquid of unpleasant odour and miscible with waterand alcohol in all proportions.Ferric chloride gives a transientindigo-blue colour after which alkalis give an iiitense purple-redcoloration which gradually disappears in contact with the air.Excess of ferric chloride converts it into dithiolactylic acid. Cupricsalts added in excess produce a deep-violet solution (distinction fromp-thiolactic and thioglycollic acids which give precipitates). Anumber of salts derived from thiolactic acid are described ; thosemetals which are precipitated from an acid solution by sulphurettedhydrogen form acid compounds by displacement of the hydrogen whichis combined with sulphur of the type C,H,( SR) .COOH. Ethylic thio-lactate,. prepared by heating; a mixture of thiolactic acid with alcoholand a little sulphuric acid is a mobile liquid of intensely disagreeableodour and only slightly soluble in water ; with solutions of the heavymetals it behaves like mercaptan; thus with copper i t forms a com-pound [ CzH4(COOEt)S],Cuz.Dithiodilactylic acid (C,H,.COOH),S is prepared by the oxidationof thiolactic acid with iodine or ferric chloride ; it crystallises in shiningneedles or hard cakes which melt a t 142" and are sparingly solublein cold but readily in hot water alcohol or ether.It gives noreactions with either copper or iron salts ; zinc and hydrochloric acidconvert it into thi~lact~ic acid which is thus most readily obtained ina pure state. The author regards it as almost beyond doubt that themid prepared by Schacht and Biittinger was really dithiolactylic acid,the percentage composition being but slightly different froni that ofthiolactic acid.Thiodilacty Zic acid (C2H4.COOH),S.-As already mentioned thisacid is obtained as a bye-product in the preparation of thiolactic acid.It is formed as the principal product by the action of potassiuma-chloropropionate either on potassium sulphide or on basic potnssinmthiolactate.The free acid is obtained from its barium salt by acidu-lation with sulp'huric acid ; i t crystallises in large well-formed mono-clinic prisms melting a t 125". The acid is very soluble in water,alcohol and ether; it suffers no change from contact wit,h the air andis not acted on by nascent hydrogen or sulphuretted hydrogen.p-ThioZactic acid (thiohydracrylic acid) CHz( SH).CHz.COOH is ob-tained by the action of /3-iodopropionic acid on potassium sulphhydrate ;there is no second acid formed in this reaction.It is best preparedin a state of purity by reducing p-dithiodilactylic acid. It is a colour-less liquid of a disagreeable penetrating odour differing from that ofa-thiolactic acid; with t h e latter acid however it agrees in mostrespects but is more readily oxidised in contact with the air top-dithiolactylic acid and with cupric salts gives a light-violet pre-cipitate which soon turns to a dirty green colour. The compoundswith the heavy metals are similar to those of a-thiolactic acid thus :/3-DithiodiZuctyZic acid [CH2(COOH).CH2]zS is obtained by treatingcrude thiohydracrylic acid with ferric chloride as long as a transientblue colour is produced a voluminous crystalline precipitate is obtained,[ CH,( COOH).CH,.S],Hg1300 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.which is washed with cold and recrystallised from hot water.acid forma thin silvery dates almost insoluble in cold water.TheIt isreduced to thiohr dracr&c acid by nascent hydrogen.P. F.F.Action of Ethyl Dibromosuccinate on Ethyl Malonate. By W. H. PERKIN jun. (Ber. 17 1652-16.58).-Xodium (4 grams) isdissolved in absolute alcohol (50 grams) ethyl malonate (14 grams)added and then gradually an alcoholic solution of ethyl dibromosuc-cinate the whole being well cooled after each addition. The productis heated on a water-bath until it becomes neut'ral diluted with water,and the oil extracted with ether.The ethylic trimeth~lenetetracarboaylate,,CH.COOEt(COOEt),C/ I obtained is a very thick colourless oil of'C H. C 0 OEtagreeable odour; it boils at 245-247" and does not solidify in afreezing mixture. I n order to obtain the free acid the ethyl salt isboiled witfh an excess of soda solution the whole evaporated nearly todryness acidulated with dilute sulphuric acid and extracted withether. Trimethylenetetracarboxylic acid forms a hard colourless crystal-line mass and melts at 95-100" with evolution of carbonic anhydride.It is a strong acid dissolves readily in water ether alcohol andacetone sparingly in light petroleum benzene and toluene. Thesilver salt C7H,0,Ag4 is obtained by precipitation from the ammoniumsdlt as a white amorphous precipitate; i t decomposes suddenly onheating.The ammonium salt is not precipitated by copper sulphate,whilst with barium chloride it yields a white gelatinous precipitateyery sparingly soluble in water. The calci?im salt C7H20,Ca2,H,0,separates on warming a solution of the ammonium salt t o whichcalcium chloride has been added; i t is much more soluble in coldthan in hot water. When trimethylenetetracarboxylic acid is heatedat 190-200" carbonic anhydride is evolved and trintethy lenetricarb-oaylic acid COOH.CH/ I Whenpurified it is crystalline melts at about 145-150" dissolves readilyill water alcohol and acetone and sparingly in light petroleum,I)enzene carbon bisulphide and chloroform.When it is heated itfirst gives off water partially carbonises and yields a small quantity ofdistillate ; this solidifies on cooling is sparingly soluble in ether andis probably the anhydride of the acid. The silver saZt CsE306Ag3,forms a white granular precipitate and does not explode when heated.The ammonium salt yields a bright-green sparingly soluble precipitate\vith cupric sulphate and very sparingly soluble white precipitateswith barium chloride and lead acetate whilst with calcium chloride110 precipitate is formed except on warming the calcium salt beinglnuch more soluble in cold than in hot water and apparently almostinsoluble in boiling water. The trimethylenetricarboxylic acid isisomeric with the acid described by Conrad and Guthzeit (this vol.,p. ggl) with aconitic and carboxylglutaconic acids and is perhapsidentical with Baeyer's aceconitic acid (Arznnlelz 135 206).CH.COOH is obtained as in an oil.\CH.COOORGANIC CHEJIISTRY.1301At the end of the paper a table is given containing all thetrimethylene- and tetramethylene-derivatives hitherto prepared.A. K. M.Homologues of Glycidic Acid. By MELIKOFF (Bull. XOC. Chim.,41 311).-When crotonic acid is acted on by hypochlorous acid,c7zZoroxyhutyric acid is obtained which melts a t 62-63' and thiswhen treated with alcoholic potash gives the potassium salt ofCHMepropyzeneoxycarboxylic acid O/ I which crystallisesin small prisms. The silver salt likewise crystallises in prisms andits aqueous solution forms a silver mirror when boiled.The acid meltsat 84" and evolves suffocating vapours ; it! forms additive compounds,and combines with hydrochloric acid evolving heat and producing anisomeric chloroxybutyric acid melting at 85". The acid is dist,in-guished from glycidic acid by absorbing water when exposed to theair with formation of glyceric acid. When heated with water a t120" prol3yZenegZycolcarbozyZic acid is obtained of which the bariumand silver salts were examined. Treated with ammonia the acid yieldsnnzidoxybutyric acid which crystallises in prisms and combines withboth acids and bases. Metacrylic acid is converted by hypochlorousacid into chlorisobutyric acid; this melts a t 106-107" and boils at230-235" with partial decomposition.It is decomposed by alcoholicpotash yielding metoxyacrylic acid C,H,O,QH,O. The potassium saltof this acid crystallises in prismatic plates and the silver salt inneedles. The free acid is a viscous liquid which combines withhydrochloric acid forming chloroxyisobufyric acid. The acids con-taining the ethylene oxide residue are distinguished by combiningdirectly with other bodies. W. R. D.\CH. co OK ;H?OIsomerism of Fumaric and Maleic Acids. By PBTRIEFF (Bull.SOC. Chirn. 41 309).-l'he additive compounds of fumaric andma,leic acids are distinguished by different boiling and fusing points ;when they are saponified fumaric acid is formed. The action ofchlorine on fumaric acid gives rise to dichlorosuccinic and trichlor-acetic acids. Under the same conditions maleic acid also forms adichlorosuccinic acid which differs in solubility and fusing point fromthat obtained from fumaric acid Fumaric acid combines withhypochloiaous acid forming a liquid which yields inactive maleic acidwhen reduced by sodium-amalgam.Maleic acid when treated in thesame way also gives inactive maleic acid together with an acid of theformula C4H405 which is probably oxymaleic acid and an acid liquirlhaving the composition of maleic acid but which when heated isdecomposed into carbonic anhydride and a substance having theformula C,H,O,. By t.he action of zinc ethyl on the neutral ether offumaric acid ethylsuccinic acid was obtained. The author considersthat the formula for fumaric acid which has been proposeci by Pittig,accurately represents the constitution of the acid but does not admitthe formula for maleic acid which has been suggested by the samechemist.W. R. D.YOL. xrrx. 4 1302 ABSTRACTS OF CHEXICAL PAPERS.Action of Hydroxylamine on Meconic Comenic and Pyro-meconic Acids. By E. ODERNIIEIMER ( B e y . 17 2081-2088).-By the action of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on an alcoholic solu-tion of meconic acid there is obt'ained a compound of the formulaC,H,O,N + H,O. It crystallises in colourless rosettes of small needles,readily soluble in water sparingly soluble in alcohol ether andchloroform insoluble in light petroleum ; it decomposes suddenlywhen heated to about 190". Heated with strong hydrochloric acidhydroxylamine is separated. The aqueous solution has a stronglyacid reaction and reduces Fehling's solution at the ordinary tem-perature.With both the acid and salts ferric chloride gives a charac-teristic red coloration similar to that produced by meconic acid.Two silver salts were obtained the first a yellow salt by the addition ofsilver nitrate to a neutral solution of the ammonium salt it is veryunstable; on adding ammonia a silver mirror is deposited; thesecond is a white salt CiH307NAgz + HzO formed on adding silvernitrate t o a cold aqueous solution of the free acid; it is sparinglysoluble in hot water insoluble in alcohol. The normal calcium salt,C7HtI3OjNCa + 4Hz0 fornis thin transparent plates. The acidsalt (C7H307N)2Ca + 2H20 is obtained by addition of calciumchloride to the free acid ; it crystallises in white needles.The sodiumsalt CiH,O,NNa is crystalline and insoluble in alcohol. The bariumsalt ( CiH,07N),Ba + 10HE,O c:y&allises in feathery groups of needles.These results show that' there is only a single oxygen-atom in meconicacid capable of entering into reaction with hydroxylamine andrenders it very probable t h a t meconic acid is a ketonic acid of theformula C,HO( CO) (OH) .COOH the isonitroso-derivative having theformula C,HO(C NOEE)(OH).COOH. The author's experimentswith h-j-droxylamine hydrochloride and cornenic and pyromcconicacids yielded negative results. The author has investigated theaction of hydroxylamine on dehydracetic acid and obtained resultsconfirming those of Perkin and Bernhart (this vol.p. 1121).Action of Hydroxylamine and Ethylamine on ComanicAcid. By H. OST ( J . pr. Chem. [a] 29 378-380).-This is apreliminary note published in consequence of the appearance of a paperby V. Meyer (Abstr. this vol. p. 993) on the action of hydroxylamineon chelidonic and meconic acids. On mixing equivalent weights ofcomanic acid C,H,O,.COOH hydroxylamine hydrochloride andsodium carbonate with water and heating the whole dissolves butsoon a body separates having the composition of an oximido-comanicacid C6H,0(NOH) .COOH. This substance however does notbehave like a n oximido-compound for the nitrogen is not loosely com-bined and when heated with fuming hydrochloric acid no hydroxyl-amine is eliminated but at 200" carbonic anhydride is evolved withformation of a compound C5H5N02.Tin and hydrochloric acidconvert the oximido-compound into P-hydroxypicolinic acid whichis also readily formed from comanic acid and ammonia. It wouldthus appear that the hydroxylamine acts similarly to ammonia andthat the above compound is a dihydroxypyridinecarboxylic acid.Ethylamine converts cornanic acid into an acid CbH,NO +A. J. GORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1303+H,O which appears to be ethylpyridinehydroxycarboxylic acid,C,H,EtN(OH) .COOH. Similarly comenic acid and e thylamine giveC',HgNO which is probably dihydroxy-ethylpyridinecarboxylic acid,whilst aniline and comenic acid give a corresponding phenyl-com-pound ClzHgN04. P. F. F.By E.JUNGFLEISCH (Bull. Xoc. Chinz. 41 222-2%).-The author considersthat the separation or non-separation of inactive compounds by" compensation " is determined by the relative solubility of the inac-tive compound and of the two compounds into which it is capable ofbeing separated.If the original compound is less soluble than eitherof the compounds of which it is constituted no separation is effectedby crystallisation ; but if either of the constituent compounds is lesssoluble than the original compound separation occurs under certainconditions when crystallisation is attempted. This being the case,the result will vary a t different temperatures ; thus it has been noticedthat sodium potassium tartrate can be crystallised without decompo-sition near O" the salt at this temperature being less soluble tbaneither the dextrorotatory or laevorotatory salts which compose it.Theunequal solubility of the two products of the decomposition alsoappears to be an important factor in producing the result. This hasbeen investigated in the case of sodium ammonium racemate aprocess for the separation of which into dextrorotntory and h v o -yotatory sodium ammonium tartrates has been devised by the author,nud fully described in a previous Abstract (Abstr. 1882,602). As theresult of a number of experiments it is noticed that in the first crys-tallisation the dextrorotatory salt is deposited in greater quantity thanthe laevorotatory but in the second crystallisation the reverse is thecase Further a supersaturated solution of ammonium sodium race-mate from which the dextrorotatory and kevorotatory salts havebeen as far as possible separated by crystallisation when examinedby the polariscope is feebly laevorotatory and on the addition of boricacid becomes markedly so.These facts indicate the greater solubilityof the laevorotatory salt in the saline liquid. The decomposition ofcinchonine racemate into dextroro tatory and Iaevorotatory cinchoninetartrate and of cinchonine paraphenylglycollate into the two activecinchonine phenylglycollates may be explained by the wide differencein the solubilities of the constituent salts. The behaviour of para-camphoric acid also supports this view. When a hot concentratedsolution of this acid is cooled and fractionally crysbdlhed the crystalswhich separate between 80" and 40" are strongly lzvorotatory wbilstthose formed below 40" are dextrorotatorg. By recrystallising thesefractions they become more and niore strongly laevo- or dextro-rota-tory.I n this way crystals were obtained containing 75 per cent. oftlie laworotatory acid. When a solution of pnrscamphoric acid iscrystallised and the crystals allowed to remain in the cold in contactwitjh the mother-liquor they are reconverted into the original acid.The difference in the solubility of the dextro- and lzvo-rotatory cam-phoric acids can be still further increased by the addition of acetic acid.Decomposition of Optically Inactive Compounds.W. R. D.4 t 1304 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Synthesis of Tartaric Glucoside. By A.GUYARD (BUZZ. SOC.Chim. 41 291).-When tartaric anhydride is added to glucose whichhas been heated to incipient fusion water is given off and a whitesubstance remains which is entirely soluble in water. The aqueoussolution is unaltered bg prolonged ebullition and neither tartaric acidnor glucose can be detected by the ordinary reactions. When thesolution is boiled with a dilute mineral acid tartaric acid and glucoseare regenerated. W. R. D.Occurrence of Citric Acid in the Seeds of Leguminosae. RyH. RITTHAUSEN (J. pr. Chem. [ 21 29 357-359).-Malic7 oxalic andcittric acids have been proved to exist in the seed of the yellow lupin(Lup. luteus) (Beyer Abstr. 1872 519; J. pr. C'h~m. [2J 2 339),by the aut3hor and others. He has since found citric acid in theseeds of Ticia sativa V.faba Pisum sativurn and phaseolus. Thepowdered seeds were extracted with water acidified with hydrochloricacid the solution neutrnlised with potash or soda and concentrated ;the residue after filtration was treated with basic lead acetate ; theprecipitate was decomposed with sulphuretted hydrogen in the usualway and the clear liquid rendered strongly alkaline with lime-water. The precipitate consisting chiefly of calcium phosphate wasfiltered off and the solution boiled to precipitate the calciiim citrate,from which the citric acid was prepared by decomposition with sul-phuric acid. P. F. F.Furfuraldehyde. By A. GGYARD (BUZZ. XOC. Chim. 41 289-291).-When paper steeped in aniline acetate is immersed in a liquid con-taining furf uraldehyde a magnificent rose-red colour is produced.Furfuraldehyde is contained in pyroligneous acid and it is to thissubstance that acetic acid prepared from pyroligneous acid owes thepeculiar odour which renders it unfit for the preparation of vinegar.The furfuraldehyde can be removed from pyroligneous acid fromw-hich the tar has been separated by agit,ating it with benzene Thecompound remains when the benzene is evaporated.The mid can bepurified by distillation. W. R. D.Constitution of Furfuraldehyde. By A. PAWLINOFF aild G.WAGNER (Ber. 17 1967-1969).-0ne of the authors has recentlyshown that aldehydes combine directly with zinc alkyls formingt,he alkylates of secondary alcohols (Jow. Rz~ss. Chenz. SOC. 1884,[i] 283).Two formulae have been proposed for furfuraldehyde:0 H. C=C. C O H CH=CHby Kanonnikoff and I I by Baeyer.HC-C.COH I 1CH=CHThe action of zinc ethyl gives a means of investigating the question,as if a hydroxyl-group be present it will attack that as well as thealdehyde-group. The authors' results show that the second oxygenatom is not present as hydroxyl the product of the reaction yielding,on treatment with water ethyl fzwfuryl carbinol C4H30.CHEt.0HORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1305Its formation is represented by the equations-C4H,0.CH0 + ZnEt = C,H,O.CHEt.OZnEt andC,H,O.CHEt.OZnEt + 2H20 = C4H30.CHEt.0H + C,H6 + Zn(OH),.I t is a colourless viscid liquid of agreeable aromatic odour and ismoderately soluble in water. It boils without decomposition at 180"under 749 mm.pressure has a sp. gr. of 1.066 at O" and of 1.053 a t15.5" (water at 0" = 1). Acetic anhydride exerts a dehydratiuginfluence on it converting it into a mixture of hydrocarbons.A. J. G.By H. B. HILLand C. R. SANGER (Bey. 17 1759-1764).-TOnnies described( Abstr. 18i8 785) a dibromopyromucic acid (m. p. 184-186"),obtained by the action of potash on pyromucic acid tetrabromide but(Lid not give the details of its preparation.I f an alcoholic solution of the tetrabromide is poured slowly intoexcess of strong alcoholic soda care being taken to prevent any greatrise in temperature the sodium salts of two dibromopyromucic acidsare obtained. These salts are sparingly soluble in alcohol and theacids can be easily separated by means of the difference in the solu-bilities of their calcium salts.The more soluble salt yields an acidmelting a t 192" ; the less soluble one melting a t 168". The formeracid crystallises in flat needles easily soluble in boiling water inalcohol ether boiling benzene or chloroform very sparingly in carbonIkulphide and light petroleum. When heated with dilute nitric acid(1 5) i t dissolves with evolution of carbonic anhydride and thesolution contains a mixture of mucobromic and dibromomalejic acids.'l'his acid is undoubtedly the same as that obtained by Tonnies. By the action of bromine-water on his acid Tonnies obtained an easilysoluble substance melting at 88" which he believed to be the aldehydeof dibromofumaric acid.The authors have obtained a componndhaving the same properties but only in very small quantity. Whenthe acid is suspended in water and bromine vapour is passed into the1 iquid by means of a current of air tetrabromotetraphenol (tetrabromo-furfuran) C4Br,0 melting at 69-65" is formed according to thequation CjH2BryO3 + 2Br2 = C1Br40 + CO + 2HBr.The second dibrotnopyromucic acid melting at 168' can be moreeasily prepared by the action of bromine (2 mols.) on dry pyromucicacid. The resulting lvixtnre of the acid and its dibromide is treatedwith water to decompose the bromide and the acid purified by meansof its calcium salt some dibromomalejic acid is always formed in thereaction. This dibromopyromucic acid is easily soluble in boilingwater in alcohol and ether in boiling benzene or chloroform,sparingly in carbon bisutphide.When heated with dilute nitric acid,it is oxidised and yields monobromofurnaric acid C4H,Br04. Whenbromine is allowed t o act on the acid suspended in water monobromo-inaleic bromide C4HBr302 is formed. This last reaction seems toproceed most regularly when the bromine is added quickly. Mono-bromomale'ic bromide crystallises in long white needles melting at55". It is slowly acted on by boiling water and yields apparently amixture of monobromof umaric monobromomale'ic and dibromosuc-Substitution-derivatives of Pyromncic Acid1306 ABSTRACTS OF CHERIICAL PAPERS.chic acids. The other usual solvents dissolve it readily. Whendecomposed with potash it yields monobromomale'ic acid.Judging from their oxidation-products the authors believe that thetwo acids may best be represented by the formuhCBr-CBr CH-CBrC H .0. C.COOHM. p. 192". M. p. 168'.and II II CBr.O.C.COOH.II 11and therefore names them respectively P-y- and P6-dibromopyromucicacid.When treated in ammoniacal solution with zinc-dust both acidsyield P-nzonnbrom opyromucic acid melting at 128-129'. This acidcrystallises in needles and is easily soluble in the usual solvents.When boiled with dilute sulphuric acid it yieldp monobromof umaricacid melting at 1'76-177".6-Monobrornopyromucic acid melting a t 183 -184" combines easilywith bromine to form an additive product which melts at 170" withdecomposition ; this when treated with alcoholic potash readily yieldstribromopyromucic acid crystallising in small tufts of needles meltingat 218-219'. It is sparingly soluble in boiling water easily in ether oralcohol and almost insoluble in light petroleum and carbon bisulphide.When oxidised by moderately strong nitric acid (1 2) it yieldsdibroniomaleiic acid bromine-water converts it into tetrabromotetra-phenol together with a small quantity of dibromomaleic acid.L.T. T.Optical Behaviour of certain Amido-acids. Ry E. SCHGLZEand E. BOSSHARD (Ber. 17 1610).-The amido-acids obtained onheating conglutin with hydrochloric acid are optically active ; leucinedissolved in hydrochloric is dextrorotatory and tyrosine laevorotatory ;glutaminic acid under the same conditions is also dextrorotatory.The tyrosine leucine and glutamic acid which are obtained by theadion of baryta-water on conglutin are however optically inactive ;this applies to both acid and alkaline solutions and in the case of thetwo latter substances has also been proved for aqueous solut.ions.Differences of solubility of the active and inactive amido-acids havealso been observed.A. K. 31.Aceturic Acid (Acetylglycocoll). By T. CCRTIUS ( B e y . 17,1663-1674) .-The author prepares aceturic acid by boiling glycocine(40 grams) dried and finely powdered with acet.ic anhydride(60 grams) and benzene (250 grams j for four hours the flask beingfrequently shaken t o prevent the glycocine from caking. The benzeneis distilled off the residue dissolved in hot alcohol and the solutiondecolorised by animal charcoal.The reaction is nearly quantitative,and may be expressed thus :ZNH,.CH,.COOH + &O = 2NHz.CH2.COOH + H,O.The yield is not so good when finely powdered dry glycocine-silver(30 grams) is boiled with acetic chloride (16 grams) and benzene(200 grams) as in Kraut and Hartmann's method (Zeitsch~. fORGASIC CHEMISTRY. 1307CJiem. 1868 79). I n this reaction however other compounds areformed as in the reaction between benzoic chloride and glycocine-silver (Abstr. 1883 337) ; the analogue of the acid CloH,N,04 has,for instance been obtained and forms a microcrystalline powdermelting above 260" after first blackening; it is decomposed by boilingwith mineral acids with formation of acetic acid glycocine and asubstance which yields ammonia when heated with aqueous alkalis.Aceturic acid separates from a hot saturated aqueous solution incolourless lanceolate crystals radiating from a common centre andfi-om a dilute solution by evaporation in a vacuum in small lustrousdiaxial crystals; it melts a t 206".A litre of water a t 15" dissolves27 grams of the acid ; it is moderately soluble in cold readily in hotalcohol and very readily in boiling water but is insoluble in boilingether benzene and toluene ; it is only sparingly soluble in hot glacialacetic acid or acetone. Aceturic acid gives a red colour with ferricchloride and a deep blue colour with phenol arid hypochlorites andis decomposed by acids and alkalis much more readily than hippuricacid.It combines with hydrochloric and sulphuric acids but t'hesalts obtained are readily decomposed by water ; with bases however,it forms stable salts most of which are very soluble in water. Thesilver snZt NHZ.CH,.COOAg is moderately soluble in cold reryr e a d i l ~ in hot water and insoluble in absolute alcohol ; the nmmoni-*rnsalt NH&.CHz.COONH4,H20 crystallises in glistening needles orlarge plates which effloresce over sulphuric acid ; when boiled withwater or alcohol it' splits up into free acid and ammonia ; it ie mode-rately soluble in cold very readily in hot water less so in hot alcohol.The barium salt (NH%.CH,.C00)2Ba,5Hz0 crystallises in clustersof needles which deliquesce on exposure to the air. and lose onlyn part of their water when heated a t 205" ; i t melts at about 200"and decomposes a t 250-260" water and spirit dissolve i t very readilyin the cold whilstl hot absolute alcohol dissolves it but sparingl~.Thecopper salt (NHAc.CH2.C00)2C~,4kH20 crystallises in azure-blueneedles loses 3iH20 a t 105O and decomposes a little above 120" ; it isvery rea'dily soluble in cold water and in hot absolute alcohol. Thefhallium saZt NH&lCH2.COOT1,2(?)H20 forms small lustrvus crys-tals resembling anatase easily soluble in cold water. The nickel mag-nesium lead and mercuroiLs salts are also crystalline. The methyl salt,NH&.CHz.COOMe forms long colourless rhomboidal plates meltsa t 58*5" and boils at 254" (712 mm.) ; it is sparingly soluble inboiling ether very readily in alcohol chloroform benzene ai;d water.The ethyZ-derirative NHAc.CH,.COOEt crystallises in large rhombicplates is hygroscopic and very readily taken up by all solvents ; i tmelts a t 48" and boils a t 260" (712 mm.).The conversion of ethylaceturate into ethyl acetylglycollRte C€Iz(O~c) .COOEt by the actionof chlorine on ihs alkaline solution (Annalen 99 181) is very im-perfect the chlorine attacking the acetyl-group and the ethyl acet,yl-glycollate being much more readily decomposed by alkalis than thecorresponding benzoyl-compound. A quantitative method of prepar-ing i t consists in boiling ethyl diazoacetate with glacial acetic acid,N2CHz.COOEt + &OH = CH?(OAc).COOEt + N,. When ethylnceturate is gently heated with aqueous ammonia a8mmonium acet1308 ABSTRACTS OF CHEXICAL PAPERS.urate is formed together with ncetummide KH2Gc.c.CH2.COPr'H,.Thisc*rystallises in large colourless plates melting a t 137" ; it is insolublein ether readily soluble in alcohol and water and when boiled withthese is rapidly decomposed with evolution of ammonia.GlUtEtmiC Acid. By C. SCHEIBLER (Bey. 17 1725-1129). Theauthor has prepared a quantity of this acid from beetroot molassesobtained in working the strontium process. Oebbeke has examinedand measured crystals of this acid and of its hydrochloride side byside with crystals of Ritthausen's glutamic acid and declares them t obe identical. The author has made determinations of the rotarypower of glutamic (amidoglutaric) acid and its salts as likely to proveof value in determining the sugar remaining in molasses. A Soleil-Scheibler polariscope was used with a column of solution 220 mm.long. A 2 per cent.solution of the free acid a t 21" had a sp. gr.1.0070 arid a rotation 1*3" giving [ z ] j = + 11%" or [a]D = + 10.2".A 4 per cent. solution rapidly cooled to prevent crystallisatiou gaT-ea rotation 2.7" a t 23" or [a% = +l?l*O" or [a]D = +10*6". Asolution containing calcium salt equivalent to 2 per. cent. had a sp. gr.1.0240 a t 20" and a rotation -1.2" at 22". This gives f o r the salt[ a ] j = -4.2" or [a]D = -3.7"; and foi. the acid in the salt [aJ =-5.3" or [a]= = -4.7". A 4 per cent. solution of the hydrochloride(= 3.205 per cent. acid) had a sp. gr. 1.0158 at 19" and a rotation+5*2 giving for CGHISNOI,HCI [a]jo= +23.1" or [a]D = +20*4" orf o r the acid therein [a]j = +289 or [all = 25.5".A nitric acidsolution shows st,rong dextro-rotation varying. in amount according tothe quantity of nitric acid employed in the solution. L. T. T.A. K. M.Uric Acid. By E. FISCHER (Rer. 17,1776-1788).-1n continua-tion of his previous communication (this vol. 996) the author de-scribes several more derivatives of uric acid which he has obtained,and then enters into a theoretical discussion as to the constitution oruric acid.Monon-ietky Zziric Acids.-The a-acid described by Hill (this Journal,1876 ii 75) yields monomethylalloxan and carbamide on oxidation :when heated with concentrated hydrochloric acid it splits up intocarbonic anhydride ammonia methylamine and glycocine.The/3-acid7 briefly described by the author (this vol. 996) under the nameof trihy droxymethylpurin is best prepared by heating dichlorhydroxy-methylpurin with concentrated hydrochloric acid at 135-140". Theilmnionium salt is not decomposed when the excess of ammonia usedin its preparation is boiled off but on cooling separates from thesolution as a gelatinous mass. When treated with an amrnoniacalsolution of silver nitrate silver is deposited. When heated with phos-phoric chloride and oxychloride a t 130" it is partly reconverted intoclichlorhydroxypurin. When oxidised with nitric acid o r chlorine-water it is easily decomposed into slloxan and methylcarbamide.When heated for five or six hours a t 170" with about five times itsweight of strong hydrochloric acid i t is decomposed yielding thesame products as the a-acid.Uimethy Zmic Acids.-The a-acid of Hill is decomposed on oxidatioORGANIC CHEMISTRY.1309into monomethylalloxan and monomethylcarbamide when heatedwith hydrochloric acid at 1 roo it yields ammonia methylamine andglycocine. Its ammonium salt unlike that of the a-mono-acid is de-composed by boiling-the free acid being re-formed. When heatedfor some time a t 125" with phosphoric chloride and oxychloride anunstable Chlorinated compound is produced which however differsaltogether from the chlorinated body olJtained from the /?-acid. The/?-acid (already described under the name of trihydroxydimethylpurin)is decomposed when heated with hydrochloric acid a t 170° yieldingcarbonic anhydride ammonia methylamine and sarcosine.Its am-monium salt is not decomposed by boiling. When heated withphosphoric chloride and oxychloride a$ 135" it is almost entirelyreconverted into dichloroxydimethylpurin. When oxidised with nitricacid or chlorine-water traces only of alloxan are produced theprincipal product being a body of the composition C ~ H I ~ N ~ O ~ . It isformed according to the equation C,H,N,O + HzO + 0 = C7HlON,O5,and is a derivative of mesoxalic acid. It has no analogue in theoxidation-products of any of the uric acid derivatives and the authorproposes to name it ozy-,!l-dimeth yluric acid. It crystallises in large,c;olourless and well-formed plates melts a t 173-174O and is com-pletely decomposed a t a slightly higher temperature.When itsiLqueous solution is boiled decomposition sets in gas is evolved freely,:tiid easily soluble products are formed. Ammonia produces no redcoloration hydrogen sulphide has no action but hydriodic acidreduces it forming an easily soluble crptslline compound still underinvestigation. Barium hydroxide gives no precipitate with a coldaqueous solution of the compound but on heating barium mesoxalateis a t once precipitated whilst carbamide and probably dimethyl-carbamide remain in solution. When oxidised with chromic mix-ture it yields cholestrophane C5H,N2O this formation of choles-trophane proves that both methyl-groups in this compound andconsequently in /3-dimethyluric acid are combined with the twonitrogen-atoms which are split off from P-monomethyluric acid in theform of monornethylcarbamide.Consequently it is cleax that in urictrcid there is a cal-bamido-group containing two imido-group distinct fromthe nucleus which is removed as nlloxun o n oxidation i n acid solution.Prinzethyluric Adid.-The author has not been successful in hisattempts to methylate a-dirnethyluric acid. When the lead salt of/+dimethyluric acid however is heated for eight hours a t 125-130"with an equal weight of methyl iodide and double its weight of ether,the product boiled with water the hot extract treated with sulphurettedhydrogen and the filtrate supersaturated with ammonia and concen-trated to a small bulk trimethyluric acid separates out as a whitecrystalline mass melting at 345".It is slightly soluble in alcohol andchloroform readily in strong hydrochloric acid. It is more easily solublein ammonia than in water but the ammoni U I T ~ salt is decomposed againby boiling. Its alkaline salts crystallise in needles. With ammo-iiiacal silver it yields a crystalline compound containing silver andammonia ; this is easily soluble in hot water and with excess of silveriiitrate yields a pale yellow gelatinous precipitate. I f however theacid is dissolved in a large qnantity of hot ammonia the calculate1310 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.quantity of silver nitrate added and the ammonia then boiled off thenormal silver salt C,H,AgN4O3 crystallises out in thin needles.Trimethyluric acid shows the murexide reaction much more stronglythan does /%dimethyluric acid and is more unstable towards acids.It is decomposed loy fuming hydrochloyic a t 130" and yields a crys-talline compound easily soluble in boiling water and melting a t330". Trimethyluric acid is isomeric with hydroxycaffeyne andtheir melting points are identical but they are without doubt totallydistinct bodies.Tetramethyluric acid was prepared from trimethyluric acid by treat-ing its silver salt with methyl iodide.It crystallises in thin whiteneedles melts a t 218" and distils undecomposed. It is easily solublein boiling water or chloroform more sparingly in alcohol and ether.It has no acid properties but is very unstable towards alkalis givingoff methylamine.It shows the murexide reaction but more feeblythan the trimethyl acid. It is isomeric but not identical with meth-oxycaffeyne. When heated with hydrochloric acid at 170° this acidyields methylamine but no trace of ammonia. It i s thus clear that i?ztetramethyluric acid all f m r nitrogen-atonzs are united to nietlyl.Taking all these results into consideration the author looks upon1 3NH. C 0 .C .NHthe correctness of Medicus' uric acid formula I II 'GO c o .NH. c .KH'2 4as fully established and he proposes for convenience of nomenclature,he. to number the four imide-groups as above.In a-monomethyluric acid the methyl-group must he in position1 or 2 in the 13-acid in 4. In a-dimethyluric acid one Me must be a t1 or 2 the other a t 4 ; in the /3-acid the two Me-groups must occupy3 and 4.The only trimethyluric acid must have two Me-groups a t3 and 4 and one a t 1 or 2.The author considers the formation of dichloroxynietbylpurin by theaction of phosphoric chloride on P-monomethyluric acid to be analo-gous to the conversion of acid amides into inlido-chlorides investigatedby Wall ac h .Nitration of Benzen e-derivatives. By P. SPINDLER (AnnaZen,L. T. T.224 283-313).-1n addition to that portion of the research whichrefers to the nitration of benzene (Abstr. 1883 975) the resalts ofthe author's experiments on the nitration of chloro- and bromo-benzene,toluene ortho- meta- and para-benzoic nitranilide are given in thefollowing table.10 C.C. of nitric acid (sp.gr. 1.5) mixed with varying quantities ofwatw were used and the results are expressed in molecules of NO,per lo! mols. of toluene bc. takenORGANIC CHEMISTKY. 131 11Oc.c. HNO + x c x . H20.x = o .Benzylnitranilide.Ortho. Meta. Para.Hours.750.The aut'hor's theoretical conclusions on this subject have beenReplacement of Amido-groups in Aromatic Derivatives byChlorine. By T. SANDMEYER (Ber. 17 1633-1635).-1n an attemptt'o prepare phenylacetylene by the action of cuprous acetylide 011diazobenzene chloride chlorobenzene was obtained. This result is dueto t'he formation of cuprous chloride and is best carried out as follows :150 grams of a 10 per cent. solution of cuprous chloride in hjdro-chloric acid are heated almost to boiling in a flask provided with t~reflux condenser and a solution of diazobenzene chloride is thengradually added the whole being kept well shaken ; each drop of thediazobenzene solution produces a yellow precipitate which however a tonce decomposes with evolution of nitrogen.The product is distilledin a current of steam dried and fractioned wheri chlorobenzme isobtained of constant boiling point (130"). IT^ explanation of thisreaction the author suggests the two equations PhK NCl +Cu2C1 = PhN(CuCl).N(CuCl)Cl and PhN(CuCl).N(CuC1)Cl = N + Cu,Cl,+ PhCI the intermediate compound PhN(CuCl).N( CuC1)Clbeing perhaps the yellow precipitate mentioned. Cupric and ferrouschlorides do not act in this way. Metaiuidobenzoic acid has inthe same way been converted into metacblorobenzoic acid and thereaction simplified by treating a mixture of the amido-compound andcuprous chloride with pot,assium nitrite. The author is trying thereaction with other substances and already finds that i t holds withmetanitraniline and paraphenylenediamine.Reaction of Iodine with Carbon Compounds at High Tem-peratures.By B. RA-~NAN and K. PREIS (Annmlen 223 315-323).-In earlier communications (Abstr. 18i9 623 ; 1880 463) tlieauthors have shown that by the action of iodine a t 250" on aromaticcompounds containing long side-chains the side-chains are separatedand split into methgl-groups which then enter the aromatic nucleus,forming methyl dimethyl &c. derivatives the most probable courseof the reaction being that methyl iodide substitution-derivatires ofthe aromatic nucleus are first formed and by their further actiuiialready published (Zoc.cit.). w. c . w.A. K. $11312 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.yield free iodine and aromatic methyl substi tution-derivatives. I naccordance with this view the present experiments were made bylieating a t 250" aromatic hydrocarbons with alkyl iodides and a smallquantity of iodine. To remove the hydriodic acid formed in some casesthe corresponding alkyl bromide in others isobuty alcohol was added.Benzene with methyl iodide and iodine yielded methane toluene,arid higher hydrocarbons not investigated.Toluene with ethyl iodide and iodine gave xylenes (principallymetaxylene) a hydrocarbon C9H12 (ethyltoluene ?) and hydrocarbonsof higher boiling point probably hydrides and elhylphenyls.Metaxylene with iodine and methyl iodide yielded pseudocumene,mesitylene B hydrocarbon CI0Hl4 most probably identical with thatprepared by Holtmeyer (Zeit.f Chem. 1867 689) from mesitylene,and a hydrocarbon CllH distilling between 205" and 323".Commercially pure pseudocumene (pseudocumene and mesitylene)with ethyl iodide and iodine gave symmetrical (?) ethyldimethyl-benzene.Hexyl iodide when heated with iodine for five hours a t 256" yieldsa combustible gas and hydriodic acid i n large quantities methyl iodidei n small quantity the main product being hexane.Action of Methylene Chloride on Toluene and Benzene. ByC. FRIEDEL and J. M. CRAFTS (B*uZl.Xoc. Clzi?n. 41 32%-327).-Uitolylmethane dimethylanthracene together with para- meta- andirobably ortho-xylene are obtained by acting on toluene boiling a t110-111" with methylene chloride boiling a t 40-45" in presenceof aluminium chloricle. The reactions are represented in the followingway 2C6H5hle + CH,C1 = CH2(C,H4Me) + 2HC1 and 2C6H,Me/CH\A. J. G.+ 2CH2C12 = C,H4Me' I \C6H4Me + 4HC1 + H,. The hydrogen'CH'liberated in this reaction reduces the methylene chloride to methylchloride arid this rcacting with toluene in presence of aluminiumchloride yields xylene ; para- and meta-xylene were recognised bytheir oxidation-products but the ortho variety was also prohblyproduced. When benzene is treated with methylene chloride in1)resence of aluminium chloride dipheiLylmethane and anthracene areobtained and also by a secondary reactioil toluene.The decomposi-tions are CsH + CH,Cl = CH,(Ph) + 2EC1; 2C6H + 4CH2C1,=CIIHlo + 4HC1 + 2MeCl; and C,H + MeCl = C6H3Me + HCI. TheI-esults obtained by Schwarz are attributable to the use of methylenec liloride containing chloroform.Action of Isobutyl Chloride on Benzene. By E. GOSSIN(Bull. Xoc. Chiw. 41 446-447).-By the action in the cold of50 grams of isobutyl chloride (boiling a t G8-69") on 1.50 grams ofbenzene and about 50 grams of aluminium chloride two liquids of theformula C,,H are obtained. The one boils a t 166-167" and isidentical with the compound obtained by Fitlig from bromobenzeneand isobutyl bromide ; the ot;her boils a t lt52-l55" and is formed onlyiii very small quantity it appears to be tertiary bntplbenzene.W.R. D.W. R. DORGASIC CHEIlISTRP. 1313Derivatives of Metaxylene. By A. COLSON (Cor12pt. rencl. 99,40-42.)-Crude xylene is not entirely freed from paraxplene even bytwo successive treatments with dilute nitric acid and the dibromo-derivative described by Radziszewski and Wispek as dibromometa-xylene (melting a t 140-141") is really dibromo-para-xylene in amore or less pure condition.Dibromonzetazy7ene7 CsH,(CH2Br)2 is obtained from the puremetaxylene of commerce by the same method as the ortho-derivative,and may be purified by recrystallisation from light petrolenm or ifebullitiori and too long contact are avoided from alcohol of 90". Itforms white crystals which melt a t 77.1" and dissolve in ether andchloroform in three times thcir weight of boiling light petroleum,and in a smaller quantity of boiling alcohol.Sp. gr. of the crystalsat 0" = 1.734; of the liqnid at 90" = 1.61.Metaaylene glycoZ CsHa( CH,.OH) is obtained by saponifying thedibromo-derivative with an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate,evaporating to dryness on the water-bath and extracting with ether.On slow evaporation the ether leaves an oily liquid which quicklysolidifies irr microscopic crystals melting a t 45*.5-46*2". The crystalsare inodorous and have a bitter taste. They dissolve in about seventimes their weight of ether a t 12" but are much more soluble in waterand very readily form supersaturated solutions.They also have atendency to remain in superfusion ; the sp. gr. of the liquid a t 18" is1.16. On oxidation metaxylene glycol yields isophthalic acid andwhen treated with concentrated aqueous hydrobromic or hydrochloricacid yields the corresponding bromide o r chloride. Dichlorometa-xylene is a crystalline compound which melts a t 34.2".The following table gives the melting point of several derivativesof the xylenes :-Para. Ortho. Metn.DichIoroxylene . . . 100.5" 54.5" 34.2"Xyleneglycol . . . . . 112.5 64.6 46.2Dibromoxylene . . . 143.0 94.9 77.*1Xylene. . . . . 16.0 'i ?C. H. B.Orthoxylene-derivatives. By G. LESER ( B e r . 17 1824-1826).-0rthoxy1yIene sulphide C ~ H 4<CH,>S CH2 was prepared by treating analcoholic solution of orthoxylylene bromide with a saturated aqueoussolution of potassium sulphide and then distilling i n a current ofsteam.Itdistils undecomposed and solidifies to large crystals a little above 0".O r t ~ ~ o x ~ l y l P n e d i e t h y Z ether C6&( CHZ.OE~)~ is obtained by boilingorthoxylylene bromide with a large excess of alcoholic potash. It isa light colourless oil of pleasant odour and boils a t 247-249" under720 mm. pressure. Ortli ox?/ Zy lenedilc niZide (or diphenylorthoxylylene-diamine) C,H,( CH.NHPh) is obtained by boiling an alcoholicsolution of orthoxylylene bromide with an excess of aniline. Itcrystallises from alcohol in small colourless needles melting a t 172".It is a feeble base and is soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid,It is a colourless oil with a strong odour of mercaptan1314 ABSTRAC'L'S OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.but is reprecipitated from this solution on the addition of water.Orthoxylylene i o d i d e is obtained by digesting the bromide with excessof potassium iodide or better by treatment of phthalic alcohol(xylylene hydroxide) with fuming hydriodic acid and amorphousphosphorus. It crystallises from ether in well-formed yellow prisms,melting a t 109-110".Preparation of Nitriles.By G. K R ~ ~ S S ( B e y . 17,1766-1768).-Letts showed (this Journal 25 1020) that most of the aromaticnitriles may be prepared by heating potassium thiocganate with theI-espective aromatic acids the reaction taking place according to theequation-2R.COOH + CNSK = R.CN + R.COOK + H,S + CO,.L.T. T.B y this reaction only half the acid employed is converted into thenitrile. By substituting lead thiocyanxte in place of the potassiumsalt the author is enabled to convert the whole of the acid into itsnitrile,2Ph.COOH + Pb(CNS) = 2Ph.CN + PbS + H,S + 2C02.The acid and thiocyanate are heated together in the dry statea t 190-195". I n preparing benzonitrile by this process the authorobtained 50-60 grains nitrile from 100 grams benzoic acid as corn-pmed with 33 grams obtained by Letts. Letts was unable to obtaincinnamonitrile by his method the decomposing point of potassiumthiocyanate lying below the temperature necessary for the reaction.Lead thiocyanate being more active than the potassium salt theauthor succeeded in preparing cinnamonitrile by the new process,olitaining 5 grams nitrile from 15 grams acid.Nitration of Thiophene-derivatives.By H. KREIS (Ber. 17,2073-2075) .-Although thiophene and its homologues are com-pletely oxidised by treatment with nitric acid thiophene-derivativescontaining negative groups can be nitrated.Iodonitrothiophene C4 S HJ. N 02.-On mixing iodo thi o phene withexcess of nitric acid a t the ordinary temperature a violent reactiontakes place and the compound is completely oxidised. I f the nitricacid is added drop by drop however with continued shaking andcooling between each addition of acid the required nitro-compoundis formed. It crystnllises in lemon-yellow prisms has an intensebitter-almond-like odour melts a t 74O and is soluble in alcohol;insoluble in water.Dibromodinitrothiophene C,SBr,(NO,) is prepared by suspendingdtbromothiophene in five times its volume of sulphuric acid andadding nitric acid drop by drop.It is unnecessary to cool themixture. It forms hard pale-yellow crystals which melt at 134" ; ir;L. T. T.is readily soluble in hot but only sparidgly in cold aldohol.A. J. G.Conversion of Aromatic Amines into the Ethers of thecorresponding Phenols. By A. W. HOFMANN ( B e y . 17 1917-192O).-In order to obtain tetramethylbenzene (see p. 1320) moreeasily than by the action of hydrochloric acid on the nitrile thORGASIC CHEJIISTRY. 1315nnthor converted tetramethylamidobenzene into the diazo-compound,:tud boiled that with alcohol.Instead of the expected hydrocarbon,he obtained the ethyl ether CsHMe4.0Et an aromatic oil boiliiig a tIn order t o determine whether this was a special reaction ofthe body in question or of more general application he has preparedseveral more diazo-compounds and deconiposed them by means ofalcohol.Cumidine thus treated yielded the ether C6H2Me3.0Et boiling a t223-224" together with a sparingly soluble crystalline substancewhich melts at 173" and is now undergoing investigation. Whenmethyl and amyl alcohols were substituted f o r ethyl alcohol themethyl and amyl ethers were obtaiiied respectively. The methyl etherboils a t 213-214" the amyZ ether at 265-266".The reaction was also tried with aniline toluidine &c. and in allcases the corresponding ethers were formed sometimes together witha small quantity of the hydrocaybon.It is therefore clear that when adiazo-compound is boiled with alcohol the diazo-group displaced is notalways replaced by hydrogen but often by an oxy-radicle (ethoxyl,methoxyl &c.) (see also Haller this vol. p. 1322).Action of Nitro-hydrobromic Acid on Organic Compounds.By H. BRUNNER and C. KRAEYER ( B e r . 17,1872-1874).-The authorsare now engaged in investigating the action of a mixture of hydro-bromic and nitric acids on inorganic and organic substances todetermine whether it acts in a manner analogous to aqua-regia. Thepresent communication treats of some compounds of interest inrelation to the authors' work on the phenol-colouring matters (seethis vol.pp. 1333 aud 1340).Aniline d imethylaniline diphenylamine phenol quinol catechol,and a-naphthol yield no colouring matters when treated with nitro-liydrobromic acid. Resorcinol yields a lustrous green mass whichdissolves in alcohol to a red solution; this on the addition of analkali turns blue and shows a brown fluorescence. This colouringmatter has the formula C36H25BrN201r); it probably must be consi-dered as a brominxted derivative of the compound C36H26N2010.With nitro-hydrobromic acid orcinol yields a reddish-brown236 -237".L. T. T.amorphous body-containing bromine ; this is-being investigated.L. T. T.Condensation-products of Aromatic Bases with Aldehydes.By 0. FISCHER and C. SCHMIDT (Ber. 17 18S9-1SUSj.-I. Ovfho-rLitrobermddelyde a n d Dinzetheylaniline.-The leuco-base orthonitro-t etramethyldinmidotriphenyl methane thus produced has been alreadydescribed (Abstr.1882 834). Its crystals are monoclinic and mea-surements thereof gave a b c = 1.1795 l 0.5266 and 6 = 85" 0'.Its melting point is 159-160". By oxidation of the sulpliate of thislcucn-base with lead dioxide the colour-base ~rtIior~.itro-~~zaZnchite-gree?z,C23H25N303 is obtained. It forms small orange lustrous crystalswhich melt at lti3". I t is easily soluble in benzene ether andalcohol. Its neutral salts are green with a blue shade. Tlie re-duction-product already described (Zoc. cit.) forms with benzen1316 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.colourless crystals melting a t 134-135". The leuco-base whenboiled with acetic anhydride yjelds a monacetyl-derivative meltinga t 186".This body when oxidised with a peroxide yields acefamido-benzaldehyde green a beautiful green colouring matter. When theacetyl-compound is converted into its sulphate before oxidation theacetyl is eliminated during the reaction C2,Hz7PU',O being formed.The neutral salts of this base are green with a blue shade. Theintroduction of st nitro- or amido-group into the benzene nucleus,in the para-position to the methane-group thus causes a tendencyof the colour towards blue whilst as is known these groups in themeta-position scarcely alter the colour-shade.11. Orthonitroben,zaldehyde a n d Diethy1aniline.-Analogous com-pounds are produced with diethylaniline.0rthoi.Litrotetrethyldiamidotri-phenylozethane melts a.t 109-110". Its crystals are of a reddish-orange,lielong to the triclinic system and give a b c = 0.7720 1 0.8037,and cc = 100" 55' p = 95" 52' "1 = 94" 38'. The nnzido-base crys-tallises in needles melting a t 136". The colour-base is a deep bluish-green.111. Vai?illine and Dimethy lani1ine.-The Zeu.co-base C24H,N20z,melts a t 135-136" and forms colourless crystals. The coloicr-base isviolet. L. T. T.Nitrotoluidine (m. p. 91.5 ") prepared from Liquid Dini-trotoluene. By C. ULLMANN ( B e r . 17 1957-1964) .-Bernthsenhas shown (Abstr. 1883 579) that two nitrotoluidines are ob-tained on reducing liquid dinitrotoluene the one [Me NO2 NH,= 1 2 41 already known and a second melting a t 91*5" andyielding a benzoyl-derivative melting a t 167-167-5". This latterhad been previously obtained in an impure form by Cunerth (thisJournal lb75 S2) who had shown the methyl- and nitro-groups tobe relatively in the ortho-position.The author confirms this result,and further shows that by conversion of the nitrotoluidine into anitrocresol of this into the amidocresol and by then eliminat'ing thenmido-group by Griess's reaction orthocresol is obtained. Thenitrotoiuidine therefore must have the constitution [Me NOz NH,1 2 6 Nitrotoluidine crystallises in long silky needles and isreadily soluble in alcohol ether and benzene. The hydrochloride,CGH,Me(NOz).NHz,HCI crystallises in long flat needles readilysoluble in water and also readily decomposed by it.When heated,i t begins to lose hydrochloric acid at 80". The sulphate forms smallcrystals relatively sparingly scluble in water. The metyl-com/iound,(&.H3Me(N02).YH& obtained by the actioii of acetic chloride on analcoholic solution of the base crystallises in long brilliant colourlessneedles melts a t 157*5-158' is readily soluble in alcohol and ether,sparingly soluble in cold water.Toluylenediavnzine CGH3Me(NHz),[1 2 6].-The hydrochlode isobtained by heating nitrotoluidine on the water-bath with tin hydro-chloric acid and stannous chloride ; it crystallises in thick colourlessneedles. The free base prepared by the dry distillation of the hydro-chloiide with lime crptallises in yellowish-white prisms and melts= 1 2 6 ] ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.1317;-lt 103.5". The;Lqueous solution turns brown slowly on exposure to air. I t s solutionin sulphnric acid gives a yellowish-brown coloration with potassiumnitrite. With paranitrosodimethylaniline it gives first a green andthen a blue coloration turning violet on long standing; ordinary1 2 4 toluylenediamine gives the same reaction. With ferricchloride or with chromic acid it gives a deep brown coloration.Nitrocresol CGHJMe(NOZ).OH [l 2 61 prepared by means of thediazo-reaction from the 1 2 6 nikrotoluidine crystallises in woollyyellow needles melts at 142-143" is very spaYingly soluble in coldwater readily soluble in alcohol and ether soluble in aqueous barytaor soda with intense yellowish-red.colour. The alkali compoundscould not be isolated. Silver nitrate gives a white precipitate,sparingly soluble in ammonia and crjstallising from dilute nitricacid in interlaced needles.Amidocresol C6H,&fe(NH2).0H [l 2 61 is obtained as hydro-cliloride by the reduction of the nitrocresol with tin and hydrochloricacid ; by treating this with sodium carbonate the free base may beobtained crystallising in concentrically grouped needles. It meltsa t 124-128" ; is sparingly s o h ble in cold water and ether. It dis-solves in soda and ammonia without characteristic coloration. Byheating it with sulphuric acid and then pouring into water asolution is obtained green by reflected flesh-coloured by transmittedlight. The hydrochloride crystallises in white needles can be sub-limed is readily soluble in water and alcohol.It is stable in thepure and dry coudition but very unstable if impure,Dihydroxytolusize c6H,Me(OH) [1 2 61 was prepared from the1 2 6 amidocresol by Keville and Winther's method (Trans. 1882,4L.5). It crystdlises in nearly colourlessneedles melts at 63-66" has a biting taste and phenol-like odour,and is readily soluble in water or alcohol. It dissolves readily andwithout> coloration in soda aiid in ammonia the solution in thelatter slowly turning a pale dirty blue. It gives a white precipitatewith bromine-water a magenta coloration rapidly changing t oyellowish-brown with bleaching-powder a rose-red with chloroformand soda. Byheating it with phthalic anhydride and dissolving the productin soda a rose-red liquid with strong green fluorescence is obtained.It is probably identical with yisorcinol but it is impossible fromthe small jield t o speak as yet with certainty.It appears to be more stable than its isomerides.The yield was veiy small.It reduces animoniacal silver solution in the cold.A.J. G.Action of Dimethylparatoluidine and Dimethylaniline onEthylene Bromide. By H. H~~BNER A. TOLLE and W. ATHEFSTADT( A lznir 1 en 2 2 4 33 1 - 3 53). -Et h y lene d itolgldinzeth y lanzrnon ium b rom-ide ( C,H7Ne2NBr)2C2H4 and a small quantity of ethylene ditolyl-methylamine ( C7H7iJfeN),C2H4 are formed when a mixture ofethylene bromide and dimethylparatoluidine is heated a t 100-110"in sealed tubes for four days.The product is dissolved in water andboiled in order to remove unaltered dimethyltoluidine and ethylenebromide. On cooling a portion of the amine crystallises out and theremainder is precipitated by ammonia. The solution of ethylene di-r 0 L . XLVI. 4 ?1318 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.tolyldimethylammonium bromide is converted into the carbonate bythe action of silver carbonate. The single salts of this base are verysoluble in alcohol and water; the double salts crystalIise readily.The platinochloride ( C7H7Me2NC1)2C2H-I,PtC1-I,. forms orange-colouredneedles ; the mercuriochloride (C,K,Me,NCl) 2CzH4,2HgC1z andstannichloride ( C,H7Me2NCi),C2H~,SnCl4 crystallise in colourlessneedles. The picrate forms pale-yellow needles or plates which melta t 196".The aqueous solution of the carbonate is decomposed byheat yielding ethylenedimethyltolylamine. This amine crys tallises incolourless plates or prisms melting a t 80" and dissolves freely inbenzene or ether. The hydriodide forms rhombic plates the oxalatecolourless needles the platinochloride ( C7H7MeN),C,H4,H2PtCl anorange powder and the mercuriochloride thick needles. Almost allthe salts are unstable and are very soluble in water. Two mols.of ethylenedimethyltolylamine unite with 1 mol. of methyliodide forming ethy leii ernethy7tolylamine-dimetl~yltolylan.,moniurn iodide,C,€I,Me.NC,H~.NI(C,H,Me,) a colourless crystalline compoand solublein hot water. The corresponding carbonate is insoluble in water.The double salt with mercuric chloride is crystalline. Ethylene-dimethyltolylamine is decomposed by heat yielding triethylenetritolyl-amine (C,H,Me.N C2H4)3 and dimethyltolylamine.Ethylene bromideacts on dimethylaniline at loo" forming ethylenedi~henyldimethyl-ammoni?bm bromide (PhMe2NBr),CzH4 a deliquescent salt depositedfrom an alcoholic solution in colourless prisms. The correspondinghydroxide dissolves in water yielding a solution whicli absorbscarbonic anhydride forming a crystalline carbonate. The aqueoussolution of the carbonate is not decomposed by boiling but the car-bonate is decomposed by dry distillation forming diinethylaniline.The chloride (PhMe,NCI)zC2H1 crystallises in deliquescent prisms,freely soluble in alcohol and the picrate forms yellow needles melting a t124" ; it dissolves sparingly in cold alcohol or water.The following table shows the chief points of difference between thesalts of trimethylphen~lammonium and those of ethylenediphenyl-dimethylammonium :-Trimethylphenyl- Ethglenediphenyldi-ammo 11 ium.methylammonium.Mercuriochloride . . Deposited from water in The same.Solubility in HzO .Platinochloride . . . .Soluble in H20 . . . .Iodide . . . . . . . . . . . .Soluble in alcohol . .Dichromate. . . . . . .colourless needles.M. p. 187". 1 in 275-5 a t 6'2Deposited from water inyellowish-red needles.1 in 304 9 a t 7.4Deposited from alcohol incolourless plates.1 in 45.5 at 8.21 in 200 of cold water.M. p. 175O. 1 in 317.9 a t 6.2.The same.1 in 404.8 at 7-41.Tho same.1 in 46.4 at 8.2.1 in less than 75 parts ofcold water.w. c. w.Derivatives of Pseudocumidine. By E. FROHLICH (Ber. 17,1801-1809).-PhthaZo~seudo~z~mide C,H,Me,N C,H,O was preparedby heating cumidine with phthalic anhydride. It crystallises inrhombic prisms melts at 148' and distils without decomposition a t atemperature above the boiling point of mercury. It is easily solublORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1319in carbon bisulphide chloroform and benzene sparingly so in alcoholand ether and insoluble in water. It sometimes crystallises inneedles which however change back to the prisms on shaking oroft en spontaneously .Renzoy~l~thaZo~sez~documide C6HZMe.jN csH,O is formed whena mixture of phthalopseudocumide and benzoic chloride is heated witha little zinc chloride at 175-1 80" for 8 hours.It crystallises in smallFlittering rhombohedra which melt a t lSl" and are readily solublein boiling aoetic acid sparingly so in alcohol etlher and carbonbisulphide insoluble in water. When quickly distilled in smallquantities it passes over unchanged but is totally decomposed ifdistilled in large quantity or slcwly.Renxoy7pseudocunaidit~ e C,HBzMe,.N& is prepared by the saponifi-cation of the compound just described with concentrated sulphuric orhydrochloric acid a t 180-150". If saponified with alcoholic potashan intermediate compound C6H~Me3.NH.C0.CGH,.c~o~ is firstformed; and heating in closed tubes at 100" for 24 hours must beI.esorted to to complete the saponification.Benzoylpseudocumidinecrystallises in lemon-yellow needles or scales which melt a t 130". Itis easily soluble in alcohol ether benzene and chloroform almostinsoluble in water and is not volatile with steam. It forms crystal-lisable salts with one equivalent of acid. The platinochloride( C16H,7~o)2,H2PtC16 crystallises in orange needles. With benzoicchloride it yields benzoylbenzopseudocurnide C6HEMe3.NHE whichforms colourless glittering needles ; it melts a t 227" and is sparinglysoluble in ether and alcohol easily in boiling glacial acetic acid,insoluble in water.Benzoy~sezLdocunzinoZ C6H&Me3,0H is obtained from the cumi-dine by means of the diazo-reaction. It yields colourless micaceousscales melting at 187". It is easily soluble in alcohol and ether,insoluble in water but dissolves in sodium hydroxide.It is notvolatile with steam.Phthalopseudocumidamide C6H,(CONH2).CO~H.C6H,~e3 is ob-tained when a hot saturated solution of phthalopseudocumide istreated with a slight excess of ammonia. It crystallises in colourlessneedles melts a t 228" and is decomposed a t that temperature intoammonia and phthalocumide. It is sparingly soluble in alcohol. Itis of interest as being the first phthalamide which has been obtained,all attempts to prepare such an amide having previously led to theformahion of the corresponding imide. Sulphuric acid decomposesthis body into phthalic acid and cumidine without the formationof a trace of sulphonic acid. If methylamine be substituted forammonia i n the above reaction nLeth~lplithalo~seudocu?nidamide,C6H2M e,.NH.CO.C,H,.CONHMe is formed.This crystallises iuneedles melting a t 215" with decomposition. It is sparingly. solublein alcohol and ether insoluble in water. Allylphthalopseudocumadamide,prepared in like manner forms silky needles melting a t 179" withdecomposition. It is easily soluble in alcohol. L)i- and tri-methyl-amine and their homologues as also aromatic amines are withoutaction on plithalopseudocumid e.Phthlilopseudoczimide acid C6H2Me3 NH.CO,C,H,. COOH is obtained44241320 ABSTRACTS OE' CHEJIICRL PAPERS.by heating phthalopseudocumide with alcoholic potash on the waterbath for half an hour. It crystallises in colourless needles and meltsa t 179" with decomposition. It is easily soluble in alcohol chloroform,and glacial acetic acid sparingly so in ether and carbon bisulphide,insoluble in water.It forms metallic salts of which the Zead silvey,mercury and copper salts are sparingly soluble. The ammonia saltwhen heated on the water-bath qives up ammonia and water andreforms phthalopseudocumide. By continued treatment with alcoholicpotash or with sulphilric acid it is decomposed into plithalic acid andpseeudocumidine. L. T. T.Tetramethylated Amidobenaene. By A. W. HOFMAXN (Ber.,1912-1916).-The author has examined an oil which was formed asa bye-product in the preparation of solid cumidine on a large scale.The crude product boiled between 240-3OU". As the cumidine wasprepared by the action of methyl alcohol on xylidine hydrochloride i tseemed probable that this bye-product would contain methylatedliomologues of cumidine.Amongst several substances to be described a t a future time theauthor succeeded in isolating a pale-yellow oil boiling at 252-253",which proved to be tetramethylamidobenzene C6HMea.NH2. Itsolidifies at 11" to a crystalline mass which melts at 14" ; and a t 24"has sp.gr. 0.978. It is a primary nmine and yields a crystallinehydrochloride and platinochloride. Its salts crystallisc well and aremostly soluble in boiling water. The dinzethylcrted base CGHMec.N&Ie2,was obtained by treating the free base with methyl iodide. I t is acolourless liq nid and boils a t 236-235". I t s platinochloride iscrystalline.The isonitrite C,,H,.NC of the original base is easilyobtained by heating the latter with chloroform and potassiumhydroxide. It is a white crjstalline substance melting at 51'. Ithas the odour characteristic of isonitrilet; bnt in a v e ~ y subdueddegree. When heated t o 240" violent reaction sets in the tempe-rature of the whole rises and a t 260" tbe normal nitrile distils over.This body solidifim on cooling and then melts at 68-4%". This nitrileis exceedingly stable and the author has not yet succeeded in con-verting it into the corresponding acid. Heated to 250" with hydro-chloric acid it is decomposed into a tetramethylbenzene C6H2Me4 aridcarbonic anhydride. The author is unable t o say yet whether thishydrocarbon is identical or not with that described by Jannasch( U e r .8 356). If the original base is digested with carbon bisulphide,sulphurebted hydrogen is evolved and a thiocarbimide and a thio-carbamide are formed. The Zttiiocarbimide C6HMe4.NCS crystallises at65". IVhen distilled with powdered potmh it yields the base in avery pure state. The tliiocal-baitaide CS(NH.C,HMe4) ,crystallises inplates which melt at 278". By means of the diazo-reaction the basewas converted into the phenol CGHl\iIc,.OH this forms white crystalsineltiiig at 80-81" and has the usual properties of phenols.Secondary Amines. By W. GERHARDT (Ber. 17 2088-2095).This paper deals with the products of the action of isothiocysnates ofisocynnates of thiocyanates and uf cyanates on secondary amines.~~ethzJld~henyltlziocai.bairlide NHPh.CS.NMePh prepared by theI;.T. TORGASIC CHEJlISTRT . 1321action of methylaniline on phenyl isothiocyanate crystallises in thickrhombic prisms is readily soluble in benzene ether! glacial aceticacid chloroform and hot alcohol sparingly soluble in cold alcoholand light petroleum insoluble in water. It melts a t 87" distils at204-206O. It is resolved into its component's by distilling it withsteam (when they recombine in the distillate) o r by heating it withphosphoric acid. Roiled with aniline it yields thiocarbanilide. 111sealed tubes a t 250° the reaction between methylaniline and phenylisothiocyanate takes a different course dimethylaniline and thio-carbanilide being formed.Ethyldiphenyltl~iocai~hnmid~ NHPh.CS.NEtPh prepared in likemanner from ethylaniline closely resembles the methyl compouud,and melts a t 89".Phe~~ylnzethylpparafolyltliiocal.bamicle NH (C,H,).CS .NMePh pre-pared from paratolyl isothiocyanate and methylaniline crystallises insmall rhombic tables melts a t l.%4" is readily soluble in benzene,sparingly in light petroleum.PhewylethyIparutolylthiocarbamide NH(C7H7).CS.NEtPh resemblesthe preceding compound and melts a t '30".Phenylmethy l-~-naphtl~ylthiocarbnmide NH( C,H,).C S.NMePh pre-pared from methylaniline and /3-naphthyl isothiocjanate forms longyellow needles and melts at 127".andphenyl isothiocyanate do not react at ordinary temperatures hilt onheating the mixture at 280" for several days triphenylthiocnrbaniideis formed.It crystallises in long white needles melts a t 152" is solu-ble in hot alcohol and alkalis sparingly in cold alcohol.il1etJiyldi'~hen ylcarbamide N€IPh.CO.NMePh prepared b-y mixingmethylaniline and phenyl isocyanate crystallises in small needles,melts a t 104" distils at 203-2U5" is readiIy soluble in benzene ether,chloroform glacial ace& acid and hot alcohol but only sparingly incold alcohol or ho6 water and is almost insoluble in light petroleumand alkalis.Eth?lZdiphen?/Zcarb~?n~~e NHPh.CO.NEtPh forms large transparentprisms and melts a t 91".Unsymmetrical m ~ t h y l ~ h e n ylthiocarbamide NH,. C S.NMePh is pre-pared by evaporating to dryness mixed aqueous solutions of methyl-aniline hydrochloride and excess of potassium thiocyanate.11 crystal-lises in thick colourless rhombic tables melts at 107" and is solublein alcohol benzene and hot water.Unsymmetvical ethy lpheiaylthiocal.bnmide NH,. CS. NEtPh crystallisesin long hard nacreous prisms and melts a t 113".Unsymni e f r i r d me t h y 1pZr en y lcarbarnide N H,. C 0. NMePh preparedfrom methylaniline hydrochloride and potassium cyanate crystallisesin very thin striated rhombs of fatty Inst,re melts a t 82" and is readilysoluble in all the ordinary solvents with the exception of lightpetroleum.Unsy m weiricak eth*y lpheny lcarb am ide NH,. C 0 .NE tP h forms silverj-plates and melts a t 62".The unsymmetrical diphenylcarkamide is not obtained by thc.action of diphenjlamine hydrochloride on potassium cyanate.Triy hen yl t hiocarbaizzida NH Ph.C S .N P h :-Dip henylamine,A. J. G1322 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Action of Ferric Chloride on Orthophenylenediamine. ByF. WIESINGER (Awnalen 224 353-356).-On the addition of ferricchloride to a solution of orthophenylenediamine hydrochloride redneedle-shaped crystals are deposited of the compositionC21H1RNS0,2HC1.The formation of this salt by the action of ferric chloride on ortho-diami dobenzene hydrochloride was observed by Griess ( J . p r . Clzern.,3 143 ; 5 202) but itM properties were not investigated. The hydro-chloride crystallises from water i n ruby-coloured plates containing5 mols. H,O. On decomposition with soda it yields the free baseC21HIaN60 as a yellow crystalline precipitate which dissolves sparinglyin alcohol and water with partial decomposition.The sulphnte,C21H18N60,H2S04 + 3H20 crystallises in needles which resemblechromic anhjdride in appearaoce. w. c. w. The nitrate is very unstable.New Aniline Colours. By PETRIEFF (BuZL XOC. Chim. 41 310).-Aniline hydrochloride when treated with an aqueous solution ofpotassium nitrite yields a crystalline compound having the foimulaUlsHlsN4 which melts a t 95" and is soluble in most liquids. Its saltsare decomposed by water. When the com-pound is fused with aniline hydrochloride a blue dye of the formu13C30H26NC is obtained together with a violet product which probablyhas the formula C,H,N,. The same compound when fused witha-naphthol gives an orange-coloiired substance of the formulaC8H27N4 and with 6-naphthol an orange-red colouring matter.It dyes a golden-yellow.W.R. D.Action of Alcohol on Diazo-compounds. By S. HALLER (Bey.,17 1887-1889).-1t is generally stated that wkien a diazo-salt i sboiled with absolute alcohol the diazo-group is replaced by hydrogen.But in this reaction there are always many bye-products formed.Diazocumene sulphate when boiled with alcohol yields only a verysmall quantity of hydrocarbon the principal product being its ethylether. Diazobenzene sulphate 6-diazonaphthalene &c. give similarresults. It would seem therefore that with the decomposition ofdiazo-compounds by alcohol the reaction sometimes brings about thereplacement of the diazo-group by hydrogen sometimes by ethoxyl,or some similar oxy-radicle.(See also Hofmann this vol. p. 1314).L. T. T.Behaviour of Aldehyde Glucose Peptone AlbuminousBodies and Acetone towards Diazobenzenesulphonic Acid.By PETRI (Zeit. Phys. Chenz. 8 291-298).-An alkaline solution ofdiazobenzenesulphonic acid added to the aldehydes of the fatty seriesor to glucose dissolved in weak alkali produces a beautiful magenta-red reaction on standing 10 or 20 minutes; warming the solu-tion hastens its appearance; it is only the fixed alkalis that can beused. The intensity of the cdour depends very much on the pro-portion of the reagents ; too much aldehyde or diazo-acid causes thORGANIC CHEJIISTRT. 1323colour to disappear. Concentrated solutions absorb all the light,except the red end of the spectrum as far as C.On dilution theabsorption becomes less only extending to D while a t the same timea clearing takes place in the blue between P and G. If cautiouslyneutralised either with mineral or organic acids tho colour dis-appears but reappears again quite unchanged in properties on addingalkali ; addition of an excess of mineral acid likewise prodiices a redcolour although differing in spectroscopic properties from the original.All attempts to separate the colouring matter with the usual solventshave failed. Bromine chlorine iodine sulphurous and nitrous acids,together with sodium amalgam and zinc-dust (the last two when airis excluded) decolorise the red solution. If the sodium amalgam orzinc is filtered off and the filtrate exposed to the air the colour re-appears.Aqueous solutions of peptone or albuminous bodies produce ail orange-yellow to an orange-red colour with the alkaline diazo-acid but itdiffers from the colour above described in both spectroscopic pro-perties and its behaviour towards acids.When neutralised carefully,the orange-red is changed to yellow but the colour does not reappearwhen an excess of mineral acid is employed. Anzrrumia as well asfixed alkalis reproduce it. When tmbjected to reduction with sodiumamalgam or zinc-dust with access of air a magenta-red colour is pro-duced which does not differ in any of its properties from the colourin t,he aldehyde reaction. Acetone too behaves like the aldehydes.J. P. L.Action of Phenylhydrazine on the Imido-ethers. 11.ByA. PINNER (Bey. 17 2002-2004).-1n the first part of this paper(this vol. p. 743) the author described the formation of benzenyl-dip heny lazid i ne from p h en yl h ydraz ine and benzimid o - et her hydro-chloride. MethenyZdiphenyluzidine NHPh.N CH.N2H2Ph is pre-pared by adding phenylhydrazine to a solution of formimido-etherhydrochloride in absolute alcohol and allowing the mixture to standfor some weeks. It crystallises in yellow plates melts a t 185" issoluble in hot benzene sparingly soluble in cold readily soluble in hotalcohol and gives a deep-red coloration with hydrochloric or sulphuricacid. The yield is not good resinous products being largely formed.With acetimido-ether the reaction takes a different course the pro-duct being ethenylpheti ylazidirhe hydrochloride NH CMe.N,H2Ph,HCl.It crystallises in long colourless prisms containing Q mol.or 1Q mol.H20 accordingly as it is crystallised from hot or cold alcohol. It isreadily solnble in alcohol insoluble in ether and benzene. It corn-rnences to decompose at 150". A. J. G.Derivatives of B enz ylidinephenylhydrazine. By V. SCHROED E R(Bey. 17 2096-2098) .- Acetobenzylidinepheny lhy draxine,NPh&.N CHPh,is obtained by dissolving benzylidenephenylhydrazine in aceticchloride and pouring the solution into water o r better by boiling thellydrazine with l i - 2 parts of acetic anhydride and excess of sodiu1324 ABSTRACTS OF CHEJIICAL PAPERS.acetate for about three hours the product being poured into water,and the crystalline mass that separates carefully washed with wat'er,and recrystallised from dilute alcohol.It forms long colourlessneedles which melt a t 115". It is insoluble in cold water soda,ammonia and hydrochloric acid. It dissolves in snlphuric acid thesolution acquiring an odour of bitter almonds; addition of waterreprecipitates the substance apparently unchanged.~~etanitrobenzylidinephenyllayrJrnzine obtained by heating phenyl-hydrazine with metanitrobenzaldehyde forms red needles and meltsat 121". Its acetyl compound CI5Hl3N3O3 closely resembles the acety 1compound described above and is prepared in a similar manner ; i tcrystallises in yellow needles which melt at 170".Benzylidine-aniline does not yield an acetyl compound when treatedwith acetic chloride or anhydride.A. J. G.Action of Benzoic Chloride on Amidines. By A. PINNEIL(Ber. 17 2004-2006).-By the action of benzoic cldoride on benz-amidine hydrochloride a t 120-140" there were obtained cyaphenineand dibenzamide in small quantity the main product of the reactioiibeing a substance of the empirical formula C7H,N0 isomeric or poly-meric with benzamide. Itp melts with decomposition a t 230" benzu-nitrile being one of the products.The substance of the formula ClrHliN02 obtained by Pinner andKlcin by the action of fuming sulphuric acid on benzonitrile dilutedwitch benzene and termed by them benzimido-benzoate is in realitydibenzamide A. J. G.It is being examined further.Structure of Hydroxylamine-derivatives.By W. LOSSEN (LZer.,17 1587-1589).-The author refers to a previous paper (Ber. 16,873) in which it is assumed that the action of hydroxylamine on acidchlorides is different from that of ammonia ; and that benzhydroxamicacid obtained from benzoic chloride and hydroxylamine no longercontains the benzoic radical but that its formula is OH.CPh NOH.I n like manner ethylbenzhydroxamic acid may be represented by theformula 0Et.CPh NOH. This last formula is assigned by Pinner(this VOI. p. 739) to his benzoximido-ether obtained by the action ofhydroxylamine hydrochloride 011 benzimido-ether. The author hascompared the two substances and finds that they are identical. Theproduct of the action of henzimido-ether on hydroxylamine hydro-chloride contains a- and /3-ethylbenzhydrouamic acids which may beseparated by partially neutralising with potash and agitating withether ; this extracts the p-mudification whilst the a-acid remainsbehind as potassium salt.Another substance C,HSN,O is alsoproduced the formation of which may be expressed thus :0Et.CPh NH + NH30,HC1 = 0H.NH.CPh NH,HCl + EtHO ;it resembles and is perhaps identical with the cornpound obtained byTiema.nn (this vol. p. 734) from hydroxjlamine and benzonitrile andalso with that obtained by Pinner (this vol. p. 739) by the action ofhydroxylamine on benzamidine. It melts a t about 76-77'.A. K. bfORGANIC CHEhiISTRY. 1325Remarks on the Previous Communication. By A. PINNI~K(Bey. 17 1589-1530) .-In reply to Lossen (see preceding Abstract),the author points out tha,t the method of acting on hydroxylamine mitlibenximido-ether as modified by that chemist is not fnvourable to t,hcformation of benzoximido-ether and he is of opinion that this is notidentical with et,hylbenzhydroxanzic acid but that it may possibly bcreadily converted into the latter.A. K. M.Amidoximes and Azoximes. By F. TIEMANN and P. KR~?GEI:.(Ber. 17 1685-1698) .-The following experiments were undertakent o decide whether the compounds obtained by the action of hydroxyl-amine on the acid nitriles are oxamidines NH CR.NB.OH o ramidoximes NH,.CR N.OH (see this vol.,.p. 734). The preparationof the compound C7H6Nz0 from benzonitrile and hydroxylamine hasalready been described ; it melts at 79-80' and not at 70" as prc-viously stated.It yields well-crystallised salts both with acids antlalkalis and like hpdroxamic acid has a tendency to form acid salts at'the alkali-metals ; the hydrochloride has the formula C7H6N20,HCI.When a solution of t h e compound C7H6N20 in alcoholic potash iswarmed with a few drops of chloroform the isonitrile odour ismomentarily produced and is succeeded by that of benzonitrile thcdecomposition then proceeding further. The above compound corn -bines with carbanil to form a carbamide and with phenyl isothio-cyanate to form a thiocarbamide. When sodium nitrite solution isadded to a solution of t h e hydrochloride nearly pure nitrous oxide isevolved benzamide being simultaneously produced :NH,.CPh NOH,HCl + NaNOz = PhCONH + N,O + NaCl + H,O.All these reactions indicate the presence of the group NH and theconstitution NH,.CPh NOH (ber~zenylamidozime). If however thcconditions of the last experiment be modified an excess of nitrite anrla higher temperature heing employed and the solution slightlyacidified the decomposition goes further some nitrogen is given off,and a small yuantit'y of benzoic acid is also prodnced.The methyl-ether of benzenylamidoxime NH2.CPh NOMe is readily obtained byheating a solution of benzenylarnidoxinie sodium methylate antlmethyl iodide in methyl alcohol for some hours a t 100" ; the greatel.part of the alcohol is then evaporated ar,d the methyl-derivative pre-cipitated by water. It dissolves sparingly in cold more readily inhot water and is readily soluble in alcohol and ether ; i t melts at 57",boils above 230" and has basic but no acid properties. By the actionof sodium nitrite on the hydrochloride nitrogen is evolved and a,compound CBH9N02 produced NH,.CPh NOMe,HCl + NaNO =OH.CPh NOMe + NaCl + N + H,O ; the product OH.CPh NOMe,is named the methyl ether of benzh?ydyozi?nic acid this being isomericwith Lossen's benzhydroxamic acid COPh.NH.OH. It is an oilboiling at 225" is insoluble in water but readily soluble in alcohol,ether and chloroform ; i t has neither basic nor any pronounced aciclproperties. When benzeriylamidoxime is treated with water an([sodium-amalgam ammonia and benzaldehyde are readily detected b1326 ABSTRACTS OF CHI"1IICAL PAPERS.their odour.On warming the liquid an oil separates the quantity ofwhich is increased on neutralising with hydrochloric acid ; it is readilysoluble in hydrochloric acid the solution yielding benzaldehyde whenheated. This product is no doubt the benzaldoxime prepared byPetraczek (Abstr. 1883 569) its formation being expressed thus :NH,.CPh :NOH + H2 = CHPh NOH + NH,. Secondary product8are also formed. Benzenylamidoxirne is identical with the compoundobtained by Pinner from hydroxy lamine and benienylamidine hydro-chloride (this vol. p 739) and with the secondary product C7H8N20,obtained by Lossen by the action of hydroxylamine hydrochloride onbenzimido-ether (this vol. p. 1324). The above facts show that theaddition-product from hydroxylamine and benzonitrile is an amid-oxime arid therefore that the compounds obtained by the action ofhydroxylamine on nitriles in general are to be regarded as belongingto t h i s class of compounds.By the action of benzenylamidoxime onbenzoic chloride benzoylhenzenylarnidoxime NH,.CPh NO& is ob-tained crystallising in slender white needles; it melts a t 140° isinsoluble in water readily soluble in alcohol ether and benzene ; itshows basic but no acid properties. When heated above its meltingpoint water is given off and dibenzeii,ylazozime NH 'N is pro-duced. This is an indifferent and very stable compound insoluble indilute acids and in alkalis; its solutions in concentrated nitric andsulphuric acids may be heated without decomposition ; by continuedboiling with tin a r d hydrochloric acid it is reduced to benzonitrile.Dibenzenylazoxime is almost insoluble in water readily soluble inalcohol ether and benzene melts a t 108" and boils a t 290"; it isreadily volatile in steam and forms long white needles on sublimation.It is also formed on heating benzenyhmidoxime with benzoic chloride,benzotrichloride or benzoic acid and in all reactions in which benzoicacid is formed by the partial decomposition of benzenylamidoxime a ta moderately high temperature as for example by the action of-CPh-' 0 .C Ph' -C P h-.nitrous acid. Benzeiay!azozinzethenyl Ny >N obtained by boil-'O.CMeing benzenylamidoxinie with acetic anhydride crystallises in flatprisms sublimes at ordinary temperatures and is readily volatile insteam; it nielts a t 41" dissolves sparingly in water but readily inalcohol ether and benzene.An isomeric etheny lazoximebenzenyt,,-CMe-,NY \N melting at 57' has been prepared by Nordmann from'0. C P h/ethenylamidoxime (from acetonitrile). In naming the azoximeswhich contain two different hydrocarbon radicles that which isunited t o the oxygen-atom is placed at the end of the name as in theabove examples. Benzenylazoximethenyl which appears to be pro-duced by the action of chloroform on an alkaline solution of benzenyl-amidoxime is likewise to be distinguished from methenylazoxime-benzenyl which should result from the action of benzoic chloride onruethenylamidoxime Tu'Hz.CH NOH.A. K. MORGASIC CHEJUSTRT. 1327Reduction of Benzoylorthonitran ilide. By W. G. MIXTER(Amer. Chem. J. 6 26-28).-Hubner (Ann. Chem. 208 302),by the action of tin and hydrochloric acid on benzoyl-o-nitranilide,obtained benzenyl phenylenamidine C13H10N2 ; other reduction-pro-ducts have not been prepared. The para- and meta-nitranilides,when treated wit8h zinc and ammonia yield azo- and amido-derivativesthis vol. p. 66s) ; i t is now shown that analogous ortho-compoundsare formed in a simitar manner.NHE.C,Hi.N - -Orthaxoxy benzanilide 1 >O. - BenzoglorthonitranilideNHE.CI,HJ.N I _ is dissolved in alcohol and zinc ammonia aud platinic chloride added.The new compound slowly separates froin the solution. It is yellow,sparingly soluble in alcohol and melts a t 195".If the mother-liquor isevaporated to dryness and the residue extracted with boiling water,it gives on cooling crystals of bemoylorthophenylenediamine,NH,.C,H,.NHE,meltring at 140".orthonitranilide with alcoholic ammonium sulphide.chloride is a slimy precipitate.ammonia some benzenylphenylenaniidirle is formed.It is more easily obtained by reducing benzoyl-The platino-During the reduction with zinc andH. B.Nitrosophenole. By H. GOLDSCHMIDT and H. SCHMID (Ber. 17,2060-2065).-To test the general applicability of the method offormation of nitrosophenols by the action of bydroxjlamine onquinones (Goldschmidt this vol. p. 7S5) the authors now apply thereaction to thymoquinone toluquinone and a-naphthaquinone.T hymoquinone is reduced by free hydroxy lamine to hydrothymo-quinone ; hydroxylamine hydrochloride on the other hand convertsit into nitrosotbymol.Unsuccessful attempts were made to convertthymoquinone into a di-isonitroso-compound.Toluquinone dissolved i n 200 times its weight of water mixed withhydroxylamine hydrochloride and allowed to remain for 24 hours,yields white needles of ?&yoso-orthocreso 1,CsH30Me NOH [0 Me NOH = 1 2 41.It decomposes between 130-1$0" gives Lieberniann's nitroso-reaction,dissolves in alkalis with reddish-brown colour and is converted intodinitro-orthocresol by treatment with nitric acid.a-Naphthoquinone when treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride,is converted into a-nitroso-z-naphthol. This substance when pure,decomposes withod fusion a t 190" ; it is generally stated to melt a t175".The authors did not succeed in replacing the second oxygen-atom in a-naphthaquinone by an isonitroso-group. These and theearlier results obtained show that in all quinones 1 oxSgen-atom canbe replaced by the oximido-group but that both oxygen-atoms canonly be so replaced in those quinones in which both CO-groups are i nthe ortho-position. A. J. G1388 ABSTRACTS OF CHEJIICAL PBPKRS.Para- and Ortho-nitrophenyl Ethers of Dinitrophenol andof Picric Acid. By C. WILLGERODT and E. HUETIJN (Bey. 17,1764-1766).-These four ethers were prepared by the action ofalcoholic eolutions of a-dinitrochlorobenzene and of picryl chlorido(t'rini trochloro ben zene) on potassium para- a,nd ortho-nitrophenate.I n the case of the two ethers from a-dinitrochlorobenzene heating inclosed tubes for 5-6 hours a t 150-160" was necessary the deriva-tives of picric acid were easily prepared by digestion on the water-bath.I n the preparation of the potassium phenates care must bctaken not to add excess of potash or the ethjl ethers will also bcformed.a- Dinitrophen y 1 parnnitroph enyZ oside,C,Hr,(NO,)?.O.C,R,.NO [0 NO NO2 = 1 2 4; 0 NO2 = 1 41,crystallises from water in hexagonal plates melting a t 114" and solu-ble in ether benzene glacial acetic acid and acetone. a-Dinitro-phenyl orthonitrophenyl oziile crystallises in minute needles melting at111)". It resembles the para-derivative in solubility &c.Tr initroy hen y lpa?ranitrop heny 1 oxide,C,H,(NO,),.O.C,H,.NOz [0 NO NO, NO2 = 1 2 4 6 ; 0 NO,= 1 41,crystallises in small thin transparent colonrless scales which melt at1 So and are easily soluble in alcohol chloroform benzene glacial aceticacid and acetone ; more sparingly in ether and light petroleum.Tri-witroplmz yZ orthonitrophenyl oxide crystiillises from alcohol in smalland almost colourless needles which melt a t 172-173" and resemblethe para-compound in solubility &c.Mercaptans. By 0. STADLER (Rer. 17 2075-2081).-From theaiialogy in behavioiir between mercaptans and phenols it seemedprobable that the mercaptans of the fatty group might like thephenols yield azo-cornpounds by reaction with diazo-compounds.The author's results show that not azo- but diazo-compounds areformed.By the action of diazobenzenesulphonic acid on ethyl mercaptansuspended in ice-water and mixed with soda a substance of theformula C8H,N,S,O3Na (probably SO,Na.(=,H,.N=N.SEt) is obtained,crystallising in clear yellow needles.It explodes when heated onplatinum-foil ; by boiling in alcoholic solution nitrogen is evolved andthe sulphonic acid of ethyl phenyl sulphide is formed. The sodiumsalt SO,Na.C,H,.SEt crystallises in white plates. Distilled Kithammonium chloride it jields ethyl phenyl sulphide.Diazohenzerie chloride and ethyl mcrcaptan reacted giving an oilyproduct which after extraction with ether $c. prored to be a mix-ture of ethyl bisulphide and ethyl phenyl sulphide. On repeating thisexperiment however the ethereal solution exploded with considerableviolence showing that an unstable nilrogen-compound had beenformed but its isolation could not be effected.Phenyl mercaptan is conveniently prepared by distilling a mixtureL.T. TORGANIC CHE.\lIS'J'RT. I329of sodium benzenesulplionate and potassium hydrosulphide in avacuum. A. J. G.Bromoparaxylenol. By P. ADAM (Bull. Xoc. Chirn. 41 288-289).-W hen this cornpourid is prepared by the ordinary method,condensation-products are formed which render the purificationof the brominated derivative extremely difficult. It may be readilyprepared by the action of bromine on xylenol heated to 160"; thesource of heat is removed and the bromine is introduced rapidly(30 grams per minute).The solid product is purified by distillingwith steam or better by exposing it in a vacuum then washing witha little light petroleum and pressing between paper. It cr.ystallises inwhite needles insoluble in water but soluble in half their weight ofboiling alcohol ; they melt at 74". When boiled with a large excess ofwater bromoparaxylenol is decomposed hydrobromic acid is evolved,and a substance remains in solution which is deposited when the liquidis evaporated in a vacuum. The author is continuing the study ofthe derivatives of this compound. W. R. D.Derivatives of Dimethylquinol. By A. BAESST~ER (Be]. 17,2118-21'2Y).-Aml:dod~~zet~~l~7~inol C6H3(OMe)2,NH2 (comp. Muhl-hauser Abstr. 1883 302). Sodium-amalgam is gradually added toan alcoholic solution of iritrodimethylquinol acidulated with aceticacid until red needles are deposited on the sides of the vessel.Thealcohol is then evaporated water added arid the liquid extracted withether. On evaporation the ethereal solution leaves a mixture of redand yellow crystals which are boiled with very dilute alcohol; thisleaves a residue consisting of azodimethylquinol mixed with small quan-tities of hydrazodimethylquinol. The solution contains amidomethpl-(1 ninol which is purified by crystallisation coriversion into theliydrochloride &c. Amidodimethylquinol crystallises in nacreousplates melts a t 81-82" is sparingly soluble in cold soluble in hotwater alcohol benzene light petroleum and carbon bisulpliide. It isvery unstable being readily decomposed when heated above the melt-i:tg point and partially also by evaporating its aqueous solution.Thehydrochloride crystallises in white efflorescent needles. The platino-chloride is obtained as a brown precipitate.Acetanzidodi?netZi~jl~zcinol C6H3(OMe),.NH~ obtained by the actionof acetic anhydride on the base crystallises in silvery white platesand melts a t 91". Nitroacetamidoditnetl~~l~~~nol,CsH (NO,) ( OMe) *.N HG,obtained by adding fuming nitric acid drop by drop to a saturatedaqueous solut,ion of the acetyl-compound crystallises in nodulargroups of needles and melts a t 164".DimethylpuinoltriinetZ~ylaminonium iodide C6H,(OMe)2.NMe31 isprepared by heating amidodimethylquinol with methyl iodide and aliitle methyl alcohol in sealed tubes a t 150" for five hours.It crys-tallises in white needles melts a t 202" is readily soluble in water anddil Ute alcohol nearly insolub!e in benzene chloroform and ligh1330 ABSTRziCTS OF CHEXICAL PAPERS.petroleum sparingly soluble in absolute alcohol. By the action ofmoist silver oxide it is convert,ed into the corresponding hydroaide,which crystallises in colourless needles. The chloride,c6H,( OMe,) .NMe,CI,crystallises in needles melts at 172" and is readily soluble in water.The pZatinochZoi*ide I] C6&( OMe)zNMe3C1)2,PtC14 is a yellow crystallinesubstance .By the action of phenyl isothiocyanate on amidodimethylquinol acompound of the formula N HPh.CS.NH.C,H,(OMe) is obtained,crystallising in white microscopic needles and melting at 137" ; it isrea,dily soluble in hot benzene and alcohol insoluble in water.DimethzJZqPiiizoZ-thiocctrbamide C S [NH.C6H3( OMe)2]2 is preparedby digesting amidodimethylquinol alcoholic potash and carbon l i -sulphide for some hours on the water-bath ; it crystallises in whitemicroscopic needles melts at log" is readily soluble in hot alcohol,benzene and chloroform sparingly in light petroleum and insolublein water.A zodimethylquinol N2[C6H3( OMe),] is prepared from an alcoholicsolution of nitrodiniethylquinol by the action of sodium-amalgam inpresence of a small amount of ammonia or by the action of zinc andpotash. It is separated from the hydrazodimethylquinol simulta-neozsly formed by heating it with dilute hydrochloric acid in whichthe hydrazo-compound dissolves completely.The azoquinol crystal-lises in red needles melts a t 140" is readily soluble in absolute alcohol,benzene chloroform carbon bisulphide and aniline more sparingly inlight petroleurn and dilute alcohol and is nearly insoluble in water.It dissolves without decomposition in strong hydrochloric acid withdeep blue colour and in concentrated sulphuric acid with violet colour ;the latter solution suffers partial decomposition on standing turningfirst blue and then green. By the action of bromine on an alcoholicsolution of the azo-compound dibroniazodimethylquinoZ C,H,Br2N,04,is obtained. It forms a red crystalline mass melts at 220" is solublein benzene chloroform and carbon bisulphide very sparingly in:tlcohol and is insoluble in water. I t dissolves in sulphuric acidwithout decomposition to form a deep-violet solution.The hydrazo-compound could not be isolated ; in solution it oxidiseswith great readiness to form the azo-compound.Tetramethoxy d iamid odip hen y l NH .c6Hz( OMe 1 2.C6H2 (O&fe) r.NH2,is obtained as hydrochloride by the action of hydrochloric acid onsDlutions of the hydrazo-compound and by the action of stannouschloride and hydrochloric acid on the azo-compound. The free basecrystallises in snow-white needles melts a t 210° is easily soluble inchloroform carbon bisulphide hot benzene and boiling alcohol butonly sparingly in light petroleum or water.C16&m34,2 Hcl,crystallises in stellate groups of small white needles and is readilysoluble in water.The platinochloride C16H20N201,HZPtC16 is obtainedas a yellow precipitate. The phenyl thiocarbemide-derivative,The hydrochloride,C12H,(OMe)l(NH.CS.NHPh)2ORGAXIC CHEMISTRY. 1331forms white flocks melts a t 184" is soluble in alcohol and benzene,insoluble in light petroleum and water. The diacetyl-derivative,C,H,(OMe),(NHAc) crystallises in white needles melts a t 251" isreadily soluble in alcohol benzene chloroform and carbon bisulphide,but only very sparingly in light petroleum or water. A. J. G.Compounds of Phenols with Ethyl Acetoacetate. p-Methyl-umbelliferone 11. By H. v. PECHMANN and J. B. COHEN ( B e y . 17,2129-2138).-1n the first communication on this subject (v. Pech-mann and Duisberg this vol.p. 66) a series of compounds weredescribed obtained by the action of phenols on ethyl acetoacetate inpresence of sulphuric acid. These compounds were regarded ascoumarins or hydroxycoumarins in which substitution had occurred inthe side-chains. I n particular the compound derived from resorcinolshowed such strongly-marked analogy with the hydroxycoumarin,umbelliferone that it was termed p-methylumbelliferone and hailassigned to it the constitution OH.CsH3/ I ( l ) . This view,although opposed to that of Willenberg (Abstr. 1882 1289) andof Michael (this vol. p. 736) is confirmed by the results now broughtforward.,CMe CH(4) '0-co(2)Ally1 resorcinol methyl ether,CsH3(OH) (OMe).CMe CH2 [OH OMe C2MeHz = 2 4 11,isomeric with eugenol is obtained by heating umbellic acid.Itforms a nearly colourless thick oil of agreeable odour distils a t245-250" is insoluble in water but miscible witlh most othersolvents. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves it with red colora-tion. It is soluble in aqueous soda but not in sodium carbonate.Meth ylic d/:477eth~l-~-methylumbel~afe is obtained by heating themonomethyl acid with methyl iodide and sodium methylate in sealedtubes for five hours a t 90". The free acid,C6H,(OMe)2.CMe CH.COOH [4 2 13,crystallises in small colourless needles melts a t 145" is insoluble inwater readily soluble in ether benzene alcohol and chloroform. Asolution of the ammonium salt gives a white curdy precipitate withlead acetate a clear green precipitate with copper sulphate anda yellow amorphous precipitate with ferric chloride.The silver saltforms a white granular powder. The methyl salt,CcH3( OMe),.CMe CH.COOMe,is an oil boiling a t 310-320" and soluble in the ordinary solvents.By oxidation with an alkaline solution of potassium permanganste,it is converted into dimethyl-presorcylic acid. This acid was shownby Tiemann and Will (Ber. 15 2080) to be formed by the oxidationof umbelliferone thus proving the side-chains in these compounds t ooccupy the same positions as in umbelliferone.The authors regard Michael's tribromo-derivative obtained by theaction of bromine on 6-methylumb:lliferone as p-mefhyZbron7umbeZZi1332 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.,fe'erone dibrowide.i t gives a violet coloration with dilute soda.They have only to add to Michael's description thatP-Meth~lumbelliferone dibromide methyl ether,CMeBr OMe.CsH3<-o co-> CHBr.The action of bromine on the methyl ether differs slightly from thaton /3-methylumbelliferone an additive product being obtained. Itcryslallises in colourless needles melts at 233-235" is insoluble inwater somewhat soluble in alcohol ether chloroform and glacialacetic acid. Both bromine-atoms are removed by boiling it withalcoholic potash.~r~on~hy~lroxy-~-metl~yZcoumar~Z~c acid OH.C6€12Br/ %.COOH,is obtained by boiling the tribromo-compound with alcoholic potash.It forms slender colourless needles melts with decomposition at 221" isI-eadily soluble in alcohol ether and chloroform sparingly in benzene,insoluble in water.It dissolves in sulphuric acid to a colourlesssolution which turns purplish-violet on heating. Ferric chloridegives a yellow coloration. When the silver salt is distilled it yields acrystalline subs tan ce probably hrmahydrozy-P- met Ii y 1 coumarone ; thisyields a deep blue-coloured body by the action of gentle oxidising agents.M e t h o z ~ - ~ - ~ ~ ~ e t h ~ j l h ~ d i ~ o c o u m a ~ i c anhydride C22H220s is obtained bythe action of sodium-ainalgam on a solution of ,3-methylurnbelliferoneniethyl ether in dilute alcohol. It crystallises in nearly colourlessl)risms melts at 243-244" is soluble in hot glacial acetic acid,insoluble in alcohol and ether. Sulphuric acid dissolves it withfeeble blue fluorescence.~Titl.o-p-mef7,yZzl?)zBelZ~ee.l.o)l.e CloHj(N02)03 is prepared by addingtlie calculated quantity of nitric acid drop by drop to the finelydivided P-methylumbelliferone suspended in glacial acetic acid andwell cooled. I t crystallises in straw-yellow needles is insoluble inwater sparingly soluble in alcohol henzene and glacial acetic acid.D i ~ ~ i t r o - ~ - n z e t l ~ ~ l z i ~ ~ ~ e l Z ~ f e ~ o ~ ~ e c,H6 ( NO2)& is prepared by theaction of excess of nitric acid on P-methylumbelliferone suspended inacet8ic acid t h e mixture being finally heated on the water-bath.I tcrystallises in lustrous golden-yellow needles melts at 220" is readilysoluble i n alcohol and glacial acetic acid sparingly in chloroform,benzene and carbon bisulphide.A i ) z i i ~ o - P - .l n e t ~ i y l i ~ ~ B ~ l l i f e r o l r e CloH7O3.NH2 is prepared by theaction of tin arid hydrochloric acid on the mononitro-compound. Itforms yellowish needles melts at 24T is sparingly soluble in theordinary solvents and gives an intense green coloration with ferriccliloride. The sulphate ( CloH,N03)2,H2SOa + 2H20 is very sparinglysoluble in cold water.Nitrosourr! ido-P-?)teth2/Zumbell iferone ClaH6(NO)O3.NH2 is obtainedb j the action of nitroiis acid on the sulphate of the arriido-derivative.I t crystallises i n yellowish-red needles melts a t 140" is readilysoluble in alcohol sparingly in water ether benzene and chloroform.It has no basic properties is soluble in alkalis with deep red colour,,CMe\-O -/Soda only dissolves it on boilingORQANIC CHEMISTRY.1333is not decomposed by boiling with acids and gives Liebermann'sreaction. A. J. G.Azoresorcinol and Azoresorufin. By H. BRUNNER and C.KRAEMER (Ber. 17 1847-186G).-In a preliminary notice (Abstr.,1882 784) H. Brunner stated that by acting with sulphuric acid on amixtare of nitrobenzene and resorcinol he had obtained a colouringmatter which he believed to be identical with the diazoresorufin de-scribed by Weselsky (Ber. 4 614). In conjunction with C. Gamer,he has now carehlly compared these two substances and proved thecorrectness of his surmise. This body was prepared by Weselsky byheating his diazoresorcinol with sulphuric acid at 210" ; by Lieber-mann (this Jour.1874,693) by heating resorcinol with sulphuric acidcontaining nitrous acid ; by Bindschedler and Busch and also by PBvre,from aitrosoresorcinol (from amyl nitrite and sodium resorcinol) andsulphuric acid. When prepared by Brunner's method the substance inquestion is always accompanied by paramidophenolsulphonic acid (seep. 1354) in the form of white silky needles. The mixed compounds aredissolved in hot ammonia and hydrochloric acid is added to the still hotsolution. Diazoresorufin is a t once precipitated and if the solution benot too concentrated all the sulphonic acid remains in solution andcrystallises out on cooling. The diazoresorcinol employed by We-selsky was obtained by act,ing on resorcinol with nitric acid saturatedwith nitrous anhydride.It forms deep green crystals which dissolve inalkalis to a bluish-violet solution with brown fluorescence. Weselskygave CI8HI2N2O6 as the formula of this compound but a carefulre-examination by the author has proved that its true composition isClzH9N04 so that taking into account its formation from nitroso.resorcinol it may be looked upon as formed according to the reaction-0 CJ&(OH)z + NO.C6H3(OH)2 = CdL<o>N.CJ%(OH),.As it is not a diazo-compound the author proposes to substitute thename azoresorcinol for diazoresorcinol and in like manner diazo-resorufin becomes azoresorufin.Azoresorufin prepared by any of the above-mentioned methods hasthe formula C24El6N2O7 (C3,H,8N402 Weselsky). I t is a reddish-brownpowder sparingly soluble in alcohol insoluble in water and in ether.Itdissolves in sulphuric acid to a blue solution containing a sulphonicacid which is however decomposed by water. Alkalis convert it intoa very intense brilliant carmine solution haring a vermilion fluor-escence. This is an intensely strong colouring matter and forms avaluable test for the presence of traces of alkali.By the action of acetic chloride on azoresorcinol Weselsky obtaineda compound (crystallising in yellow scales) to which he ascribed theformula C48H30N4C18015 and which he regarded as hexacetyl-azo-resorcinol in which each of the four nitrogen-at,oms is further com-bined with two chlorine-atoms. The authors have carefully examinedthis reaction and have obtained two compounds.The one crystal-lises in small golden-yellow scales of the formula C1,H8C1N03,HC1 andis not an acetyl-compound. The other compound forms a green amor-VOL. XLVI. 4 1334 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.?how mass easily soluble in ether. It gave results leading to tbeformula C26H21NzC1306 (or C24H,4EtCINz06,2HCI). It is probable thathere we have first the formation of a dihydrochloride of chlorazoreso-rufin monacetate which in the process of purification with alcoholexchanges its acetyl-group for ethyl.Axoresoru$n diacetate [ C6H402N.C6H3( O&)] was obtained by di-gesting azoresorcinol with sodium acetate and acetic anhydride a t135'. It forms a yellowish-brown amorphous substance easilysoluble in acetone chloroform and acetic acid spari~gly in alcohol orether.When evaporated with hydrochloric acid on the water-bath ityields a yellow hydrochloride.AzoresorufyZ hydrochhide C,HI4CIzNzO5,2HCl was obtained bydigesting azoresorcinol with fuming hydrochloric acid under pressureat 100".Both azoresorcinol and azoresorufin yield identical products on re-duction either in acid or in alkaline solution. When azoresorcinol isreduced with tin and hydrochloric acid a compound is formed whichis soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid and cr-jwtallises in iridescentscales. I t s formula is C48H4,N40,,4HCl + 4H,O. When qnicklydried a t loo" it forms a blue powder which dissolves in boilingacetone or alcohol (if slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid) withan indigo colour and these solutions both yield large well-formedcrystals very much resembling potassium permanganate in appearance.When once formed these crystals redissolve wit11 difficulty.Althoughexactly alike in appearance analysis showed these two substancesdiffered in the quantity of hydrochloric acid they contain. That crys-tallised from alcohol has the formula C&f4,Ni0,,3HCl that fromacetone C48H16N4013,HC1. Hydrating agents (such as dilute alkalis)gradnally convert these compounds first into azoresorufin then intoazoresorcinol.TetrahydraxoresoruJin C2,H,6N20,H4 is formed if azoresorcinol issubjected to reduction with zinc and hydrochloric acid. I t crystallisesin dark blue crystals with a strong coppery iridescence. At 100" itloses water and is reconverted into azoresorufin.It forms a dihydro-chloride yielding colourless crystals. The t'etrahydro-compound isalso formed when sulphuretted hydrogen is passed into an ammoniacalsolut'ion of resorufin. Sodium-amalgam seems to form a colourlessleuco-compound but this is so unstable that the authors have notsucceeded in isolating it.Dibronzazoresorcinol Iqdrobyomide ClzH7BrzN04,HBr is obtained byadding bromine to a solution of azoresorcinol in sodium hydroxide.It forms a glistening green mass soluble in alcohol to a blue liquidhaving a brownish-red fluorescence.Hexabrornazorexoriifiit hydrobromide C21H,Br6N,0,HBr is probablyidentical with the bromodia zoresorufin of Bindschedler and Busch,and of the Bavarian Aniline and Soda Works.It is obtained fromresorufin in a manner similar to that by which the last-named com-pound is prepared from azoresorcinol. It is an amorphous red sub-stance soluble in alcohol to a violet liquid with a bluish-redfluorescence.Trinitra,.oresorcinoZ C12H6(N02)3X04 was obtained by nitrationIt forms bluish-violet crystalsORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1335with nitric acid of sp. gr. 1.37. Care must be taken in the nitm-tion or the substance will be completely oxidised. It forms greenglistening crystals. This compound is probably what Weselsky de-scribed as tetrazoresorcinol nitrate and to which he ascribed thoformula C3GH12NB012,6N03. I t is soluble in water ether and alcohol,forming indigo-coloured solutions.HexawitrazoresoruJn C21H,( NO,)GN,O prepared in a similarmanner crystallises in small green needles which dissolve in water,alcohol and ether to purple solutions.Derivatives of Pyrogallol and Phloroglucinol and theirRelation to Daphnetin and Bsculetin.By W. WILL andK ALBRECHT (Ber. 17 2098-2109) .-Whilst daphiietin was knownto be a derivative of pyrogallol it was still uncertain which of thetwo other trihydroxybenzenes esculetin was derived from. The re-sults given in the present paper show that it is not derived fromphloroglucinol and must therefore bo derived from hydroxyquinol.Ethylic tricthglgaZZate C6H2( OEt),.COOEt is prepared by boilingethyl gallate and ethyl iodide with potash. It crystallises in lustrousneedles melts a t 51" and is readily soluble in alcahol ether andbenzene.TriethylgnZZic acid C6H2(OEt)3.COOH is obtained by saponificationof the ethyl salt with alcoholic potash and decomposition of thepotassium salt formed with hydrochloric acid.I t is crystalline meltsat 112" is sparingly soluble in cold more readily in boiling alcohol.I t does not give a coloration with ferric salts. The neutral solution ofthe ammonium salt gives a cIear greenish-blue precipitate with coppersalts white precipitates with lead and zinc salts. The silver salt,C13H,0,Ag is obtained by precipitation with silver nitrate as avoluminous white precipitate sparingly soluble in hot water and canbe crystallised fram it. T t melts at 2GO" and decomposes into car-bonic anhydride and pyrogallol triethyl ether.ZthyZ yyr~yallocarbosylate C,H,(OH),.COOE t obtained by satu-rating a solution of pyrogallocarboxylic acid in alcohol with hydro-chloric acid forms a crystalline mass ; when crystallised from hotwater it unites with 1 mol.of H20 and then melts at 86" ; the anhy-drous salt melts a t 102". It commerices to sublime a t 100". It issoluble in alcohol and ether insoluble in hot water. With ferric chlo-ride it gives a greenish-brown coloration like that produced by thefree acid. By the action of ethyl iodide and potash it is converted intoethylic triethy 713yrogaZ7ocarbo~yZnte a colourless odourless volatile oil ~insoluble in water and alkalis readily soluble in alcobol and ether.TriethyZpyrogaZZocarboxl/Zic acid C,H,( OEt),.COOH [COOH :OEt OEt OEt = 1 2 3 41 prepared from the ethyl salt is crys-talline melts at 100.5" and is identical with the triethoxybenzoic acidobtained from daphnetin. The silver salt C13H,05Ag is moderatelysoluble in water and decomposes at 130" into carbonic anhydride andpyrogallol triethyl ether.PhlorogZucinocal.~oxyZic acid C,H,( OH),.COOH is prepared byheating pure phloroglucinol ( 1 part) hydrogen potassium carbonate(4 parts) and water (4 parts) in sealed tubes for 13 hours a t 130".L.T. T.4 x 1336 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.The product of the reaction is treated with dilute hydrochloric acidand extracted with ether. The ethereal solution is next shaken withaqueous hydrogen sodium carbonate whereby the acid passes into theaqueous solution whilst una,ltered phloroglucinol remains dissolved inthe ether.The sodinm carbonate solution is then acidified the acidextracted with ether and the ethereal solution allowed to crystallise.The free acid resembles gallic and pyrogallolcarboxglic acids in appear-ance and behaviour. It crystallises with 1 mol. H20 decomposes slowlywhen heated (even below loo") and filially melts a t 206" (the meltingpoint of phloroglucinol). The aqueous solution on boiling is completelydecomposed into carbonic anhydride and phloroglucinol. An alkalinesolution turns brown if exposed to the air. Ferric chloride gives anintense blue coloration which soon turns to a dirty brown. Anaquoous solution of the acid gives white precipitates with lead andsilver salts.I n preparing this acid with phloroglueinol prepared from resorcinoltliere is obtained in addition another acid qnite insoluble in water,and therefore readily separated from phloroglucinolcarboxylic acid.Dirpsorcinol~~carbozy Zic acid COOH. C6H,( OH),.CcH,( OH),. CO OH,obtained thus is sparingly soluble in alcohol more readily in ether.It decomposes above 300" without previous fusion. Diresorcinolwhen heated with hydrogen potassium carbonate as described above,yields this acid exclusively. The potassium salt CIIHPOAK2 crystal-iises in slender white needles the barium salt C,H8O8Ba + 6H20,forms lustrous needles ; the silver sRlt CI1H8O8Ag is precipitated inwhite flocks.PhZoroyZucinoZ diethyZ ether C,H,(OEt),.OH.-By the action ofhydrochloric acid gas on an alcoholic solution of phloroglueinol-carboxylic acid there was obtained not as was expected the ethylsalt of the acid but phloroglucinol diethyl ether a substance crystal-lising in long colourless lustrous needles and melting at 75".Itdistils unaltered is soluble in water o r dilute alcohol and is alsoreadilg soluble in alkalis from which solution addition of' acids repre-cipitates it unchanged. It may also be prepared by the action of hydro-chloric acid gas on an alcoholic solution of phloroglueinol. Atteniptst o pmpare an ethylated phloroglucinol-carboxylic acid were unsuc-cessf ul.PI~lorogluciitol triethyl ether CcH,(OEt) is obtained by tbe actionof ethyl iodide and alcoholic potash on phloroglucinol diethyl ether.It is crystalline melts ah 43" can be distilled with steam is readilysoluble in alcohol and ether insoluble in water and alkalis.It is notidentical with the triethyl &,her obtained by dry distillation of thecalcium salt of the triethoxybenzoic acid derived from sesculetin. Asthe three triethoxybenzenes theoretically possible are now known andas two of them are characterised a8 the triethF1 ethers of pyrogalloland phloroglucinol respectively it follows that the third must be thetriethyl ether of hydroxyquinol.This eonclusion that sesculetin is not a phloroglucinol-derivative isin agreement with t h e results lately obtained by v. Pechmann andWelsh (this vol. p. 1346). A. J. GORGANIC CHEJIIST RY 1337Nitro-derivatives of Paracresyl Benzyl Ether. By P. FRISCHE(Annalen 2 24 13 7-1 55 1 .-Nitrocresy 1 benz y 1 ether,CH,Ph.O.C,H,Me.NO [NO CH = 2 41,prepared by the action of potassium nitrocresol on benzyl chloride,crgstallises in broad needles which dissolve in benzene ether lightpetroleum and alcohol.The crystals melt a t 54' and decompose whenstroiigly heated.Dinitrocresyl benzyl ether CH2Yh.0.C,H2(N02) Me.N02 can only beprepared by acting on silver dinitrocresol with benzyl iodide. It isdeposited from hot alcohol in crystalline plates melting a t log" whichdecompose on exposure to the light.Cresy Z nitrobenzyl ether C6H4Me.0.CH2.C6H4.N02 also crystallisesin platmes which melt a t 91".Nitrocresyl nitrobenzyl ether N0,.C6H,Me.0.CH2.C6H~.~02 formssilky needles which are soluble in benzene and hot acetic acid andnielt a t 163".Dznitrocresy 1 nitrobenzyl ether N02.Me(N02) C6H,.0.CH~.C~HI.NO~,melts a t 186.5" and dissolves in hot glacial acetic acid. It is not onlyformed by the actions of nitrobenzyl iodide on silver dinitrocresol butalso by the nitration of many of the above ethers.Nitrocresyl benzyl ether on nitration yields nitrocresol and benzylalcohol which are further changed into dinitrocresol and nitrobenzylnitrate a small quantity of dinitrocresyl nitrobenzyl ether is alsoformed. Under similar treat.ment the isomeric cresyl nitrobenzylether gives a much larger yield of dinitrocresyl nitrobenzyl ether.Dinitrocresol paranitrobenzyl nitrate and a large quantity of dinitro-cresyl nitrobenzyl ether are obtained by the action of strong nitricacid on nitrocresyl nitrobenzj-1 ether.Alcoholic ammonia acts slightly on nitrocresyl benzyl ether andhas no action on cresyl nitrobenzyl ether.It converts dinitrocresylbenzyl ether into dinitroparatoluidine and benzyl alcohol andsaponifies dirGtrocresy1 nitrobenzyl ether forming nitrobenzyl alcoholand dinitrotoluidine.Attempts to reduce these nitro-ethers to amido-compounds wereunsuccessful. w. c. w.Nitration of the Phenyl and Cresyl Ethers of PhosphoricAcid. By M. RAPP (Annalen 224 156-178).-When a solution ofmonophenylphosphoric acid in strong nitric acid is poured into water,the nitro-product is not precipitated but on evaporating the mixture(after the addition of alcohol) t o remove the excess of nitric acid,mononitromonophenyl phosphate is obtained in crystalline platesmelting a t 112".The crystals are soluble in ether benzene chloro-form and in hot water. They are decomposed by potash yieldingparanitrophenol and potassium phosphate and they are also decom-posed by the prolonged action of nitric acid.Dinityodiphen yl -phosphoric acid PO( 0.C,H4.N02),.0H preparedfrom diphenyl phosphate crystallises in white needles melting a t1 2 4 64 1 1 42 4 5 42 4 6 1 1338 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.133.5" which are soluble in ether benzene and hot alcohol. If thecrystals are mixed with the mononitro-derivative they dissolvefreely in cold chloroform.l'rinitrotripheny 1 phosphate PO( 0.C6HL.N02)3 is deposited fromhot acetic acid in obiique prisms which melt a t 155" and are insolublein the ordinary solvents.On decomposition with potash the theo-retical yield of paranitrophenol is obtained. This substance maywith advantage be prepared by means of this reaction. Trinitrotri-phenyl phosphate is converted into dinitrodiphenyl ethyl phosphateby prolonged boiling with alcohol. Trinitrotriphenyl phosphate hasalso been obtained by Engelhardt and Latschinoff (Zeit. f. Chem.,1870 230) by the action of phosphorus pentachloride on paranitro-phenol.Moolzoparacresy I phosphate PO( 0. C6H4Me) (OH) * forms white plateswhich melt at 116" and dissolve freely in alcohol ether and water.Triparacresyl phosphate has been previously described by A. Wolkow(ibid. 1870 322) who found the meltiq point 8" too low viz.68"instead of 76". No nitro-derivatives of these ortho- or para-cresylphosphates could be obtained. w. c. w.Hydroxydihydrocarbostyril. By A. EINHORN (Ber. 17 2011-2014) .-Hydroxydihydroca:,~bostyril C6H/ I the lac-time of osthamidophenyllactic acid is prepared by the reduction oforthonitrophenjl-&lactic acid or orthonitrophenyllactamide withferrous hydroxide and ammonia. It crystallises with 2H20 in well-formed lustrous white needles and is readily soluble in water ether,and chloroform. The hydrated compound melts a t 95-97"; afterdrying over sulphuric acid it loses its water of crystnliisation and thenmelts a$149". It is converted into carbostyril by heating it severaltimes to the fusing point or by adding a small quantity of acid oralkali to its aqueous solution or even by boiling the solution for fiveminutes.It is isomeric with the hydroxyhydrocarbost;Fril (m. p.197-198") obtained by Erlenmeyer and Lipp (Abstr. 1883 992) bythe reduction of the nitration-products of phenyl-a-lactic acid.CH(0H) .CH,\N- C.OHA. J. G.Safrole. By J. SCHIFF (Ber. 17 1935-1940).-Xofrole is themain constituent of the essential oil of sassafras (from Lauruvsassafras). It crystallises a t low temperatures (Arzruni this Journal,1877 ii 202) melts a t 8" forms a t ordinary temperatures a clearcolourless oil of sharp taste; its sp. gr. 1.0956 at 18". I s of neutralreaction optically inactive and boils a t 232". The author's analysisconfirm the formula C,H,02 assigned to safrole by St. Evre (Ann.Chim.Plzys. [ 3 ] 12 107) and by Grimaux and Knotte (Conzpt.7-end. 68 928). The oxygen-atoms in safrole would appear not to bepresent as hydroxyl as neither hydrochloric acid nor phosphoricchloride converts it into a chlorins-derivative. Safrole is not affectedby aqueous or alcoholic potash and is only very slightly attacked byfusion with caustic potash does not reduce ammoniacal silversolutions does not unite with bisulphites and is not acted on bORGANIC CHEJIISTRT. 1339ammonia or nascent hydrogen. It is therefore neither an etherealsalt an aldehyde nor a ketone. A large number of reducing agentswere tried but had no action on it. Heated for 24 hours withmetallic sodium it suffers no change beyond apparently partialpolymerisation. Oxidation with nitric acid and with a saturatedsolution of potassium permanganate completely convert safrole intocarbonic anhydride and oxalic acid.Dilute permanganate oxidises itto carbonic anhydride oxalic acid formic acid propionic acid and asmall quantity of a neutral substance of the formula CloHl,04,crystallising in microscopic rhombic prisms ; this melts at 59",decomposes on heating to 120° is soluble in hot water alcohol ether,and in aqueous ammonia and potash ; iodine completely decomposessafrole; chlorine converts it into a mixture of liquid chlorine-derivatives which decompose below 100" and could not be separated.A. J. G.Constitution of Safrole. By T. POLECK ( B e y . 17 1940-1944).-From a consideration of the results detailed in the preceding paper,of the negative result of his own experiments with reducing agents,and of its indifference to hydroxylamine the aut'hor considers thatthe constitution of safrole is best expressed by the formulaPrai.e.,as cjmene in which four hydrogen-atoms have been replaced byjxygen. Neasurements of the refractive index give results showingthat probably either three or four carbon-atoms are in double union.At present there is no direct proof of the presence of the benzene-ring.A. J. G.Salts and Ethers of Aurin and Rosolic Acid. By E.ACKERMANN (Ber. 17 1624-1627) .-Graebe and Car0 showed that,by treating aurin and rosolic acid with acetic anhydride it cannot beproved that t'hese substances contain two hydroxyl-groups ; theauthor however proves this by means of salts and ethers.Thesilver saZt of aurin obtained by precipitating the ammonium salt,forms an insoluble brownish-red crystalline powder apparently of novery definite composition ; the potnssiunz salt obtained by nentralisingaurin with potash dissolves very readily in water readily also inalcohol; it was found to contain 17.1 per cent. potassium whilstthe formula C,Hl,K,O requires 21.3 per cent. On adding leadacetate to an ammoniacal solution of aurin a reddish-brown basicsalt 2C,H,03Pb + PbO is precipitated. Better results are obtainedwith the nitro- and bromo-derivatives these more negative com-pounds yielding salts of constant composition. Tetrunitro-uurin,forms brownish-yellow microscopic needles which explode on heating ;i t melts at about 140° is almost insoluble in water benzene,chloroform and ether readily soluble in alcohol ; alkalis andCl9H?O(NO?)*OB1340 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.alkaline carbonates dissolve it with dark-red coloration ; the bariumsult dried a t 150" has the composition CI9HB(N0J4O3Ba and forms ablack powder with greenish lust're ; the siher salt C19H8(NOz) 403Ag2,forms a black-brown precipitate which detonates when heated ;the ethyl-derivative Cl,H8(N02),0,Et2 obtained by heating the silversalt with ethyl iodide melts a t 105" dissolves readily in benzene andalcohol but is insoluble in water and alkaline carbonates.The silversall of tetrabromuurin C19H8Br,0,Agz forms a dark-violet precipitatewhich when dry has a strongly metallic lustre ; it is insoluble in water,ether and benzene.The ethy Z-derivative Cl,H8Br40,Etz is readilysoluble in alcohol ether and benzene insoluble in alkaline car-bonates ; it forms reddish microscopic crystals melting a t 110-115".The silver salt of tetrabromorosohk acid C20HloBr403Ag2 is obtained asa dark-violet precipitate ; the ethyl-derirutive CzoHloBraOaEt2 melts a t110-115" is soluble in alcohol benzene and ether but insoluble inwater and alkaline carbonates. A. K. M.Fluoresceks from Maleic Acid. By G. LUNGE and R. BURCK-HARDT (Ber. 17 1598-160O).-Maleic anhydride (1 mol.) and resor-cinol (2 mols.) are heated together for two hours a t 150° the productpoured into cold water and then extracted with boiling water.Thesolution on cooling deposits a yellowish-red substance which decom-poses above 240" without melting Its formation may be expressedthus :-This fluoresce'in of maleic acid is sparingly soluble in water morereadily in alcohol and in other indifferent solvents. Its alcoholicsolution is yellowish-red with greenish fluorescence ; the addition ofsoda or ammonia produces a splendid magenta coloration with stronggreen fluorescence. Lead acetate produces a reddish-brow11 preci-pitate C16&06Pb 1 mol. H,O being eliminated ; barium acetate alsoyields a precipitate but neither of these salts has been obtained in thecrystalline state ; silver nitrate produces decomposition ; aluminiumsalts yield pink and iron salts brownish-red compounds.When maleic anhydride and a-naphthol are heated together nofluorescein appears to be formed whilst in the presence of zincchloride or sulphuric acid a substance is obtained soluble in water.I t s alcoholic solution is bright yellow with a deep yellow fluor-escence; its ammoniacal solution is of a magenta colour with yel-lowish-red fluorescence. p-Naphthol also yields a fluorescein whichgives a brown solution with alkalis showing greenish- blue fluorescence,whilst from orcinol a brown solution with moss-green fluorescence isobtained.Further experiments are being made. A. K. M.Phenol Colouring Matters. By C. KRAEMER (Rer. 17 1875-1884).-After calling attention to the fact that the three compounds,nitrobenzene Weselsky's reagent (nitrous nitric acid) and Lieber-mann's reagent (nitrosylsulphuric acid) give in reaction wit'h phenolssometimes identical sometimes different resultn the author describessome new compounds related to the classes of bodies formedORGANIC CHEMISTRY.1341Azoresorujh dinaeflzyl ethei. [ C6H,OzN.CGH,(OMe)’1,0 obtained b?heating paranitrotoluene with resorcinol and sulphuric acid fornisdark-red needles soluble in alcohol to a purple liquid having a ver-milion fluorescence. Ortho- and meta-nitrotoluene appear to give nosuch reaction.Phenol-dyes.-Exactly following Liebermann’s direction for thepreparation of his phenol-dye to which he ascribed the formulaCl8H1jNO3 (this Journal 1875,167) the author finds that the productso obtained is a mixture of two substances the one A soluble theother B insoluble in ether.A soluble in ether has t?ne formulaCI,H,N03 ascribed to his compound by Liebermann. It forms a redamorphous mass easily soluble in alcohol and ether and is un-doubtedly Liebermann’s compound. I t s constitution is probablyoH.C6H,.NjOPh),. B insolzible in ether is a black amorphous mass,soluble in strong sulphuric acid to a green and in alkalis to a brownliquid. When exposed to the atmosphere it gradually becomes violetin colour and this takes place immediately when it is treated withhypochlorites. In properties it resembles the substance obtained byLex ( B e y . 3 457) by the action of potassium nitrite on an aqueoussolution of phenol. It has the formula C18H15N04,H20 and is anoxidation-product of the soluble compound.Its constitution there-fore is probably OH.C6H4.NO(OPh) + H,O.OrcinoZ-dyes.-1. By the action of nitrosylsulphuric acid on orcinol,Lieberrnann obtained a green substance to which he gave the for-mula C21H18N205 together with a second less nitrogenised compound.On repeating this experiment the author has obtained two colouringmatters which are both soluble in alcohol but can be separated bymeans of their sodium salts. The soclizirn salt soluble in alcohol yieldsa brown amorphous dye having a green iridescence. In alkalis i tforms a red fluorescent solution. It has the formula CelHzlN06 andthe probable constitution C6H,Me(OH),.N( O.CsH,Me.OH),. Thesodium salt insoluble in alcohol yields a very similar amorphous greenmass which dissolves in alkalis to a non-fluorescent violet solution.Its formula is C21H21N07 and therefore stands in the same relation tothe substance just described as the phenol-dye A does to B.Its con-stitution is probably CsH2Me(0H),.NO(O.C6H~Me.~~)~.2. With Weselsky’s reagent’ orcinol yielded a scarlet powder havingthe formula C1aH,NO3 already ascribed to it by Weselsky. It isprobably C6H2Me0.Pu’<0>C6H4Me. 0Mononitroso-oycinol was prepared by the action of amyl nitrite onthe sodium compound of orcinol. It forms small dark red prismswhich blacken at 110”. It is easily soluble in alcohol ether andacetone sparingly so in water and almost insoluble in chloroform.Its neutral alkali salts give with lead salts orange with coppersalts brown.and with mercuric salts vellow mecbitates. Whenheat.ed with’ orcinol and sulphuric acid it yieids Weselsky’s dye,CiAHi iNO:i.-When nitrobenzene orcinol and sulphuric acid are heated togetherthe same compound C14Hl,N03 is produced but only in exceedinglysmall quantity. L. T. T1342 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Action of Potassium Cyanide on Nitrated Benzaldehyde.By B. HOMOLKA ( B e r . 17 1902-1904).-The introduction of a nitro-group into berizaldehyde does not generally prevent i t from formingcondensation-products wifh acetone aldehyde acetic anhydride &c. ;but in some cases as in the formation of benzolii-derivatives it doesprevent such reaction. The action of potassium cyanide on paranitro-benzaldehyde yields paranitrobenzoic acid t,ogether with a red resinousbody not further investigated whilst with orthonitrobenzaldehyde,orthazoxybenzoic acid described by Griess (this .Jour.1875 460) isformed. This acid was converted into orthohydrazobenzoic acid whichcrystallises in scales (m. p. 205"). L. T. T.Benzeneazoketone. By V. V. RICHTER and H. M~~NZER (Rer. 17,1926-1930) .- When ethylic benzeneazoacetoacetate prepared ac-cording to V. Meyer's directions (Abstr. 1878 396) is heated with analcoholic or aqueous solution of caustic soda benzenenzoacetone,Ph.N,.CH2.COMe is formed. It crystallises in pale yellow needlesor prisms which melt at 148-149' and ase easily soluble in alcohol,sparingly so in boiling water. The decomposition takes place entirelyin the ketone direction no benzeneazoacetic acid being formed.Henzeneazoacetone has a characteristic odour.Another method ofpreparation is to heat free benzeneazoacetoacetic acid to 170-180",when carbonic anhydride is eliminated. Attempts to oxidise theketone to benzeneazoacetic acid were unsuccessful.Ethylic paratolueneacetoacetate prepared in a similar manner,crystallises in yellow needles which melt at 69-70'. When saponifiedwith caustic soda paratolueneazoacetor~e C6H1Me.N,.CH2.COMe isfmnied. This crystallises in yellow needles melting a t 114-115".It is also formed from the free acid by heat. L. T. T.Action of Chromyl Chloride on Cymene. By V. V. RICHTERand G. SCH~CHNER (Ber. 17 1931-1935).-By the action of chromylchloride on cymene gtard obtained two aldehydes of the formulaC6H4PP.COH ; isocumaldehyde melting at 81" and boiling at 220°,and terecumaldehyde a liquid boiling a t 219-220" (Am.Chim.Phys. [ 5 ] 22 259). As Paternb and Scichilone (Abstr. 1881 423)could not obtain an aldehyde from cymene it appeared advisable torepeat the reaction.The authors employed the pure paracymene obtained by heatingcamphor with phosphoric anhydride (cf. Armstrong and Miller thispol. p. 44). The oxidation was effected according to gtard's directions.Although the preparation WRS repeated many times only a singlealdehyde was obtained and was found to be n o t a cumaldehyde butthe isomeric paratolylpro~aldehyde C6H4Me.CH2.CH,.COH [ 1 41.It is a colourless strongly refractive oil boils a t 22'2-223' has apeculiar peppermint-like odour does not solidify at -15" and a t 13"has a sp.gr. 0.9941. It unites with hydrogen sodium sulphite toform a compound of the formula CloH120,HNaS03 crystallising inwhite nacreous needles. It reduces ammoniacal d v e r solution andgives a violet coloration with a solution of magenta decolorised bORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1343sulphurous acid. By oxidation with potassium permanganate ityields terephthalic acid and with nitric acid it gives paratoluic acidtogether with small quantities of terephthalic acid and of a nitro-acid. The aldehyde unites witjh phenylhydrazine to form an oily com-pound. With acetone in presence of potash it yields an oil givingnumbers on analysis approximating to the formulaC6H,Me.CH,.CH,.CH CH.COMe.Experiments are in progress to endeavour to oxidise the aldehyde t oparatolylpropionic acid.fitard's results are probably due t o his em-ployment of the impure cymene obtained by the action of bromine ont urperit ine. A. J. G.Amidoacetophenone and Allied Substances. By P. KLINGEL(Bey. 17 1613-1G14).-When a mixture of aniline zinc chloride,and an excess of acetic anhydride is boiled for several hours,the acet-jl-derivative of paramidoacetophenone is produced fromwhich paramidoacetophenone COMe. C,H4NH may be . obtained,having all the properties assigned t o it by Drewsen (AnnaZen 212,163). Acetorthamidotoluene COMe.C6HJfe.NH2 may be obtainedin the same way; it forms needles when crystallised quickly andprisms when slowly crystallised; it melts a t 102". The platino-chloride (C,H,NO)2,HrPtC16 forms slender yellow sparingly solu-ble needles.Acetoparamidotoluene is more di&cult to prepare. Theauthor is continuing the experiments. A. K. M.Preparation of Vanillin. By HAARMANN and REIMER (DingZ.poZyt. J. 253 391).-When couiferin is oxidised with aqueouschromic acid it is converted into glucovanillin. For this purpose asolution of 10 parts coniferin in 200 parts water i s treated ah theordinary temperature with a solution of 8 parts chromic acid dissolvedin a small quantity of water and the mixture allowed to stand forseveral days. Barium carbonate is then added to precipitate thechromium. The solution is evaporated to a small bulk treated withalcohol and filtered.The filtrate on evaporation yields crystals ofglucovanillin melting a t 170". Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolvesconiferin forming a deep violet solution whilst with glucovanillin itgives a pale yellow solution. On treating glucovanillin with emulsinin aqiieous solution or on boiling i t with dilute mineral acids it isresolved into glucose and vanillin. The latter may be extracted fromthe solution by ether.Cinnamaldehyde. By T. ZINCKE and D. v. HAGEN (Be?. 17,1814-1817).-When an alkaline aqueous solution of cinnamaldehydeis treated with potassium cyanide a yellow amorphous product isformed which is soluble in alcohol acetic acid &c. and givesnumbers ou analysis very close to those required by cinnamaldehyde.The authors have not further investigated this substance.Cinitamaldehz~de dibromide CHPhBr.CHBr.COH is obtained bythe direct addition of bromine to the aldehyde dissolved in ether,chloroform or carbon bisulphide. It crystalliscs in small needles,which melt at loo" with evolution of hydrobromic acid and have aD.B1344 ABSTRACTS OF CBEMTCAL PAPERS.very pnngent odour. It is very unstable deliquesces on keeping andgives off hydrobromic acid. When boiled with alcohol or acetic acidit gives off hydrobromic acid and forms nzonobromocinnanzaldehyde,CPhBr CH.COH ; this is however best prepared by the action ofpotassic acetate on the dibromide. Monobromocinnamnldehydecrystallises in plates or monoclinic prisms soluble in alcohol andether. Alcoholic potash,ammonia and aniline react with it a t high temperatures but nosatisfactory results were obtained.It does not combine with bromine,but with phenylhydrazine it yields the compound,CPhI3r C2Hz N,HPh,which forms glistening yellow scales melting a t 129-130'. Whenboiled with an acetic solution of chromic acid the monobrominatedderivative is oxidised to a-bromocinnamic acid thus proving thecorrectness of the above formula. Monobromocinnamaldehyde whentreated a t 10" with nitric acid of 1.5 sp. gr. yields two mononifro-derivatives. The a-compound (which is the less soluble in alcohol)forms yellowish needles melting at 136O and yields a ruby-colouredcompound with phenylhydrazine ; this melts at 1,54' and by the actionof reducing agents is converted into an easily soluble base which isnow under investigation. The $-compound forms yellow needlesmelting a t 96-97' and yields a hydrazine-compound crystallising inlarge golden-yellow scales melting with decomposition a t 134".This@compound also yields a base on redaction.It melts a t 72-73" and is very stable.L. T. T.Derivatives of Cinnamaldehyde. By G. PEINE (Ber. 17 2109-2118).-Hydrocinnasnide (C2,H2,Nz = N,(CH.CH CHPh),.-Lau-rent obtained a compound to which he assigned this name and formulaby the action of ammonia on oil of cinnamon. The author finds thcfirst product of the reaction to have a more complex constitution ;but by treatment in alcoholic solution with concentrated hydrochloricacid hydrocinnamene hydrochloride is obtained although the yield isvery small owing to the formation of resinous bye-products.By shak-ing together for some weeks aqueous ammonia and an ethereal solutionof cinnanialdehyde a good yield of hydrocinnamide is obtained. Itcrystallises in white needles melts at 106" and is not decomposed byhentiiig with concentrated hydrochloric acid for some hours a t 250".The hydrochloride C,5HZ1N2,HC1 + 3H20 crystallises in colourlesstables melts at 220-221" is soluble in alcohol and chloroform in-soluble in water ether benzene and light petroleum. The platino-chloride has the formula (Cz7Hz4N,)2,H,PtC16. Experiments to con-vertl hydrocinnamide into bodies resembling amarine and lophine werenot successful.rhenyl-a-hydroxycrofononitrile CHPh CH.CH( OH).CN is obtainedby mixing an ethereal solution of cinnamaldehyde with a slight excessof potassium cyanide and adding concentrated hydrochloric acid,drop by drop until no more hydrocyanic acid is evolved.It formsa crystalline mass melts at 75" is readily soluble in alcohol ether,benzene and chloroform insoluble in light petroleum.Phenyl-a-hydroxycrotonic acid CHPh CH.CH(OH).COOH is preORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1345pared by boiling the nitrile for several hours with dilute hydrochloricacid. It crystallises in long flat needles and melts a t 115-116".J t has been previously obtained by Matsmoto (this Journal 1876 i,SO). The methyl salt C9H,(OH:) .COOMe forms a clear yellow liqiiidof ethereal odour and boils a t 290". The ethyl salt C9H8( OH) .COOEt,boils a t 295".P7benyZ-ol-anliZidocrotononif.1.ile CHPh CH(CHPh) .CN obtained byboiling alcoholic solutions of aniline and phenyl-a-hydroxycrotono-nitrile is crystalline melts at 130" is insoluble in water and lightpetroleum readily soluble in alcohol ether benzene and chloroform,By dissolving it in concentrated sulphuric acid and pouring the solu-t ion into water it is converted into p7ien~l-a-a~zilidocrofona751 Ide,CHPh CH.CH(NHPh).CONH2.This crystallises in thin plates,melts a t 171" is readily soluble in alcohol and chloroform sparinglysoluble in hot water.Y/ienyZ-a-aniZidocrotoii,ic acid CHPh CH.CH(*NHPh) .COOH pre-pared by the action of hydrochloric acid on the amide crystallises inmicroscopic needles melts at 1-54" is readily soluble in alcohol ether,and chloroform somewhat soluble in benzene insoluble in water andlight petroleum.Possessing both acid and basic properties it dissolvesin solutions of acids and bases. With a solution of the ammonium salt,barium zinc lead and silver salts give white crystalline precipitates ;copper salts give a green precipitate which can be obtained crystallisedin needles of the formula (C6Hl,NO2),Cu.Cinnamaldehyde can be synthesised by heating a mixture ofbenzaldehyde (10 parts) acetaldehyde (15 parts) water (900 parts),and aqueous soda of 10 per cent. (10 parts) with frequent shakingfor 8-10 days at a temperature of about 30".Salts of Cinnam,aldehyde-aiailide.-The hydrochloride forms yellowneedles and melts a t 149". The sulphate ( Cl,H13N),H2SOp crystallisesin yellow needles and melts a t 157'; the nitrate also crystallises invellow needles.The platinochloride (C 15HlJN) 2 H2Pt Cl cry st allisesbell. A. J. G.Condensations with Orthonitrocinnamaldehyde. By A .EJNHORN (Ber. 17 2026-2028) .-Baeyer and Drewson have shown(this vol. p. 58) that orthonitrobenzaldehyde and acet,aldehydereact to form a loose compound of orthonitrophengllactic aldehydewith 1 mol. acetaldehyde; and this when boiled with aceticanhydride is converted into orthonitrocinnamaldehyde. The authornow shows that orthonitrocinnamaldehyde can further react withacetaldehyde t'o form a condensation-product. Nitrocinnamaldehydeis mixed with 7-8 times the amount of acetaldehyde and dilutesoda added from time to time until a permanent alkaline reaction isobtained.At first the reaction is moderated by cooling the contain-ing vessel with ice-water later on the temperature is allowed t o rise.The product is separated by precipitation with water and purified bytreatment with animal charcoal and recrystallisation from alcohol.It then forms sulphur-yellow crystals and melts at 153". It combinesreadily with bromine and shows all the propert,ies of an aldehyde.Its analysis agrees with the formula CllH9N03 and it is probabl1346 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.orthoititrocinnamylacraldel~ y d e .gress. A. J. G.Its further investigation is in pro-Some New Coumarins. 11. By H. v. PECHMANN and W.WELSH (Ber. 17,1646-1652).-This is a continuation of Pechmann'swork on the production of coumarins by the action of sulphuricacid and a phenol on malic acid (this V O ~ .p. 1173). It is found thatthe different phenols behave very differently although phloroglucol ist.he only one experimented with which did not yield a coumarin-likecompound ; thus whilst resorciaol orcinol and pyrogallol give anabundant yield of the respective coumarins only small quantities areobtained from phenol cresol thyrnol quinol and naphthol.>GO ob-tained from malic acid and thymol crystallises from water or verydilute alcohol in slender white needles ; it has an odour resemblingthat of thymol and coumarin. It melts a t 53" distils between 220"and 230° is very sparingly soluble in water readily in alcohol ether,glacial acetic acid benzene and chbroform. In its behaviour toalkalis it resembles ordinary coumarin.Metnhydroxycou~zarin OH.C,H,<-b'>CO prepared frommalic acid and quinol is isomeric with umbelliferone.It melts a t 241-250° dissolves sparingly in water readily in alcohol and glacialacetic acid ; it yields colourless solutions with concentrated sulphuricacid and with alkalis and gives no reaction with ferric chloride.When boiled with acetic anhydride it forms an acetyl-derivativewhich crystallises in splendid needles melting a t 147" is insoluble inwater but readily soluble in alcohol ether benzene and chloroform.Homo-umbeZZiferone OH.C6H,Me<-~->C0 from malic acidand orcinol melts a t 248" dissolves in alcohol glacial acetic acid andacetone and is insoluble in wat,er benzene and chloroform.I n itsphysical and chemical properties it bears a strong resemblance toumbelliferone. It forms blue fluorescent solutions with alkaliswhich become colourless on heating ; its solution in concentratedsulphuric acid also exhi bits blue fluorescence. Ferric chloride showsno reaction. By fusion with potash i t is converted into acetic acid,and orcylaldehyde C8H803 (Ber. 12 1001); this melts a t 179" issoluble in alcohoI ether and chloroform gives a reddish-brownreaction with ferric chloride and yields a crystalline compound withphenylhydrazine. The acetyl-derivative of homo-umbelliferone meltsa t 126-127" and is identical with Tiemann and Helkenberg'shomacetoxycoumarin (Ber. 12 1002).C H CHOrthorneth~l~~rapro~ylcoumnri~~ C6H2MePr< -o-CH CHCH'CCHThe compound,obtained from P-naphthol and malic acid is different from Kauff-mann's p-naphthaconmarin (Abstr.1882 1068). It cryvstnllisesfi-om dilute alcohol in yellowish needles melts at 141') is insoluble inwater sparingly soluble in ether readily in alcohol acetic acidORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1347benzene and chloroform. z-Naphthol yields mere traces of a crys-talline condensation-product. Attempts to prepare zsculetin frommalic acid and phloroglucol yielded no coumarin. The dih ydroxy-coumarin obtained by the condensation of phloroglucol with ethylacetoacetate does not bear the slightest resemblance to axculetin.From these results it seems probable that aesculetin bears norelation to phloroglucol and the authors intend to try to produce i tfrom Barthland Schreder's hydroxyquinol (Abstr.1883 987).A. K. M.Bromoxylic Acid and Hydroxy-xylic Acid. By E. GUNTER(Bey. 17 1608-1609).-SUssenguth's monobromopseudociimic acidis a bromoxylic acid identical with that obtained on brominatingxylic acid dissolved in glacial acetic acid. When treated withsodium-amalgam it yields xylic acid (m. p. 126") and on heating thiswith hydrochloric acid a t 220" metaxylene is obtained. By fusingthe brominated acid with potash three hydroxy-acids are obtained.The acid formed in largest quantity melts a t 170*5" yields no bluecoloration with ferric chloride is scarcely volatile in steam and isnot decomposed by hydrochloric acid a t 200-210".Assuming thatno molecular change occurs during its formation its constitutionmust be C6H,Me,(OH).COOH [OH Me :Me COOH = 1 2 4 51.The second acid melts a t 144" gives a blue colour reaction with ferricchloride is readily volatile in steam and is completely decomposedon heating it with hydrochloric acid a t 200-210° yielding carbonicanhydride and paraqlenol; this shows that it has the constitutionC6H,Ne,(OH).COOH [Me OH COOH Me = 1 2 3 41. The thirdhydroxy-acid melts a t 153" is not coloured blue by ferric chloride,and yields payaxylerLoZ when heated with hydrochloric acid at 200-210" ; its constitution is thereforeCBH,Me,(OH).COOH [OH Me COOH Me = 1 2 4 51.From these results it would appear that either a molecular changetakes place by the action of potash on the bromoxylic acid or that thelatter is mixed with isomeric acids which however is not probable.On brominating paraxylic acid a monobromo-derivative is obtained,crgstallising in slender white needles melting a t 189" ; it dissolvesreadily in alcohol sparingly in water.The bai*iuwz salt is moderatelysoluble and crystallises in dense aggregates of needles ; the c a k i u msalt forms groups of colourless prisms easily soluble in hot water;the cadmium salt forms readily soluble flat white prisms ; the potassiuuzs d t crystallises in small needles readily soluble in water and thecopper salt in small blue rhombic plates. A. K. M.Synthesis of Hippuric Acid and Hippuric Ethers By T. CURTTUS (Ber. 17 1662-1663).-A good yield of hippuric acidis obtained by the action of benzoic anhydride on glycocoll :2(NH,.CH,.COOH) + E O = Z(NHS.CH,.COOH) t H,O.Finely powdered dry glycocine is gradually added to an excess ofhot benzoic anhydride and the whole heated in an oil-bath until a redmass is obtained ; this is dissolved in water neut,ralised with alkali1348 ABSTRACTS O F CHEMICAL PAPERS.acidulated and allowed to remain for some days.The precipitate isboiled with water using animal charcoal and the filtrate is con-centrated and allowed to crg-stallise. The product contains somebenzoic acid which may be removed by treatment with lightpetroleum. In order to prepare ethyl hippurate a mixture of benzoicanhydride and glycocoll ether in calculated quantities is digested a tabout 100" and the product crystdlised from boiling water ; it formswhite needles which melt a t 60".A. K. M.Derivatives of Phenylcinnamic Acid. By A. G. CABELLA(Qazzetta 14 114-116) .-Phenylcinnamic acid was prepared byOgliaioro (Abstr. 1879 S40) and its silver lead barium and ethylsalts examined and described. The author has prepared methyZicphenylcinnamate CHPh CPh.COOMe by passing dry hydrochloricacid gas into a solution of the acid in methyl alcohol. It crystallisesfrom dilute alcohol in long needles which melt a t 77-78'. Brominedoes not combine with it when the two are dissolved in chloroformand allowed to remain a t the ordinary temperature but if the mixtuyeis heated in a water-bath in a flask furnished with a reflux con-denser an action takes place and the dibrominated compound,CHBrPh.CBrPh. C OOMe is obtained. This crystallises in transparentplates which melt a t 105-1013". The bromine in it could not bedetermined by Carius' method as it was not completely oxidised bythe nitric acid. C. E. G.Derivatives of Benzoylimidocinnamic Acid. By J. PL~~CHL(Ber. 17 1616-1624).-The author refers to a previous paper (this1-01. p. 604) in which he described the formation of benzoylimido-cinnamic acid by the condensation of hippnric acid with benzaldehyde,and also its decomposition by acids or alkalis into benzoic acid,ammonia and p henylglycidic acid. When benzoylimidocinnamic acidis heated in a sealed tube with concentrated aqueous ammonia the Zacf-in% i d e of benzo y ld iamidoh y drocin lzamic acid CHP h < z - g:-%) - >C 0,is obtained crystallising in lustrous needles or prisms.It melts a t187" is insoluble in water dilute acids or alkalis sparingly solublein ether but more readily in hot alcohol or acetic acid ; it is verystable but may be decomposed by hot mineral acids or caustic alkalis.The ammoniacal mother-liquors from the lactimide contain benzamideand an acid C16H1303N isomeric with benzoylimidocinnamic acid.The acid C,H,O,N is separated from its ammonium salt by adding amineral acid and is purified by crystallisation from dilute acetic acid ;it melts a t 131" dissolves very readily in ether and alcohol is alsosoluble in hot water and crystallises in needles or prisms. It isidentical with a-be~Lzoylarnidocinltctmic rxcid obtained as given below,and its formation from benzoylimido-cinnamic acid is explained bya simple molecular change similar t,o that of hydrobenzamideil-tto amarine LAbstr.1882 329). a-nenzo?ilcLmidocinna?nic acid,CHPh C( NHBz).COOH is prepared by heating the lactirnide ofbenzoyldiamidohydrocinnam~c acid in acetic acid solution with aquantity of &lute hydrochloric acid mther more than sufficient tORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1349remove 1 mol. NH ; as the solution cools the acid crystallises out innodular groups of prisms. a- Amid ocinrtamic acid CHPh C( NH,). C 0 OH,is prepared by heating benzoylamidocinnamic acid or the lactimideof the benzoyldiamido-acid with 20 per cent. hydrochloric acidat 120".The acid liquid is separated from the benzoic acid pro-duced evaporated to dryness the residue dissolved in a littlewater and the arnido-acid separated by the addition of sodium carbo-nate or acetate. It forms white scales of silvery lustre and in itsphysical properties is scarcely t o be distinguished from phenylalanine.When heated in a capillary tube it is gradually decomposed between240-250" whilst phenylalanine melts above 260" with vigorousevolution of carbonic anhydride. Its copper salt (C9H8NOz)2Cu,2H20,also agrees in its properties with that of phenylalanine and in theamount of water of crystallisation. The hydrochloride of amido-cinnamic acid has the composition (C,H9N02)2,HC1 and crystallises inflat needles sparingly soluble in cold water and alcohol whilst phenyl-nlanine yields a normal hydrochloride readily soluble in water butvery sparingly in concentrated hydrochloric acid.When rapidlyheated a-amidocinnamic acid yields styrolamine and the lactide ofthe acid phenylalanine yielding phenylethylamine and a lactimide.With nitrous acid a sparingly soluble oily hydroxy-acid probablya-hydroxycinnamic acid is obtained. The formation of the amido-cinnamic acid is expressed thus :CHPh C(NHE).COOH + H,O = CHPh C(NH,).COOH + &OH.But besides this reaction another takes place resulting in the forma-tion of phenylacetic acid. Reducing agents convert amidocinnamicacid into phenylalanine identical with that obtained by Erlenmeyerand Lipp (Anwalem 219 200). A. K. M.Hydroparacoumaric Acid.By G. C. STOHR (Annulen 225,57 -54) .-Considerable interest is attached to hydroparacoumaricacid chemically from its connection with the cinnamic acid group,and physiologically as a product of the decomposition of tyrosinefrom the albumin in the intestines; as such it has been found inpatients suffering from peritonitis and in normal human urine. Theethyl salt of this acid is also probably present in the rhubarb.The acid is best prepared by converting ethyl paran-itrocinnamateby hydrogenat'ion into parami do hydrocinnamic acid which by meansof the diazo-compound is then transformed into the correspondinghydroxyl-compound or hydroparacoumaric acid,It crystallises from its solutions in ether in pale-golden prisms of therlionoclinic system ; it melts at 128".It gives a characteristic bluecoloration with ferric chloride the phenol reactioo with nitrous acid,and a white precipitate with mercuric nitrate. It does not reduceFehling's solution. The salts of this acid have been described byHlasiwetz and Baumann.OH.C,H,.CH,.CHz.COOH.With bromine the acid yields a dibromo-derivative,VOL. XLVI.OH. CGHgBrZ CZH,. COOH,4 1350 ABSTRACTS OF CHEJIICAL PAPERS.which crystallises in needles melting a t 107" ; its awmonizmz salt formscolourless needles ; its silver copper and lead salts are amorphousprecipitates.Dinitroh y droparacoumar ic acid 0 H. C6H2 (NO,) .CH2. C OOH obtainedby the action of concentrated nitric acid on hydroparacoumaric acid,forms flat prismatic crystals of the rhombic system melting at 137*5",soluble in alcohol and acetic acid.This acid forms two series of salts theone strongly acid decomposing carbonates the other neutral. Of theformer the ammonium salt crystallises in reddish-golden needles thesilver salt in grouped needles the calcium salt in golden prisms ; theiron and copper salts are amorphous precipitates; of the latter theammonium salt crystallises in golden needles and the silver salt indark-red needles. The hydrogen ethereal salts are best obtained bysaturating alcoholic solutions of the acid with hydrochloric acid andthe neutral ethereal salts by the action of the alcoholic iodides on thesilver ethereal salts. Of the former the m e t h y l salt crystallises inlong colourless needles melting a t 87" the ethyl salt in citron six-aided tables ; both decompose carbonates readily.Of the latter thedimethyl salt forms colourless prismatic needles melting a t 53" ; themethill ethyl salt Me0.C6H2 ( NO,)z. C2H*. C 00 Et colourless glisteningneedles melting at 71" ; the e t h y l methyl Et,0.C6H,(N0,),.C,H,.COO~~e,colourless needles melting a t 36" and the d i e t h y l salt glistsning needlesmelting a t 49".Dinitromet h y Zh y droparaco wmaric acid MeO. C6H2 (NO,) 2. C,H,. C 0 OH,obtained by the decomposition of either the methyl ethyl o r dimethylsalt by heating it with sulphuric acid crystallises in aggregated flatprisms melting a t 124" readily soluble in alcohol ; the correspondinge t h y l compound in long colourless needles melting at 126".In ordert o determine the relative position of the two nitro-groups in dinitro-hydroparacoumaric acid its methyl salt was subjected to oxidation bychromic mixture ; dinitroanisic acid was obtained coiivertible intochrysanisic and dinitroparoxybenzoic acids and 6-dinitrophenol.These results show that the two nitro-groups are in the ortho-position to the hydroxyl and i n the meta-position to the side-chain :thus to dinitrohpdroparacinnamic acid must be ascribed the formulaOH.C6Hz(NO,)2.CzH,.COOH [OH NO2 C2H4 COOH NO =1 2 4 6.1Dinitro~nl.nmidohydrocinnamic acid NH,. C6H2 (NO,) ,. C,H4. C OOH,obtained from the above-mentioned methyl salt by heating it wit11ammonia crystallises in dark-golden needles with a green reflection ;it melts at 190" is sparingly soluble in cold but moderately in hotwater and in alcohol.Its metallic salts crystallise in golden needles,its m e t h y l salt in brilliant reddish leaflets melting a t 102" its ethylsalt in golden-yellow leaflets melting at 95". The acid and itsethereal salts are readily converted by heating with alkalis intodinitrohydropnracoumaric acid.11~~izonitrohydroparacoumaric acid HO . C6H,( NO,) .C,H4. COOH ob-tained from hydroparacoumaric acid by treatment with nitric acid,crystallises in tufts of needles melting a t 90.5" ; its methyl salt crystal-lises in golden needles melting a t 64" and its e t h y l salt in concentriORGANIC CHEJIISTRY. 1351cally-grouped golden needles melting at 30". As the acid does notyield bydroxyhydrocarbostyril on reduction the nitro-group is in theortho-position to the hydroxyl-group and in the meta to the side-chain. The formulaOH.C6H,(NO,).C2H,.COOH [OH NO2 C2HA.COUH = 1 2 41,therefore represents its constitution.Etherification of the Three Isomeric Nitrophenyl-g-lacticAcids By A.EINHORN and G. PRAUSNITZ (Ber. 17 1659-1662).-According to Basler (Bey. 16 30U7) paranitrophenyl-B-lactic acidmay be converted into the corresponding p-lactone by heating it withan alcoholic solution of zinc chloride. The authors have repeatedthe experiment but cannot confirm Basler's results; not a trace oflactone could be detected in the product wbich consisted of theethyl-derivative of the acid or when methyl alcohol was employed,of the methyl-derivative.Orhho- and meta-nitrophenyl-/?-lactic acidsyield the same results. Orthonitrophenyl-@-lactic acid was heatedwith methyl alcohol and zinc chloride for 2-3 hours a t loo" and also120" and the product when cold poured into water. The methylorthonitrophenyl-&lactate CIOHIIN05 obtained melts after purifica-tion a t 50-51" and is identical with the product of the action ofhydrochloric acid on orthonitrophenyl-P-lactic acid and methyl alcohol.When either of the three nitrophenyl-@-lactic acids is heated on a water-bath with aqueous zinc chloride no action takes place the originalsubstance being recovered unchanged. Metanitrophenyl-@lactic acidwa8 treated as above ethyl alcohol beinq employed; no carbonicanhydride was evolved on heating a t 120° which should have beenthe case had a lactone been present the product CllH13N05 meltsa t 56" and is identical with the ethyl-derivative obtained by boilingsilver metanitrophenyl-p-lactate with ethyl iodide.The same experi-ment was made with paranitrophenyl-fl-lactic acid using methyl andethyl alcohols and here again no carbonic anhydride could be detected.The methyl ether melts at 73-74' (72-74" Basler) and the ethylether CllH13NO5 at 45-46" as given by Basler. A K. BI.&Lactone of Isopropylnitrophenyllactic Acid. By A. Em-V. H. V.HORN and W. HEW (Bey. 17 8d15-2026).-B-y the nitration ofcumenylacrylic acid in the cold there is obtained orthonitrocumenyl-acrylic acid and a small quantity (10-12 per cent.) pf paranitro-cinnamic acid.The forinatian of the latter is interesting there beingno analogous case of so moderately energetic a reagent as cold nitricacid splitting off an alkyl-group from a substituted benzene andreplacing it by a negative group. The acids are separated by repeatedcrystallisation from hot alcoliol in which paraiiitrocinnamic acid isb u t sparingly soluble.Orthonitrocumin?/Zuw?llic acid C6H,P@(N02) .CH CH.COOH =[4 2 13 when perfectly pure crystallises in long pale wine-yellowneedles and melts a t 156-157" (as ordinarily obtained in a nearlypure state it forms hard prismatic crystals and melts at 152--153").It is readily soluble in alcoliol ether benzene chloroform and glacial4 y 1352 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.acetic acid; sparingly soluble in hot water and insoluble in lightpetroleum.It gives a brown coloration when heated with concen-trated hydrochloric acid. The barium salt crystallises in needles ;-the silver lead zinc and copper salts are sparingly soluble pre-cipitates ; the methyl salt forms tufts of thin needles. As the nitro-cumaldehyde obtained on oxidation is not the known metaldehyde(metacnminol melting a t 54") the nitro-group must be in the ortho-position.Orthonitrocumn,ldel~yde C6H,Prp(N02) .COH [4 2 13 is preparedby oxidising the nitrocumenylacrylic acid with potassium perman-gnnate the well-cooled liquid being shaken with benzene throughoutthe oxidation. On evaporating the benzene the aldehyde is leftas an oil and is purified by distillation with steam conversion intothe bisulphita-compound &c.It then forms an oil showing butlittlc tendency to crystallise even after standing fcr some days oversulphuric acid a t the summer temperature. It reduces ammoniacalsilver solution and yields a compound with hydrogen sodium sulphite,crystallising in needles. When treated wi+h acetone and soda it yieldsa blue colouring matter which from its properties is undoubtedlydi-isopropyl indigo. This reaction confirms the presence of a nitro-group in the ortho-position.ParcLisop1.oyylol.tkonitl.oyhe~?ll-P-bron~opropionic acid,C6H3Prp( NOa). CH Br.CH,. CO OH,is prepared by adding excess of glacial acetic acid saturated a t 0" withhydrobromic acid to finely-powdered nitrocumenylacrylic acid.I tcrystallises in nearly colourless silky prisms melts with decomposi-tion a t 1 2 7 is readily soluble in alcohol ether benzene chloroform,and glacial acetic acid soluble in hot water sparingly soluble incarbon bisulphide. On long boiling with water it suffers decom-position the liquid acquiring a green colour and having an odonr ofnitroisopropylvinyl and containing small quantities of nitrocumenyl-acrylic acid. Alkalis in the cold and sulphuric acid on heating,remove the elements of hydrobromic acid and regenerate nitro-cumenylacrylic acid. From its chemical behaviour and from analogywith the formation of the &brominated acids by the action of hydro-bromic acid on cinnsmic and orthonitrocinnamic acids there can belittle doubh that the bromine-atom occupies the Pposition.8- Lac tone of bop r o py liaitrop h eny 11 ac tic acid,is best prepared by adding soda in very slight excess to the P-bro-ininated acid and allowing the solution to stand for 12 hours.I naddition to the lactone small quantities of nitrocumenylacrylic acid:xnd isopropylnitrophenyllactic acid are formed. It crystsllises inliard colourless crystals melts a t 7S0 and on further heating isdecomposed leaving a blue residue that exhibits the indigo spectrum.I t is readily soluble in aleohol ether benzene glacial acetic acid,chloroform and carbon bisulphide sparingly in light petroleum. Onboiling it with water the chief prodiicts are carbonic anhydride anORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1353isopropylnitrostyrene.Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolres it to a,yellow solution becoming green on heating; the addition of waterprecipitates a green colouring matter in flocks; this is soluble inchloroform. Hydrobromic acid reconverts the lactone into thebrominated acid. By the action of alkalis or their carbonates orchalk it is converted into the corresponding propylnitrophenyl-lactate .Isopropy lnitroph eny Zlactamide CsH3Prp( NO2). C H( OH). C H,. CONH,[4 2 11 prepared by the action of a,mmonia on the lactone or on thebrominated acid crystallises in stellate groups of pale yellowish-greenprisms melts at 150° is readily soluble in hot water benzene,chloroform and glacial acetic acid insoluble in ether and carbonbisulphide,Paraisoprop y lorthortitrophenyl lact ic acid,C,H3P# (NO,) .CH (OH).CH,. COOH,is best prepared by boiling t h e brominated acid with soda separatingthe isopropglnitrostjrene formed simultaneously by distillation withsteam and finally decomposing the sodium salt with an aeid. (Thereappears to be no formation of nitrocumenylacrylic acid or di-isopropyl-indigo in this reaction which thus differs from that with the lowerIiomologues of the orthonitrocinnamic series.) It crystallises insilvery pale-yellow laminae melts a t 119-120" is readily solublein alcohol ether benzene chloroform glacial acetic acid acetone,and hot water sparingly soluble in carbon bisulphide nearly insolublein light petroleum. The sodium salt is crptalline ; the calcium saltforms transparent prisms; the barium salt nodular groups of veryslender needles ; the cadmium salt forms roundish tables ; the silversalt is obtained as a white precipitate blackening on exposure to light ;the copper lead and zinc salts are sparingly soluble precipitates.Hydrobromic acid reconverts the lactic acid into the brominatedacid.Sulphuric acid removes the elements of water nitrocumenyl-acrylic acid being formed.IsopB.o~yZnitrostyre?~e c,H,Prfi(NO,) .CH CH [4 2 11 preparedas mentioned above is an oil of agreeable aromatic odour; it couldnot be solidified in a freezing mixture. It is very unstable soonsuffering spontaneous decomposition on standhg.Caffeic Acid in Hemlock. By A. W. HOFMANN (Bey. 17,1922-1923).-Yrom the great similarity between conhydrine and tro-pine the author believed that the former compound like the lattey,exists in plants in combination with an acid.He has now isolateclcaEeic acid from the alkaline residues left after driving over conineand conhydrine in the process of their extraction from hemlock. Thealkaline residue was acidified and extracted with ether and the residueA. J. G.t.hen further purified. L. T. T.Preparation of Phenolsulphuric Acid from Urine. By L.BRIEORR (Zeit. Physiol. C'henx. 8 [4] 311- 312).-The author's mebhodmay in some cases be advantageous although Baumann's is the mostaccurate for quail ti tat ive determinations1354 ABSTRA4CTS OF CHE3lICAL PSPERS.Fresh urine is treated with neutral acetate of lead as long as any-thing is precipitated the precipitate filtered off and the filtratetreated in the same way with basic lead acetate.From this filtrate theexcess of lead is removed by sulphuretted hydrogen the filtrate isevaporated to a thick syrup and kept for some time in a vacuum. Thepotassium phenolsulphate which crystallises out in plates is puri-fied by recrystallisation from hot absolute alcohol. A small qusntityis retained by the basic lead acetate precipitate.Amidophenolsulphonic Acids and their Relationship toLiebermann’s Colouring Matters. By H. BRUNNER and C.KRAEMER (Bey. 17 1867-1872).-When prepared by Brunner’s reac-tion from resorcinol and nitrobenzene azoresorufin as already men-tioned (p. 1333) is always accornpatiied by paramidophenolsulphonicacid.The latter is not formed when nitrobenzene alone is heatedwith sulphuric acid so that its origin is evidently closely connectedwith the formation of asoresorufin. Taking into account the forma-tion of azoresorufin from nitrosoresorcinol the authors believe thatduring the progress of the above reaction an intramolecular re-arrangement takes place in the nitro benzene somewhat according tothe following eqnation :-2CsH5.N02 = Cs&( OH) .NO + C6H3(OH),N :J. P. L.This dyed radicle CsH,(OH),N would a t the moment of its forma-tion react with a molecule of resorcinol and one of nitrosoresorcinol toform azoresorufin .and paramidophenol-the latter being converted into paramidophenolsulphonic acid and theformer into azoresorufin by the excess of sulphuric acid. Sulphurousanhydride is always evolved during the reaction and thus the nascenthydrogen required is accounted for.The authors have also studied the action of the isomeric nitro-phenols and of the homologues of nitrobenzene when heated withresorcinol and concentrated sulphuric acid.Paranitrotoluene andresorcinol yield a dimethyl ether of azoresorufin together with par-nmidophenolsnlphonic acid and not amidocresolsulphonic acid asmight be expected. Of the three isomeric nitrophenols the para-derivative alone yields a colouring matter analogous to resorufin butall three yield amidophenolsulphonic acids. Only the mononitroso-derivatives of resorcinol and orcinol appear to yield these colouringmatters the dinitroso-derivatives showing no such reaction.When pararuidophenolsulphonic acid is subjected to dry distillation,it yields a dark violet-coloured sublimate which appears to be iden-tical with Liebermann’s phenol colouring matter CIPHl5HO3.Neitherthe ortho- nor the meta-compound give any such sublimate.a-Amidoresorcinolsulphonic acid obtained by the reduction anORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1355subsequent sulphonation of Weselsky and Benedict's nitroresorcinol,[OH OH X 0 2 = 1 3 41 appears to be identical with the aciddescribed by Hazura (Abstr. 1883 1114) but the author's specimencrystallised in green lustrous scales whilst Hazura's yielded reddishprisms. This acid when dry-distilled yields azoresorcinol or azoreso-rufin according to the temperature employed.v- Amidoresorcinolsulphonic acid prepared from Weselsky andBenedict's nitroresorcinol [OH OH NO = 1 3 21 and whichtherefore has not a hydroxyl-group in the para-position to the nitro-group yields no colouring matter when heated.The acid crystallisesin small colourless needles or prisms soluble in boiling water. Itssolution reduces an ammoniacal silver solution in the cold.From the results of their own and other investigators' work theauthors conclude that tho nitrogen-atom in Liebermann's colouringmatter is in the para-position to oue of the hydroxyls and that in poly-hydric phenols only those can form these compounds in which twohydroxyl-groups are in the meta-position relatively to one another.L. T. T.P-Metaisocymenesulphonic Acid.By W. KELBE and N. v.CZARNOMSKI (Ber. 17 1746-1748).-The author some time ago,(Abstr. 1882,619) described a bro~nisocymenesulphonic acid obtainedby dissolving /3-bromisocymene in fuming sulphuric acid. Theauthor now finds that this acid yields 6-metaisocymenesulphonicacid on rednetion. He has proved the identity of this last-namedacid with that obtained by direct sulphonation of isocymene by acomparison of their salts. The salts and derivatives prepared were :-(CloHl,S03)2Ba + 8H20 ; (C,H13S03),Cu + 3+H20 ; C,oH13S03Na +3H20 ; C,H13S03NHIa melting at 162" ; (C,H,SO,),Pb + 8H,O ;(C10H13S03)2Ca + 5$H20.When treated at 40" with bromine dissolved in hydrobromic acid,this acid yields principally a broniisocymenesulphonic acid crystal-lising with 3 mols.H,O together with small quantities of bromiso-cy men e. L. T. T.Behaviour of Tannin and Oak-bark Tannin towards VariousReagents. By C. ETTI (Ber. 17 18d0-18%3).-When boiled withdilute sulphuric acid under ordinary pressure tannin takes up waterand forms gallic acid whilst " oak-bark tannin " gives up water andforms an anhydride. The same effects are produced by solutions ofthe caustic alkalis except that the anhydride produced is of a differentnature. Heated with dilute sulphuric acid at 130-140° under pres-sure oak-bark tannin only gives traces of gallic acid. Tannin remainsunchanged at 200° oak-bark tannin loses a constant weight of watera t 13O-l4O0 and is converted into an anhydride. With acetic anhy-dride tannin forms acetotannins whilst oak tannin gives anhydridesand acetylised anhydrides.When boiled with aqueous ammonia inan atmosphere of hydrogen tannin yields gallnmide and an acidammonium gallate in almost theoretical quantity ; oak tannin yieldsnothing but illdefinite resinous compounds1356 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.It is thus clear that these two compounds are not identical and thatoak bark does not contain ordinary tannin.From the analogy of the formation of gallamide and ammoniumgallate by the action of ammonia on tannin to that of lactamide andammonium lactate from the action of ammonia on lactic anhydride,CHMe(OH).COO.CHMe.COOH the author is inclined to look upontannin as C6H2( OH)s. C OO.C,H,(OH),. COOH.Synthesis of Diphenylethane from E thylidene Chloride.By R.D. SILVA (BulZ. Xoc. Chim. 41 448-449).-Priority is claimedfor the synthesis of diphenylethane from ethylidene chloride and ben-zene in presence of aluminium chloride which has recently beenannounced by Angeblis and Anschutz (Abstr. 1884,753) the author'sresults having been published in 1881 (BUZZ. SOC. Chim. 36 66).By passing the vapour of ethylidene chloride into a mixture of ben-zene and aluminium chloride heated at 70° ethylbenzene is obtainedas well as unsymmetrical diphenylethane from which it differs bycontaining one CsH4 residue less. This body is not formed in thepreparation of symmetrical diphenylethane but in the preparation ofunsymmetrical diphenylpropane a notable quantity of cumene is ob-tained ; this hydrocarbon stands in the same relation t o diphenyl-propane that ethylbenzene does to diphenylethane.L.T. T.W. R. D.Acridines. By A. BERNTHSEW (AnnaZelz 224 1-56) .-Most ofthe acridine and phenylacridine-derivatives have been previously de-scribed by the author (AnnaZen 192 1; Abstr. 1883 580 1099,1133 1134 1183). The best yield of acridine is obtained by theaction of zinc or aluminium chloride on a mixture of chloroform anddiphe n ylami ne.I n addition to the methods which have been previously given (Zoc.cit.) phenylacridine can also be prepared by acting on a mixture ofdiphenylamine and benzotrichloride with zinc chloride. Phenylacri-dine boils above 400'. Hydrophenylacridine easily loses 2 atoms ofhydrogen. Phenylacridine yields di- and tri-nitro-derivatives whichare converted into the corresponding amido-compounds by reductionwith tin and hydrochloric acid.The salts of these bases dye silk andwool. Phenylacridinedisulphonic acid which has not yet been ob-tained in the pure state dissolves in water forming a brownish-yellow solution which exhibits an intense green fluorescence. Thesodium salt crystallises in colourless needles. It is decomposed byfusion with potash yielding amongst other products a yellow colour-ing matter.Metliylacridine C13H,NMe melting a t llPO unites wit,h methyliodide forming a crystalline compound which is deposited fromaqueous or alcoholic solutions in red needles. The crystals melt a t183" with decomposition. DimethyZaci-idiniurn hydroxide,C,4H,NMe. OH,forms a grey powder which is decomposed by exposure to the ail-.The hydrochloride cr~stallises in prisms which are freely soluble i i iwater. It melts with decomposition between 130" and 135".CautionORQANIC OHEJPISTRT. 1357oxidation with potassium permanganate appears to convert methyl-acridine into quinolinetricarboxylic acid. Strong nitric acid trans-forms it into trinitroacridinecarbox y lic acid C laHj (NO,) ,N.C 0 0 H .Butylacridine and acridylbenzoic acid have been already described(this vol. p. 1183). w. c. w.Phenyl-p-naphthacridine. By C. RIS (Ber. 17 2029-2032) .- C P bPhenyl-p-naphthacridine CZ7Hl,N = C,H,( 1 )c10H6 is obtainedN-by heating a mixture of P-dinaphthylamine with three times itsweight of benzoic chloride for eight hours a t the boiling point of themixture.It is also formed by the action of zinc chloride on benzoyl-di-p-naphthylamine a t 2 40" and on a mixture of /3-dinaphthylamineand benzoic acid a t 280". It crystallises in nearly colourless needles,melts at 297" and sublimes in needles. It is readily soluble in hotbenzene and glacial acetic acid sparingly soluble in ether and alcohol.100 parts of alcohol a t 18" dissolve 0.04 part and 100 parts of benzenc0.29 of phenyl-P-naphthacridine. The substance has been previouslyobtained by Claus and Richher (this vol. p. 13.58). The hydroeldoride,Cz7H,N,HCl forms a yellow crystalline powder. The pZatinochZoride,(Cz~Hl,N)2,&PtC16 crystallises in brilliant yellow plates. The sul-phate forms tufts of yellow crystals.A. J. G.The Question of the Ammonium Bases derived from Acri-dine and Quinoline. By A. BERNTHSEN (Be?. 17 1947 -1957).-A reply to Claus (this vol. p. 1359) in which the author reaffirms theaccuracy of the constitution assigned by him to methylphenylacri-dine-ammonium hydroxide (Alostr. 1883,1133) and criticises the viewsof Claus as to the nature of the bases obtained by the action ofsilver oxide on the alkyl halojid addition-products of qknoline.A. J. G.Preparation of Propyl and Amyl-naphthalene. By L. Roux(Bull. Xoc. Chim. 41 379-383) .-These compounds can be preparedby Friedel and Crafts' aluminium chloride reaction. 200 grams ofnaphthalene and 120 grams of a-propyl bromide are heated in anapparatus witlh reflux condenser and as soon as tlie mixture corn-mences to distil 10 grams of alumiuinm chloride are added in verysmall quantities at a t,ime.When the theoretical quantity of hydro-bromic acid has been evolved the mixture is cooled and from 300-400 grams of carbon bisulphide added. The liquid is then treatedwith water the carbon bisulphide decanted and distilled to drynessfrom a water-bath. The residue is fractionally distilled in a vacuum.In this way a highly refractive aromatic liquid is obtained which boilsa t 26'2-267O. It is insoluble in water but soluble in benzene andalcohol. The purified compound crystallises from benzene or alcoholin slender yellow needles melting a t 89-90". This hydrocarbon is pro-bably isopropylnaphthalene for it has been shown that under theinfluence of aluminium chloride the proppl-group becomes an isopro-pyl-group. By a similar method amylnapht(ha1ene is obtained frolriamyl chloride boiling a t 100-102" and naphthalene.It is a colonl*1358 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.less liquid boiling a t 288-292" ; the picric acid compound melts at103-110". This hydrocarbon appears to be isomeric with the twoamylnaphthalenes already obtained ; the one by the action of hydr-iodic acid and phosphorus on lapachic acid the picric acid compoundof which melts a t 140-141" ; the other by Pittig's method the picricacid compound of which melts at 85-30'. In the preparation of bothpropyl- and amyl-naphthalene isodinaphthyl is formed by the reducingaction of aluminium chloride.This secondary reaction occurs exclu-sively when amyl chloride is allowed to fall drop by drop into a mix-ture of 100 grams of naphthalene and 25 grams of aluminium chlo-ride heated at 120". Under these conditions pentane boiling a t 29-34" and isodinaphthyl are formed according to the equation,'LCloHa + C,H,Cl= HCl + C,H + (CloH,)2 but no amylnaphthalene.Action of Phosphorus Pentachloride and Pentoxide on Ben-zoyl-p-Naphthylphenylamine and on Benzoyldj-p-naphthyl-amine. By A. CLAUS and C. RICHTER (BE. 17 1590-1597).-Benzo yl-B- naph thy lphen y lamiiie P-C,H,.NPhBz is readily obtainedby heating a mixture of benzoic chloride and P-naphthyIphenylamineat 50-60" ; it crystallises from alcohol in colourless lustrous needlesmelting at 147-148".It is insoluble in water sparingly soluble incold alcohol readily in benzene and acetic acid. It is decomposed byboiling alcoholic potash yielding benzoic acid in theoretical quantity,whilst the rinphthylaniline is converted into a brown resinous mass.The action of phosphorus pentachloride on benzoyl-p-naphthylphenyl-auiine takes place much more readily than with the correspondingdiphenyl-derivative (Abstr. 1882,1060) and is best effected in chloro-form solution ; hydrochloric acid is evolved with formztion of phos-phorus trichloride and the compound /3-CloHsC1.NPh13z is produced.This is insoluble in water soluble in alcohol ether chloroform,benzene and glacial acetic acid ; it crystallises in colourless needlesmelting a t 152".That the substitution takes place in the naphthyl-group is proved by the following facts:-On again treating thesubstance with the lientachloride a higher chlorinated derivativeis not formed ; benzoyldi-/3-naphthylamine when treated as above isreadily converted intro a dichloririated derivative whilst benzoyldi-phenylamine yields no substitution-derivative with phosphorus penta-chloride unless the mixture is heated above 150" (Rer. 15 1285).Benzoylcli-~-r~a~~thyZamine (/3-ClOH7)?NE obtained by heating /3-di-naphthylamine with benzoic chloride a t 120" crystallises in whiteneedles and melts a t 173". It; yields benzoic acid and a resinous masson saponification. The dichlorinated derivative (p-C1,HtiC1)i",crystallises from alcohol benzene and chloroform in small whiteneedles melting a t 203" ; it also yields benzoic acid on treatment withalkalis.By the action of phosphorus pentoxide on the p-naphthyl-deriva-tive water is abstracted and bases produced which belong to theacridine series Phen yl-p-napkthacridine CloH6< 1 >C,oR is ob-tained by extracting with potash solution the melt from dinaphthyl-W. R.D.N-CPORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1359amine (1 part) benzoic acid (1 part) and phosphoric anhydride(1+2 parts) the residue being then washed dried and sublimed. Itforms bright yellow needles melting a t 234" ; its basic properties arevery feeble. The hydrochloride crystallises in long golden-red lustronsneedles which are decomposed by water or alcohol ; the pZntinochZoride,(C27H17N)z,H,PtC16 forms yellow needles and the clirornate reddish-brown needles.Phenylbenxo-P-nnphth acridine c6114'7->(&H& ob-tained from /3-naphthylphenylamine and benzoic acid sublimes inalmost coloiirless needles melting a t 198". The hydrochloride melts at295O and can be crystaliised from water or alcohol containing a littlefree acid ; the platinochloride ( C23H15N)2,H'LPtClG forms lustrous yellowneedles. When the above bases are heated in sealed tubes with methyliodide both yield compoimds crystallising in red needles. No additiveproduct however could be obtained from phenylacridine and benzylchloride even a t 200° whilst a t 210- 220" phenylacridine hydrochlo-ride is produced. I n conclusion the authors object to the view heldby Bernthsen (AnnnZen 124 l) that the alkyl-derivatives of phenyl-acridine are quarternary ammonium bases.'CPhA.K. M.Orthonitrosonaphthols. By H. GOLDSCHMIDT and H. SCHMID(Rer. 17 2066-2069).-Goldschmidt has shown (this pol. 735 and1137) that both /I-nitroso-a-naphthol and a-nitroso-/3-naphtbol areconverted by the action of hydroxy lsmine hydrochloride a t 150" intoN A1a substance of the foi-mula CI,H6/ \O [I 21 that must be re- %'garded as the anhydride of a body derived from naphthalene di-hydride by replacement of 4 hyd rogen-atoms by 2 isonitroso-groups.The authors have succeeded in isolating this isonitroso-compound bythe action of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on both the orthoni troso-naphthols at the temperature of 100". Diisonitrosonnphthalenedihydride C,H,N,O = CloH6(NOH) [l 21 crystallisea in yellowneedles melts a t 149" b u t shows signs of decomposition a t 140" ; issoluble in hot water and benzene.It dissolves in alkalis with reddish-yellow colour yields a red sodium salt and an orange-red silver salt.It dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid with a dark-brown colora-tion ; the compound is reprecipitated on adding water. It is readilyconverted into the anhydride CloH6N20 by the action of acetic chlo-ride by heating the solution in sulphuric acid or still more readily byheating the solution in alkalis.The two orthonitrosonaphthols do not behave alike towards alkalinesolutions of hydroxylamine a-nitroso-p-naphthol giving mainly theanhydride CloHGNzO whilst with /3-nitroso-a-naphthol little morethan a trace of this compound is obtained. A.J. G .Phenylhydrazine - derivatives of Hydroxynaphthaquinore.By T. ZINCKE and H. THELEN (Ber. 17 18@9-1813).-When a coldalcoholic solution of hjdroxynaphthaquinone is raked with it cold1360 ABSTRACTS OF CHEUICAL PAPERS.aqueous alcoholic or acetic solution of phenylhydrazine hydrozy-na~hthapuinorLehydrasine CIoH5( OH)O N2HPh is formed. It crystal-lises in glistening orange crystals which are easily soluble in ethei.,boiling alcohol or acetic acid and melts with decomposition a t 2.30".It forms well characterised compounds with metals alcohol radicles,and acetyl. The barium derivative prepared by precipikdting theammoniacal solution of the hydrazide with barium chloride crystallisesi n brownish-gold scales or long red needles soluble in alcohol thefirst-named form is the less stable and usually passes gradually intothe needles.Their formula is (C16HllN202)2Ba + 10H20. Wheiidehydrated by heating it is insoluble in alcohol but is rendered solubleagain by moistening. The sodium salt crystallises in small orangeneedles soluble in alcohol ; the calcium salt forms orange needles ; thesilver salt a reddish-brown amorphous precipitate which immediatelyblackens on heating. The other metallic salts are orange or red pre-cipitates the lead and mercwy salts being insoluble in alcohol. Theacetate C,H,(OZ)O N2HPh formed by boiling the hydrazide withacetic anhydride forms long red needles melting a t 178-179" andsoluble in alcohol and boiling acetic acid.The ethy 1-derivative,CloH,(OEt)O N,HPh is formed by treatment of an alcoholic solutionof the potassium salt with ethyl bromide by boiling the free hydraz-ide with alcohol and sulphuric acid or by heating it with alcohol andethyl iodide. It forms orange needles which are easily soluble inboiling alcohol and acetic acid and melt a t 172-173". The wzethyl-derivative forms small red needles melting a t 174-175". When analcoholic solution of the hydrazide is boiled with benzaldchyde adeep-red crystalline compound of the formula[ Cl,H,( OH)0.N2Ph],CHPhis formed. It is sparingly soluble in the usual solvents and formswell characterised metallic derivatives the potassium and sodium deri-vatives crystallising in small orange needles soluble in alcohol.Whensuspended in carbon bisulphide the hydrazide may be easily bromin-ated and if equal molecular weights of bromine arid the base areused monobromoliydrozy~ia~~~tlzapui?ionc:hydrazin,t! is formed this crys-tallises in dark-red needles which melt with decomposition at 196-198" and are easily soluble in boiling acetic acid sparingly so inalcohol. It forms metallic derivatives and as it is not decomposedby dilute acids or alkalis the position of the bromine could not bedetermined. Strong hydrochloric acid decomposes it but the reactionis of a complex character dark col onred amorphous and uncrystal-lisable compounds being formed.As the hydrazide is so easily converted into the ether by boilingwith alcohol and sulphuric acid the same reaction was tried withhydroxynaphthaquinone when the authors found that here also theformation of the ether took place readily.Derivatives of Naphthoic Acid.By A. G. EKSTRAND (Ber. 17,1600-1605).-By the action of fuming nitric acid on a-naphthoicacid w mixture is obtained from which the author has succeeded inisolating a cEiiL.itro-a-.lza~l~thoic acid CloI15(N02)2.C00H ; this melts atL. T. TORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1361263-265" crystallises from alcohol in small prisms 01- needles dis-solves readily in warm alcohol and glacial acetic acid sparingly in&her and benzene slightly also in hot water. On sublimation it isobtained in yellowish-white needles. The calcium saZt,[ Ci0H5( NO,) ,.COO] ,Ca7 3H20,crystallises in needles moderately soluble in warm sparingly in coldivater (1 in 138). The ethyl-derivative CloH5(N02)2.COOEt crystal-lises from alcohol in slender needles melting a t 143". The dinitro-naphthoic acid (or acids) is accompanied by an indifferent substance,which appears to be dinitronaphthalene. It is separable by alcoholinto two portions the more soluble of which melts a t 155-160" andtlie less soluble at 170". When [j-naphthoic acid is treated in thesame way as the a-acid it yields a mixture of diiait,.o-P-na~hthoicacids b u t no dinitronaphthalene. By crystallisation from alcoholand mechanical separation of the different forms of crystals twodinitro-/3-nnphthoic acids have been isolated. One of these melts a t226O crystallises in long slender silky needles and dissolves readilyin alcohol ether and glacial acetic acid sparingly in benzene ; itsethyZ salt C,H,(NO,),.COOEt melts at 141" forms loiig siiky needlesreadily soluble in warm alcohol.The second dinifro-~-~Lciphthoic acidmelts a t 248" and crystallises in small hard rectangular prisms ; it isreadily soluble in warm alcohol glacial acetic acid and ether sparinglyin benzene the calcium saZt forms prismatic needles moderatelysoluble in hot water ; the ethyl s d t CloH5(NO,),.C0OEt forms smallhard wedge-shaped crystals melting a t 165" and sparingly soluble inalcohol. MonochZoi*o-cc-naz~hthonif1.iZe CloH6Cl.CN is obtained bypassing chlorine into a solution of a-naphthonitrile in carbon bisul-phide to which some iodine has been added.It crystallises fromalcohol in needles melting a t 145". On heating it with concentratedhydrochloric acid in a sealed tube c7i loro-a-naphthoic acid,C,H,Cl. CO OH,is obtained and crystnllises in colourless lustrous needles readilysoluble in alcohol sparingly in glacial acetic acid and in benzene;this acid is also formed by the action of chlorine in the presence ofiodine on a solution of a-naphthoic acid in glacial acetic acid. Thectdciurn suZt (CloH6C1.C00)2Ca,2Hz0 forms colourless needles solu-ble in 116 parts water at the ordinary temperature ; the ethyZ-derivn-tiue CIoH6C1.COOEt crystallises in quadratic plates melting at 42".Dichloro-P-naphthoic acid CloH5C12.COOH is prepared by passingchlorine in excess into a solution of B-naphthoic acid in glacial aceticacid containing also iodine; the crystals are separated from themother-liquor and boiled with alcohol ; the residue consisting of di-chloronaphthoic acid melts a t 291" is very sparingly soluble in alcohol,2nd still less soluble in glacial acetic acid ; it crystallises in colour-less needles.One or more other and more readily soluble chlorine-derivatives are also produced. The caZcium salt,( C,H,CI,. C 0 O),Cn,2hH,O,of the above acid forms small prisms soluble in 3018 parts of wate1362 ABSTRACTS OF CHERIICAL PAPERS.a t the ordinary temperature ; the etlzyZ salt C~oH5C12.COOEt crystal-lises in long needles melting a t 66".Arnides of a- and 6-Naphthoic Acids. By T. LEONE (Gazzetta,14 12@-124).-Rakowski (Rer.5 318) found that the product in-soluble in water obtained in the saponification of a-cyanonaphthalenewith alcoholic potash is not naphthalene as Merz and Mulhaiisersupposed (ibid. 3 709) but the amide of a-naphthoic acid and hegives the melting point as 128" whilst Hofmann (Compt. rend. 66,476)gives the melting point of the amide as 207"." The author havingoccasion t o prepare a large quantity of naphthoic acids determined toclear up the discrepancy.The a-cyanonaphthalene employed was prepared by distilling anintimate mixture of potassium ferrocyanide and a-naphthalenesul-phonate in equal parts ; the crude distillate was boiled with alcoholicpotash until ammonia ceased to be given off the alcohol evaporated,and the residue taken up with water.Only a very small portionremained undissolved and this when distilled with water yieldednaphthalene which passed over with the steam and a residue con-taining sulphur but no nitrogen ; this substance was proved to beoriginally present in the crude cyanonaphthalene. If pure a-cyano-naphthalene be used there is no residue if the digestion withalcoholic potash be continued until ammonia is no longer given off;this requires some days. If however the action is not continued so far,there is a product formed insoluble in wat'er and which on exami-nation was found to be the amide of a-naphthoic acid Cl,Hi.CONH2.It forms colourless needles which after being carefully purified melta t 202". The author finds that the saponification of the nitriletakes place in two stages ; it is first converted into the amide andthis is subsequently decomposed yielding a-naphthoic acid and am-monia; by stopping the action at the proper time the whole of thenitrile will be found to be transformed into the amide.A.K. M.This is represented in the equations :-C10T67.CN + H20 = C,H,.CONH andC,oH,.CONH + KHO = CioH,.COOK + NHS + H20.The p-cyanonaphthalene was prepared in like manner to then-derivative and the action of alcoholic potash on it is perfectlysimilar but more rapid. The amide of 6-naphthoic acid obtained bystopping the action before saponification is complete crystallises inplates which melt at 192" and are soluble in alcohol ether benzene,&c. It is in e.c.ery respect identical with the compound described byVieth (Aiznalen 180 320). C.E. G.Dinaphthylsulphone. By A. W. HOFMANN (Bey. 17 1921-1922).-Tbe author has sgcceeded in isolating the /3-dinaphthylsul-phone of Stenhouse and Groves from the bye-products obtained inThis appears to be atypographical error but unfortunately it has been reproduced in most of the text-* I n Ber. 1 38 Hofmann gives the melting point as 244'.books. -C. E. GORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1363the preparation of naphthalenesulphonic acid ; their a-dinaphthylsul-phone was also obtained but only in small quantity.By C. HELL and H. ST~RCKE (Ber. 17,1970-1975).-The ethereal oil of wormseed the flower buds of ArtemisiaVuhliana has been submitted to numerous investigations wit'h varv-ing results ; in particular Kraut and Wahlfors (Arwalen 128 293)found the chief constituent to be an oil C10H180 converted by phos-phoric anhydride into cynene C10H16 whilst Faust and Homeyer(*,his Journal 1875 371) found the product of the action of phos-phoric anhydride to be identical with cymene thus giving the parentcompound the formula ClnH160.The fraction of wormseed oil distilling between 172-175" wasrectified over soda ; it then boiled constantly at 172-5-173" and hada very faint yellow colour.By renewed distillation over sodium itwas obtained absolutely colourless and then boiled a t 172.6" (uncorr.),and had a sp. gr. of 0.9255 a t 16". A part of the oil was still furtherpurified by treatment with potassium permanganate distillation withsteam and rectification over sodium ; it boiled a t 172.5" (uncorr.) hadthe sp.gr. 0.9275 a t 16" 0*&981 a t 50" and 0.8553 a t 100". Onanalysis it gave numbers agreeing with the formula C,oH,O. Vapour-density determination gave 4.98 and 5.03 calc. for C,H,O = 5.33.When heated with phosphoric anhydride it yielded a small quan-tity of hydrocarbons boiling between 120-166" apparently par-affins cynene and polymerised cynenes mainly dicynene. Cynenp,CI(,H16 is a mobile colourless liquid of aromatic odour recallinqthat of oil of lemons; it boils a t 1745" under 731 mm. pressure(uncorr.) has sp. gr. 0.85 a t 15" 0.8238 a t 50" and 0.7851 at 100".Vapour-density = 4.35 calc. = 4.7. On mixing cynene with con-centrated sulphuric acid (slightly fuming) the liquid becomes darkbrown and especially on heating.sulphurous anhydride is freelyevolved ; the sulphonic acid formed was found to be cymeiiesdphonicacid thus explaining the results obtained by Faust and Homeyer.Dicynene C2,H3? is a yellowish oil of pale blue fluorescence. Itdistils between 328-333" ; vspour-density = 9.1 and 9.2 calc. = 9.4.Action of the Haloid Acids on Wormseed Oil. By C. HELLand A. R~TTER (Bey. 17,1975-1980).-By the action of hydrochloricacid gas a t 10-12"on the fraction of wormseed oil discilling between172" and 173" (see preceding Abstractj a mass of prismatic or tabularcrystals is obtained. Analysis confirms the formula C,H,O,HCl,assigned t'o the compound by Volckel (Annalen 87 315).It meltsa t 30-35"; loses hydrochloric acid on exposure to air and is de-composed into its components by heating or by treatment with water.At high temperatures the reaction takes a different course cynenedihydrocliloride being formed with separation of water ; the bestyield of the hydrochloride is obtained at 40-50".Cynene dihydrochloride CloHl,Cl crystallises in colourless silkylancet-shaped tables melts at 50-51" is soluble in alcohol ether,chloroform benzene light petroleum and glacial acetic acid. I t isstable in air and is not decomposed by water. It has a camphor-likeL. T. T.Wormseed Oil.A. J. G1364 ABSTRACTS OF CHE5IICAL PAPERS,odour and volatilises completely a t ordinary temperatures. On drydistillation it is decomposed into cynene and hydrochloric acid ; italso yields cynene on long boiling with water or aqueous potash.Theaction of hydrochloric acid on wormseed oil is therefore representedby the equations Cl"H18O + HCl = CloH&1.OH and Clo~&l.OH +HCl = CIoH18C1 + H,O.CloH18Cl.0H,seems to show the absence of a CO-group in wormseed oil and thisis further confirmed by the indifference of the oil towards hydroxyl-amine; it is very probable that the oxygen is in a state of unionsimilar to that in which it occurs in ethyiene oxide.The formation of the compound,A. J. G.Camphor. By H. GOLDSCHMIDT and R. Z ~ ~ R R E R (Ber. 17 2069-2073).-Nageli has shown (Abstr. 1883 728 ; this vol. 610 and1190) that camphor is converted by hydroxylamine into camphor-oxime CIOHl7NO this by t'he action of acetic chloride into an anhy-dride CIOH15N which tinally by heating with alcoholic potash isconverted into isocamphoroxime.The authors show that the lasttwo compounds are respectively the nitrile and the amide of a newacid campholenic acid. The anhydride (nitrile) C,H,N like othernitriles unites with hydroxylamine to form a compound C10H18N20,crystallising in white plates and melting at 101". It is soluble bothin acids and in alkalis.Cumpholenic acid C9H15.COOH is prepared from the nitrile,C,H,5N7 by long boiling with alcoholic potash &c. It is a colourlessoil of a peculiar odonr boils a t 254-255" is insoluble in water andhas marked acid properties. It is isomeric with Montgolfier's cam-phic acid (Abstr.1878 891). The ammonium salt is converted intoisocamphoroxime by heating it for some hours a t 150". Isocamphor-oxime is converted into the nitrile CloHl,N by distillation with phos-phoric sulphide.In the expectation that carvoxime would behave like camphor-oxime it was treated with acetic chloride but was found to yield notan anhydride but an acetyl-derivative CloH,NO~ a yellow oildecomposing on heating. A. J. G.Sylvic and Pimaric Acids. By C. LIEBERMANN (Ber. 17 1884-1887).-Silvic and pimaric acids when dissolved in acetic anhydrideand treated with sulphuric acid give a very similar colour reactionto quinovic acid except that the shade is bluer and rather moreevanescent.When treated with hydriodic acid and amorphous phosphorus thesebodies behave in a manner similar to pyroquinovic acid. The hydro-carbon produced is a colourless thick liquid boiling between 320"and 330") but always with slight decomposition.In properties itresembles Deville's colophene (Annulen 37,162) produced by the drydistillation of colophonium. The analytical results are very close tothose required for colophene but agree better for the formula C20H34.The hydrocarbons obtaiDed from pimaric and sylvic acids are identiORGAKIC CHEJIISTRT. 1365cal in all their properties except their rotatory power. These acidsmay therefore be considered to be derivatives of a terpene.Kraut has lately obtained a new acid from a Siamese gum-benzo'in,which resemhles sylvic and pimaric acids in some respects but differsfrom them in composition aiid melting point which lies above 100".With hydriodic acid it gives a terpene (CloH16) which is solid in thecold and boils above 360".L. T. T.Juglone. By A. BERNTHSEN (Eer. 17 1945-1947).-JugZone orNucin has been studied by Reischauer and Vogel (Abstr. 1878 233),who assign to it the formula CI,H,06. Their analytical results andalso the author's agree much better with either C14H80 or CloHs03,and the latter would appear to be correct as juglone is apparently ahydroxynaphthaquinone. It crystallises in long brilliant clear redneedles and melts at 145-14y0. On distilling juglone with zinc-dust it yields naphthalene (?) It resembles the quinones in its beha-viour being converted into a substance of phenol-like nature onreduction with zinc and hydrochloric acid stannous chloride or sul-phurous acid.This substance is soluble in alkalis and is then readilyreoxidised. Aniline reacts with juglone in a manner similar to itsbehaviour with ordinary hy clroxynaphthaquinone forming a red sub-stance soluble in alcohol. Juglone crystallises unaltered from dilutenitric acid ; acid of 5p. gr. 1.15 converts it into a readily soluble acid.Reischauer's analysis of the copper-componnd of juglone agrees betterwith the formula (Cl,H503)zCu than with C18Hlo05Cu the formula heassigned to it.Derivatives of Quercetin. By C. LIEBERMAXN (Ber. 17,1680-1684).-It has been shown by Herzig (this vol. p. 846) that quercetincan be converted into a hexamethyl- and hexethyl-quercetin andthese further into diacetyl-derivatives ; he concluded therefore thatquercetin contains eight hydroxyl-groups and assumed that the acetyl-derivative described by Liebermann and Hamburger (Ber.12 1178)is an octacetyl-quercetin and not a diacetyl-compound as stated bythem. The author has repeated his previous experiments and bydecomposing the acetgl-derivative by means of dilute sulphuric acid,and then weighing the recovered quercetin he obtains results agreeingwith the octacetyl-compound thus confirming Herzig's experiments.The percentage o€ carbon and hydrogen also agrees better withoctacetyl- than with diacetyl-qnercetin. The author has also re-examined the compounds previously described as dibromo-quercetinand dibromodiacetyl-quercetin and finds them to be respectivelyfTibromo-quercetin C21H13Br3011 and tribromoctacetyl-quercetin,A J.G.Cz~B5Br304&,. A. K. M.An Alcohol from Birdlime. By J. PERSONNE (Compt. remj. 98,1585-1587).-Birdlime is obtained by the fermentation under specialconditions of the inner bark of the holly and is a greenish viscous,tenacious substance. When dried at loo" it loses 26-27 per cent. ofwater and if the residue is treated with chloroform or light petroleum,about 23 per cent. of vegetable and inorganic clattm consisting niai:llyVOTJ. XLLVI. 4.1366 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.of calcium phosphate remains undissolved. The solution is evaporatedto dryness and the residue heated a t 120" for some time to expel thelast traces of the solvent.The purified birdlime thus obtained is an ethereal salt or a mix-ture of ethereal salts of an alcohol which seems to be homologouswith benzylic alcohol.In order to isolate this alcohol the birdlime issubjected to prolonged treatment with alcoholic potash. An elasticsubstance resembling caoutchouc and soluble in chloroform separatesout and the liquid portion is poured into a large quantity of water.The gelatinous matter which separates is washed with water treatedwith acetic acid t o remove traces of alkali again washed with water,dissolved in boiling alcohol of go" and purified by filtration throughanimal charcoal and repeated crystallisation from boiling alcohol.The alcohol thus obtained crystallises in slender silky needles in-soluble in cold water but soluble in all proportions in boiling lightpetroleum alcohol of 90" chloroform and ordinary ether.It isalmost insoluble in alcohol of 80" but its solubility increases with theconcentration of the alcohol. It melts at 175" sublimes at 115" undera pressure of 100 mm. and boils above 350". Its vapours have noaromatic odour. The new alcohol which the author calls ilicic alcohol,has the composition C,6H440. It yields an acetate melting at 204-206" and exists in the birdlime in combination with one or severalacids which seem to belong to the fatty series. C. H. R.The Bitter Principle of Hops. By H. BUNGENER (Bied. Centr.,1884,43l).-The author hss succeeded in isolating from the lupulin ofhops a crystalline body which is insoluble in water and possesses allthe properties of the acid obtained by Lemers.The lupulin is cleansedfrom coarser impurities by passing it through a sieve then digestedwith light petroleum for 24 hours in a stoppered flask the dark solutionfiltered off by the aid of suction and distilled down until a dark brownliquid remains in t'he flask ; on cooling this solidifies to a crystallinecake which after purification by several recrystallisatious becomesan almost colourless maw. It is easily solublein alcohol ether benzene chloroform carbon bisulphide and glacialacetic acid less so in cold petroleum and not at all in water.Aualysis agrees best with the formula C25H3504.It melts a t 92-93".J. F.Artificial Production of Diastase. By C. SCHNEIDER (Bied.Centr.1884 432).-The diastase formed during the changes whichtake place in albumin while the seed corn is germinating has beenassigned a formula by some experimentalists the author thinksincorrectly. He donbts if t'he soluble ferments which we call diastasehave a definite composition and thinks our knowledge of the sub-stance meagre and its artificial production a remote possibility.J. F.Chlorophyll. By A. MAYER (Bied. Centr. 1884 390-394).-The author names the true chlorophyll corpuscles trophoplasts andthe colourless trophoplasts he names anaplasts which last compreORGANIC CHENISTRY. 1367hends the starch formers of Schimper and in order to distinguish themorphological relation between the organs the colonring corpusclesreceive the name of chromoplasts and the chlorophyll that of auto-plasts.The anaplasts are found in those plant cells which are indarkness or in relatively feeble light if the plant is under theinfluence of direct light ; the presence of oolourless trophoplasts int,he epidermis cells of plants growing in full light leads to the beliefthat it is here the transformation of the chlorophyll corpuscle takesplace and that it is intimately connected with the amount of lightpresent. There are however some unaccountable exceptions themaplasts are found abundantly in the cells of the udighted portionof the plant both in presence and absence of starch corpuscles. Thecoloured trophoplasts or chromoplasts exist abandantly in the flowerleaves addirig to the attractions which lead to fertilisation by insects.In appearance they are generally round but often spindle-shaped.There appear to be only two colours yellow and orange all the othersbeing formed from them by action on the other constituents of thecell.The author declares the lipochlor of Pringsheim to be non-existent and the hypochlorin of the same observer to be identicalwith chlorophlan but agrees with Pringsheim's view of the structureof the autoplasts. Crystalloid bodies of a long needle-like spindleform are often found in connection with the anaplasts. Schimperconsiders these bodies as the actual anaplasts the author as being aproduct of them and starch corpuscles.The spin dle-shaped substances which are found in the chloroplastsare stages in the transformation of the colour-substance (xanthophyll).The condition of those bodies is changeable the autoplasts increasingby fissure.J. F.Chlorophyll. By A. F. W. SCHIMPER (Bied. Centr. 1884 394-396).-The author differs from Mayer in some of his views respectingchlorophyll particularly as regards the crystalloYd bodies found bothin the coloured and colourless corpuscles. According to Meyer theyare a reserve of nitrogenous matter obtained from the plastide;Schimper declares them to be that substance itself. J. F.Action of Alkaline Hypochlorites and Hypobromites onPyrroline. By G. CIAmcrm and P. SILBER (Ber. 17 1743-1745)-10 grams pyrroline were added slowly with constant agitation to1 litre of a solution of sodium hypochlorite containing 50 grams ofactive chlorine.The solution was allowed to remain for some hours,and was then steam-distilled. A mixture of unchanged pyrroline andchlorinated pyrrol ines passed over. The residual liquid was acidifiedwith dilute sulphuric acid and again steam-distilled when tetrachloro-pyrroline passed over. The residue from this second distillation wasfiltered from separated carbon and then extracted with ether. Onevaporating the etheric solution dichlorornaleic acid is left ; thisyielded dichloromaleic anhydride on distillation.When treated with potassium hypobromite pyrroline yields bromi-nated pyrrolines t'ogether with dibromo-male'inimidc. L. T. T.4 2 I368 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Synthesis of Pyrroline-derivatives. 11.By L. KNORR ( B e y . ,17 1635-1642) .-The author previously described the formation of~,henyZ-S-imiclobut?lric acid NPh CMe.CH,.COOH by the conden-sation of aniline with ethyl acetoacetate (this vol. p. 1198) and thisled him to assume the probability of Duisberg's ethyl paramido-acetaocetate (obtained from ammonia and ethyl acetaoacetate) beingethyl /3-imidobutyrate NH CMe.CH,.COOEt. To test this he hasexamined the action of nitrous acid on the two compounds.Phenyl-/3-imidobutyric acid is converted by nitrous acid into iso-nitrosonnilacetone NPh CMe.CH NOH. This crystallises in splendidwhite needles melting a t 180"; it dissolves readily in ether andhot alcohol sparingly in cold alcohol and is insoluble in water,acids and alkalis; it is not attacked by boiling hydrochloric acid,and is distinguished from isonitrosoacetone by its insolubility inalkalis.When heated above its melting point it detonates. Whenethyl P-imidobu tyrate prepared according to Duisberg's instruc-tions is submitted to the action of nitrous acid ethyl isonitroso-/3-imidobutyrde NH CMe.C(NOH).COOE.t is obtained and on reduc-ing this with zinc-dust and acetic acid etli yl dimethylpyrrolinedi-1-arboeylate Cl2HI7NO4 i~ formed ; this melts at L30" is insoluble inwater acids and alkalis moderately soluble in alcohol and ether.On saponification with alcoholic potash potassium ethyl dimethyl-pyrrolinedicarboxylate is obtained as the chief product together witha small quantity of potassium dimeth ylpyrrolinediearboxylate. Ifthe saponification be effected a t 150-160" in sealed tubes dimethyl-pyrroline is obtained.The monethylic dimethylp.pyrrolinedicnrboxylatecrystallises in slender needles melting above 'LOO" with evolution ofcarbonic anhydride ; it is insoluble in water sparingly solnble in cold,modwately in hot alcohol and ether; the lead and silver salts formwhite amorphous precipitates. Dimetl/ y Z p y w o l i n e c a r b o ~ l i c acid crys-tallises from water or ether in dense lustrous prisms ; it is moderatelysoluble in water and alcohol less so in ether; it melts a t 197" withviolent evolution of carbonic anhydride ; its lead and silver salts arecrystalline. Dimethy@yrroline C6H9N after purification by distilla-tion in steam forms a nearly colourless oil having an odour resem-bling that of chloroform is almost insoluble in water but readilysoluble in alcohol and ether ; it combines with mercuric chloride and isconverted by acids into a brownish-red resin.It is uncertain whetherit is isomeric or identical with the dimethylpyrroline obtained byWeidel and Ciamician from animal tar.The author finds that on reducing ethyl isonitrosoacetoacetate bymeans of zinc-dust and acetic acid a compound is obtained meltingat 134" and strongly resembling ethyl dimethylpyrrolinedicarboxy-late. Its composition agrees with the formula C12H1605 but furtherexperiments are necessary to prove it to be a furfurane-derivative.By W. KOENIGS and R. GEIGY (Ber. 17,1832-1838).-1n a former communication (this vol.p. 1195) theauthors described the formation of a mixture of di- and tri-chloro-pyridine by the action of phosphoric chloride at 200" on anhydro~sbarium pyridinedisulphonate. The dichloropyridine is found chieflyA. K. M.Fyridine-derivativesORGANIC CI-IEMISTRP. 1360in the aqueous part of the distillate and is purified by help of itsmercuriochloride. Dichloropyrzdine CSH3NC12 crystallises in silkyscales which melt at 66-67'. It is freely soluble in alcohol mode-rately so in water. It has slightly basic properties dissolves readilyin hydrochloric acid and with mercuric chloride forms a compoundwhich crystallises in long needles. It is easily soluble in boilingalcohol and melts at 183". The platinochloride,forms yellow needles.The crystalline portion of the distillate fromthe action of phosphoric chloride consists chiefly of trichloropyridine,which melts at 49-50" a,nd crystallises in long flat needles easilysoluble in boiling alcohol almost insoluble in water. It has muchfeebler basic properties than dichloropyridine and is almost insolublein hydrochloric acid It forms a compound with mercuric chloridewhich melts with decomposition at 209' and is easily soluble inboiling alcohol insoluble in water. When trichloropyridine is boiledwith sodium ethylate dichlorethoxypyridine C5H2NC12.0Et is formed ;this is volatile in steam and the crystals melt at 31". From analogyto the easy replacement of chlorine by ethoxyl in a-chloroquino-line the authors are inched to consider that the third chlorine-atomin trichloropyridine occupies the oc-posit.ion.Monhydroczydich lwo-pyridine is obtained by the saponification of the ethoxy-compoundwith hydrochloric acid at 150". It forms long lanceolate crystals,melts at 171" and is easily soluble in boiling water in alkalk,alkaline carbonates and acids. It gives no coloration with ferricchloride but gives a precipitate with silver nitrate. Dihydroxy-pyridine C,H,N(OH) is obtained by fusing potassium pyridine-disulphonate with potash. It crystallises from water in long yellowneedles with iK,O. The anhydrous compound melts at 2.55" and issparingly soluble in alcohol and the other usual solvents but dis-solves readily in acids and alkalis. An aqueous solution gives anintense brownish-red coloration with ferric chloride whilst withphosphotungstic acid it yields a yellow precipitate soluble in boilingwater.With mercuric and cadmium chlorides lead acetate andsilver nitrate it forms white sparingly soluble compounds. Thehydrochloride C5H,N02,HCl crystallises in yellow needles easilysoluble in alcohol and water. Blackening and decomposition beginat 140" but the mass only completely melts at 207". The n e u t m lsulphate forms deliquescent plates. Platinic and auric chloridesyield no precipitates. The sodium salt produces sparingly solubleprecipitates with lead calcium barium and silver salts ; the silversalt blackens very quickly. When dihydroxypyridine is heated withzinc-dust a strong odour of pyridine is produced but it is scarcelyacted on by sodium-amalgam or by tin and hydrochloric acidThe mother- liquors from the preparation of barium pyridinedisul-phonate were converted into the potassium salt and this salt whenfused with potash yielded 6-hydroxypyridine C5&N.0H latelydescribed by 0.Fischer and E. Renouf (this vol. p. 1050). Thisshows that the product of the action of boiling strong sulphuric acidon piperidine contains /3pyridinemonosulphonate but its presenc1370 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.is probably due to the action of sulphuric acid on pyridine smallquantities of which are produced by the oxidation of some of thepiperidine by the sulphuric acid a t the high temperature of thereaction and not by the direct action of the acid on piperidine.The fusion of the sulphonates should be carried out with potash,as more bye-products are produced when soda is used and the yieldis not so good.L. T. T.Derivatives of Hydroxypyridine from PyridinesulphonicAcid. By 0. FZSCHER and E. RENOUF (Rer. 17 1896-1899).-1n apreyious communication (this vol. p. 1050) the authors described theabove /3-hydroxypyridine. The melting point of the pure body is124.5". The platinochloride yields yellow needles easily soluble inwater and alcohol ; the oxalate soft yellowish needles melting at 175",and easily soluble in water sparingly in absolute alcohol the picrateyellow needles sparingly soluble in alcohol ; the methiodide yellowish-white needles easily soluble in water and alcohol insoluble in etber ;the metTzocl~lo?-.ide colourless needles which yield a platinochloridecryst'allising in orange-coloured needles.0-Ethoxypyridine preparedby the action of ethyl bromide on the potassium-compound ofhydroxypyridine is a colourless oil which is volatile in steam. Itvields a platinochloride crystaliising in prisms of melting point 192".hcetoxypyridine C5H5N.0K;; is obtained by boiling the hydroxy-compound with acetic anhydride. It is an almost colourless oil,boiling at 210" (uncorr.) and has a pleasant odonr. It is easilysoluble in acids and water and the aqueous solution has a neutzalreaction. The hydrochloride and platinochloride are both easily solublein water and alcohol the oxalate rather less so. Dibromozypyridineis obtained by treating the hydroxy-compound with bromine-water.It forms soft colourless needles easily soluble in water and alcohol,sparingly so in benzene.An aqueous solution gives a violet colourwith ferric cliloride. The hydrobromide hydmchloride oxalate andpicrate are sparingly soluble ; the sulphate and plutinochloride easilysoluble. Tin and hydrochloric acid act very slowly on p-hydroxy-pyridine ammonia and probably pyridine being formed ; but thelatter in such small quantity that the authors have not yet been ableto conclusively prove its presence.Derivatives of Orthhydroxyquinoline. By 0. FISCHER andE. BENOUF (Ber. 17 1642-1646).-The azo-compound Cl5HllN3SO4,obtained from diazobenzenesul phonic acid and orthhydroxyquinolineis an orange dye forming magnificent crystalline alkali salts.Onreducing the azo-compound with stannous chloride and subsequentlydecomposing the yellow tin compound with sulphuretted hydrogen,amidohydroxyquinoline hydrochloride is formed from which the basemay be obtained by adding soda and extracting with ether. Amid+hydrozyquinoZi?be is somewhat unstable but yields stable salts ; thesu&hate CgH,N2O,H2SO4 forms sparingly soluble silky needles ; thehydrochloride C9H8N20,2 HC1 is very readily soluble. Quinoline-Q uinone CgH,NO is prepared by oxidising amidohydroxyquinolinesulphate with chromic mixture arid when purified by crystallisationL. T. TORGANIC CHEXISTRY. 1371from benzene or alcohol forms soft flat needles having a peculiargreen lustre. It decomposes at 110-120". l t s basic properties arebut feeble its salts being decomposed by water. Quinolinequinone isdecomposed by soda baryta-water sodium carbonate solution andeven by barium carbonate.The anil ide of quinolineq tiimlze C15H1oN202,is prepared by boiling an alcoholic solution of the quinone with anexcess of aniline. It is very similar t o the corresponding naphtha-quinone derivative obtained by Zincke (Bey. 12 1644) ; it crystallisesin small copper-coloured scales with green lustre dyes deep copper-red and yields violet solutions with cold dilute mineral acids; itseems to melt a little above 190". Qz&dilzequinol is prepared by theaction of sulphurous acid on an alcoholic solution of the quinone. Itis moderately soluble in water and crystallises from benzene in slenderneedles ; it yields stable salts the sulphate crystallising in soft orange-yellow needles sparingly soluble in water and decomposing whenheated to about 220" ; the hydrochloride forms more readily solubleorange-coloured needles.Ferric chloride converts quinolinequinolinto the quinone even in the cold.With regard to the constitution of the above compounds it isassumed from their analogy with the corresponding naphthol deriva-tives that the side groups occupy similar positions so that in amido-liydroxyquinoline the amido- and hydroxy-groups occupy the para-position in the benzene nucleus. That the substitut'ion occurs onlyin the benzene nucleus is proved by the oxidation of amidohydroxy-quinoline to pyridinedicar boxylic acid.Parahydroxyquinoline and metahydroxyquinoline also yield orange-coloured azo-dyes and it is intended to prepare from these thederivatives corresponding with the above.Diquinoline from Beneidine.By W. ROSER (Ber. 17,181 7-l820).-Employiug Skraup's method (Abstr. 1883,85 and 92),the author heated a mixture of nitrobenzene and benzidine withglycerol and sulphuric acid. Dinitrodiphenyl may be used in placeof nitrobenzene and hydrazobenzene in place of benzidine.Dipwinoline C,Hl,N2 thus prepared crystallises in small yellowplates which melt a t 17S" and is easily soluble in boiling water and inbenzene ; sparingly in alcohol and ether. The sulphate crystallises inshort needles ; the hydrochloride in concentrically grouped needles ;the chromate and platinochloride both form sparingly soluble yellowcrystalline powders.Fuming nitric acid yields the sparingly soluble?bitrate but has no further action on the base even when heated withit. When bromine-water is added to a solution of the hydrochloride atstrabror?zo-addition product C19H,N,Br4 is formed which on beingboiled with water gii-es up bromine and regenerates diquinoline. Areduction product of diquinoline obtained by boiling with tin andhydrochloric acid could not be obtained in a crystalline form. AdisuZphonic acid C19H~oN2(S0,H)2 is formed when the base is heatedwith fuming sulphuric acid at 190". It is insoluble in water andalcohol but dissolves in ammonia to form a characteristic ammoniumsult which crystallises in glittering white sparingly soluble needles.The yotussium and sodium salts are both very sparingly soluble theA.K. M1372 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.latter crystallising with 5 mols. H,O. The m n p e s i u m salt is precipi-tated in the form of small needles when a mixture of solutions of theammonium salt and of rriagnesium snlphate is heated. When fusedwith caustic potash the disulphonic acid yields a very unstabledihydroaydicluinoline which forms a red colouring matter with diazo-compounds. Diquinoline unites readily with the haloid salts of thealcohol radicles forming easily crystallisable additive products. Thedimethiodide Cl~Hlz?Sz(MeI)z forms small yellow crystals which areeasily soluble in water sparingly so in alcohol and melt withdecomposition a t 300" ; the diethiodide forms yellow needles soluble inwater and melting with decomposition at 270" ; on oxidation withpotassium permauganate it yields a red substance of acid properties,which is now under investigation.Weidel's isomeric a-diquinoline(hbstr. 1882 69) forms only additive products with 1 mol. methyliodide &c. The metallic salts of a-diquinoline are very unstable andare decomposed even by water; those of the present compound onthe other hand are quite stable so that although resembling oneanother in many points (melting point sulphonic acids crystallineform &c.) these two compounds are certainly not identical.From the method of formation the conjugation of the two quinolinenuclei in this compound must take place between the benzene-rings,whereas in Weidel's diquinoline it is probable (from analogy with theformation of dipyridine by the action of sodium on pyridine) thatthe conjugation takes place between the pyridine-rings.Formation of Diquinoline by Aid of Heat.By J . ZIMMERMANNand A. M~~LLER (Bey. 17 1965-1966).-By passing the vapour ofquinoline through iron tubes heated to a dull red heat the authorsobtained a diquinoline CI8Hl2N2 identical with the base described byJapp and Graham (Trans. 1881 174) as diquinolyline.Peculiar Method of Formation of Diquinoline. By 0. BISCHERand H. V. LOO (Bey. 17 1899-1902).-0rthoquinolinesulphonic acidwhen subjected to dry distillation yields P-diq uinoline identical withthat described by Japp and Graham (Trans.1881 174) and byWeidel (Monatsh. 2 501). The yield was 10 per cent. of thesulphonic acid employed. It sublimes in beautiful iridescent scales andforms a characteristic sulphate C18H12N2,HzSOa. The hydrochlorideforms hard stellate clusters of needles; the picrate yellow needlessparingly soluble in benzene.Anuquinoli~~ecarboxylic acid C,H,N02 is obtained by the oxidationof 6-diquinoline with chromic acid. It crystallises in tufts of paleyellow needles ; melts at 255-257" and decomposes into quinoline andcarbonic anhydride at a few degrees higher. The pZatinoch Zoride hasthe forniula (CloH,N0,)z,H,PtC16. The aZkaZi saZts are easily soluble,the copper lead and cadmium salts are amorphous the calcium saltyields silky needles.This acid is therefore different from all the sixquinolinecnrboxylic acids a t present known.The same diquinoline is also obtained b u t in much smaller pro-portion by the dry distillation of meta- and para-quinolinesulphonicacids. 7;. T. T,L. T. T.A. J. GORGANIC CHEJIISTRT. 1373Formation of Quinaldine. By G. SCHULTZ (Ber. 17 1965).-The author considers Dobner and Miller to be in error in supposingthe solid bases obtained by them (Ber. 17 1698) as bye-products intheir method of preparing quinaldine to be intermediate products inthe formation of quinalditie inasmuch as that they are not convertedinto quinaldine by boiling with hydrochloric acids.Quinaldine Bases. By 0. DOEBNER and W. v. MILLER (h'er. 17,1698-1712).-1n a previous paper (this vol.p. 183) the authorsmentioned the formation of secondary products in the preparation ofquinaldine ; these are principally ethglaniline boiling at 205" andtetrahydroquinaldine boiling a t 246-248". If aniline paraldehydeand hydrochloric acid are allowed to react in the cold very littlequinaldine is produced a mixture of amorphous bases being obtaine(lwhich yields quiiialdine when heated. The same product is obtainedon warming an aqueous solution of aniline paraldehyde and hydro-chloric acid.Nitro-derivatives of quinaldine are prepared by dissolving qnin-aldine (100 grams) in the equivalent quantity of nitric acid andadding the solution to a mixture of sulphuric (600 grams) and fumingnitric acids (600 grams). The product contains ortho- and meta-nitroquinaldine.Orthonitroguinal dine C ,H,Tu'. NOz crjs t a k e s fromdilute alcohol in long needles melting at 137" ; it dissolves readily inalcohol ether and benzene sparingly in cold but more readily in hotwater. The hydrochloride CloHsN202,HCl crystallises in large vitreousprisms which are decomposed by water with separation of the base ;the platinochloride (C,H,N,O,)z,H,PtCI crystallises from hot con-centrated hydrochloric acid in small needles. Orthamidoquinaldine,CIOHIONB melts a t 56" is sparingly soluble in water very readily inalcohol ether and hot light petroleum and crystallises from the latterin long prisms ; the hydrochloride CIoH ,N,HCI crystallises fromalcohol in golden-yellow needles ; the platinochloride is obtained as a,yellow precipitate which is decomposed on standing more rapidly onwarming.Metanitroquinaldine Cl0H8N2O2 is much more readilysoluble in dilute alcohol than the ortho-derivative and crystallises inlong slender needles melting a t 8.'" ; it is sparingly soluble in water,readily in ether and in acids. The h?yd~och7oride C,H,N,O,HCl,crystallises in prisms and dissolves readily in water without decom-position ; the PZatinochZoride ( CloH~N20,),H,PtC16 crystallises innodules or in needles. 2Cletarnidocr.zLinaldine ClOH8N.NH is readilysoluble in hot water alcohol and benzene sparingly in ether morereadily i n light petroleum; the dry base has a greenish lustre theethereal solution a bluish-green fluorescence. It cr;vstallises fromwater with 1 mol.H20 which it loses at lOU" and when anhydrousit melts a t 104-105". The hydrochloride CloHloN2,HC1 crystal-lises from alcohol in red curved needles soluble in water withyellowish- red coloration,By the action of fuming sulphuric acid on quinaldine three sulph-onic acids are produced all of whioh probably contain the sulplionicgroup in the benzene nucleus. The chief product is named by theauthors / ~ - q u i n a l c i i n e s u ~ h o n i c acid CloH8N. SOsH ; it is sparinglyA. J. G1374 ABSTRACTS O F CHEMICAL PAPERS.soluble in cold more readily in hot water and crystallise~ in mono-clinic prisms. The barium and silver salts are sparingly soluble thesodium and potassium salts readily soluble. The other two acids areortho- and para-quinaldinesulplzonic acids.The o r t l ~ o - acid is morereadily soluble in cold water thau the ,!j-acid and is readily soluble inhot water ; it crystallises in long flat triclinic prisms. When fusedwith potash it yields orthhydroxyquinaldine melting a t 74". Para-rytcinaldiiLesulphonic acid is distinguished from its isomerides by itsgreater solubility in water. It is much more advantageously preparedby heating sulphanilic acid (100 grams) with paraldehyde (SO grams),and hydrochloric acid (100 grams). It forms small monocliniccrystals and yields parahydroxyquinaldine melting at 213" on fusionwith potash.OrthohydroxyquinaZd~ne OH.C6H3<C$ N ' C M cG> may also be obtainedby heating orthamidophenol hydrochloride (200 grams) with par-aldehyde (200 grams) and crude concentrated hydrochloric acid (150grams) ; the product is diluted with water filtered saturated withsodium carbonate and steam-distilled. It crystallises from dilutealcohol in colourless prisms melts a t 74" and boils at 266-26V" ; it issparingly soluble in water readily in benzene ether and hot alcohol.I t forms salts with bases and with acids but is insoluble in alkalinecarbonates ; the hydrochloride nitrate and sulphate are readilysoluble ; the platinochloride (Cl,H,NO),H2PtC16 + 2H20 crystallisesin clusters of yellow needles sparingly soluble i n cold water.T~trahzJdrorthohydrolryquinaldine C,H,N.OH obtained by theaction of tin and hydrochloric acid on hydroxgquinaldine is a liquidboiling at 278-28.2".Benzoic and acetic chlorides react eiiergeticallywith ort ho h y dro x y quinaldine yielding benzoic and acetic derivatives.The methyZ-derivative CloH,N.OMe may be obtained from methyliodide and hydroxyqiiinaldine but more advantageously by heatinga mixture of orthanisidine (2 parts) hydrochloric acid (4 parts),and paraldehyde (3 parts). It melts at 125" boils a t 282") issparingly soluble in water readily in alcohol ether and hot benzene.The hydrochloride sulphate and nitrate are readily soluble ; thechromate crystallises in long orange-red needles sparingly soluble incold water ; the pZatinochZo~ide ( ~,lHllXO),H~PtC16 forms sparinglysoluble ye1 low needles. Tetrahydrorthomethoxy quinaldine CloHl,N. OMe,boils at 270° is sparingly soliible in water readily in alcohol andether ; its salts give a magenta coloration with ferric chloride; a nitroso-derivative can be obtained.The hydrochloride CloH,N.OMe HCl isreadily soluble in water and sublimes a t about 150" i n stellate crystals.On heating the hydro-base with methyl iodide a t loo" the tertiarybase CloH,MeN.OMe is produced ; this boils at 260-262" yields asoluble hydrochloride and furnishes a green dye when heated with benzo-trichloride and zinc chloride. The pZutirLockloride,(ClzH17NO)2,HZPtC16,forms stellate clusters of yellow needles.Purah~droayqui.laccldine may be obtained in the same way as theisomeric ortho-compound from paraquinaldinesulphonic acid andfrom paramidophenol aldehyde and hydrochloric acid.It is notvolatile in steam but may be distilled with very slight decomposition ORGANIC CIIEMISTRY. 1375it forms spear-shaped crystals melts a t 213" dissolves very sparinglyin cold water readily in alcohol and ether and is also soluble in acidsand alkalis. The platinochloride (CloHgNO)2,HzPtC16 + 2H20 formsstellate clusters of yellow needles. 13-Llydr.oxyq~inaZdine7 CloHeN.OS,obtained from /3- q ui nal di npsulp honic acid cry stallises in co lourlesssilvery scales softens a t about 210" melts a t 232-234" and can bedistilled with slight decomposition ; it is almost insoluble in boilingwater sparingly in cold but more readily in hot alcohol readilyin ether. The sulphate and hyds-ochlorids CloHgNO,HC1 + 2H20,crystallises in long lemon-yellow needles sparingly soluble in coldwater ; the platinochloride ( C,H,NO)2,&PtC16 + 'LHzO also formsyellow needles.p-Hydroxyquinaldine is soluble in dilute alkalis butinsoluble in alkaline carbonates ; it is distinct from the ycompoundobtained by Knorr (this vol. p. 335) and probably contains thehydroxyl-group in the meta-position.l1r-inLeth2/lquitialdine CI0H6NMe3 prepared from crystallised cum-idine (Abstr. 1883 324) paraldehyde and hydrochloric acid is an oilboiling at 297-300° and solidifying a t 20" ; it is insoluble in water,readily soluble in alcohol and ether. The cliromate (C13Hl,N)2,H2Cr20,crystallises in long golden-yellow needles. a-Naphthaquinaldine,Cl0H6<,$ CH> is prepared by heating a-naphtbylamine (1 part),with paraldehyde (1 part) and hydrochloric acid (2 parts) at100-110". It is a heavy liquid boiling above 300"; the hydro-chloride nitrate and sulphate are readily soluble in water and invery dilute solution exhibit blue fluorescence.The platinochloride,( Cl~Hl,N)2,HzPtC16 + 2H20 crystallises in concentrically groupedneedles ; the chromate (C1,H,lN)2,H2Cr,07 forms yellow crystals.~-Naphthuquinaldine forms large colourless needles melts at 82" andboils above 300" ; i t dissolves sparingly in water readily in alcoholand ether. The pZatinocJdo?-ide ( C,1Hl,N),H,PtC16 + 2H,O and thechromate ( C14H,1N)z,H2Cr20 both form yellow sparingly solubleneedles. A. K. M.N . CMeHomologues of Quinaldine. By 0. DOERNER and W. v. MILLER(Bey. 17 1712-172l).-The method previously given for the pre-paration of quinaldine (this vol.p. 183) may be employed for the pro-duction of its homologues provided the aldehydes used contain primaryalcohol radicals that is CH,R.CHO. From propaldehyde aniline,and hydrochloric acid a base C12H13N,is obtained which melts a t 56',boils at 268-269" (bar. = 711 mm.) and has the characteristic odourof quiualdine; it is sparingly soluble in water readily in alcohol,benzene and ether and crystallises from the last solvent in large well-formed monoclinic prisms. The sulphate and hydrochloride crystnllisefrom alcohol in small prisms extremely soluble in water. The platino-chloride ( C12H13N)2,H2PtC16 crystallises in bright-yellow needles thepicrate C12EI13N,C'6H3N307 in yellow crystals and the chromate,( CIOHLSN)0,HzC~207 in small yellowish-brown prisms.The nzethiodide,Cl2HI3N,MeI forms lemon-yellow needles very readily soluble in hotwater or hot alcohol but iiisoluble in etrher; it melts a t 196" withpartial decomposition. On oxidising the base C12H13N with chromi1376 ABSTRACTS O F CHEMICAL PAPERS.acid dissolved in sulphuric acid an acid C,H9N02 is formed meltingat 140" aiid yielding a sparingly soluble copper salt ( CI1H,NO2),Cu.When heated with soda-lime this acid furnishes a methylquinolineboiling a t about 250" ( i e . higher than quinaldine) and the platino-chloride of which crystallises in orange-yellow needles of the composi-tion (Cl0H9N)?,H~PtC16 i- 2H20. This is no doubt P-methylquinoline,C6H4<c I CAle> and therefore the acid must be regarded as amethylpuinolirzeca.rboxyZic acid and the base CI2Hl3N as an et1~ylmetlyZ-p i n o l i n e .The formation of the latter from propaldehyde beinganalogous to that of quinaldine from acetaldehyde it is extremelyprobable that an intermediate product ethylmethylacrolein,CHEt CMe.COH is first formed and tben unites with aniline to-3 CH-form a-ethyZ-~-metl~~tpuinoline C6H4<- ' CEt->. The constitu- CH CMetion of the acid CIlHgN02 must then be c6H4<<LcH N C(CO0H) CMe->.The reduction of ethylmethylquinoline takes place less readily than isthe case with quinaldine ; the hydrogenated base CI2Hl7N obtained isa colourless liquid of agreeable odour boiling at 260-262" ; it givesa red coloration with ferric chloride and combines with nitrous acidto a yellowish-red nitroso-compound. The platinochloride is a brightyellow crystalline precipitate ; the hydrochloride is sparingly soluble(distinction from ethylmethylquinoline) and crystallises in tufts ofneedles.Propyluniline NHPhPr and the above hydrobase are ob-tained as secondary products in the preparation of ethylmethylquino-line. Propylaniline boils a t 214-216" and yields a crystallinenitroso-derivative the platinochloride of which crystallises in longconcentric prisms. Pro~ylethylquinoline CIPH1,N obtained fromnormal butaldehyde aniline and hydrochloric acid boils at 290"and yields a crystalline picrate. Buf?/lpro~ylpuinol;ne CI6Hz1N pre-pared from isovaleraldehyde CHMe,.CH2.CH0 and aniline forms abright yellow oil boils a t 293-294" and yields crystalline salts ; thennifrate is almost insoluble in cold water the hydrochloride and sulplz-ate are readily soluble ; the platinochZoride ( C1,H2,N),H2PtCl6 formssparingly soluble yellow pisrns and the picrate C,6H21N,C6H3N3C)7,large yellow plates.Hmylnmylquinoline C2aH29N obtained fromcenanthaldehyde and aniline is a colourless oil boiling between 320"and 360". It is not dissolved by concentrated hydrochloric acid butis soluble in concentrated sulphuric and nitric acids the addition ofwater however reprecipitates it from these solutions. The sulphateseparates from its alcoholic solution in needles or wart-like crystals ;the picrate C2,H,gN,CsH,( ?? 02),.0H crystallises in yellow needles,sparingly soluble in water and cold aJcoho1 ; the plafinochloride,(C2nHggN)2,H2PtClc forms large yellow plates.The hjydrogenated bas^,CZ0Hy3N is obtained as a secondary product; it yields no crystallinepicrate and no platiuochloride.The resemblance which the above bases show in their chemicalbehaviour indicates that they have a similar constitution their generalformula being accordingly C,H4< ~ ~ ~ ( C ~ ~ ~ > A table is apORGASIC CHEMISTRY. 1377pended showing the formulae 1 of the aldehydes experimented on ;2 of the hypothetical intermediate alkylacroleins ; and 3 of thequinaldine-bases formed from them. A. K. M.Constitution of Quinizine-derivatives (111). By L. KNORK(Bey. 17 2032-2049) .-The author applies tjhe term qninizine-derivatives to a new class of compounds derived from a hypotheticalNHA /\AH base quinizine of the formula HCHC C CH,CH CH2 of which the first I II I\A/representative methyloxyqninizine formed by condensation fromphenylhydrazine and ethyl acetoacetate has been already described (thisNH "IV O ~ .pp. 302 1153); the formula fy\I C& then assigned to it isI A) CH,cof nrther confirmed hy the following considerations. The formation oft,his body occurs in two stages. The intermediate compound ethylphenylhydrazineacetoacetate formed in the cold with elimination ofwater must be represented by either one of the formula<F2>CMe.CH2.COOEi ; NHPh.N CMe.CH,.COOEt.The dimethyloxyquinizine formed by replacing the hydrogen-atomattached to nitrogen by methyl does not yield methjlaniline whendecomposed either by heating with hydrochloric acid a t 200" or bydistillation with zinc-dust.Secondary hydrazines do not yield thecorresponding alkyl quinizines by condensation with ethyl acetoace-tate. These facts render the second formula improbable. In thesecond stage of the reaction at loo" ethyl phenylhpdrazinacetoacetatesuffers further condensation with elimination of alcohol ; withoutdoubt here the ethoxy-group combines with a hydrogec-atom fromthe benzene-ring and not with one from the neighbouring methylene-group it being found in methyloxyquinoline that the latter mustremain intact as the isonitrosomethyloxyquinoline obtained by theaction of nitrous acid on the base is identical with that obtained bydirect condensation from phenylhydrazine and ethyl isonitrosoaceto-acetate. The chemical behaviour of methyloxyquinoline is in com-plete accordance with this formula.It is a t once acid and base theacid properties disappearing on substitution of alcohol radicles €or theliydrogen of the imido-group. The methylene-group is no longercapable of haT-ing its hydrogen replaced by metals but otherwis1378 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.shows the greatest resemblance in behaviour to that possessed by itin acetoacetates.Dirnethyloxyquinizine (antip yrine).C9H6N( NMe).MeO "Me Me 0 = l' 2' 2' 4'].*This compound has been already shortly described (Zoc. cit.). It isdistinguished from its isomerides by containing the second methyl inthe imido-group. Under the iiame of antipyrine it is now used ex-tensively in Germany as a febrifuge.Isonitrosoanti~~yrine C IHllN302 is prepared by the action of nitrousacid on a solution of antipyrine.It forms green crystals explodeswhen heated a t 200" is insoluble in water and dilute acids soluble inalkalis and acetic acid moderately soluble in alcohol sparingly solublein chIoroform and et tier. By reduction with zinc and acetic acid it isconverted into an oily base that has not been further investigated.Nitroantiyyrine Cl~H~,N~O.NO [ NOz = 3'1 is obtained by gentlyheating a solutiou of antipyrine in concentrated nitric acid or by theaction of nitric acid on isonitrosoantipyrine. It crystallises in whiteneedles melts at 270-280" is insoluble in water and alkalis sparinglysoluble in strong nitric and hydrochloric acids from which it is repre-cipitated unchanged on addition of water.Benzylidi7heantipyrine is obtained as hydrochloride by the action ofconcentrated hydrochloric acid on a solution of antipyrine in benz-aldehyde.It has the formula C29H,8N402 = CHPh(C,1H,1N20)2 thehenzylidine being most likely united to the antipyrine-groups at the[3'] positions as the compound does not react with nitrous acid. Theiree base forms lustrous crystais and melts a t 201". The hydro-chloride crystallises in long interlaced silky needles.By heating antipyrine with hydrochloric acid a t 200" it sufferscomplete decomposition yielding amongst other products muchRniline and small quantities of methylamine.By distillation withzinc-dust antipyrine yields benzene aniline a base boiling a t 86-87'(still under investigation) and other products.Isowitrosornethy lozy q uiniz h e ,C,H,N( :NH)Me(NOH)O [= l' 2' 2' 3' 4'1,is obtained by the action of nitrous acid on methyloxyquinizine or bydirect condensation from phenylhydrazine and ethyl isoni trosoaceto-acetate. I t crystallises in orange-yellow needles melts a t 137",* I n the notation of the quinoline series 1 . 2 . 3.4 refer to the positions in the1,enzene-ring and 1' . 2'. 3' . 4' to the corresponding positions in the basic ring COD-taining the nitrogen where N = l' as shown in the annexed symbol :-1'1 N2 A/' I I 'I : yy 3I n the quinizines where thethe constitutional formula is mritten NIX = l' 2' &c.-C.E. G.K l l or otlici. similar group i q united to both 1' and 2'ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 7 379slowly sublimes below loo" and is decomposed when heated above themelting point. It is sparingly soluble in water and acids readily inhot glacial acetic acid and alcohol moderately in ether. It! is a strongacid dissolves in alkalis with yellowish-red coloration and yields ayellow cryst(a1line sodium salt).Isonitrosomethy ldiox y puinizine,C,H,( :NOH)Me(NOH)O [= l' 9' 2' 3' 47,is prepared by mixing an alkaline solution of methyloxyquinizine withexcess of sodium nitrite and pouring the mixture into dilute sulphuricacid. It crystallises in brilliant prisms melts a t 135".is soluble inalcohol and ether insoluble in acids soluble in alkalis to a yellow?iquid. Nitric acid readily converts bot)h this and the preceding com-pound into a blue compound most probably identical with diquinizine-blue.By the action of nitric acid on methyloxyquinizine an oil can beobtained which is probably methgldioxyquinizine ; it is yery readilyoxidieed to di-quinizine-blue and is converted into nitrosomethyl-dioxyquinizine by the action of nitrous acid. It could not be obtainedin a pure state.Di-metl~yZon:yp?citzixine C2,H,N4OZ is formed by heating a mixtureof methyloxyquinizine and phenylhydrazine to boiling. As it is alsoformed by condensation from ethyl diacetosnccinate and phenylhydra-zine (p. 1382) it must be regarded as formed by the union of 2 mols.of methyloxyquinizine with elimination of 2 atoms of hydrogen theposition of union being [3' 3'1.It crystaIlises in rhombic forms isinsoluble in nearly all solvents except alkalis and has both acid andbasic properties. Heated with methyl iodide and methyl alcohol i tyields diantipyrine C22H22N102 melting a t 250". The correspondingethyl compound CZ,H2,N4OZ melts at 240-250". These bases aredistinguished from antipyrine by their sparing solubility in water.Diquinizine-blue CZ0E116N402 is obtained as already mentioned byoxidation of many of the quinizine-derivatives it is best prepared bymixing di-methyloxyquinizine in alkaline solution with excess ofsodium nitrit,e solution and pouring the mixture into dilute sulphuricacid when it separates in flocks which can be crystallised fromchloroform. It forms blue needles is insoluble in water dilute acids,and dilute alkalis sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether.Itdissolves in chloroform and concentrated sulphuric acid the solutionshaving an indigo-blue colour and giving a spectrum similar to thatof indigo. J t does not dye fibres. It is decomposed on boiling it withstrong alkali o r acids and is decolorised by chlorine and nitric acid.Reducing agents convert it into di-inethyloxyquinizine. The authorassigns to it the constitutionA. J. G1380 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Action of Substituted Acetoacetates on Phenylhydrazine.By L. KNORR and A. BLANK (Bey. 17 2049-2052).-These quinizine-derivatives are prepared in similar manner to that described formethyloxyquinizine (this vol.p. 302).2'. 3'-L)i~izeth~Zoleypuinizine CgH5N( NH)Me20 [Me Me = 2' 3'1,prepared from pbenylhydrazine and ethylic methylacetoacetate,fornis a crystalline powder and melts at 127-132". It is isomericwith antipyrene. Heated with methyl iodide and methyl alcohol ityields a base melting a t 84 and anaiogous to antipyrine. A diquin-izine is not formed by heating it with excess of phenylhydrazine.Oxidising agents best nitrous acid convert it into azodirriethyloxy -q u i n i z i n e C9H5NMe,0 N-N CSH,NMe20 which crystallises inlong needles melts at 164* is soluble in alcohol and glacial aceticacid insoluble in water acids and alkalis.2'. 3 ' - A e t l t y lethyloxl/quinizine C,H5N( NH)MeEtO prepared fromphenylhydrazine and ethylic ethylacetoacetate crystallises in needleswith 1 mol.HzO melts when anhydrous at lob" is readily soluble inchloroform alcohol benzene and hot water less soluble in ether andlight petroleum. By the action of oxidising agents it is convertedinto azoethylmethyloxyquinizine C24H26N204 melting a t 160".The action of ethylic acetosuccinate on phenylhydrazine unassistedby heat gives rise to ethylic p hen ylizirLacetosucci.nate CI~N'&!N@~(m. p. SO') which by heating a t 150" is converted into alcohol andethy lic meth2/Zoayquinizina~etate7 ClPHl6N2O3 forming Crystals meltingat 138". It is saponified by heating with sulphuric acid and yieldsthe free acid. Methylo~ypuinizinacetic acid,C9H,N( NH)Me(CH,.COOH)O [ l' 2' 2' 3' 4'1,thus obtained crystallises in needles and melts at 178".A. J.G.Action of E thylic Succinosuccinate on Phen ylhydrazine.By L. KNORR and C. B ~ L O W (Bey. 17 2053-2057).-Rnorr hasdescribed (this vol. p. 1154) a yellow substance of the formuladiquinizinhydrobenzene which forms the main product of the actionof ethylic succinosuccinate on phenjlhgdrazine. By working undervaried conditions the authors have now succeeded in obtaining bythis reaction .nearly all the substances whose formation could betheoretically predicted.E t h y lic p heny lizinsuccinoszwcin ate,NH CH,.CH(COOEt)C18H2205N2 = ,!,p <cH(coori)~cH,/ 'co,is prepared by heating on the water-bath an excess of ethylic succino-succinate with Fischer's pheqlhydrazine reagent.It is onlyft)rmed in small quantity diquiuizinehydrobenzene being the mainproduct. It crystallises in interlaced needles melts at 159-160",is soluble in alcohol insoluble in water and has basic propertiesOROAh’IC CHEXISTRY. 1381Ethy lie diyheny lizinsuccin osuccinate,NH CH,.CH(COOEt) NPhCz4H,N40a = NPh’ 1 ‘C’ ‘CH(COOE5).CH2 >C<& ’is obtained amongst other products by heating for some hours asolution of phenylhydrazine (2 eq.) with ethylic succinosuccinate(1 eq.) in presence of acetic acid. It forms a yellow crystallinepowder melts at 205-206” gives off it green Tapour on heating,and dissolves in acids with a beautiful carmine-red coloration. It isdecomposed by boiling with strong acids without separation ofphenylhydrazine and does not yield a colouring matter on treatmentwith nitrous acid.Ethy lic phenylizinqziii~izinhlldrobenzenecarZ,oxylate,NHc 0.c H. C H ~ .C <APhCzzHzzN~03 = CJ34’ I I 7‘N-C-CH2.CH.COOEt\/NHis formed a t the same time as the last substance and can be separatedby boiling with toluene in which it is soluble. It crystallises inyellow needles melts a t 211-212” is insoluble in water and alcohol,soluble in alkalis with yellow coloration in acids with pale-rosecoloration. By oxidation with nitrous acid or exposure to air itsacid solution acquires an emerald-green tint which by furtheroxidation turns dirty green. I t gives off a green vapour whenheated.Dimethyl~~qzcinizinlz?/dl.obe?zzene C22H25N402 prepared by heatingthe sodium salt with methyl iodide crystallises in yellowish needles,is soluble in chloroform and toluene the solutions showing afluorescence resembling that of uranium glass ; it is but sparinglysoluble or insoluble in most other solvents.The correspondingdiethyl-compound resembles the foregoing in both preparation andproperties.By the action of nitrous acid on an alkaline solution of diquinizin-hydrobenzene a blue colouring matter of the formula C2,H,N4O isobtained; when heated it gives off purple-red vapours and in partsublimes undecornposed. The same rapours and sublimate areobtained by heating diquinizinhydrobenzene.Action of Ethylic Diacetosuccinate on Phenylhydrazine.A . J. G.By L. KNORR and C.B ~ ~ L O W ( B e y . 17 2057-2060).-E’thyH phenyl-izindiacetosuccinate 1 )CMe.CH( COOEt) .CH( COOEt) .COMe isH NPhNobtained by heating equal parts of phenylh ydrazine and ethyldiacetosuccinate at 180° and is separated from the di-methyloxy-quinizine formed a t the same t,ime by boiling with alcohol in whichthe latter is insoluble. It forms large crystals melts a t 91” isVOL. XLVJ. 5 1382 ABSTRAOTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.insoluble in alcohol light petroleum and glacial acetic acid andinsoluble in water.Ethyl dil3henylixindiacetoswccinate,HN NH1 ) CMe. C H( C 0 OEt) . CH ( C 0 OEt) . CMe/ IPhN “Ph)is best prepared by heating equal parts of phenylhydrazine and ethyldiacetosuccinate on the water-bath. It crystallises in lance-like forms,is insoluble in water alcohol acids and alkalis and is converted intodi-mcthyloxyquinizine by heating it with toluene a t 180’.NH NHA /\N-CMe CMe.NC 0.C B-CH. C 0Di-methzJloxyquin~zine C,H4< I I )C,H obtainedas above mentioned is identical with the di-methyloxyquinizineprepared by heating methyloxyqninizine with phenylhydrazine(p. 1379). A solution of the sodium salt gives white precipitateswith silver lead mercury and nickel salts a deep-blue precipitat,ewith copper salts a brownish-red precipihate with uranium salts ablackish-brown precipitate with ferric salts and a steel-blue precipi-tate with ferrous salts. A. J. G.Cystine and Cyste‘ine. By E. BAUMARN (Zeit. Physiol. Cliem.,8 299-395).-1f tinfoil is added to a hydrochloric acid solution ofcystine there is a t first no disengagement of gas the lanorotatorypower also gradually diminishes until it reaches a point where nofurther change takes place.Only a minimal quantity of sulphurettedhydrogen is formed which is not in accordance with the statementsof Dewar and Gamgee. The hydrochloride of the new base cysteineis obtained by evaporating the filtrate after removal of the tin bysulphuretted hydrogen. The base itself mn be best prepared bycarefully neutralking the alcoholic solution of the hydrochloride,washing with alcohol and drying in a vacuum. It diffem fromcystine being soluble in water ammonia acetic and mineral acids,and forms a fine indigo-blue colour with ferric chloride whichrapidly Fanishes cystine being precipitated ; this is also true of thehydrochloride although the colour is much weaker.When treatedwith potash it furnishes the same decomposition-products as cystine,and is also very readily oxidised cystine being the product formed.‘the author has assigned t o it the formula C3H,NS02; eystine beingC,H,N,S204.Concentrated hydriodic acid fails to form thiolactic acid asexpected by the displacement of NH by H.Cinchona AlkaloYds. By W. J. COMSTOCK and W. KONIGS (BPY.,17 1984-1996).-1n earlier communications (Abstr. 1880 673,1882 224) Konigs has shown that cinchonine when treated with3 1 hosphoric chloride and oxychloride is converted into cinchonineuli.loride from which by boiling with alcoholic potash a non-J. P. LORGANIC CHEXISTRY.1383oxygenated base cinchine C19H20NS is obtained ; and that this whenheated with concentrated hydrochloric acid a t 220-230' is convertedinto apocinchine C16HliN0 with separation of methyl chloride andammonia.Cinchonidine chloride CI9HzlN2OC1 is prepared by the action ofphosphoric chloride and oxychloride on cinchonidine hydrochloride ;it crystallises well and melts a t 108-109". Heated with alcoholicpotash it yields cinchine.Quinine cldoride C20H23N20C1 is prepared by dissolving quininehydrochloride ( 3 parts) in chloroform and adding the liquid to finelypowdered phosphoric chloride covere& with chloroform ; the mixtureis heated for some time then cooled in water the chloroform decantedoff and the aqueous solution precipitated with ammonia. The base maybe crystallised by adding ether to its solution in benzene ; it formscolourless crystals melts a t 151" and gives a green coloration withcahlorine-water and ammonia the coloration being much less intensetlian that obtained with quinine.I t s solution in dilute sulphuricacid is not fluorescent.0hini.n e C20Hz,Nz0 prepared by the action of alcoholic potash onquinine chloride forms colourless crystals containing 2 mols. HzO andmelting a t 81-82" ; it is solubie ill water ether and light petroleum.'l'he sulphate is rea2ily soluble and of neutral reaction. The solutioniii dilute sulphuric acid shows decided fluorescence of a greener tintthan that of quinine.Ozidat ion-poducts of Cinchine Cinclionine slid Quinine.-It has beenshown that on oxidation with chromic acid cinchonine yields togetherwith carbonic anhydride and a little formic acid a.quinoline-cnrboxylic acid-cinchonic acid-( Kijnigs Abstr. 1879,471 ; Skraup,ibir7. 656) and that quinine yields a niethoxyquinolinecarboxylicacid-quinic acid-( Skraup Abstr. 1879 809) but of the bye-productslittle is known except that Weidel and Hazura obtained a smallquantity of nitrohydroxyquinoline from the mother-liquors of cin-chonic acid by boiling them with nitric acid ; and on distilling themwith zinc-dust small quantities of /3-ethylpyridine quinoline and avery little pyridine were formed (Abstr. 1883 222).I n the authors' experiments after removal of the cinchonic orquinic acid from the oxidation products bromine-water is added,when from cinchonine and cinchine they obtained the iiisolublet ribromoxylepidine and a s o h ble bromine-compound of the formulaC,H,Br,XO.I n the case of quinine the latter compound alone isobtained. Tyibyonzozy Zepidine CloH,Br,30N can be crystallised fromboiling alcohol ; it does not melt at 280" but can be sublimed in smally uantity. It is sparingly soluble in boiling alcohol chloroform,or benzene more readily in hot acetic acid insoluble in water,hcarcely soluble in ammonia sparingly i n boiling aqueous soda ;when it is boiled with sodium-amalgam and water qiiirioline andhydroquinoline are formed in small quantity. Hydriodic acid convertsit in small part into quinoline or lepidine. The soluble bromine-compound C,H1,BrzNO + +H?O crystallises in colourless prisms,melts with decomposition a t 250" is very readily soluble in hot water,sparingly soluble in boiling alcohol nearly or quite inscluble in5 a 1384 ABSTRACTS ON' CHENICAL PAPERS.chloroform benzene and ether. The aqueous solution has an acidreaction gives a precipitate with phosphotungstic acid a resinousprecipitate with potassium mercuric iodide soluble in excess andwith gold chloride a resinous precipitate that can be crystsllised inflat ruby-red needles.Silver nitrate added to a hot aqueous solutionprecipitates half the bromine a compound being formed whoseanrochloride crystallises in clear yellow needles of the formulaC,H,BrNO,HAuCl~ + H,O.Long boiling with excess of silver nitrate removes nearly the whole ofthe bromine. Dibromocinchonine was submitted to oxidation to seeif these bromo-derivatives would be formed but the products werefound to be cinchonic and hydrobromic acids.By boiling it withalcoholic potash a base free from bromine (a dihydrocinchonine,C19H,N,0?) was obtained ; this crystallises in needles melts a t202-203" sublimes without decomposition and is readily Rolublein alcohol. A. J. G.Quinine and Homoquinine. By 0. HESSE (Annalen 225 95-108).-The author at the outset claims for himself the first noliceof the presence in the bark of the China czcyrea of an alkaloid which,if not identical with at least closely resembles quinine. To this sub-stance the name homoquinine bas been given (comp. Howard Trans.,1882 67).Objection is raised to Howard's statement that plants inthe course of their growth are capable of the mutual conversion ofquinine and cinchonidine for all experiments in this direction havefailed so that the formation of quinine and cinchonidine must be con-sidered to be independent phenomena.Homoquinine is best obtained by dissolving the crude alkaloid indilute sulpl~uric acid reprecipitating by ammoni% then shaking upwith ether from which homoquinine separates out in the crystallineform. On repeating this process twice the alknlo'id is obtained practi-cally pure. I n a former paper the author assigned to homoquinine theformula C,H2zN,02 (Abstr. 1883 601 ; Ber. 15 857) ; the numbersobtained in more recent analyses are best in accordance with aformula Cz0H2,N,02.Homoquinine crystallises in concentricallygrouped needles belonging to the rhombic system containing between2 and 2% mols. H,O ; on exposure to the air they gradually deliquesce,but may be heated to 100" without melting. Homoquinine is lesssoluble in ether than quinine; it is readily soluble in alcohol thesolution having a strongly alkaline reaction and an intensely bittertaste. With acids the alkalo'id forms both neutral and acid salts,which differ from the corresponding salts of quinine by theirgreater solubility. The neutral hydrochloride forms an amorphouspowder the acid h)ydrochlorl'de colourless prisms ; the platinoclzloridecrystallises in small orange-red prisms the neutral suZphate in shortsix-sided colourless prisms ; the thiocyanate is an amorphous powder.I n the specific rotatory power of the sulphate (1.25 grams dissolvedin 10 C.C.normal hydrochloric acid and 25 C.C. water) ( t = 15 1 =220) = - 235.6 due allowance being made for the proportionof water contained in the crystalline salt ; this value is practicallORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1385identical with that of quinine sulphate. The neutral tartrate crys-tallises in tufts of needles containing 2 mols. H20.I t was found possible to convert homoquinine into quinine by dis-solving the alkaloi'd in hydrochloric acid precipitating with soda,diaking up with ether and adding sulphuric acid. On frequent repe-tition of the process homoquinine is converted entirely into quininesulphate. This result explains how homoquinine for some time eludedthe observation of chemists A few remarks are also added on theformation under certain conditions from quinine of an anhydridewhich behaves as a definite alkaloiid but can be reconverted intoquinine so that it would appear most probable that there exist severalinodifications of quinine of which one is homoquinine.By G.MERLING( Ber. 17 2139-2 143).- Bromodimeth y lpiper idin,eamrnonizmn bvomicle,NMe,( C5HgBr)"Br is obtained together with dimethylpiperidinetlibromide hydrobromide by the action of bromine on dimethyl-piperidine both dissolved in carbon bisulphide. The separation ofthe two products is effected by treatment with hot absolute alcohol,in which the former is very sparingly the latter compound readilysoluble.The ammonium bromide which is formed in much thelargest quantity forms groups of colourless crystals is readilysoluble in water but only very sparingly in alcohol insoluble inether. It is not decomposed by aqueous pot'ash. By treatment withsilver chloride and addition of platinic chloride an orange-yellowplatinochloride (C5HgBr NMe2C1),PtC14 is precipitated. By digest-ing the aqueous solution with moist silver oxide ($ mol. proportion) aliquid of strongly alkaline reaction is obtained probably due to theformation of the hydroxide C5H9Rr NMe2.0H. This solution slowlyloses its alkaline reaction when evaporated in a vacuum the changetaking place rapidly on heating. This change is due to an intermole-cular action in which a new bromide of the formulaV.H. V.Brorno-derivatives of Dimethylpiperidine.NMe( C5H7Me)",HBr,or C5H NMe2Br has been found and is obtained on evaporation asa white deliquescent mass which can be converted into a platino-chloride of the formula( C5H7Me NMe),H,PtCl or ( C5H8Cl NMe2)2,PtC14.By further digestion of the solution after it has become neutral witha fresh quantity of moist silver oxide a strongly alkaline solutlion isagain obtained ; this when evaporated in a vacuum yields a viscousbrownish syrup which appears to be an ammonium base as methyliodide h:is no action on it. On distillation it !splits up into water anda new base of the formula C5H7Me NMe. This base is specificallylighter ihan water in which it is nearly insoluble boils at 137-142",and absorbs carbonic anhydride on exposure to the air.The plattino-chloride is soluble in water and alcohol. The base unites withmethyl iodide with almost explosive violence yielding a compound ofthe formula C,H,Me NMe21 readily soluble in water sparingly solublein alcohol1386 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.0 -8625m. p. 218'Dimethylpiperidine dibromide hydrobromide crystallises in lustrousplates ; the numbers obtained on analysis were very unsatisfactory.By the action of potash on an aqueous solution of the substance anoily base is separated showing that the substance cannot be an nm-monium bromide. A. J. G.0 *86Wm. p. 206'a-Isopropylpiperidine. By A. LADENBURG (Ber. 17 1676-1679).-Ladenburg and Schrader recently described two isopropyl-pyridines one of which was shown to belong to the y-series (thisvol.p. 1048) whilst the constitution of the second one was notestablished. The higher fraction containing it yields picolinic acidon oxidation showing that it contains a-isopropylpyridine. In orderto separate the two bases more perfectly than can be effected byfractioning the author converts them into the correspondingpiperidine-bases and separates these by means of their platino-chlorides. A concentrated aqueous solution of the isopropylpiperidinehydrochloride is mixed with t,he calculated quantity of platinicchloride the mixture warmed to dissolve the precipitate and evapo-rated to a syrup. When cold a mixture of ether (2 parts) andalcohol (1 part) is added to precipitate the salt of the @-base whilstthat of the %-base remains in solution. a-Tsopropylpiperidine C8H17N,separated from the purified platinochloride boils at 162-164" issparingly soluble in cold and still less in hot water. It closelyresembles conine in its odour physiological and other properties asseen from the following table the conine employed in the experimentsbeing specially purified by the author..-Sp.gr. at 0" .Hydrochloride .Hydrobromide .Platinochloride .Action of mercuric chloride on thesolution of the hydrochlorideAction of gold chloride. .Action of picric acid. .The small differences are probably connected with the opticalinactivity of the artificial base and will possibly vanish if it be splitup into its active constituents and the dextrorotatory componentisolated.A. K. MORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1387The Liquid Alkalo'id from Lupinus Luteus. By G. BAUVERT(Annulan 224 321-330).-The author discusses the results ofSiewert's investigations (Landw. Versuclzs-Stat. 27 52) Beyer s(ibid. 14 l S l ) Schulz's (Landwirtschaft Juhrbuch 1879 37) andLiebscher's (Bericht landwirtschaf t lichen Inst. Univ. Hdle 2 70) o nthe alkaloids contained in the yellow lupine and maintains tihat hisown experiments (Ber. 14 1150 13.21 1880; 15 631 1951 274-5 ;Annalan 214 361; Lnndzo. Yersuchs-Stat. 27 15 and 30) provethat the liquid portion of the alkaloids yields a platinochloride of theconstant composition C,6H,N,H,PtCl + 2H,O. The liquid alkalojid,which is termed Zupinindine C813JT appears to form a crystallinehydrate C8H,5N,H,0.The liquid portion probably consists of Rmixture of lupinidine and its hydrate. It does not contain a mixtuieof different bases as stated by Siewert and Schulz (Zoc. cit.)The low boiling fraction of the crystalline alkaloids from the lupineAction of Acetic Chloride and Anhydride on Lupinine. ByG. BAUMERT (AnnuZen? 224 313-321) .-A mixture of lupininehydrochloride and diacetyll npinine hydrochloride is formed by theaction of acetic chloride on lnpiniiie. A better yield of the acetyl-derivative is obtained by substituting acetic anhydride for thechloride. The product of the reaction is mixed with ether and theexcess of acetic anhydride decomposed by water.After neutralisingthe free acid with sodium carbonate soda is added and the mixtureis then well shaken in order that the acetic derivative may dissolvein the ether. On evaporating the ethereal extract diacetyllupinineremains as a heavy oil insoluble in water. It dissolves readily inhydrochloric acid and with platinum chloride yields a platinochloride,C,H,hc,N,Oz,H,PtCI crystallising in rhombic plates.contains lupinine C21H4,N,02. IT. c. w.w. c. w.Colchicine. By S. ZEISEL (Compt. rend. 98 1587-1588).-Thecrystals obtained by HoudA from a chloroform solution of colchicin?were described by the author in 1883 (Monatsh. Chew.). They arenot however pure colchicine as Houdh supposes but are a compoundof colchicine and chloroform and the latter can only be removed bydissolving in water and boiling for some time.Ililute mineral acidsdecompose colchicine into colchicezne and methyl alcohol. Colchiceine,when heated with concentrated mineral acids a t ~10-120" yields xnew base apoco lchiceine methyl alcohol and acetic acid. Whet1oxidised colchicine yields a crptalline product and when reduced i l lacid or alkaline solution it yields amorphous products which aredifficult to purify. C. H. B.Investigations on Sinapine. I. Sinapic Acid. By I. REMSENand R. D. COALE (Amer. Chern. J. 6 50-60).-Sinapine thiocyanatewas first prepared by Henry and Garot from white mustard seed andhas since been investigated hy Babo and Hirschbrunn. 100 lbs. ofseed are pressed to remove oils then extracted with alcohol andafter concentration mixed with a small quantity of an alcoholicsolution of potassium thiocyanate whereupon crystals of the sina1388 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.pine thiocyaiiate slowly separate.This method is superior to thatgiven by von Babo and Hirsch brum the product weighing 80 grams.The substance after recrystallisation is almost white and melts a t176". By boiling with baryta-water it is resolved into sincaline andsinapic acid which is precipitated as the barium salt The sinapicacid may be isolated by the action of hydrochloric acid and recrystal-lisation from alcohol and water. It melts a t 1856-192". Analysesagree with the origirial formula Cl,HL205; the substance is partlydeconiposed by boiling with water. Crystalline salts cannot be pre-pared but by digesting the acid with calcium and barium casbonates,the existence of the salts (CllH1,05)2Ca and (CIIHIIOB)zBa was de-monstrated ; the above-mentioned insoluble barium salt is CllHl0O6Ba.Acetic chloride has no action on sinapic acid but acetic anhydrideconverts it into the body C1,H,Oz(O~).COOH melting at 281";hence sinapic acid is monobasic but contains one phenolic hydroxyl,and the possibility of it being derived from the phthalic acids isexcluded.Fused with potash sinapic acid yields a dark-colouredproduct apparently containing pyrogallol - and hence it is probablybutylenegallic acid COOH.CsH2( OH)<g>C4H8. The synthesis ofsinapic acid is being attempted. H. B.Albumino'ids. By DANILEWSKY (BUZZ. SOC. Chim. 41 254-255).-The basicity of myosin depends on the number of amidogen-groupswhich it contains and their number varies in myosins of differentorigin. It always contains a small quantity of magnesium and phos-phoric acid which appear to be combined with organic radicals;although these inorganic const,ituents may be removed by treatment,with dilute acids the myosin is thereby converted into syntonin.The latter does not exist in living tissues. Syntonin can be convertedinto myosin and if the syntonin is optically active the resultingmyosin is likewise arid vice versd. Optically active myosin andsyntonin are rendered optically inactive by boiling for some timewith a 10 per cent. solution of hydrochloric acid. Besides myosin,muscular tissue contains a feebie base analogous t o nuclejin whichthe author has designated myostrol'rie. At a high temperature,and in presence of dilute acids this compound yielded syntonin(derived from myosin which it contained) chondmpeptone and lecithin,the last of which can also be ohtained from the nuclein of cow's-milk and yeast. Myosin and myostroine constitute 70 per cent. ofthe solid residue of muscle. This total quantity is uniformly foundin muscle from different sources but the proportion of the two con-stituent,s i s subject to considerable variation. It appears that themore active the work done by the muscle the greater is the proportionof myostro'ine which it contains this compound having been formeda t the expense of the myosin.Hernialbumose or Propeptone. By R. HERTH (Honatslz.Chenz. 5 266-327) .-The incomplete digestion of albumin bypepsine yields solutions containing an albumin which Schmidt andMuhlheim (Arch. Anatom. Physid. 1879 40) style propeptone andW. R. DORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1389which Snlkowski (Vi~chow's Arch. 81,1880) has shown to be identicalwith Kuhne's hemialbumose (this vol. p. 854). This paper containsan account of the author's investigation of this substance from theresults of which the following conclusions as t o the nature of hemi-albumose are drawn. Hemialbumose is a definite body in composi-tion it is identical with fibrin ; it is as insoluble in water as coagulatedalbumin. Pure hemialbumose is almost insoluble in solutions ofcommon salt its solubility increasing from a certain limit with theamount of salt in solution. Hemialbumose exhibits a great tendencyto combine with acids and alkalis. Tho compounds with acids areinsoluble in salt solutions consequently it is precipitated as an acidcompound by the addition of solutions of sodium chloride and acids.The characters of the solutions of hemialbumose and of the precipi-tates obtained from its solutions depend on its reaction with alkalis,acids and salts. Its solutions are coagulated by heat ; in this respectit exhibits a gradual change which is to be attributed to the in-fluences of the solvents. Hemialbumose cannot be regarded as theproduct of the decomposition of albumin. P. P. B.New Forms of Albumose. By W. KCHNE and R. CHITTENDEN( A m e r . Chew. J. 6 31-51).-The authors have already suggested( Z e i t s . f. Biol. 19 159) that hemialbumose is not a simple body aiidthe terms " soluble " and " insoluble " mere applied to it. Noticingan inconstancy in the manner of precipitation by sodium chloride anew method of preparation was devised whereby four different formsof albumose are separated. Protnlbumose precipitated by excess ofsodium chloride soluble in cold and hot water. D e u t e r o a h m o s e pre-cipitated by excess of sodium chloride insoluble in cold and in boilingwater but on the other hand soluble both in dilute and strong solu-tions of sodium chloride. Heteroalbumose similar to deuteroalbumose,but insoluble in solutions of sodium chloride. Dysalbumose not pre-cipitated by excess of sodium chloride but precipitated by sodiumchloride and acids; soluble in pure water. Detailed methods aregiven for preparing these bodies by pepsin digestion from raw fibrinand from Witte's so-called peptone. The mean composition of fivesamples of protalbumose and their rotatory power are given in thetable :-The variation of the angle of rotation is due at least in part to theThe behaviourDeuteroalbumose has the com-reagents used to render the solutions transparent.with a number of reagents is given.positionAnd both protalbumose and deuteroalbumose are to be considered asfirst hydrates of albumin.Solubility of Vegetable Protein-compounds in Water con-taining Hydrochloric Acid. By H. RJTTHAUSEN (J. p r . Cheri. [a;,29 360-36.5) .-The solvent action of water containing =lrn to -l-$mpart hydrochloric acid on wheat-gluten was first noticed by Bouchar-dat (Compt. rend. 14 962). The author finds that large quantities ofthe alhumino'ids of some Lepminose may be dissolved by this means,and that the greater part is reprecipitated on neutralising with analkali. The dry precipitate gave all the reactions of undecomposedalbuminoyds being wholly and readily soluble in caustic potash,hydrocliloric acid and more o r less in water containing 5 per cent.of sodium chloride. The following proportions of albuminoYds wereextracted from the various leguminous seeds examined :-9 per cent. albumino'ids.H. B.Peas yielded Vicia faba Yellow lupinsWhite beans Vicia sativa.Studies on Peptonisation. By T. CHAKDELON (Bey. 17 2143-2151) .-In these experiments barium peroxide was suspended in anaqueous solution of albumin and a slow stream of carbonic anhydridepassed into the liquid s o that the albumin should be subjected to thecontinual action of freshly-formed (nascent ?) hydrogen peroxide.After 48 hours the liquid no longer coagulated on heating and wasfound to contain-(1) a protein-substance closely resembling case'inin most properties but distinguished from it by its rotary power(- 69-52> and by the non-occurrence of coa,gulation on heating insealed tubes a t 135" ; (2) a substance closely resembling propetone ;(3) a substance having all the reactions of peptone. As in theelectrolysis of water hydrogen peroxide is known to be continuallyformed an aqueous solution of albumin acidulated with very dilut,eacetic acid was submitted to electrolysis. The products in this casewere syntonin propeptone and peptone. The aothor draws attentionto the similarity of these products to those obtained with pepticferments (syntonin propeptone a8nd peptone in the case of pepsinand globulin propeptone and peptone in the case of trypsin) and tothe confirmation it a,ffords of t.he theory that peptonisation is aphenomenon of hydration.By C. 3'. W. RRTJKENRERG ( B e y . 17,1843-1846).-Thesubstance to wliich this name was given by Valenciennes is preparedA. J. G.CorneYnPHYSIOLOGICA4L CHEMISTRY. 1391from the skeleton of the astero'id polppes and other of the loweranimal organisms. The skeleton is first treated with cold hydro-chloric acid to remove the inorganic part and then digested forseveral days at 38" successively with active peptic and tryptic diges-tive fluids. Qornezn is left as a horn-like residue and this whendigested with dilute sulphuric acid for severd days yields a hygro-scopic subst,ance which may be obtained crystallised in prisms.CornikrystaZlirL thus prepared is insoluble in concentrated sulphuricacid in which it may be preserved for years without change. Tlieauthor has prepared and analysed corne'in from Rhipidogorgia $a-bellum Gorgonia uarrucosa and Antipathes (spec. ?) and obtainedconcordant results agreeing with the formula C31N9H~0013.L. T. T

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA8844601275

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

PHYSIOLOGICA4L CHEMISTRY.P h y s i o l o g i c a l C h e m i s t r y .1391Elimination of Nitrogen in the Free State from the AnimalBody. By M. GRUBER (Zeits. f. Biol., 19, 5t?3--568).--Frorn theresults of his former experiments, the author concluded that, theintake and output of nitrogen balanced one another. Objectionshave, however, been raised, as his experimental dog lost during thecourse of the experiment 920 grams body-weight. He has, however,repeated the experiment, maintaining the dog at an almost constantbody-weight. with the same results, viz., the intake and output ofnitrogen balance each other. Rohmann found that only a part ofnitrates and nitrites, when given t o animals, appeared in the urine,and concluded from this that they were converted into ammonia, andin turn decomposed into nitrogen and water.This, however, doesnot, as the author points out, affect the question, as no nitrates ornitrites are formed in the body, and only a very small quantity ofthese would be contained in the food taken. J. P. L.Determination of the Rate of Consumption of Oxygen inthe Tissues by means of the Spectroscope. By A. DENNIG(Zeits. f. Riol., 19, 483--500).-The forefinger, usually of the lefthand, was bound round with a caoutchouc band ; then the period thatelapsed from the moment of binding nntil the disappearance of thetwo absorption-hands of the oxhEmoglobin was noted.In the same individual the time varies, according to the hour ofthe day at which the observation is made. At night it is between135-146 seconds, in the morning 114-152, and in the afternoononly 92. Children always give much lower figures.Muscularactivity, not only walking, but exercising the arms, voluntarilystopping respiration, warming the hand, all produce a diminution ofthe period, cooling on the other hand increases it even to 300 secondsIn a series of observations made by the author on patients suffeih1392 ABSTRACTS OF CHEJIICAL PAPERS.ing from various ailments, a diminution of the period occurs throughout. J. P. L.Biological Function of Phosphoric Acid. By A. MAIRET(Compt. rend., 99, 'L43-246).-The elimination of phosphoric acid isconnected with general nutrition, the elimination of phosphates, bothof the alkalis mid alkaline earths being great,er the greater thedecomposition of albuminoids, or in other words, the greater theclimination of nitrogen.The effect of muscular exertion on theelimination of phosphoric acid depends on the state of nutrition.Phosphoric acid is used up, and if the exertion is proportionallygreater than the amount and quality of the food assimilated, theelimiustion of nitrogen and alkaline phosphates in the urine isincreased; but if the diet is rich and abundant, muscular exertionlias no effect on the amount of phosphates eliminated in the urine.C. H. B.Assimilation of Maltose. By A. DASTRE and E. BOIJRQUELOT(Coinyt. yeitd., 98, 1604-16(~7).-Solutions of maltose were injectedinto the blood of the dog, both alone and mixed with glucose o rsaccharose, and the proportion of the sugars in the urine was esti-mated.No maltose was excreted in fhe saliva. The result,s of theexperiments show that maltose is directly assimilated with very nearlythe same facility as glucose.Effect of Coffee on the Composition of the Blood and onNutrition. By COUTY, GUIMBRBES, and NIOREY (Compt. rend., 99,85--87).-The authors have extended Guimaraes' researches on thephysiological action of coffee, using the methods adopted by Coutyand D'Arsonval in their investigations on mat6 (Con@. rend., 94).'l'hey find that coEee diminishes considerably the proportion ofgases in the blood, but does not affect the proportion of carbo-hydrates consumed. In other words, it diminishes t'he activity of thesimple combustions which produce carbonic anhydride. On the otherhand, coEee increases very considerably the amount of urea in theblood, and stimulates those complex animal processes which use upnitrogenous substances.I t increases the formation and excretion ofurea, and also the assimilation of nitrogenous foods such as beef.'l'he tension of the blood, the biliary and salivary secretions, and thetemperature, are slightly increased, and the movements of the heartand respiratory organs become somewhat more frequent.It follows that coffee is a complex aliment, which acts mainly byindirectly modifying the phenomena of iiutrition and the generalfunctions. It renders the organism capable of consuming and destroy-ing larger quantities of nitrogenous substances, and may consequentlybe regarded as an indirect source of available energy.C.H, B.C. H. B.Pathological Formation of Fat. By LEBEDEFF ( B i d Centr.,1684, 356).-1'he modern theories propose as the source of the nbnor-iial formation of fat in the liver in cases of phosphoric poisoning-(1) the fat of the food ; (2) the carbohydrates ; (3) the albuminoids.The first case is most unlikely, as the deposition occurs when a miniPHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 1393mum of food is given; (2) the same argument holds good ; (3) againstthis proposal the author, with the aid of experiments, urges thatthe fat which is deposited three days after the taking of phosphorusamounts to eighty times the quantity which could be produced by thealbumin present. The action of phosphorus on the blood caiises want,of oxygen, suppression of blood-corpuscles, consequently formation ofcompounds the result of incomplete combustion, physical alteration ofthe blood, and deposition of incompletely oxidised fat in the liver.Theexplanation of the migration of fat from the subcutaneous connectivetissue into the liver is as follows :-The fat in the connective tissue isnot so firmly deposited as that in the parenchymatous tissue, and thisis demonstrated by the fact that, it is almost impossible to remove thefat from the latter by ether, whereas from the former it is readily re-moved. Such being the condition of affairs, this fat can be readilyremoved, passes into the blood, and because of the presence of phos-phorus it is not oxidised, and is consequently deposited in the liver.I f there is no fat capable of being transmitted in this manner, atrophyof the liver ensues.E. W. P.Action of Heat on the Animal System. By H. SENATOR (Ried.Centr., 1884, 502).-Heat raises the pressure of the blood, but part ofthis rise may be due to the movement of the animal under experi-ment, part to nervous irritation. Breathing is at first more rapid anddeeper, later on more rapid only. At high temperatures albuminappears in the urine.Influence of Stature on the Interchange of Matter andEnergy. By &I. RUBNER (Zeits. f. Bid, 19, 535--562).-Amongmany factors which influence the degree of decomposition of matter,the effect of stature has hitherto been least studied. Regnault andReiset have shown that small animals consume more oxygen relativelythan large ones.In the present paper, the author has endeavoured tosolve the question for a particular kind of animal, the dog. Differentsized dogs were kept under the same conditions of exercise and tem-perature. The consumption of albumin was determined from thenitrogen found in the nrins; and the consumption of fat from thecarbon of the carbonic acid expired, and the carbon contained in theurine after subtracting that belonging to the prote'id decomposed. Thetotal interchange of matter is calculated in proportion to the calorificvalues of the compounds consumed. 1 gram of nitrogen correspondswith 25-64! calories, 1 gram of fat with 9.686. The following averages,(p. 1394) reckoned from the amount of urea excreted, were obtainedfrom the experimental results after reducing them to a uniform tem-perature of 15".With the decrease of body-weight, there is a gradaal increase of tlleintensity of combustion.The reason of the high figures obtained inthe case of small animals is solely, as the author shows, due to theirrelatively large surface ; the decomposition increases as the surfaceincreases, that is to say, for every square centimetre of surface anequal number of heat-units are given off, consequently the total inter-change of matter in starving animals is proportional to their surface.E. W. P1394 ABSTRACTS OF CHEXICAL PAPERS.Body-weightof dog.31.224.019-818.29.66.53.2Calories per dayper kilogram.35.6840.9145.8746-265.1666.0788.07Relative f orrnationof heat.100114128129182184247Large and small dogs consume different quantities of food stuff, be-cause the impulses given off by the skin caused by the cooling of thesurface increase the activity of the cells. For equal surfaces approxi-nmtely isodynamous quantities of matter are consumed. The authorconcludes that variations produced by loss of heat in every warm-blooded animal are the sole cause of the differences observed betweenthe material consumed and energy expeiided.From comparisons madeby Voit and Kuhein on the consumption of mat'erial in starvinganimals, it is shown that small animals consume more albumin inproportion to fat than large ones, because they possess less fat.J.P. L.The Excretion of Urea and Inorganic Salts with thepurineunder the Influence of an Artificially Increased Temperature.By C. F. A. KOCH (Zeits. f. Bid., 19, 447-468).-Several experi-ments have been made before to determine whether high temperaturescaused by artificial means influecce the excretion of urea in thesnnie manner as fever; the results, however, were very contradictory.Neumayer and Schleich found that an important increase took placewhen either men or animals were subjected to warm baths ; Bartels,Kaup, and Senator, on the other hand, came to the opposite conclu-sion, Kaup even observing a slight diminution.The author has repeated Schleich's experimeiits, a t the same timeextending his observations to the excretion of the inorganic salts(phosphates, chlorides, and sulphates). I n fever, the chlorides almostwholly disappear.The results are mostly of a negative character.The urea was not increased in any experiment ; the phosphates andchlorides show a slight decrease of only very short duration, whilst thesulphates are unaffected. As an increase in the carbonic acid expiredtakes piace in high temperatures, experiments were made to determine\vhether any direct relation existed between the amount of carbonicacid expired and urea excreted. No such relation could be found.J. P. L.Formation of Urea from Sarcosin. By E. SALKOWSKI (Zeits.P h y s i o l . Chern., 8,149-157) .-A controversy between the author andSchiffen upon the formation of urea from sarcosin.Influence of Intellectual Activity on the Elimination ofphgsphoric Acid by the Urine.By A. MAIRET (Compt. rend., 99,282-285) .--The effect of intellectual exertion, like that of muscularexertion, is closely connected with the sufficiency or insufficiency ofthe diet of the individual. The general result is a diminution in theJ. P. LPIITSIOLOGICXL GI-1- RIISTRY. 1393qnantity of nitrogen and alkaline phosphates eliminated by the urine,the amount of diminution depending on the duration of the intellectualeffort. When the diet is insufficient relatively to the work done, anadditional effect is produced, and the amount of phosphates of thealkaline earths eliminated is increased. For one arid the same diet,the more severe the intcbllectual effort, the greater is the increase inthe elimination of earthy phosphates. With a purely vegetable diet,this increase is particularly well marked.It follows from these resultsthat phosphoric acid is intimately connected with the nutrition andactivity of the brain, and that when the brain works i t absorbs alka-line phosphates and gives up phosphates of the alkaline earths. Intel-lectual activity retards general nutrition.A comparison of these results with those relating t o the effect ofmuscular exertion (this vol., I). 1392) shows that intellectual and mus-cular activity produce exactly opposite effects ; the former diminishesthe elimination of nitrogen and alkaline phosphates and increases theelimination of earthy phosphates, whilst the latter diminishes theelimination of earthy phosphates, but increases the elimination ofalkaline phosphates and of nitrogen.The effect of general nutritionis exerted alike on both classes of phosphates and on nitrogen.C. H. B.Formation of Mercapturic Acid in the Organism, and itsDetection in the Urine. By E. BAUNANN (Zeit. Yhysiol. Chem., 8,190-1!37) .--The urine of animals after feeding with chloro- or bromo-benzene does not originally contain the substituted chloro- or bromo-phenylmercapturic acid, but a body strongly IEvorotatorg, which ontreatment with acids yields mercapturic acid. The author has ob-tained the potassium salt of this compound, but cannot isolate the freeacid, as it is at once decomposed into mercapmric acid and an acidsoluble in water and alcohol, which reduces Fehling’s solution, and isprobably a glyceronic acid.The following is the general method fordetecting the mercapturic acid :-The urine is precipitated with leadacetate, the excess afterwards removed with sulphuretted hydrogen,the filtrate boiled for ten minutes with strong soda and a few dropsof Fehling’s solution, then acidified with hydrochloric acid. If mer-capturic acid be present, a yellow caseous precipitate of the coppercompound of the mercaptan will be formed. By this reaction itwas found that, only the halogen-derivatives of benzene and naphtha-lene formed any considerable quantity of mercapturic acid. Benzo-nitrile gives no trace, but forms, as Giacosa conjectured, the phenolicethereal sulphate which splits up yielding the nitrile of salicylic orparliydroxybenzoic acid.J. P. L.Inflammable Gases in the Animal Organism. By B. TACKE(Ber., 17, 1827--183O).-In order to determine whether the inflam-mable gases generated in the digestive organs of animals pass out ofthe body by the anus or through the blood by the lungs, the authorhas made a series of experiments on rabbits. The bodies of the rab-bits were surrounded with water, in order t o prevent as far as possiblethe diffusion of these gases through the skin. As the result of theseexperiments the author finds that, in the case of rabbits, by far th1396 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.stall fed.. . . . .stall fed.. c . . .stdl fed.. . . . .stall fed.. . .. .Day's milk, stall fed . . . . .grass fedgrass fed. . . .. . . .greater part of the inflammable gases emitted from the body passesout through the lungs, but that a small quantity also passes out by theanus. The author believes that if any oxidation of these inflammablegases takes place during their passage through the blood and lungs,the amount of gas SO oxidised is exceedingly small.Analyses of Human Milk. By H. STRUVE (Bied. Gentr., 1f334,503) .-Healthy human milk contains 3--5 per cent. butter-fat, andis of a sp. gr. 1*031-1*035. When treating the milk with ether, agelatinous mass is removed, but the quantity is very fluctuating.Influence of Pilocarpine and Atropine on Lactation. By F.HAMMERRACHER ( B i d Centr., 1884, 503)-The action of these twodrugs is to lower for the time the yield of milk, but their action isvery transient.E. W. P.Employment of Milch Cows for Labour. By V. BABO ( B i dCentr., 1884, 502).-It is not advisable to work milch cows whenoxen are obtainable, as the former loose more flesh than the oxen,and the yield of milk decreases.ByM. SCHRODT (Bied. Centr., 1884, 417)-The report gii-es the extremesof sp. gr., fat, and dry substance during the year ; the average of thewhole year for day's milk was 12.30 per cent. dry substance, 3.52 percent. fat. The variations between morning and evening milk are notunimportant, the dry substance and fat differing from 0.5 to 1 percent., and sometimes more.L. T. T.E. W. P.E. W. P.Annual Report of Experimental Dairy Farm at Kiel.Sp.gr. Dry substance.1 -0295-1 '0331 11 *52-12 -631 '0307 - 1 -0335 11 '24-13 -221 *0318-1.0338 11 -80-12 -571 .0321-1*0339 12 -20-13 -111 *0302-1~0330 11 -53-12 '831 -0289-1 *0339 11 -28-13 -921 ~0300-1*0331 11 -32-12 *8'7-----Pat.3 '01-3 -792 '57-3 -053 '17-3 *813 '14-4 '052 -96-4 -773 -37-4 *152 -74-4 e l 4Composition of Cow's Milk in Holland.(Ried. Ceiztr., 1884, 420).-The milk of Dutch cows is known to bepoor in fat. 18-20 litres are generally required to make half a kilo-gram of butter. The following table shows the composit'ion of themilk of a large and carefully conducted dairy at the Hague :PBTSIOLOGICATr CHEMISTRY. 13971 25-1810 *0921 '092 -750 -053 '7524 $115 -94Month.May ...........June ...........July ...........August ........Oct,ober ........November.......December .......February .......March.. ........September ......January ........No. ofexpts.105664354344Sp. gr.1.03131 -03121 -03081 *03061.03161 *03061*03101 *03131.03161 *03061 *0316Degree3 ofcreamometer.9 -067 *oo8 -108 *609 -501 2 -0011 *oc)11 *2010 *5011.5010 -00Solids.---12 -1612 -1011 -8811 *9512.2512 -2012 *0412-1011-65'12 *2012 *30Fat. -2 '822 *712 -572 *552 '902 .'is2.602 T O2 %O2.882 '83J. F.-Composition of the Ash of COW'S Milk. By 31. SCHRODT andH. HANSEN (Landw. Versuchs-Xtat., 31,55--79).-The milk was takenfrom 10 cows, which had all calved between October and the beginningof the succeeding January; samples were taken at seven differenttimes, from January till September, and analysed with special atten-tion to the ash-constituents : the first three samples were taken whilethe cows were in the stable, and the rest of the time they were putout t o grass.The following table gives the general result of theanalyses :-K,O .........Na,O .......cao ........ill g o .......Fe& .......803 .........P,O5 ........c1. ..........I----- I l- I-I--I-- --25 '8111 -7819 -712 *370 '134.0723 -1116.1526 -9410.3921 -812.750 -214.1523-1113.15' 26.3011 '9721.263.150 -084 -3822.4114 -1626 -1711.4%20 -931 "780.114.2023 -5914 *8122 -5510 *6523 *572 -66traces3 .9226.5113.4824 -9010.2621 -771 *go0 -104.3025 *4114 '52From the above figures, it is readily seen that there is no markedchange in the ash-constituents of the milk at varying periods oflactation. The small dit-ferences that are apparent seem to cwe theirorigin to change of fodder rather than to the length of time that thecows had been milked. The increase of the amount of phosphoricacid and lime in the last four analyses is probably due to an increasedsecretion of casejin in the milk during that time, the cows being thenin the pasture.The experiments were continued with some of theCOWS for a few months inore, when a more tangible depression inthe quantity of potash was n:,ted.The milk of several cows whichhad j u s t calved showed also less alkali, but a considerable increase inphmphate of lime. J. I(. C.VOL. xLw. 5 1398 ABSTRACTS UB’ CHEMICAL PAPERS.Infection of Eggs by Chicken Cholera. By BARTH~LEMY(Riecl. Centr., 1884, 419).-A hen with the disease, of which she after-wards died, laid 14 eggs which were set to be hatched, but they didnot come to maturity-opened between the eighth and tenth day therewas found a quantity of black blood, having the peculiar smell ofblood from fowls dead of the disease ; this blood contained numerousbacteria. It is clear that the secretions of the mother, containing thespores, passed into the substance of the egg, and the shells allowedsufficient oxygen to pass to enable them to develop.J. F.Bacillus of Cattle Plague. By METZDORF (Bied. Centr., 1884,419--620).-The author has observed a distinctive bacillus in theblood of animals which died of the disease ; i t was also observed inthe coats of the intestinal canal and the lymphatic glands; themicroscopic examinations were made on the bodies immediately afterdeath, so that there could not be any question of putrefactivegerms. J. F.Action of Potassium Ferricyanide on Blood. By V. MERIKG(Zeits. Physiol. Chem., 8, 186-189) .-Metahsmoglobin is formed bythe action of ferricyanide of potassium, only when the red blood cor-puscles have been destroyed, either by the addition of water, ether,chloroform, or alteriiately freezing and t,hawing, and have yieldedtheir colouring matter to the surrounding fluid.In concentratedsolutions, its action is preservative, the same as chloride of sodiumaud sulphate. J. P. L.Poisonous Action of Urea. By GR~HANT and QUINQUAUD (Compt.rend., 99, 383-385).-W hen urea is injected in suftcient quantityuucier the skin of the frog, guinea-pig, rabbit, pigeon, and dog, it givesrise to tetanic convulsions, similar to those produced by strychnine, fol-lowed more or less rapidly by death. The amount of urea in 100 gramsof the blood after death was 0.82 gram in the case of the guinea-pig ;0.661 gram in the case of the rabbit, and 0.6 gram in the case ofthe dog. The amount present in 100 grams of human blood in fatalcases of retention of urine, &c., varied from 0.21 gram to 0.41 gram.When urea is injected under the skin, the whole of it is never com-pletely absorbed before the animal dies, even if death does not takeplace until several hours after injection. Urea does not act directlyon the muscular fibre, and does not diminish the energy of its con-traction. C. H. B.Do Bones contain Keratin ? By H. E. Smm (Zeits. f. Bid.,19, 469-482).-Broesike maintains that the membranes of theHaversian canals of the lacuna: and the canaliculi consist of keratin.The author, to test this assertion, determined anew some of the chiefproperties of keratin by experimenting on bodies containing it in Rpure state. He found that it resisted both the action of pepsine andtrypsine ; a solution of caustic potash or soda of 20 per cent. dissolvedi t ; 40 per cent. solutions had a weaker action, and a solution of 4j lo1 per cent. scarcely any action a t all. Bones, howev.er, when digesteVRGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. 1399with pepsine and trypsine, left but an unimportant residue, which,moreover, was completely soluble in a or 1 per cent. solution ofcaustic potash or soda, after removal of the fat by ether.J. P. L

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA8844601391

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ITGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. 1399Chemistry of Vegetable Physiology and Agriculture.Action of Oxygen on the Activity of the Lower Organisms.By F. HOPPE-S EYLER (Zeits. Physiol. Chenz., 8, 214--228).-Fromfurther researches conducted with the apparatus described in aprevious paper, by means of which a, continual supply of oxygen canbe introduced into the fluid, the author has been led to the conclusionthat when oxygen is continuously present, the only certain productsformed, during the put'refaction of albuminous liquids, are carbonicanhydride, water, and ammonia, or some closely allied nitrogencompound ; neither hydrogen or marsh-gas, indole, nor skatole areformed except perhaps in very small quantities ; leucine and tyrosine,too, if formed a t all, are only passing stages and do not exist per-manently.Thus putrefactive bacteria behave as all other organisms,they assimilate oxygen and eliminate carbonic anhydride, water,and ammonia. In the absence of oxygen, all organisms showmore or less evidence of fermentation, but whilst the ordinary putre-factive bacterium can live some time when oxygen is excluded o rpresent in insufficient quantity, all other organisms die off. Thebacterium of the cellulose fermentation resists the want of oxygenfor a long time. Whether there are organisms that live in theabsence of oxygen is not shown. Bacteria multiply quicker in thepresence of an excess of oxygen than with an insuficiency.J. P. L.Influence of High Pressures on Putrefaction, By A. CERTES(Compt. rend., 99, 385--388).--Vegetable and animal infusions infresh water and sea water putrefy under pressures of from ?50 to500 atmos., but the chemical changes which take place, and theorganisms which are developed, seem to be different from thoseobserved when the same solutions ferment under ordinary pressure.Blood containing the bacilli of anthrax lost none of its virulence bybeing subjected to a pressure of 600 atmos.for 24 hours.C. H. B.Cultivated Wine Yeast. By A. ROMMIER (Cmpt. rmzd., 98,1594--1596).-The true wine ferment on the skin of the graperequires a considerable time and a comparatively high temperaturefor its development, and before it attains its full activity otherferments and moulds develop and produce secondary fermentationswhich impair the quality of the wine.If, however, the fresh must ismixed with a suitable proportion of cultivated wine y-east (about5 b 1400 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.15 C.C. per kilo.), ferinentat8ion takes place rapidly even a t tem-peratures as low as 15-22', and is complete in about 7 days. If themust is mixed with sugar, the latter is entirely decomposed, but inthis case complete fermentation requires a much longer time. Therapidity with which the principal fermentation takes place underthese conditions prevents the development of the secondary fer-ments, and the quality of the wine is much improved. The lorntemperature a t which fermentation takes place, and the short timerequired for its completion, render this method especially valuablefor the production of white wines.C. H. B.Water Culture of Lupines. By WEISKE (Landw. Verszcch-Stat.,30,4.37-444).-The fact of lupines producing st crop rich in nitrogenwhen grown in soils poor in that element has excited much interest,but the author believes that comparatively few cultural experirnen tshave hitherto been made with them. His experiments consistedin growing two sets of plants, one in a nutritive solution containingnitrogen, the second in water free from it. The first set of experi-ments were unsuccessful, but the second yielded better results, sixstrong healthy plants were selected, three placed in cylinders con-taining the one, and three in cylinders filled with the other medium ;this was done on 21st June, in the rniddle of July the plants in thelion-nitrogenous fluid ceased growing, and gradually faded.Theothers on the contrary had finely formed roots, and continued togrow. Other four plants were then taken, two of them placed incylinders with closely fitting lids bored to let the stem of the plantthrough, then carefully stopped with wadding so that the roots couldnot obtain nitrogen either from the air or water, two others weregrown in porcelain dishes in filter-paper saturated with nitrogenoussolution; after a short time one plant of each set died-as did theothers later on : the author gives tabular results of analyses, buts w i c g to comparative failure of the experiments they are not of muchvalue. J. F.Change in the Composition of Potatoes by Ripening.BySAARE (Ried. Centr., 1854, 326- 324).-Measurements of the averagesize of starch cells are given, and they are for large cells 215 microm.,the greatest difference being 80 microm. The smaller potatoeshave round, whilst the larger have elongated cells; the Fmallestcells measured on the average 115 microm. The author dividesthe grains into firsts, seconds, and thirds, according to size, as follows :21 microm., 21-12.5 microm., and uiider 12.5 ; these latter are lost tothe manufacturers, being washed away. The percentage of thesequalities varies in ripe tubers according to variety. Duringripening, the total weight, size, and number of tubers, size of cells,sp. gr., dry matter, and starch steadily increase, whilst sugar andfibre decrease ; when employing the table for calculating a~ailablest,arch €rom the sp.gr. of tubers, 1.5 per cent. must be deducted andplaced t o the account of loss : the number of large grains increasesas the potato ripens. E. W. PVEGETABLE PI-IPSIOLOGT ASD AGRICULTURE. 1401Influence of Krugite on the Percentage of Starch in Potatoes.By KETTE (Bied. Ceiitr., 1884, 355).--The reduction of starch inpotatoes by the use of kainite as manure is ascribed to the chlorinepresent, but if krugite, which contains but very little chlorine, is used,the results are the same-the starch falls considerably i n percentage.E w. P.Absorption of Nitrogen by Leguminous Plants. By Bo~T-TELLEAU ( f l i e d . CerLtr., 1384, 420).-An old vineyard when cleared andmanured, was cropped for t w o years with grain i n such quantity thatit was calculated all the nitrogen had been exhausted by the coi~i,yet the third year there was an abundant yield from lucerne aidcsparsette, sown bet ween the drills.Another field was well manured with stable manure, + was plantedwith potatoes, 5 with maize, and + with vetches, the second Fear thewhole field was sown with wheat, the part where potatoes had beer;yielded 30 hectolitres, after maize 28 hectolitres, after the vetches 35liectolitres, although the vetches themselves contairied more nitrogenthan the maize.J. F.Absorption of Nitrogenous Foodstuffs by Plants. By W. 0.ATWATER ( A m . Cl~im. Phys. IS], 2, 322-331) .-This paper contaiiisan account of a series of experiments carried on during the last sevenyears in various parts of the United States and Canada.Theirobject was to ascertain (1) the effect produced on different kinds ofplants by the application of mineral manure, such as calciumhuperphosphate a,nd potassium chloride ; (2) the fertilisirig influenceof nitrogen in the form of nitrates and ammoniacal eompounds;and (:3) the degree of absorption of nitrogen by the plants, from thesoil o r air.The experiments were performed with maize, potatoes, and oats ;the results may be summed up as follows :-(1.) Maize absoi*bs large quantities of the phosphoric acid andpotassium chloride manures, but relatively small quantities of nitro-genous substances; it possesses to a high degree the property ofobtaining its necessary nitrogen from natural bources.I n this respect,maize resembles the Legnminosze rather than the ceyeal plants.(2.) Potatoes seem 60 be affected by the superphosphates, potashsalts, and the nitrogenous manures, and are less apt than maize toprocure t tieir nitrogen from natural soiirces.(3.) Oats are more sensible than potatoes to a defect of nitrogen,and are more profited b j the addition of that element in the fdrm ofmanure. V. H. V.Influence of Water on the Growth of Plants. By HELLR~EGEL(Riecl. Cmtr., 18$&, 475-488).--The questioiis to be answered were :How much water does a plant transpire under normal conditions PHow much water must be present in the soil 7 And how is the properquantity of water to be retained ? Barley was sown in quartz sand,t o which had been added sufficient planLfood, aqd the amount ofwater present was 60 per cent.of the whole retainable water. Theobservations showed that the evaporation was much more dependen1402 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.on the temperature of the air than on the evaporating surfaces; ifirising temperature with dryness increased the evaporation, and vicetwsd. When the temperature remains constant, then the nloistnessof the air greatly affects the evaporation, which may in dry air beraised to double, and in moist air reduced to one-half that which isevaporated under normal conditions ; but this alteration has no effecton the physiological functions of the plant so long as the conditionof Soil remains normal.A long account of the construction of theapparatus used in this research is given. The rapidity of the aircurrents hbls much influence on the evaporation, but the effect ismuch less than those exerted by warmth and moisture. To observethe effect of light, two healthy and well-grown barley plants wereexamined, the one under a bell-jar painted white, the other under aclear glass jar, both of them connected with the ventilating apparatiisabove referred to ; other coloured shades were also employed, but allwith a similar result, that light has a very considerable influence, butnot so great as that exercised by heat and moisture.Experimenting with sunflowers, the author finds that the rise of thesap is independent of the leaves, and that moisture is carried up bythe roots, so long as there is a certain degree of water in the soil ; theminimum of moisture seems to be slightly above 8 per cent.of thedried soil. E. W. P.Formation of Diastatic Ferments in the Cells of the HigherPlants. By W. DETMER (Ann. Agronomiques, 10, 280-281) .-Ungerminated grains of wheat contain a little diastatic ferment, butthe presence of oxygen is necessary to the further development; ofthis ferment by germination.Relation of Red Colouring Matter of the Phanerogams tothe Migration of Stxch. By H. PICK (Ann. Agronomipes, 10,274-276; from Bot. Centralblatt, 16, 281, 314, 343, 375).-Inmany of the phanerogams, different organs or parts of organs arecoloured red, either permanently or a t certain periods of theirlife.The author brings together a nuiiiber of observations on theformation and optical properties of this red colouring matter,and on its relation to the transportation of starch a t certain phasesof a plant’s life, It seems probablc: that the colouring matter isderived from tannin, since i t is especially noticeable in tannin-producing plants, and experiments seem to show that as thered colour of young leaves increases, so the tannin decreases.‘I’he colouring matter itself gives some of the reactions of tannin. Instems, leaves, and fruits (e.g., apples), the red colour is only developedon the parts exposed to light, and young plants which remainuncoloured so long as they are kept in the dark, speedily redden onexposure to light, which may be white, blue, or red indifferently.Theabsorption-spec trum of the red colour is almost exactly colnplemerltaryto that of c2~lt~roph~11. By exposing portions of a growing leafof the castor-oil plant under ruby glass, or under a solution ofthe red colouring matter obtained from beetroot, the author showsthat a t the end of 15 minutes of sunlight the starch contained in theouter layers of cells has almost entirely migratcd to the subjacerltJ. M. H. MVEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. 1403cells of the circulatory tissues. By exposure to direct solar light, onthe contrary, it is the outer layers of cells which become chargedwith starch granules. By causing the leaf of a French bean to absorba solution of sugar, starch may be made to accumulate in the celllayers ; on exposing the leaf to red light this starch also migrates tothe subjacent tissues.With regard to the autumnal colouring of leaves, the lower tempera-ture increase8 the formation of tannin, which becomes changed intothe red colouring matter ; the starch accumulates by preference in thecoloured cells, and disappears with the fall of the leaf.J. M.H. M.Osmotic Functions of Living Parenchyma. By WESTERXAIER(Ann. Agronomiques, 10, 271-273) .-An account of the part taken,according to the author's theory, by the ligneous parenchyma andmedullary tissue in causing the ascent of the sap. An experimentwith parenchyma is adduced in support of it. J. A!!. H. M.Absorption 6f Water by Flower Petals.By A. BURGERSTETK(Bied. Centr., 1884, 422).-The petals of several kinds of compositeplants have the property of absorbing moisture, and the underside ofthe petals is more active than the upper. J. F.Transpiration in Plants in the Tropics. By V. MARCAKO(Cornpi. Yei?,d., 99, 53-55) .-The evaporation of water from theleaves of plants in the tropics is practically the same during thenight as during the day. One-half to three-quarters of the totalevaporation during the day takes place between 6 A.M. and mid-day,the maximum being reached between 10.15 A.M. and noon, whilstfrom noon to 6 P.M. there is very little evaporation. Evaporation isnot sensibly affected by tbe hygromet'ric condition of the atmosphere.The maximum in the morning corresponds exactly with the minimumpressure of the sap.Chemical Phenomena of the Respiration of Plants.By T.L. PHIPSON (Chein. News, 50, 37).-'l'he author showed i n a previouspaper (Chern. News, 1883) a simple apparatus by which unicellularalge, supplied constantly with fresh spring-water and exposed to sun-light, gave a constant evolution of oxygen gas. When the carbonicanhydride of the spring-water is exhausted, fresh spring-water is letinto the apparatus, whilst the old water is run off, and the evolutionof oxygen continues. Instead of renewing the water, carbonic anhy-dride was supplied to the water after three or four days' running hadexhausted its faculty of causing the algae t o give off oxygen. Thefaculty of evolving oxygen was restored, but not to any great extent,and it became less and less manifest with successive additions of car-bonic anh y d ri ds.Experiments show that plants exposed to sunlight are incapable ofevolving oxygen in spring-water which has been thoroughly boiledfor five minutes, then rapidly cooled and supplied, when cold, with smallor large quantities of carbonic anhydride.Evidently something elseis required by the plant, and this is hydrogen peroxide, which i E decom-C. H. B1404 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.posed by boiling the water. Its pmsence can be demonstrated in allspring-water, and i t is as essential to the life of the plant as carbonicanhydride is. " Respiration '' of plants is due to the reaction whichoccurs in the plant-cell, between carbonic anhydride and hydrogenperoxide, oxygen being evolred whilst ternary compounds are formedin tlie plant-cell.When spring-water is boiled, the air collected (after absorption ofcarbonic anhjdride) contains 30-33 per cent.of oxygen, instead of21 per cent. This difference is chiefly due to oxygen in the state ofhy drog e n peroxide,Manganese peroxide in spring-water exposed to strong sunlightcan be made to " breathe " like the unicellular a l p . Unicellulara l p in spring-water which has been impregnated with carbonicanhydride after boiling (and so deprived of its hydrogen peroxide),and having abundant contact with the air, will, after several days'exposure to the sun, evolve small quantities of oxygen, showing that,in these circumstances, hydrogen peroxide is slowly formed again.J.T.Effect of Depth of Sowing on the Germination and Growthof Plants. By E. WOLLLNY (B;ed. Cerhtr., 1884, 293--299).-Thereare no definite results obtained by the experiments described, but thegeneral outcome seems t o be that the deeper the seeds or tubers arelaid in the soil the more irregular and the later do the plants appearabove ground, and there seems t o be a definite depth for each kind ofseed; but this is again dependent on weather and soil. Jn experi-ments with rye, it appeared that deeply sown seed suffered much morefrom winter cold that the sliallow sown seeds, and when potatoes areset deep there is less chance of their being attacked by dismse.E. W. P.Ratio of Nitrogen to Fhozphoric Acid in Seeds.By E.HEIDEN and others (Bied. Centr., 1884, 484-486).-W. lllayer aridArendt have both stated that, there exists a definite ratio between theabove components of seeds, and Siegert considers, in the case ofwheat and rye, that the percentage is affected by manuring; Ritt-hausen and Pott are of similar opinion, whilst, Kreusler and Kernbelieve that phosphates reduce the nitrogen in the seed. The authorhas experimented with oats, rye, vetches, and peas, and finds that strawcrops are rendertd richer in protein hy the use of nitrogenous manures,but that by tlie use of phosphates alone the albumin is neitherraised nor depressed. He finds also that the ratio of phosphoric! acidto nitrogen in oats and rye is wider than is stated by Mayer, viz.,1 : 1-20-1 : 2.13 (oats) and 1 : 1.44-1.267 (rye).With the othercrops, nitrogen does not increase the albumin,-but phospbates lcwerit. E. W. P.Composition of American Wheat. By C . RICRARDSON (Cied.Qexty-., 1E484, 420-421) .-The author has examined more than 200samples of American wheat; it will be seen that it contains lessmoisture, cellulose, and albumin than European wheat. TLe primcil a1 ingredients fluctuate betwceii tlie following limits :ViiGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AKD XGRJCULTURE. 14053Iinimum. Maximum. Difference.Water ........ 6.05 13.52 6.47Ash . . . . . . . . . . 6.80 2.98 2.18Fat .......... 1-39 3.93 2.54Starch ........ 67-95 78-05 11.002.32 Cellulose.. . . . . 0.44 2.76Nitrogenous } 8.05 17.10 9.05matter.. ..The variations in the nitrogenous matter are ?arge, but in othercountries there are even greater differences, and the grain in NorthAmerica has not yet attained its maximum of nitrogen.The small amount of moisture is attributed to the American methodof harvesting.With the exception of Minnesota, Dakota, andColorado, American wheats are poorer in nitrogen than those of anyother country; the grain from the Atlantic States is the poorest, andit is a curious fact that, as a rule, the grain from those States issmaller than in the Western and Pacific States. J. F.Analysis of American Barley. (Biecl. Centr., 1884, 491.)-Analjses of several American barleys show that they are of a higheru!ass than is generally supposed, and are capable Gf making quite asBy H.RITTHAUSEN (J.pr. Chem. [ 21, 29, 359--360).--This suhst ance,C2bH51Nl1021, was formerly found by the author (Abstr., 1881, 1158)in the seed of Vicia satiun, he now finds it in V. fcrba and V. miiior.The finely-giound beans are extracted with alcohol (85 per cent.), andthe residue obtained after distilling off the alcohol is shaken up withether to remove the fats, when a substance separates in thin colour-less needles, which give the characteristic reaction for vicin, riz., afterboiling with a few drops of hydrochloric a,oid, and allowing to cool,a deep blue solution is obtained on adding a trace of ferric chlorideand then ammonia in excess. P. F. F.good malt as German and Austrian grain. E. w. P.Occurrence of Vicin in Broad Beans (Vicia faba).Composition of Lupines.By E. FLECHRIG (Lnndw. Versuc7z~-Stat., 30, 445--44i).-This paper is a report of nnmerous analrsesof the seeds and stalks of lupines. Full details are given in t>ableswliich accomp:tny it-one of them presents a summary of results (1).1406). It will be observed that there is a great difference between thenitrogenous contents of the different varieties. L. C'ruiX.sl~nnli& headsthe list with 47 13 per cent. protein, the lowest being L. kirszcfis withonly 27.81 per cent'. ; their contents in alkaloi'ds, estimated by Taiiber,are also very variable. L. albus, which is unfitted for cattle food,because of its great bitterness, contains less than other varietieswhich are readily eaten ; bitterness is therefore not a measure of thcalkaloids present; the amount of fat also is very variable, and\-arieties containing most of it have least woody fibre1406 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Name of variety.Lup.luteus.. ............White seeded yellow., ....L. hirsutus.. ............ .. albus ................Large seeded white blueL. tsrmis ...............,) Crddmnksii ......... .. angustifolius .......... .. blue lupine .......... .. linifolius ............. .. polyphyllus ..........flower,, white seeded blue flowerLupine Seeds.dEa"2:-42au --46 *1346 %827.8137.3136 -1937 -4447 -1335 *9436.3137 *9435 -5643 *2329 -7428 -4844 *9736 '0240 T 637 -9125.6640 *2640 -6138 -4839 *6432 *01~~6 -536 -488.5013'017 '4712 -5315 -837 *447 -728 -387 *9512 66Lupine Straw.Name of variet.y.Lup.luteus.. ..................\V hite seeded yellow. ...........L. hirsutus ................... .. albus ......................Large seeded white blue flower. ..L. termis ..................... .. Cruikshanksii .............. .. angustifolius.. .............. .. blue lupine ................ .. linifolius .................. .. polpphyllus ................), white seeded blue flower.. ....d :-4k aa"E u7 -256.944.253 *313 *943 *318 -694.193 '502 *134 *19---i z4 4 --0 *810 *700 -020 '510.270 -391 *oo0 '250 '290 -370 *320 *4834 -3132 '4338.3335 *6135 -1134.0733 *4330 -9 L32.9535.2334 a94 ----2 '262 '881'662 '041 '311 '271-560 -871-601.571 -90 -dP caa R$ --13 *0113 *3415 -9110.2112 -559.366 7413.331 2 -2912 .lo12-7110 -97ea0D cclRF50 -1852.2252.0656 '3056 -5258 '0351 -1160 *6958 '4256 -9954 -93 --4 43 9'84'122 -792 -942 -762 '3'73.642 '782 T 82 -752 '733 *82--446 '(105 *533 *682 '743 -123 325.213 -343 -534 *084 *04---.J.F.Peronospora Viticola. By E. MACH ( B i e d . Cent?.., 1884, 495).-Tlie following are analyses of grapes from infected vines :VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. 1407Sugar. Son-saccharine. Acids.Negrara.. ........ 5.93 p.c. 3.81 p.c.16.9 p.c.Rossara.. ........ 5.38 ,, 3.96 ,, 17.1 ,,Gropello ........ 10.12 .. 3.50 ,, 1 2 7 ,,Negrara (green j . .,, better qual-ity ............Negrara, best ....3.37 ,, 5.38 ,, 27.3 ,,3.92 ,,5.41 ,, 3-78 y ,3.83 ,,18-4 ¶,18.4 ,,E. W. P.Poisonous Effects of Arsenic, Zinc, and Lead, on VegetableOrganisms. By F. NOBRE and others (Landw. Vewwhs-Xta,t., 30,381--422).-These experiments were undertaken to ascertain theeffects of applying those metals directly to plants in process ofgrowth : the subjects of experiment were plants of peas, oats, maize,and buckwheat. The mode of culture was that known as water cul-ture, in large glass cylinders supplied with the nutritive solution em-ployed a t the experimental station of Tharaud; the arsenic wasadded to the different vessels in the form of potassium arseiiite, infour degrees of strength, viz., 3, 33, 333, 1000 mgrms.As per litre.The plants were introduced into the vessels in a healthy condition,and similar plants were reserved as control. I n all cases, the resultswere fatal, but the time varied not a little, the plants treahed withthe least quantity recovering for a brief period, but eventually suc-cumbing. Wihh all the plants, the upper leaves were first affected,the decay gradually attacking the stems ; the appearance of the rootswas peculiar, their growth ceased, and they became tinged with ayellow shade. Four plants of maize were taken and tested forarsenic ; that treated with 3 mgrms. arsenic yielded none, that with33 mgrms.nothing, with 353 mgrms. equal to 0.1 mgrm., and thatwith 1000 mgrms. 0.5 mgrm. As03.The authors think that the action of the arsenic consists either incausing an excessive transpiration from the plants, or that it preventsthe absorption of moisture by the roots. This induced them to makefurther experiments with plant's in a dark atmosphere saturated withmoisture, which they obtained by growing them under bell-glasseswith necessary precautions ; as usual, growing similar plants to con-trol the experiments. Both sets died, but those under glasses moreslowly than the others, and the result leads the authors to believe theprotoplasm of the root cells is the vulnerable point, the poison destroy-ing the power of osmose by the roots.Further experiments were made as to the limit of dilution whichwould be injurious to vegetation, and it was found that the presenceof As 1 to 1,000,000 = 1 mgrrn.of As per litre, exercised a decidediyinjurious effect on the normal growth.The authors next directed their attention to the quantitative es6-mation of the arsenic actually absorbed by the plants, and give theresults in tables, which show the quantities to be extremely minute,the roots contaiiiing most and the leaves least.I n order to ascertain the rapidity of absorption, several experimentswere made by submitting plants to the influence of the poison fo1408 AESTRACTS OF CHEJIICAL PAPERS.periods vayying from five minutes to an hour, then carefully washingthe roots and replacing the plants in the normal solution, it wasfound that some possessed greater powers of resistance than others.Experiments with salts of lead and zinc were made in a similarmanner ; the effects of the latter were very similar to those of arsenic,the death of the plant rapidly following considerable doses : the saltsof lead are not so poisonous to vegetation as zinc ; i-dj8th part of thelatter killed a plant in three days, while another plant treated withthe lead salt of same strength lasted 41 days.Carbonate of zincis the most injurious of all the salts tried, and the plants absorb moreof the metal from it. The solutions were daily agitated, so that theroots came well iiito actual contact with the insoluble precipitates, infact, were covered with the suspended matter.Both metals aretherefore poisoiious, and in small quantities act by decreming theyield of the plant.The article contains several tables of details and descriptions ofthe processes employed by the authors for the estimation of the threemetals. J. F.Behaviour of Zinc Salts with Plants and in the Soil. ByA. HAUMANN (Landw. Versuchs-Stat., 31, 1-53) .-In view of the con-flicting statements made by various writers as to the action of zincsalts on plants, the author set himself to work to thoroughly investi-gate this subject. The experiments of Freytag had shown that in asoil containing 5 per cent. of zinc oxide various kinds of cerealsflourish, and absorb also a small quantity of zinc, but no attentionhad been given t o the nature of the soil used.The author began firstby determiniiig the action of zinc sulphate on plants grown in anourishing solution containing calcium and potassium nitrates, ironand potassium phosphates, and maguesium sulphate. To these wasadded zinc sulphate in varying proportions, so that four solutionswere obtained ccntsining 10, 5, 1, and G.1 mgrm. Zn per litreres pee t i v ely .Thirteen species of plants of seven different families were experi-mented on, and in each case the plants were chosen as nearly aspossible alike, and one of each sort placed in the solution abovedescribed, but co1,taining no zinc. The results showed that theaction of zinc sulphate when given to the plant in solution is moreinjurious than has generally been supposed.All plants, with theexception of the Conifere, speedily die in a soluhion containingl U mgrms. zinc to the litre, although traces of zinc in solution areharmless : the proportion in which all the plants throve undisturbedwas 1 mgrm. per litre, the only exception being Raphantcs sat;vus.The limit a t which the injurious action begins lies between 1 and 5mqrms. per litre ; the only plant that survived a 5 mgrm. solution,with the exception of the Coniferae, wa3 Onobrychis sativa. The latteralso resisted longest the action of the 10 mgrms. solution, dying in194 days, while TyifoZiunz prntense died in 16 days, and the Conifer=flourished undisturbed. Older plants of the same kind perishsooner than younger ones, probably because of the greater numberof leaves in the former and the relativelr increased transpirationVEGETLIBLE PlIYSIOLOGP AND AGRICULTURE.1409so that greater quantities of the poison are absorbed in a given time.The action of the zinc always shows itself by a change in the greencolour of the leaves. When, however, the zinc solution is poured onto the soil, its action on plants growing therein may differ arcordingto the nature of the soil : this was made evident by experiments withthe same plants employed before, but grown in two kinds of soil-onea lime soil rich in humus; the other sandy, free from humus, andcontaining very little lime. The plants were set in pots, there beingsix ex1)eriments with each species, three in lime and three in sandysoil.Two pots (one of each kind of soil) were treated every day withdistilled water, two with a solution of 20 mgrms. Zn per litre, andtwo with a solution of 40 mgrms. In the sandy soil, all the plantstreated with zinc solution died, showing that the soil was not able t80convert the zinc sulphate into insoluble and harmless forms. With thecalcareous soil, however, the case was different ; the plants throvebetter which had the zinc solution poured on them, donbtless becauseother element?, such as potassiuni, calcium, and magnesium werethereby converted into soluble forms. The action of the zinc seemedtherefore to depend on the composition of the soil, and furtherexperiments were made to ascertain the quantity of zinc renderedinsoluble by passing through various soils.The results showed thatthe absorptive power of a pure humus soil is the greatest: woodhumus absorbed 200 times as much as the sandy soil above referredto, and over 800 times the amount absorbed by a sandy soil from thekeuper. Next to pure humus in absorptive power came a rich clayeysoil containing lime, then the other soils according to their richnessin humus and alkaline earths. Alumina appears to be a veryactive agent in rendering zinc sulphate insoluble, the sulphuric acidbeing also thrown down a t the same time. The presence of zeolitesin soils causes a decomposition of zinc sulphate, sulphates of calcium,magnesium, &c., going into sclution. Direct experiments with cal-cium and magnesium carbonates showed that these have the powerof precipitating the whole of the zinc from solution.The question as to whether insoluble zinc salts, introduced as suchinto the soil, prove injurious to plants has been answered by all pre-vious workers in the negative.The author tried the solubility ofzinc carbonate and sulphide in water charged with carbonic acid, andfound that solution took place in both cases to a considerable extent,so much so, that plants immersedin theliquid perished as in solutionsof zinc sulphate : the action of the carbonic acid was, llowever, con.sitlerably lessened by the presence of other carbonates, so that this factcan have no bearing on the solution of zinc by water in the soil, a tleast not to any ihjurious extent : he concludes, therefore, that in-soluble zinc salts in the soil are harmless to plants.The specific action of zinc on the vegetabie organism consists in adestruction of the chlorophyll colouring matter, and a, consequentstoppage of the whole process of assimilation.By WEISKE and others (Bied.Cmtr.., 1884, 464-449).--Lupines, maize, am1 lucerne were siloed in bJrrels, and after sometime the silage was analysed and compsed with the fresh snbstaute.J. K. C.Ensilage1410 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Fresh'The analyses were conducted in the usual way after the silage h a dbeen extracted with cold water and the volatile acids (butyric) esti-mated in the extract by volatilisation, and the non-volatile (lactic) bytitration.Lupines (fresh) lost 3 per cent.water and 22 per cent. dry matter.Nitrogenous matter .... 20.88 19.88Below are given the analytical resnlts.Fresh. Silage.Silage(alkaline).-2.30 p.c. lactic ............. ,, butyric Oils, &c.. 4.48 13-43 { 3.58Fibre ................ 30.19 31.5 7Loss of water ......,, dry matter ..Nitrogenous ........Ether extract ......Bibre.. ............Ash .............. Non-nitrogenous ....Extractive ............ 38.22 28.03Ash.. ................ 6.23 7.043 -82'7 -126 *69 23 *254.44 8 *7922.54 28-6337 *12 28 -529.21 11-41-- ---Maize (stamped solid) after 112 days lost 2.4 per cent. H,O and26.1 per cent. solids.Freeh. Silage.Nitrogenous. ........... 9.50 8.00--3.47 lactic . ....... Ether extract -. 2.14 13-43 { 7.45 butyricFibre ................33.89 32.39-28 -5025-94 21.444-91 8.5822-90 30.4037.32 26-838.93 12.75-- -___Extractive ............ 42.29 34.55Ash .................. 12.18 11.63--25-005.0123.5737.528.90Maize looszly packed lost 35.8 per cent. dry matter.Nitrogenous ........... 9.31 6-63---20.946.7529.6230.2012.492-31 lactic7-34 butyric .......... Et'her extract 2.42 11.06 {Fibre.. ................ 32.37 35-60Non-nitrogenous ........ 45 02 $4 84Ash .................. 10.88 11.87Lucerne was siloed closely ( l ) , slightly pressed (2), and not pressedat all (3), with the following results :-I I I IFresh. Silage. Fresh. I i I I3.Holdefleiss examined two specimens of green maize silage which haVEGETABLE PHPSJOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.141 1lost, the one about 49-50 per cent. dry matter, the other about 10per cent., and this latter had laid in cocks on the field for four weeks.He recommends this plan, as a good fodder is produced, and the har-vesting does not clash with that of the potatoes and roots. Wood givesanalyses of hay silo which contained 0.34-0.55 per cent. acetic acid.G. Nasir has followed Goffart’s method, in which the silage does notbecome acid, and finds it. succepsful. (See Fry’s method in “ MarkLane Express,” 1884. Abstractor.) E. W. P.By A. EMMERLING(Bied. Centr., 1884, 472-475).-Various forms of fungoid growthshave been found in earth-nut and other cakes, and may be obtainedby treating the powdered cake with a little water f o r 24 hours a t 35”.The principal forms of schizomycetes observed were micrococcus,bacteria, and bacilli ; a t times leptothrix and cladothrix were ob-served, and in a few cases sarcina and spirilla.Of the 52 samples,61 per cent. contained some of these growths; of cotton-cake andmeal, 40 per cent. were infected, many containing a very high per-centage of bacteria and bacilli, and it is to the presence of so marlyin this kind of food that the ills which often follow its use mag bePresence of Mildew, &c., in Cattle-foods.ascribed. Short accounts about several other cakes (linseed, &c.j aregiven. E. w. P.Cotton-cake as Fodder for Milch-cows. By DE LA TROHOEKA~S(Bied. Centy., 7 884, 31 1) .-Under adverse circumstances decorticatedcotton-cake considerably raised the yield of milk.By J.TIMM and others (Bied. Centr.,1884, 487-490). -Timrn finds Chicago Early the heaviest cropper,and that Richter’s Imperator is the best to grow for importation toEngland. An anonymous writer has tried growing large and smallsets to discover which gives the best yield, and finds that it is best toset one large set (say 100 grams) instead of smaller sets of 25 grams ;also that 4 sets of 25 grams apiece yield as well as one set of 100 grams.Marckes has come to a similar conclusion. E. W. P.Horse-chestnuts as Cattle-food. By KAEHLER (Bied. Centr.,1884, 386) .-According to the author, the fruit of the horse-chestnutdeserves more attention as fodder than it has yet received ; he has fedcattle with it for eight years, the only objection being the smallness ofthe supply.He gave each auimal 2 metzen (about 7 litres) twicedaily; they were eaten readily, especially when young, when theyjust commencad to fall. Swine did not take to them so readily, butthe author thinks that> if they were shelled and deprived of their bitterprinciple they would be eaten. A small stock of Southdown sheepwas fed regularly every winter. Some of the chestnuts were driedand ground ; they were then readily eaten by young cattle. Klein’sanalysis gave for the meal 10.06 per cent. of protein, 4.83 per cent. ofash. J. F.E. W. P.Cultivation of Potatoes.Drying of Exhausted Beet-residues. BV J. H. REINHART (Bird.Cent,.., 1884, 415) .-The exhausted secCuions of beet are found to yiel1412 ABSTRACTS OF CHEJIlCAL PAPERS.n very large proporttion of their moisture to pressure, provided theylinve been previously torn so as to open the cells.A mass is thusobtained containing 20-40 per cent. dry matter, easily treated after-wards by ordinary means of drying, and capable of being made intoconvenient cakes, &c., for purposes of fodder.By E.HEIDEN and others (Bied. Centr., 1884, 437--446).-These experi-ments were conducted during the years 1869-78, and had for theirobject the most economical and satisfactory treatment of uncultivatedland, so as to render it fit for cropping. The manures were lime,potassium and ammonium sulphate, and calcium phosphate, the cropsbeing cereals, lepminosze, and potatoes.Full details of the experi-ments are giveu, accompanied by several tables. The r e s u h are asfollows :--First season: lime in autumn, plough in and ridge, andin spring plant potatoes, but not straw crop, giving also nitrogen andphosphates ; next follow with oats manured as for pcjtatces, after-wards vetches or peas with bone-meal, again leaving the ground inthe ridge during winter. Fourth crop should be potatoes with potashas kainite, this mixed with soil should be ploughed in with stubble,and nitrogen and phosphates applied in spring.Preparation of Farmyard Manure. By P. P. DEH~RAIN(Comyt. rend., 99, 45-47).-Straw oxidises only under the influenceof an aGrobic ferment, and seems to be free, as a rule, from activeanaGrobic ferments.Farmyard manure can undergo two kinds offermentation, viz., neutral, in which carbonic anhydride, methane,and nitrogen are given off, and acid, in which carbonic anhydride,nitrogen, and hydrogen are evolved, and butyric acid is formed.Occasionally both kinds of fermentation take place a t once, and theevolved gases contain both methane and hydrogen, but in such caseone gas is always present in much larger proportion than the other.It seems probable that the anahobic ferments present in farmyardimmure are derived from the alimentary canals of the animals, andaccording to their relative abundance and the conditicns in whichthey art: placed, they produce one or the other kind of ferrnenta-tion. C. H. B.J. F.How to bring Heavy Raw Soils into Cultivation.E.W. P.Fermentations of Farmyard Manure. By P. P. DEH~RAIN(Am,. Agronomiques, 10, 385--609).--Aerobic E'ermentatioic of Sh-aw.-At 40" straw cut into small pieces and moistened with water givesrise to an evolution of carbonic anhydride which is nearly const'antfor the first few days and then gradually diminishes. This action isdue to microbes, for it is almost entirely prevented by chloroform.The liquid contains a multitude of small and very active vibrios. A t11 0" and 120°, however, slight oxidation occurs without the interven-tion of ferments.Aerobic Fermentation of Man~ue.-The gases evolved by differentlayers of a manure heap in different stages of fermentation have beenexamined. The gas evolved near the top of a heap is composed ofcarbonic anhydride and nitrogen, that from the middle containTEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. 1413marsh-gas in addition, and that from the bottom, when there is noaccess of air, often contains nothing but carbonic anhydride andmarsh-gas. The rise in temperature of a fermenting dung-heap isoccasioned entirely by atmospheric oxidation, and does not takeplace if air be excluded, but the production of marsh-gas goes on inthe absence of air.A drop of liquid from a fermenting dung-heap isfound to be full of very active elongated microbes refracting lightstrongly when not exactly in focus ; they are much larger than theorganisms found in the infusion of straw. The oxidation of thecarbon of this liquid is greatly diminished but not prevented bythe addition of chloroform ; the evolution of arbonic anhydride in adung-heap appears therefore to be due partly to fermentation andpartly to simple oxidation.Anaerobic Fermentation of Straw.-If cut straw be placed in water andkept, at 40-45" with or without the addition of alkaline phosphates,nnaGrobic fermentation occasionally takes place as soon as the oxygeno f the liquid has been used up, and results in the production ofhydrogen or marsh-gas.The marsh-gas fermentation of farmyard maanre may be observedby placing the manure in a flask and collecting the evolved gas overmercury.The evolution of gas proceeds for some days and thenalmost stops ; it may be renewed by temporary exposure of the con-tents of the flask to the air; after a few days it will again stop,and may be renewed as before.If the flask is heated for some hoursat 85", or if chloroform is added, the production of marsh-gas ceases.The liquid portion of the manure contains short brilliant vibrioa,accompanied by a great number of spores. An alkaline reaction ismaintained throughout the fermentation. Occasionally hydrogeninstead of marsh-gas is produced by the fermentation of farmyardmanure; in this case an acid is developed, which appears to bebutyric acid. The organism present in this case is exactly similar tothat which is present when marsh-gas is produced, and does not re-semble the ordinary butyric ferment. When a solution of sugar ordextrin with suitable minerals is fermented with a drop or two ofthe liquor from a manure heap, hydrogen is produced, but when paperis used instead of sugar or dextrin the fermentation is slower, andmarsh-gas is evolved.Sometimes, however, the two gases appeartogether whichever material is employed. When straw is used as thembject of a fermentation excited by a drop of manure liquor,marsh-gas is more frequently produced, generally free from hydro-gen, but sometimes mixed with it. As much as 500 C.C. of gas canbe obtained from 10 grams of straw in 48 hours. On the whole itappears probable that there are two distinct ferments, one causingthe evolution of hydrogen and the other that of marsh-gas, and thatthey are conveyed to the manure heap from the intestinal canals offarm animals.Tappeiner has found in the intestinal canal of t;heHerbivora organisms which attack cellulose, and cause the evolutionof the two gases mentioned.LOSS of Nitrogen during the Fermentation of FarmyardManure. Ey H. JOULIE (Ann. Agrononziques, 10, 289-301) .-SixVOL. XLVI. 5 cThis fermentation is however exceptional.J. 31. H. M1414 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.mixtures were made of broken straw 75 grams, horse-droppings50 grams, putrid urine (human) 300 c.c., and distilled water 275 C.C.Each of these mixtures was placed in an inverted bell-glass furnishedwith a tubulure, through which passed a cork and glass tube to con-duct away the excess of liquid into a conical beakel.. To restrictevaporation, the bell-glasses were covered with glass plates.Thefirst mixture received no addition. To the other five were added:(2), 10 grams of mineral phosphate of lime ; (3), 10 grams mineralphosphate and 10 grams of gypsum ; (4), 10 grams mineral phosphateand 10 grams calcium carbonate ; (5), 10 grams calciuru carbonate ;and (Fi), 10 grams gypsum. A seventh mixture was also made ofstraw 150 grams, horse-droppings 200 grams, urine 400 c.c., water850 c.c., and this mixture was placed in a larger bell-glass than therest, so as to expose a greater surface to the air. The mixtures wereallowed to remain from February 18th, 1883, t o September lst, 1883,and every two or three days the liquor in the beakers (representingthe drainings from a dung-hill) was poured back over the manure inthe bell-glasses. On April 15, there not being enough liquid tomoisten the samples, 100 C.C. of water was added to each.OnSeptember lst, 1883, the experiments were terminated by transferringthe liquid portion of each mixture to a litre flask, and making up tothe mark with the washings from the solid portion. The amount ofdry matter contained in solid and liquid was estimated in each case,and compared with that originally present. The humus acids- con-tained in the several liquors were also estimated by precipitationwith hydrochloric acid, and the nitrogen present in the three forms(nitric, ammoniacal, and organic) was determined in both the solidand liquid portions of each sample. In addition, complete analyseswere made of Nos. 1 and 7 (which received no addition), provingthem to have the same general composition as well fermentedfarmyard manure, except that they were deficient in potash andmagnesia, in consequence of the substitution of human urine for thatof cattle.The same changes, in fact, had been produced as occur inthe fermentation of dung, the length of time during which the experi-ments lasted compensating for the lower temperature at which theywere carried on. The loss per cent. of dry solid matter present, andthe amount of brown humus acids formed are shown in the annexedtable :-Loss per cent.of dry matterintroduced.Without, addition. ....... 53-71With phosphate ........ 57.93With phosphate and} 49.74 gypsum. ...........bonate ............ With phosphate and car-} 56.35With carbonate. .........58.00Without addition. ....... 56.20With gypsum .......... 52.61Brown acids percent. of organicmatterintroduced.1.3860.924traces0.9240.963traces1.30VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND XGRICULTVRE. 1415Gypsum, therefore, in the proportions used, almost totally preventsthe formation of the brown humns acids.The amount and distribut'ion of the nitrogen present in t,hematerials and in each fermented sample, are shown in the annexedtable :-Materials of Experi- f ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ Iments 1-6 lurine ......Total.. ............Manure No. 4{ lii;id.. ..........Total.. ........................Total ......................... ........ ..........Total.. ............Manure No. , { IiqGd. ...........solid ............Total.. ............Ammoniacal.nonenone2.8322 %230 -6980 -7191 *41.7-------1 *0930 *3500 *4880 9380 -2310 -6940 -925--------nonenone3 *7763 -7760.3320 -2230 -555-------Nitrogen, grams.Nitric.---nonenonenonenone--~~ ~nonenonenonenonenonenone0 -044none0 * o anonenone------------nonenonenonenone0 -0660 -0000 *066---__.--nonenonenonenonenonenonenone-------Organic.0 -3740 *6460 -096---1 * 1150 *1631 *6551 -828--0 -1431 -541I.*684--0 *0651 -4901 -5550 -1151 *5051 -620----0 '1191 -3881 -5070 -1141 *5911 *6150.7482 -5820 -1283 '4580,3004 *8415 -141--------------Total.0 -3740 -6452 9283 -9170 *8612 '3743 -235--0 *'is72 '3283 -1150.4971.9112 '4080'6'732 -040------2 9130 -4691.8762 *3450 -4112 -195--2 -6060 *7482 *5823 .go17 '2340 6325 *@645 -696---__-5 c 1416 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.There is thus in every case a large loss of ammoniacal nitrogen,ranging from 49.47 to 85.30 per cent.of the quantity introduced. Onthe other hand, there is a gain of organic nitrogen, raiiging from35.15 to 63 per cent. of the original quantity. A portion of theammoniacal nitrogen has therefore become fixed on the organicmatter, mostly in the insoluble form. The following table showsthe proportion of original ammoniacal nitrogen which had becomethus transformed, and, on balance, the proportion absolutely lost :-No. 1.Without addition .............,, 3. With phosphate and gypsum . .,, 4. With phosphate and carbonate.... 2. With phosphate ................ 5. With carbonate .............. .. 6. With gypsum ................ .. '7. Without addition ............Ammoniacal nitrogen per cent.of that introduced.Disappeared.49 *9649 '47'71 -4361 -40"0.4167 -3485 -30Trans-formed.24 *8220 *0917 *0917 '8313.8419 -9844 -54Absolutelylost.25 *1429 '3854 *3443 '5756 -5747 -3640 -76-This important and absolute loss of nitrogen, ranging from 25.14to 56.57 per cent. of the ammoniacal nitrogen originally present, mustbe due either to volatilisation of ammonium carbonate or to destruc-tion of ammonia by the fermentative action of microbes.Seeing thatt'he temperature in these experiments was much lower than prevailsin a dung-heap, and that evaporation was restricted as much as pos-sible, the author concludes that the loss in actual practice is stilllarger. A comparison of experiment 7 with experiment 1 proves thatthis loss is greatly increased by the larger surface exposed to the airin a thin layer of manure.Of the substances so often recommended to be added to manure-heaps as absorbents of ammonia, it is seen that gypsuni, a t anyrate, exercises a positively injurious effect, whether used alone or inconjunction with mineral phosphate. This effect is accompanied bya slight nitrification, and an almost total absence of soluble brownacids-the liquors in experiments 3 and 6 being almost colourlees.The loss of nitrogen is also increased by carbonate of lime.J.M. H. M.Loss of Nitrogen during the Fermentation of FarmyardManure. By C. BRAME (Compt. rend., 99, 390--392).-The floorof the stable is dug out to a depth of 0.6-1.5 metre, the sides of theexcavation plastered to render them air-tight, a layer of light soil,0.3-0.4 metre in depth, is placed on the floor, and over this a layerof straw, furze, &c., to a depth of 0.06-0.1 metre. The liquid excre-ment from the animals filters through the straw, &c., into the soilbeneath, which, after a time, becomes black, and forms an excellenVEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRlCULTURE.1417manure. The upper part of the straw remafins dry, and the healthof the animals is improved. By this method the loss of ammoniaduring fermentation is practically prevented.Loss of Nitrogen by Organic Matter during Putrefaction.By A. MORGEN (Lasidw. Versu,clLs-Stat., 30, 429-436) .-The authorrefers to Konig’s researches on this subject, with the general resultsof which he agrees. Nitrogen certainly escapes in a gaseous formwhich cannot be retained, like ammonia and nitric acid, by ordinaryyeagents, and he recommends farmers to add either gypsum or earthcontaining humus t o fermenting bone-meal, fish guano, and such likematters, and to keep the heap moist.The author believes the theory of the process to be that ammoniais formed during putrefaction, in the presence of oxygen.If noabsorbent is present, such as gypsum, kainite, earth, &c., and if themoisture is insufficient, the decomposition continues, and the oxygenburns up the ammonia into nitrogen and water ; in the presence ofsuitable absorbents, the process is arrested at the formation of am-monia. The author refers to the researches of Carius, de Saussure,and Armsby, as supporting his view that the process is one of oxida-tion caused by free access of air to the decomposing mass.Comparative Nitrifying Action of certain Salts. By P.PICHARD ( A m . Agronornipues, 10, 302-315) .-The salts experimentedwith were the carbonates and sulphates of potassium, sodium, calcium,and magnesium.Each of these salts was added, in something like theproportion actually found in soils to a mixture of powdered arachidacake with pure siliceous sand, the arachida cake representing thenitrogenous organic matter of soil, and being present in such quantityas to give N = 0.15 per cent. of the mixture. I n two instances, thearachida cake was replaced by ammonium sulphate. The mixtureswere made up May 30, 1883, and were placed in glass vases and keptmoistened with water and sheltered from rain and dust. OnAugust 30, slight nitrification had taken place in the mixtures contain-ing ammonium sulphate, but not in those containing arachida cake.The author attributes this slight idrification of the ammonium sul-phate to simple oxidation.On August 31, about 0.75 per cent. ofdry soil was added to each vase in order to start nitrification. OnMarch lFi, 1884, the quantity of nitrate formed in each mixture wasestimated in an aqueous extract by the indigo process. The percent-age of total nitrogen added, which had nitrified by this time, was inthe mixture containing potassium carbonate 4.96, sodium carbonate2.14, calcium carbonate 26.15, magnesium carbonate 244’7, potassiumsulphate 12.59, sodium sulphate, 15.61, calcium snlphate 28-82,magnesium sulphate 3.94. I n all the above mixtures, the sand em-ployed was coarse. In a similar set of vases in which fine sand wasemployed, the percentages of total nitrogen nitrified were as follows :with potassium sulphate 20.86, sodium sulphate 24.96, calcium sul-p k t e 46.29, magnesium sulphate 11.55, no salt added, 4.86.The twomixtures containing ammonium sulphate instead of arachida cakeyielding the following results : coarse sand with calcium carbonateC. H. B.J. F1418 ABSTRACTS OF CHEXIOAL PAPERS,3.86 per cent. of the nitrogen nitrified, with magnesium caybonate3.18 per cent. The remainder of the ammonia in both these caseshad disappeared, the author supposes by conversion into carbonatearid volatiiisation. These experiments seem to the author to demon-strate the very great superiority of calcium sulphate as a nitrifyingagent, and he arranges the salts experimented with in the order ofthe figures given above." He also draws a number of conclusions asto the employment of gypsum and its mode of action as a dressingfor soils.J. M. .H. M.Comparison of Peat and Straw Litter. By M. FLEISCHER(Ilied. Centr., 1884, 500).-Under nine cattle was strewn, for sixdays, 2.50 kilos. of rye straw, and for another six days 187.5 kilos. ofpeat litter ; the cattle were fed with chaff, hay, roots, and grains. Thelitters yielded, of dry matter, 17.98 per cent. (straw) and 17.11 per cent.(peat). The whole was anslysed, and the results are given in theoriginal, which show that the peat is better adnptcd than the strawto retain the easily soluble nitrogenous matter.Utilisation of Human Excreta. By H. ESGLER (Ried. Centr.,1884, 411-412).-This paper is a report of the working of a pro-cess in use at Freiburg for the treatment of sewage.The solidmatters are precipitated by a preparation of manganese, and sub-jected to a modified process of distillation. The poudrette obtainedcontains 2.1 to 3.0 per cent. of nitrogen. The water from theoperation contained 124 to 15& per cent. of solid matter with am-monia 0.02 per cent. As yet, thewells in their neighbourhood have not been contaminated.Chili Saltpetre for Sugar-beet. By F. M~LLER and others(Bied. Centr., 1884, 303).-Muller remarks that the start given tothe roots by this manure enables them to resist the attacks ofinsects. Eggers applied Chili saltpetre to some roots, Co others am-monia and phosphates, all of equal money value. All roots sufferedfrom wire-worm, and the saltpetered roots polarised lower in themiddle of September, but in October no difference could be distin-guished between these and the other crop, except that the yield washigher where the Chili saltpetre had been used. In t.he succeedingyear, as the saltpetre seemed to have lowered the percentage of sugar,part of it was replaced by phosphates, but with a similar result.Kahmann thinks this manure of no great value.Deecke finds thecharacter of the soil an important factor, humous soils requiring am-monia, cold poor soils Chili saltpetre. Weinrich considers the ratio ofnitrogen to phosphoric acid may be 2 : 3 without harm ensuing; butall concur in considering that roots manured with Chili saltpetre ripenthe soonest. E. W. P.E. W. P.This water is run into deep pits.J. F.* The author does not seem to have made my examination for nitrite.? in hisnlixtures.Judging from the extent of nitrification, nitrites must hare been presentin most, if not in all, and their presence entirely ritiates any conclusions drawn fromestimations by the indigo process as to the comparative amounts of nitrogen nitri-fied.-J. M. II. &IVEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. 1419Chili Saltpetre for Barley. By KLAWITTER (Bied. Centr., 1884,355).-The application of this manure to barley in Posen was fol-lowed by an increased yield when 1 centner per morgen was given atone time ; bo apply one-half that quantity a t sowing and the otherhalf as top dressing was of no advantage.Manufacture of Bone-meal. By J. KONIG (Bied. Centr., 1884,300-303).-Bone-meal prepared by the d d and new methods, re-moval of the fat by steam, and removal by means of benzene, arecompared, with the result that the modern process yields a manurefreer of fat, and hherefore far more valuable as a manure, and a t aE.W. P.lower price ; moreover the percentages of nitrogen and phosphatesare raised. E. W. P.Manurial Experiments at Reims. By A. MANTEAU (Bied.Centr., 1884, 383-386).-Ten farmers in the vicinity of Reims agreedto carry out certain experiments on similar lines. The soil of eachplot was analysed by Joulie, and ten mixtures of manures were madeup and applied, so as nearly as possible to supply the deficiency offertilising ingredients in the soils. The who12 of the plots were thensown with wheat.Unfortunately the season in which the experiment was carried outwas most unfavourable, the winter being very wet, the spring cold,nud the summer rainy, so that the results differed very little in all theplots.The results might have been valuable had the season beennormal. J. F.Manuring Barley. By H. WATER.LING (Bied. Centr., 1884, 305).A mixture of 100 kilos. Chili saltpetre with 50 kilos. superphosphateper morgen brought the highest yield of grain and straw, whilst" super " alone brought less than the unmanured land. This heavyinmuring paid for itself and left a surplus? which was not the casewith the other plots. E. W. P.Potatoes with Lime as a Manure. By E. HEIDEN and others( n i e d . Centr., 1884, 449453).-Potatoes are subject to " scab," ofwhich there are two forms ; the one due to Rhizoktonia solani (Kuhn)consists of slight elevations on the skin, and does not deteriorate thetuber, whilst the other penetrates deeper, forming depressions pene-trating below the skin.The origin and prevention of this latter formof disease is as yet unknown. It has heretofore been ascribed tolime, but fresh lime in the soil does not produce the disease, aithoughin the second year of liming the disease appears. Some (Heiden)hold that the decomposition of the ammonium salts in the soil by thelime is the cause, but the quantity of free ammonia likely t o be pre-sent (0.003 per cent.) is too small to cause corrosion (Marcker).Schulze states that potatoes manured with farmyard manure are mostliable to the disease.Heiden finds that lime greatly assists potatoes,in that it sets free ammonia, which is then converted into nitrates.Miircker adds that this aid to ripening has been often observed, andit also is produced by marlitig, but ne doubts the explanation, fo1420 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.nitrates retard instead of assisting the ripening process. In the placeof Heiden’s theory, he proposes as it reason that lime assists the forma-tion of carbonic anhydride ; this then sets free a larger quantity ofsoluble nutriment, and also phosphates, which are known Bo assistripelling. E. W. P.Beet Culture with Artificial Manures. By PETERMANN (AWLAgro.nomiq~ie.s, 10, 241-262 ; Bied. Centr., 1884, 370--383).-Theexperiments detailed in t8his paper were conducted on the loam soil ofGembloux, containing per hectare to a depth of 20 cm.about800 kilos. N, 1700 kilos. P205, 2000 kilos. K20, 6200 kilos. CaO, and4400 kilos. MgO. Over 90 per cent. of the phosphoric acid is solublein ammonium citrate. Nitrogenous manures are usually found veryefficacious, whilst potash produces little or no effect. Although thesoil is well supplied with phosphoric acid, the repeated use of Chilisaltpetre alone as a manure is found after a few years to necessitatethe addition of artificial phosphates. The special purpose of the threeyears’ experiments here described was to ascertain the best mode ofapplication of the artificial manure, and the influence, if any, of themode of application on the elaboration of sugar.Experiments were made on small plots in 1881 and 1882 with themanure distributed in three different ways-( 1) broadcasted andraked in ; (2) broadcasted and buried with the hoe ; (3) broadcastedand ploughed in.In 1881, the manure consisted of a mixture ofsodium nitrate, potassium chloride, and superphosphate ; in 1882, themixture contained sodium nitrate, dried blood, ammonium sulphate,potassium chloride, bone superphosphate, and precipitated phospliate.The results of both years’ experiments on the small scale were largelyin favour of the deeper mode of burying the manure, and preparationswere accordingly made f o r testing the question on a larger scale in1883. In order to determine the natural variation in produce of thedifferent plots of the experimental field, ten plots were marked out in1882, and cropped without manure under precisely similar conditions.The weight of roots obtained on each plot varied from 59,375 to62,157 kilos.per hectare, mean 60,571; the leaves from 45,162 to58,005 kilos. per hectare, mean 50,750. The percentage of sugar inthe roots varied from 9.13 t o 10.07, mean 9.53. Having thus testedthe homogeneity of the plots, they were in 1883 again sown withsugar-beet, and manured with a mixture of 500 kilos. (per hectare) ofsodium nitrate and 6.50 kilos. superphosphate. The manure wasbroadcasted on the plots two days before the seed was aown, and wasburied to the various depths required by the harrow or the plough.One pair of plots was left without manure, and to another pair themanure was applied by being drilled in with the seed, The seasonwas much less moist than the two previous ones, and the temperatureof the last three months of vegetation was high.The roots were liftedon October 10, and were weighed, and the percentage of sugar sub-sequently determined in them ; the leaves were also weighed. Thefollowing table gives a summary of the principal results :-NO.-1..2. *9 . .3.8 . .4..7. *5 . .6 . .10-VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY ASD AGRICULTURE. 1421Mode of manuring.Unmanured ..............Harrowed i n . . ............Ploughed in to depth ofD O . do.Ploughed in to depth of................................0'12 111.0 -22 m. . . . . . . . .Drilled with the seed ..Y 9 Y Y ..Roots perhectare.-,-47,82757,59250,79259,143263,12068,33269,57469,61761,98660,798Leaves perhectare. --25,68523,75332,32030,92937,45731,89237,02937,45735,31742,273Per cent.of sugar.11 -2611 -6711 -4.511 -4.711 -1311 -4910 -9411 '2411 '1910 *77--~SP: gr'of juice.1 W6101.06101.06011 *06051 -05931 *06141 -05971 -05971 *06051 -0567--- -The increase of crop produced by the manure is thus 18.73 percent. (of the unmanured crop) when the manure is simply harrowedin, 33-29 per cent. when buried to a depth of 0.12 metre, 41.14 pepcent. when buried to a depth of 0.22 metre, and 24.30 per cent. whenburied between the rows. These results are in the same order as thoseof the two previous years, and lead the aut'hor to the following con-clusions :-Artificial manure composed of superphosphate and Chilisaltpetre, with or without sulphate of ammonia or organic nitrogen,applied in spring on a loamy soil for the growth of sugar-beet,shouldbe buried by deep cultivation. Burying by the barrow or by super-ficial cultiration is insufficient to extract from the manure its maxi-mum effect, the absorbent power of the loam being too powerful toallow the nutritive ingredients to descend, even in rainy seasons, tothe deep layers of the soil whence the roots of the beet draw theirnourishment.Differences in the mode of applying the manure are without sensibleinfluence on the elaboration of sugar.Drilling in the manure with t'he seed delays t,he appearance of theplant by several days, and may seriously compromise the crop in aspring without rain and with drying winds. Under favourableclimatic conditions the plant may regain the lost growth, but willnot give the same crop as when the manure is buried by deep cultiva-tion, and the plants have consequently suffered no delay i n appearingabove ground. J. M. H. hl.Manuring of Vineyards. By A. STUTZER (Bied. Centr., 1884,41S).--Experiments on manuring of vines carried out by t'he authorhave proved as successful in 1883 as in previous years, and equally infavour of artificial manures. Of 100 average vines, the yield was-Manured with stable manure ........ 79.4 kilos.7 9 artificial manure ...... 96.9 ,,The artificial manure employed contained 6 per cent. soluble phos1422 ABSTRACTS OF CHENICAL PAPERS.phoric acid, 2;-3 per cent. ammoniacal nitrogen, and 6 per cent.potash ; it costs about 14 pfenning per vine.By E. POTT (Bied. Centr., 1584, 412-413).-Hops are considered to require heavy manuring ; as a rule, stablemanure and the cleaningof cesspits are applied to them. The autbor,after inspection of the systems pursued in various parts of Germanycelebrated for hops, thinks the very high manuring with those organicmatters wrong. They increase the yield a t the expense of the quality.He thinks they should be used as a well-made and matured compost.Artificial manures should yield good results, 3-6 kilos. bone-mealper square metre with 14-2 kilos. Chili saltpetre in soils poor inphosphates, 6-15 kilos. potassium chloride, with or without Chilisaltpetre, in soils poor in potash.J. F.Manuring of Hops.J. F

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA8844601399

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

1422 ABSTRACTS OF CHENICAL PAPERS.A n a l y t i c a l Chemistry.A Simple Method of Estimating Halogens in the Side-chains of Aromatic Compounds.-By K. E. SCHULZE (Rer., 17,1675-1676) .-A weighed quantity of benzyl chloride (or a com-pound of similar constitution) is introduced into a flask with anexcess of a hot saturated alcoholic solution of silver nitrate, an in-verted condenser adapted, and the mixture boiled for five minutes.The precipitated silver chloride is then filtered off through a weighedplatinum crucible, the bottom of which is perforated and coveredwith a layer of asbestos, the filtration being assisted by a suction-pump. The silver chloride is washed with alcohol, then with hotwater acidulated with nitric acid, and finally again with alcohol ; thecrucible is la8stly ignited and weighed.This method has the ad-vantage of quickness, and is a means of distinguishing between ahalogen in a side-chain, and a halogen directly united to an aromaticnucleus. Bromomethylnaphthalene may, for instance, be boiled forseveral hours with alcoholic silver nitrate without yielding silve?bromide. A. I(. M.Determination of Nitrogen by Combustion with CalciumHydroxide. By S. W. JOHNSON (Arum-. Chem. J., 6, 60--63).-1thas been shown that soda-lime may be replaced by a mixture ofsodium carbonate and calcium hydroxide, and it is found that underproper conditions calcium hydroxide alone may be used. Quicklimeis slaked, dried, and powdered. Using 0.5 gram of substance con-taining up to 8 per cent.of nitrogen, a tube of 14 inches is longenough ; substances richer in nitrogen require longer tubes. Themixture of substance and slaked lime must not quite half fill thetube, the long anterior layer of slaked lime must be brought to a fullred heat before heating the mixture, and must be so kept throughoutthe combustion; the combustion may be rapid; the tube is cooleANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. 1423below a red heat before aspirating; cochineal is to be prefei*red tolitmus as indicator in titrating the standard hydrochloric acid usedto absorb the ammonia. I n the analysis of strychnine, a very smallquantity of substance and a long tube must be taken. A number oftest analyses are given proving the accuracy of the method.Estimation of Ammoniacal Nitrogen in Soils.By A. GUYARD(BUZZ. SOC. Chim., 41, 337-339.)--It is proposed to estimate the totalammoniacal nitrogen of soils in the following way, by which not onlyare the ammoniacal salts separately estimated, but also the nitrogenousorganic matter which is readily convertible into ammonia. The soilis boiled successively with water and (1) 10 per cent. of calciumcarbonate prepared by precipitation, which evolves ammonia onlyfrom ammoniacal salt,s ; (2) 5 per cent. of magnesium oxycarbonate ;(3) 2 per cent. magnesium oxide (calcined magnesia) ; (4) 2 per cent.of calcium oxide (quicklime) ; ( 5 ) 0.5 to 1 per cent. of caustic soda orpotash ; these reagents decompose successively different kinds ofnitrogenous organic matter. Lastly, the nitrogen is estimated bycombustion with soda-lime.W. R. D.Estimation of Iodine in Human Urine. By E. HARNACR (Zeit.PhysioZ. Chem., 8, 158 -164).-This is a criticism on Zeller’s paper.The author concludes from his own determinations that no reliancecan be placed on the results obtained by the two direct methods,viz., by precipitation as palladium or silver iodide ; he has, however,obtained concordant results with either of the following processes :-l s t , evaporating the urine to dryness with excess of soda and ignit-ing, and then precipitating the iodine as palladium iodide in theextract of this residue; 2nd, by igniting the precipitate formed bydirect precipitation with dry powdered soda, and then reprecipitatingthe iodine as before, after acidifying with hydrochloric acid.To account for the high results obtained by direct precipitationwith palladium chloride solution, the author supposes the formationof some double compound insoluble in water (as palladium-iodine-creatinine).J. P. L.Estimation of Iodine in Urine. By E. BAUMANN (Zeit. PhpioE.Chem., 8, 282-290) .-Baumann defends Zeller’s results and disputesHarnack’s statement that no reliance can be placed on the two directmethods; he also points out that Harnack’s high results obtainedwith palladium chloride solution are most probably due to an ad-mixture of organic compounds consequent on the use of hydrochloricacid, and not to the formation of a double compound.The whole paper is devoted to a defence, and the conclusions aredirectly opposed to those of Harnack.Estimation of Chlorides in Dog’s Urine.By V. MERING(Zeit. PhysioZ. Chem., 8, 229-234) -Salkowski’s modification of Vol-hard’s volumetric method of estimating the chlorides in dog’s urineis liable to give too high results in consequence of the presence ofcompounds containing sulphur (thiosnlphuric or thiocyanic acid).To avoid this error, the author precipitates the urine with an excessH. B.J. P. L1424 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.of silver nitrate and nitric acid, and then either fuses this precipitatewith soda and saltpetre, or warms it with zinc-dust and acetic acid,and estimates the chlorides, in the first case, in the watery extract ofthe fusion, in the second case in the filtrate after reduction.The chlorates can also readily be determined by taking anotherportion of urine and redncing with zinc-dust and acetic acid beforeprecipitation, the difference between the two weights gives thechloride derived from the chlorate.J. P. L.Volhards Volumetric Estimation of the Chlorides inUrine. By M. GRUBER (Zeits. f. BioZ., 19,569-570).-1f nitric acidbe used to decompose the sulphur-containing bodies which occur indog's urine, the end-reaction is much masked by the deep colour. Thebest course is t o treat the urine with a little zinc and sulphuric acidbefore titrating. (See also preceding Abstract.) J. P. L.Estimation of Phosphoric Acid in Superphosphates. By E.AUBIN (Compt. rend., 98, 1591-1594). -The insoluble phosphate insuperphosphates is usually estimated by extraction with ammoniumcikrate solution, either at once, or, if magnesium is present, afterprevious treatment with water.Treatment with water is effected bytriturating the phosphate and digesting with a known volume ofwater, o r by exhausting it repeatedly with successive small quantitiesof water, but the results obtained by the two methods do not agree.In most cases, the first method gives results which are too high, theerror being due t o the presence of free acid (phosphoric and sulphuric)which attacks the phosphate during trituration, this effect beinggreatest with samples which form a paste when triturated, and also tothe incomplete extraction of the magnesium phosphate. Joulie'smethod of treating at once with ammonium citrate solution even inpresence of magnesium, also gives results which are too high.Whenever phosphoric a>cid is precipitated as ammonium magnesiumphosphate in presence of ammonium citrate, account must be takenof the solubility of the precipitate in solutions of this salt.Thesolubility ircreases with the concentration of the solution, and byalways using the same bulk of liquid, containing the same proportionof ammonium salts, a correction may be introduced.By T. S. GLADDING (Ghem. News,50, 16-18 ; 27-28) .-Experiments with natural phosphates andartificial soils have been described (this vol., p. 1075). The naturalsoils used were light loams, one from the truck gardens of LongIsland, New York, one from the cot'toli plantations of North Carolina,and one from the tobacco fields of Connecticut, taken from plots uponwhich fertilisers had been spread, and large crops had been grown.The soils were ground t o pass a 20-mesh sieve, and 100 grams weretaken for each experiment.A solution of an arnmoniated super-phosphate was prepared, of which 50 C.C. contained 0.284 gramphosphoric acid, and this quantity was added to each portion of soil,the wet pasty mass being exposed in thin layers to the atmosphere forfive days. The portions were then divided into four equal parts fordigestion with ammonium citrate solution at 40" and 65", and withC. H. B.Reverted Phosphoric AcidANALTTIC hL CHEMISTRY. 1425water to determine the amount of phosphoric acid not reverted.Experiment I with Long Island garden soil showed that ammoniumcitrate solution at 65" dissolved all the phosphoric acid added t o thesoil, whilst at 40" it failed to dissolve 2i.81 per cent.of the acidactually reverted by the soil. Experiment I1 with North Carolina soilgave the same result. I n experiment I11 with Connecticut soil, theresult was as in experiment I, with 29.23 per cent. undissolved at40". During two days, the mixture of soil and phosphate was verywet, and represenbed very wet lands ; later it passed through all thestages of drought, but at no time contained less moisture than wasobserved in the fields during the summer season. Tests made withother portions of these mixtures showed that all the phosphoric acidwas dissolved at both temperatures, if kept constantly saturatedwith water, owing to the ready solubility of all gelatinous precipitatesat low temperatures.Whether phosphoric acid exists in the soil incombinatiori with lime only, o r also with iron and alumina, has here-tofore never been proved by any direct laboratory experiment, becauseno method of separation was known for these three phosphates in thepresence of each other in the soil. The fact that a strongly alkalineammonium citrate solution rapidly attacks insoluble iron and alum-inium phosphates, but dissolves even less of insoluble calcium phos-phate than when neutral, constitutes a test for distinguishing thesephosphates.The author cites numerous investigators who have dealt withthe question of phosphates in soils; he criticises results obtainedby Albert, and Volbrecht (Abstr., 1880, 571) from which theseauthors, with Millot and Joulie (Ann.Agronomiques, December, 1880),conclude that the amount of phosphoric acid not dissolved byammonium citrate solution at 40" had become insoluble calciumphosphate. Had they digested at 65" the discrepancies would havedisappeared. It is impossible to conclude otherwise than that a,portion of the phosphoric acid was in combination as reverted ironand aluminium phosphates. The physical conditions of iron andaluminium oxides in the soils do not seem to affect the principatresult of these comparisons of temperature at which ammoniumcitrate solution is used. Pew deposits of mineral phosphates existfree from iron and alumina.It is evident that superphosphatesmade from such minerals are undervalued when the reverted phos-phoric acid is estimated at 40°, because the oxides dissolved by thesulphuric acid subsequently combine in the superphosphate withtheir equivalent of phosphoric acid, and the reverted iron andaluminium phosphates thus formed are not aZZ dissotved at the tern-peq-ature of 40°, whereas a slight increase in temperature dissolvesthem entirely without unduly attacking the insoluble mineral. Ex-periments by Millot, Heyden, Stochmann, and Liebig on the rapiditywith which the reversion of phosphates takes place are quoted, andthe author concludes that it is evident, from the marked and positiveresults of these experiments, that the only equitable method ofvaluing the reverted phosphoric acid of a superphosphate must bebased on these facts ; that the true method of valuation is that whichdissolves reverted phosphates of the same degree of solubility as thos1426 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.which are formed when n, soluble superphosphate is mixed with thesoil.The author gives the following method of analysis of super-phosphates :-Pyeparation of Sample.-Pass the sample through a 12-mesh sieve.Moisture.-Dry 5 to 10 grams at 100'. Total Phosphoric Acid.-Dis-solve 2 grams in 200 C.C. ffask with 50 C.C. nitric acid, with additionof a little hydrochloric acid if necessary, boil gently for fifteen minutes,cool, and fill t o mark, filter, take 50 c.c., add 25 C.C. concentratedammonia, and then nitric acid to acidity.To the hot liquid addmolybdic solution, and allow it t o remain for an hour at 65", filter,wash with ammonium nitrate solution, dissolve on the filter with hotammonia solution, and wash. Run in magnesia mixture from aburette at the rate of one drop a second, stirring constantly. Allowit t o stand several hours, filter, and weigh. Xohble Phosphoric Acid.-Rub up 2 grams in a mortar with a soft rubber-tipped pestle, digestin 25 C.C. cold water, decant, add another 25 C.C. water to the residue,digest several minutes, and repeat this five or six times; pass allthrough a filter, fill up t o the mark, and take out 50 C.C. and treatas above. Insoluble Phosphoric Acid.-Wash the residue on the filterinto a 200 C.C.flask with 100 C.C. citrate solution, cork, and digestat 65' for 30 minutes. Filter the warm solution quickly, andwash with cold watei.. Return the filter and contents to the sameflask, add 50 C.C. nitric acid, boil for 15 minutes, and estimatethe phosphoric acid as in the total. Reverted Phosphoric Acid.-Thesum of the soluble and the insoluble phosphoric acid subtracted fromthe total will give the reverted.Electrolytic Estimations. By J. WIELAND (Ber., 17,1611-1612).-The author has examined the various methods of electrolytic esti-mations with the view to test their accuracy. Classen's method forthe estimation of iron in oxalic acid solution (Abstr., 1881, 1081)gives good results. The method applied to manganese (Zoc. cit.) isless to be recommended, whilst Riche's method, in which a sulphuricacid solution is employed (Compt.rend., 85, 226), gives satisfactoryresults. Classen's method of separating iron and manganese (Abstr.,2881, 1081 ; 1882, 896) has been tested with currents of differentstrengths, but the manganese precipitate always contained a con-siderable proportion of iron, and his method of separating iron andaluminium is likewise unsatisfactory, some aluminium being throwndown with the iron. Parodi and Mascazini's method of separatinglead from an alkaline solution (Gazzetta, 8,6, 255) is not to be recom-mended owing t o the ready oxidation of the lead, whilst the estimationof small quantities of this metal may be effected by Riche's method,according to which a nitric acid solution is used (Ann.Chim. Phys.[ 5 ] , 13, 508). Cadmium may be thrown down in a compact form bya current (0.05 ampere) from a thermopile, the negative electrodebeing a platinum dish of about 150 C.C. capacity; also by strongercurrents from a potassium cyanide solution (Ber., 12, 759), and froma weak sulphuric acid solution (Amer. Chem. J., 2, 41). To estimatebismuth, it must be precipitated by a feeble current (0*01-0.05 ampere)from an oxalic or nitric acid solution. A. K. M.J. TANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 1427Estimation of Calcium in Presence of Aluminium, Iron,Magnesium, and Phosphates. By A. GUYARD (BUZZ. b'oc. C h i m ,41, 339-340) .-Calcium oxalate is appreciably soluble in acetic acidor in alkaline acetates, the amount dissolved being proportional tothe quantity of these substances that are present.I n order to preci-pitate calcium from such a solution, it is necessary to add safficientammonium oxalate to convert the acetates into oxalates, and eventhen the precipitation is not complete. It is, therefore, better tomodify the usual process for estimating calcium in presence ofaluminium, iron, &c., by adding sufficient ammonium citrate t o keepthese substances in solution, and then to precipitate with ammoniumoxalate, when the calcium is entirely removed. I n presence of map-nesium, the operation should be conducted a t 70--80", a t whichtemperature the ammonium magnesium phosphate is soluble. Wheresilica is present, it sometimes happens that it is also precipitated,carrying with it traces of iron and aluminium, in which case it isnecessary to purify the calcium oxalate.When the calcium oxalatehas been separated, magnesium or phosphoric acid may be determinedin the filtrate and by the usual methods. W. R. D.New Method of Estimating Carbon in Steel. By ZABOUDSKY(BUZZ. Xoc. Chim., 41, 428--433).-The combined carbon in cast iron,steel, &c., is most; accurately estimated by means of a mixture ofcopper sulphate and sodium chloride. Instead of adopting the usualmethod of using aqueous solutions of these salts, the author recom-mends the following plan as quicker and easier. A dry mixture isprepared by evaporating solutions of these two salts to dryness. Thefinely powdered metal is intimately mixed with about 20 grams ofthis in a mortar, which should be surrounded by water, and sufficientwater added to the mixture to form a pasty mass.After trituratingfor about half an hour the contents of the mortar are transferred toa beaker, the mortar being washed out with a solution of ferricchloride (25 per cent.). After the addition of some hydrochloricacid the liquid is heated for about three-quarters of an hour, and theprecipitate filtered off, dried a t 125-130", and weighed. The resultsagree very well with those obtained by the older method. Theresidue, however, is not pure carbon, biit a hydrate of that element,and if it is calculated as pure carbon the result is an error of about35 per cent. on the total quantity. The author has, therefore, deter-mined the coefficients which express the quantity of pure carbon inthe residue.These were deduced from a number of experimentswith different specimens of cast iron, steel, &c. The results of theseanalyses, which are tabulated in the paper, lead to the following co-efficients :-Pure specular cast iron containing no manganese ...... 0.720Ferromanganese .................................. 0.700Ferromanganese (specular). ......................... 0.685White cast iron..Grey cast iron slightly impure, combined carbon low., , ,.................................. } 0.710 Pure grey cast iron (Bessemer) ......................0-651425 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Cannon and gun steel (about 0.5 per cent. of carbon). ... 0.660Hard steel ........................................0.6T5Swedish iron ...................................... 0.690The author states that the copper mixture method is more accuratethan either the iodine o r colorimetric methods of Eggertz. Thequantity of pure carbon contained in the iodo-carbon residue of t,hetirst process is often much less than the reputed amount (60 per cent.).In the case of Swedish iron, the author found in two different residues50.9 per cent. and 48.6 per cent. of pure carbon. The second methodrequires much practice, and does not give comparable results mithmetals of different origin. W. R. D.Estimation of Chromium. By H. BAKJBIGNY ( B d . XOC. Chi%.,41, 291--301).-The usual process for estimating chromium byprecipitation as trioxide is inaccurate, owing to the facility with whichthis compound combines with metallic oxides, which are consequentlyprecipitated with it. The author strongly recommends Storer'sprocess, in which the chroniiuni is oxidised to chromic anhydride bymeans of nitric acid and potassium chlorate. Chromium is separatedfrom iron or aluminium by first oxidising with nitric acid and potas-sium chlorate, and adding t o the cold liquid a slight excess ofhydrogen sodium carbonate, when the iron or aluminium is precipitated,and after washing with a dilute solution of the carbonate is dried,ignited, and weighed in the usual manner.Ammonia cannot be usedas the precipitant, for by the action of the oxides of chlorine on itcompounds are formed that reduce the chromic anhydride, and thetrioxide is precipitated.The chromium is estimated in the filtrateby acidifying with sulphuric acid, adding ammonia, and saturatingthe liquid with hydrogen sulphide. After boiling, the chromiumhydroxide is collected and washed. To completely free it fromalkalis i t is dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and reprecipitated in thecold with ammonia. Any iron that may have escaped precipitation canbe recognised in the precipitate by oxidising it with nitric acid andpotassium chlorate, evaporating to dryness at loo", and after dis-solving the residue in a few drops of water, precipitating the iron mithammonia. In presence of alkalis, the same process may be followed,but the chromium oxide should be tested for alkalis by stronglyheating, when a chromate is formed and can be recognised in theusual way.When the quality of alkali is large, a loss may occurfrom the volatilization of chromic anhydride, accompanied by reduc-tion and deposition of chromium trioxide in a crystalline form.The author has noticed that this occurs when a dichromate is heatedfor some hours at a red heat. In cases where chromium occursalone, it is estimated by precipitating as lead chromate with leadacetate. Precipitation as mercurous chromate is not accurate inpresence of ammoniacal salts, particulihrly the nitrate, as the chromicanhydride is more o r less reduced. W. R. D.Estimation of Arsenic. By C. HOLTHOF (Zeitschr. AmZ. Chem.,1884, 378-390) .-The gravimetric estimation of arsenic when it iANALYTICAL CHEXISTRY.1429present as a’rsenic acid, and especially when it is weighed, ascustomary, as ammonium magnesium arsenate presents so manydificulties, and requires so much attention, that the author examineda method first proposed by Mohr, but afterwards abandoned byhim, and which consists in the reduction by SO, and titration of thearsenious acid produced by standard iodine. Very careful experi-ments established that on evaporating arsenic acid with hydrochloricacid to dryness, no trace of arsenic is volatilised, and that onsubsequent addition of abundance of sulphurous acid solution thearsenic acid is completely reduced.The author operates as follows: in case of precipitates containingAs2S3 and sulphur, he oxidises with HNO, or HC1 and KClO,,evaporates to dryness, adds 300 C.C.of strong sulphurous solution,heats on the water-bath for about two hours, expels the acid bysubsequent boiling down t o about one half; and after coolingneutralises with acid sodium carbonate, and titrates with iodine.The reagents used miist be quite pure, and atmospheric dust must becarefully excluded. The results are quite accurate. 0, H.Analysis of Type Metal. By F. WXIL (Zeitschr. Anal. Chem.,1884, 348-349).-2 grams of the alloy are heated in a flask withnitric acid, the excess of the acid is removed, hydrochloric acid isadded, and the mixture is boiled until iodised starch-paper is no longeraffected. The solution is made up with tartaric acid solution t o 200C.C.In 10 C.C. of this, the antimony is titrated with stannous chloride(Weil’s method, “ Fresenius’ Quantitative Analysis,” 6 ed., p. 542).2 grams of the metal are oxidised with nitric acid, and the mix-ture of SbO, and SnOz weighed together, the tin being obtainedby subtracting the amount of antimony previously found. The leadis estimated in the filtrate in the usual manner.The object of the method is t o avoid the troublesome separationof antimony and tin. 0. H.Estimation of Molybdenum and Tungsten. By 0. v. D.PFORDTEN (Chem. News, 50, 18-19).--1. Graviwzetric methods.-Theauthor finds that the reduction t o metal can be effected in a crucible,with a perforated cover, by means of a good gas-blast. He uses aplatinum crucible and passes in a current of hydrogen through anearthen tube. In the analysis of ammoninm molybdahe, he heats thesample in the crucible at 170” for some hours in an air-bath, thusavoiding spirting.If the temperature is raised higher, say to 200°,there is a slight loss by sublimation. The crucible is then heatedgently in a slow current of hydyogen to superficial reduction. Inorder to guard against possible loss by sublimation, the aperture ofthe gas delivery pipe is wrapped in a sheet of platinum, running toa point below and fitting into the aperture of the lid, with which it isweighed. After the heat has been gradually raised, the completereduction is effected in the highest heat of a good gas-blast in astrong current of hydrogen. This method is applicable for allnentral solutions containing molybdic acid, if combined with pre-cipitation by mercurous nitrate as proposed by H.Rose. The coldVOL xLvr. 5 1430 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.concentrated solution, exactly neutralised and freed from carbonicacid, is mixed with excess of the nitrate, and filtered after a few hours.Particles which adhere t o the beaker are dissolved off with hot nitricacid and evaporated in a platinum crucible. The main precipitate,when dry, is separated from the paper and placed in the crucible.The portions adhering t o the paper may be rinsed into the cruciblewith hot nitric acid ; or the filter is carefully folded up and ignited,so that the particles may be reduced by the carbonaceous matterbefore molybdie acid can sublime away.The reduction to metal isthen effected as above. For the analysis of acid solutions containingmolybdic acid, the reduction of molybdenum trisulphide to thebisulphide is recommended as described by Liechti and Kempe. Itrequires more time than the reduction t o metal, and the conclusion ofthe reduction is not so distinctly marked. The bisulphide obtainedmust not be too strongly ignited in the hydrogen current.The gravimetric determination of tungsten is much less difficult.The method of Berzelius-precipitatiorl with mercurous nitrate-isconvenient and gives good results. Scheele’s method-evaporationof the solution with hydrochloric acid, exactly as for silica-is alsogood.2. Volumetric ?netlzods.-The solutisn of the salt is mixed, formolybdenum, with 50-60 c.c., and for tungsten with 70-80 C.C.ofhydrochloric acid of 27 per cent. There are then added for mol-ybde-num, 8-10 grams, and for tungsten 14-15 grams zinc in the formof rods, and in as large pieces as possible. The solution may contain0.3 gram molybdic oxide, or 0.1 gram of kungstic oxide ; in the lattercase, the solution is previously heated on the water-bath, and thehydrochloric acid and zinc are then added ; the deposition of tungsticoxide in a solid state is thus avoided. Towards the end of thereduction, a little heat may sometimes be applied to the molybdenumsolution with advantage. When the molybdenum solution has becomeyellow, and that of tungsten red, the flask is cooled-in the case oftungsten with especial care.The remainder of the procedure isdifferent. The molybdenum solution is poured into a porcelaincapsule containing 40 C.C. dilute sulphuric acid, and 20 C.C. of manga-nous sulphate solution free from ferrous salt, and containing 200grams per litre. An equal volume of water is added, and a dilutesolution of standard permanganate is run in. The results areaccurate :1 C.C. KMn04 = 0*0007521850 = 0*00451311MoO,.The peduced tungsten solution is rinsed quickly into a capsule inwhich there is an excess of permanganate, 70-100 C.C. dilute sul-phuric acid, 40 C.C. manganous sulphate solution, but otherwise nowater. Not until the flask has been rinsed out is the liquid diluted to1 litre. I n presence of such large quantities of hydrochloric acid themanganous sulphate exerts its power of transferring oxygen only inconcentrated solutions.Quick working is essential. An excess offerrous sulphate is now run in, and the solution is finally titrated withperm angan at e. J. TANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. 1431Analysis of Potable Water. By W. BACHMEYER (Zeitschr. Anal.Clzem., 1884, 353-359).-The author shows that in Kubel-Tiemann’smethod of measuring the amount of “oxygen absorbed,” the lengthof boiling, and the quantity and concentration of the acid employed,have a material influence on the result. 0. H.Determination of the Flashing Point of Petroleum. By J. T.STODDARD (Amer. Chem. J., 6,18-23) .-Beilstein (Zeitschr. Anal. Chem.,22, 309) has come to conclnsions differing from those of Stoddard(Abstr., 1883, 383, 517).The method employed is a modification ofLiebermann’s (Abstr., 1882, 1326).It is shown that the flashing point does not depend as stated byBeilstein upon the length and diameter of the oil-cylinder employed,so much as upon the dimensions of the vapour space above the surfaceof the oil. The quantity of oil to be used is 50 c.c., the cylinder,2.5-4 cm. in width, must then have a vapour space of 6-4 em., andthe continuous air current should be strong enough to maintain a foamof a t least 1 cm. By this method, the lowest flashing point which canbe accurately determined is obtained; an approximate and a final testare made. H. B.Analytical Estimation of the Three Xylenes in Coal-tar.By A. REUTER ( B e y ., 17, 2088-2029).--The author disputes theaccuracy of the method proposed by Levinstein (this vol., p. 898), as ithas been shown by several writers that pure rnetaxylene cannot beobtained by treating the mixture of xylenes with dilute nitric acid,whilst stronger nitric acid such as is recommended by Levinsteinattacksmetaxylene, although more slowly than its isomerides. The authorhas converted 1 kilo. of pure metaxylene by a few successive treat-ments with nitric acid (2 vol. acid of 1.4 with 3 vol. water) into acrystalline mass consisting of metatoluic acid, together with a smallquantity of an aldehyde. Isophthalic acid was not formed. Para-xylene is attacked by ordinary sulphuric acid, although with con-siderably more difficulty than its isomerides.A. J. G.Detection and Estimation of Small Quantities of CarbonBisulphide in Air, Gases, Thiocarbonates, &c. By GASTINE(Compt. rend., 98, 1588--1590).-The gas or vapour to be tested iscarefully dried, and then passed through a concentrated solution ofrecently fused potassium hydroxide in absolnte alcohol. The presenceof even traces of water seriously diminishes the delicacy of thereaction. The alcoholic solution is afterwards neutralised withacetic acid, diluted with water, and tested for xanthic acid by addingcopper sulphate.I n order to determine the distribution of carbon bisulphide intro-duced into the soil (Cornpt. rend., 1877), 250 C.C. of the air in thesoil is drawn by means of an aspirator through sulphuric acid, andthen through bulbs containing the alcoholic pc.tash.For quantitativedeterminations, a larger quantity of air must be used, and the xanthicacid formed is estimated by means of the reaction BC,H,OS, + I, =2C3H50S, + 2HI. The alkaline solution is slightly acidified NFith5 d 1132 ABSTRACTS OF CHENICAL PAPERS.acetic acid, mixed with excess of sodium hydrogen carbonate, andtitrated in the usual way with a solution of iodine containing1.68 grams per litre, 1 C.C. of which is equivalent to 1 mgrm. ofcarbon bisulphide.To apply this method to thiocarbonates, about 1 gram of thesubstance, together with about 10 C.C. of water, is introduced into asmall flask and decomposed by a solution of zinc or copper sulphate,the flask being heated on a water-bath, and the evolved carbon bisul-phide passed first through sulphuric acid and then into alcoholicpotash.In the case of gaseous mixtures of carbon bisulphide,nitrogen , hydrogen sulphide, carbonic anhydride, carbonic oxide, andwater-vapour, the gas is passed through a strong aqueous solution ofpotash, then into sulphuric acid, and finally into alcoholic potash.The thiocarbonate formed in the first flask is decomposed by treat-ment with copper or zinc sulphate as above, and the xanthic acidobtained is added to that formed in the third flask, and the wholetitrated with iodine. C. H. B.Wine Analysis. By J. NESSLER and M. BARTH (Zeifschr. Anal.Chem., 1884, 318-323) .-For the quantitative estimation of magentain wine, the following modification of Falikre’s method is recom-mended : 100 C.C.of the wine are mixed with 5 C.C. strong ammonia,and well shaken with 30 C.C. ether. 20 C.C. of the ether are drawnoff and evaporated in a little basin containing a thread of white wool5 cm. long. Other threads are then dyed with known quantities ofmagenta, and from the comparison of bints the amount of the addedcolouring matter in the wine is inferred. As little as 2 mgrms. per100 litres may thus be determined. The standard woollen threads,fiised into glass tubes, and kept in the dark, do not alter in tintwhen kept.The authors determine the amount of tannin as follows : 12 C.C. ofwine are mixed with 30 C.C. alcohol; pectinous and albuminoussubstances are precipitated. Of the filtrate, 35 c.c., corresponding with10 C.C.of wine, are evaporated to abont 6-7 c.c., transferred to aconical test-tube tapering from 16 mm. to 8 mm., and divided into-& C.C. Sodium acetate and ferric chloride are added, and after 24hours’ st,anding the precipitate is measured, 1 C.C. correspondingwith 0.033 per cent. tannin.By E. H. AMA~AT(Compt. rend., 99, 195-l97).-The wine is boiled until its volumeis reduced to one-half, in order to expel alcohol, and is then broughtback to its original volume by addition of water, and its sp. gr.determined. The amount of dry extract in the wine is very nearly,although not exactly, proportional to the difference between its sp. gr.and unity.0. H.Estimation of the Dry Extract of Wine.This method gives strictly comparable results.C.H. B.Estimation of Dry Substance in Wine and Must. By R.ULBRICHT (Landw. Versuchs-Stat., 30, 425427).-The sacchari-metric tables of Balling, Steinheil, and Schultze-Ostermann agreefairly with each other, and are correct as tested by the author, whosAXALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. 1433experiments were carried out on samples free from water, and at auniform temperature of 15"; the subjoined table shows the closeagreement of the results. The author thinks the table could be usedto ascertain the amount of dry extract in wines and must from theirsp. gr. Wines poor in sugar and containing relatively high propor-tions of glycerol cannot be so readily estimated, but glycerol inaqueous solutions can readily be valued in this way.In order to eliminate the probable error in pyknometric estimationof dry substance, the author adds 0.39126 per cent.for every 1 percent. of glycerol present in the wine ; he is engaged on experimentsto eliminate similar errors due to acetic acid.Weightof drymatterper cent.Brix. 1 Gerlach. 1 Chancel. I Schulze- 1 0 s termann. :1.1 Aromatic I InvertCane-sugar. 1 extract. 1 sugar.Salomon.Dextrose.0.51 '05 . 010.015 '019 -020 '025 *O30 '0Sp. gr. at 15°C. Water also at 15°C.1 -001961 *003931 *019821 -040321 '061551 *079091 -083551 *I06381 -130031 *001961 *003931 -019811 *040281-061501 *079031 *083491 *lo6311.12995-1 -003701 -019371 -039851 *061111.078601.083 131 -10597 -1 *001971 '003931 -019961 '040611 '062001 -07966--: 1.-1 -003801 *019671 '040241 -061511 -078901 -083331 .lo597 --1 '003821 *019701 -039831 -060871 *078291 '082731 '104621 -12718J.I?.Method for the Determination of the Molecular Weight andAtomicity of the Higher Fatty Alcohols. By C. HELL (Annalen,223, 269-283) .-By heating primary fatty alcohols with soda-lime,hydrogen is evolved according to *he equation R.CH,.OH + NsOH= R.COONa + 2Hz. The author endeavoured t o found a method ofdetermining the moleciilar weight of the higher alcohols on themeasurement of the hydrogen so evolved, but finds that only about90 per cent. of the hydrogen indicated by the above equation isgiven off. The cause of this deficiency could not be ascertained.The method can, however, be used in discriminating alcohols fromaldehydes, in ascertaining whether an alcohol is primary, and whethermonohydric, dihydric, &c.Alkaline Bismuth Solution as a Test for Glucose in Urine,By E.NYLANDER (Zeit. Physiol. Chem., 8,175-185).-As the determi-nation of glucose in urine with Fehling's solution is liable t o error,owing t o the presence of other reducing bodies, uric acid, creatinine,&c. ; the author has made a series of experiments with the view ofascertaining the conditions under which the above reagent is mostsensitive and accurate. He prepares the solution in the same mannerA. J. G1434 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.as Almh, except that he substitutes for the strong potash a soh-tion of soda containing different percentages of Na,O, 3, 6, 7, 13, and1 7 per cent.(2 grams of bismuth subnitrate, 4 grams Rochelle salt,and 100 C.C. of soda solution) ; the undissolved bismuth salt is filteredoff. The general results shortly stated are as follows : A solutioncontaining 8 per cent. Na,O, added in the proportion of 1 part ofreagent to 10 of urine, is the most sensitive and gives the best results,0.025 per cent. of glucose being easily detected. A larger percentageof soda or addition of the reagent is to be avoided. The albumin, incases of albuminous urine, should first be removed, as if present inquantity it vitiates the result to some extent. The author has madeno experiments to determine whether lactose can be estimated in thenrine.J. P. L.Volatility of Glycerol at 100'. By J. NESSLER and M. BARTH(Zeitschr. Anal, Chem., 1884,323-332) .-Dry pure glycerol is volatileto a considerable extent a t 1@0", the amount of loss varying with themode of heating, the shape and material of the vessel, and the surfaceexposed. Thus 1 gram heated in a water-oven in a platinum basin80 mm. diameter lost during the first two hours 46 mgrms., duringthe second two hours 29 mgrms., in the three succeeding hours21 mgrms. The loss on 0.5 gram similarly heated was the same.On the open water-bath, the loss per hour varied from 29 to 39 mgrms.When the vessel holding the glycerol is of glass the loss is less, othercircumstances being equal.When aqueous or alcoholic solutions of glycerol are evaporated, theloss varies both with the strength of the solution and the rolume ofthe water to be volatilised.By L.WETGERT (Zeitschr.Anal. Chem., 1884, 357-365). - 5 grams of the finely-powderedsubstance are heated with 30 C.C. of a 10 per cent. potassium carbon-ate solntion for two hours, the solntion is filtered, concentrated t o5 c.c., and mixed with an equal amount of strong acetic acid and100 C.C. of 90 per cent. alcohol. After a few hours' standing, thehydrogen potassium tartrate is separated, washed with alcohol, andtitrated with standard alkali.If calcium carbonate is present a t the same time and this has to beestimatled, ordinary volumetric methods cannot be employed, and thecarbonic acid has t o be determined directly by Scheibler's apparatusor some similar method.0. H.It is in all cases very considerable.0. H.Valuation of Calcium Tartrate.Estimation of the Volatile Fatty Acids in Butter Analysis.By C. E. SCHMITT (Ann. Agmnomipues, 10, 262-268).-Hnving ina previous paper recommended Angel1 and Hehner's process forthe estimation of the volatile fatty acids in samples of butter, theauthor now enumerates some objections to its use, and recommends asmore convenient and delicate Reichert's process, carried out wit'hcertain modifications, as follows :-The buttermust be purified by drying it, and decanting the melted fat through2.50 grams of butter-fat are taken for the analysisANALTTICXL CHEJIISTRT. 1435a filter, as the presence of salt in the purified fat will cause the resultsto he too high.The butter is saponified with an alcoholic potash solu-tion, as in Hehner’s process, and the saponified solution, which shouldmeasure 70-80 c.c., is introduced with some pieces of pumice intothe flask of Boussingault’s distilling apparatus for the estimation ofammonia. 10 C.C. of medicinal phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1.45) areadded, and the liquid is distilled until the beaker in which the dis-tillate is received is filled up to a mark at 60 c . ~ . The distillate isthen directly titrated with standard sodium hydroxide of normalstrength. Four samples of pure Flemish butter required 13.0,13*50,14.0, and 14.3 C.C. of soda. Two other samples of pure butter eachrequired 13.5 C.C.soda, but when analysed by Hehner and Angell’sprocess, one gave 89.15 per cent. of insoluble fatty acid, and the other88.57 per cent. A sample of goat’s milk butter tested by Reichert’sprocess required 13.58 c.c soda, and a sample of ewe’s milk butter13.65 C.C. A mixture of 4 parts oleomargarine with 1 part ofgenuine butter required 2.7 C.C. The author mentions that in somecases butyric acid is purposely added to oleomargarine in concoctingartificial butter. J, M. H. hl.Estimation of the Fat in Skim Milk. By W. FLEISCHMANN andothers (Bied. Centr., 1884, 336-838). -The estimations made of fatin milk by evaporating with sand or by the araometric process arevery closely concordant, but when the milk analysed has beenskimmed there is a large discrepancy between the two methods, theevaporation process being the lowest ; if twice the usual amount ofsand is used, the results are better, but the difference is even then0.125 per cent. of the whole ; consequently Fleischmann employsplaster of Paris: 10 grams of milk are evaporated down with 35 ofplaster of Paris, and then extracted with ether for three hours ; theerror is thus rednced to 0.05 per cent.In consequence of these results,all early analyses of skim milk must be used with caution. Schrodt andHansen publish a similar account of their experience with skim inilk ;and, in addition, Schrocit states that more dry matter is found byemploying sand than when the plaster is used, viz., 0-198-0.246 percent. E. W, P.General Method of Examining Fats.By HUBL (Dingl. polyt. J.,253, 281--295).--Bs the chemical composition of the various fats isvery similar, an attempt is rarely made t o ascertain their constitu-tion, the examination of the substances which as “natural consti-tuents ’’ accompany fats being considered of more value in judging oft8heir quality. The term “ natural constituents ” is applied to colour-ing mahters, resins, nitrogenous substances, &c. Owing to the factthat the estimation of these Substances is limited in its application,and that the qualitative composition of the various fats is verysimilar, those methods only are useful which are based on quantita-tive determinations, whetlher of chemical or physical nature. Suchmethods, which the author calls “ quantitative reactions,” affordvaluable indications of the purity of fats, as they are intimately con-nected with their chemical constitution.Qualitative tests are o143G ABSTRACTS OF CIIENICAL PAPERS.valne in doubtful cases, and serve to control t,he conclusions drawnfrom the results of the “ quantitative reactions.” After referring t othe ordinary methods employed for the examination of fats, the authorgives a detailed account of his process called the “iodine-additionmethod.” This method is based on the following considerations :-Almost all fats contain members of three groups of fatty acids, viz.,acids of the acetic acid series (stearic and palmitic acids), acids ofthe acrylic acid series (oleic and erucic acids), and acids of the tetr-oleic acid series (linoleic acid).Chemically, these groups of fattyacids show characteristic differences in their behaviour towardshalo’ids. Whilst the first group remains unaltered under ordinaryconditions, the second group takes up two haloid atoms very readily,and the third group four atoms. Accordingly, members of the firstgroup are recogniaed as saturated fatty acids ; whilst those belongingto the second and third groups are regarded as unsaturated fatty acids.If, therefore, the addition of a haloid to a fat can be effected undercircumstances which exclude $he formation of su bstit ut ion-produc ts,and the quantity of haloid added can be determined with certainty, aconstant for each fat is obtained, the magnitude of which correspondswith the character and quantity of the unsaturated acids present.Theoretically the following amounts of iodine are absorbed by un-saturated acids in fats :-Grams iodine taken up byPatty acids.Formula. 100 grams fatty acids.Hypogoeic acid.. . . . . ClsH3,02 100~00Oleic acid , . . . . . . . . . C18HSi02 90.07Erucic acid . . . . . . . . C?2Hd202 75.15Ricinoleic acid . . . . . . CleHsIO? 85-24!Linoleic acid . . . . . . . . 201.59 CIGH2802The action of iodine on fats being too slow, an alcoholic solution ofiodine in the presence of mercuric chloride was used. This mixture wasfound to act on unsaturated fatty acids at the ordinary temperature,chlorine and iodine addition-products being formed, whilst the satu-rated acids remained unaffected. This mixture acts on free fatty acidsin a similar manner.The amount of iodine which a fat is capable ofabsorbing was determined by treating a weighed quantity of the fatwith a measured quantity of a standard alcoholic solution of iodomer-curic chloride, and esltimating the excess of iodine by titration with asolution of sodium thiosulphate. The percentage of iodine taken up bythe fat is called the “ iodine number.” The subjoined table (p. 1437)illustrates the results obtained by treating a number of fats in theabove-described manner. I n most cases, the fatty acids were sepa-rated simultaneously, and their melting and solidifying pointsdetermined.It will be seen that the drying oils give the highest iodine numbers,the non-drying vegetable oils are the next in order, then come theliquid and lardaceous animal fats, and finally the solid fats.The iodinenumber does not, hovc-ever, indicate the drying properties of an oil,although with it the extent to which the oil thickens or dries upincreases, and the capability to form ela’idin diminishes. D. BCharacter of fat.Drying oils.. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I , ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non.drying oils ....>> ......)> ......9 , ......>, ), ....7 ) ...... ,> ......Y > ......Y ) ......9 , ......> ? ......> Y ......9 7 ), .. * .> 7 . . . . . .9 ) ......> > ......9 9 ......Name of fat.----Linseed oil............Hempseeri oil .........Walnut oil ...........Poppy-seed oil ........Pumpkin kernel oil . . , ,Seeam4 oil.. ..........Cott,on-seed oil.. ......Arachis oil.. ..........Rape oil.. ............Apricot keriiel oil.. ....Almond oil ..........Castor oil ............Olive oil.. ............Olive kerneI oil. .......Bone oil.. ............Lard oil.. ............B utterine ............Palm oil.. ............Laurel oil.. ..........Tallow ..............Suint ................Cacao butter .........Nutmeg buttter ........Butter fat.. ...........Cocoanut oil.. ........Japanese wax .........Iodinenumber.--158 -0143 -0143 '0136 *O121 -0106 '0106 *O103 '0100-0100 *o98 *484 *482 *881 .868 .O59 *o55 '351.549 -040 -036 *O34 -031 '031 *O8 .94 *2 -Limits foundfor iodinenumber.156-160 -142-144135-137 -105-1 08105-108101-10597-10599-10297 *5-98 -984 -0-84 -781 '6-84' 5 -66 '0-70 -050 '4-52 *45'7 *6-60 -0 -.-26 fi-35 -IFattyacid meltsa t--17.0"19 '020 -020 -528 *O26 '027 -727 *720 *14.514 '013 -026 *O30 -042 '047 *827 *O45 *o41 -852 -04.2 538 -024 *6---Fatty-1438 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICSL PAPERS.Rsaction fcr Pyridine Bases. By A. W. HOFMANN (Bey., 17,1908--1909).-The author some time ago (Abstr., 1881,921) describeda peculiar reaction which takes place when the methiodide of apyridine is heated with a caustic alkali. A very characteristic:odour, probably due to a methylated pyridine, is produced. Theauthor proposes to use this as a test for pyridine bases.A dropor two of the base and the same quantity of methyl iodide arewarmed together in a test-tube, then mixed with powdered potasli,just moistened with water, and the whole heated, when the charac-teristic odoiir is produced if a pgridine-derivative be present. Thesmallest trace oE a pyridine base may be detected in this way. Theodour is something like that of a mixture of mustard oil and isonitrile,and also somewhat resembles that given by quinoline bases whensimilarly treated. It is most characteristic, and when once smelt willnever be again mistaken. L. T. T.Estimation of Amides in Vegetable Extracts. By E.SCHULZE(Landw. Versuchs-Stat., 30, 459-467) .-In continuation of previousexperiments, the author examines the different processes; in the presentseries, he employs siilphuric instead of hydrochloric acid. 2 grams ofcrystalline asparigine were treated with 5 C.C. of pure concentratedsulphuric acid (= 8.79 grams H2S04) and about 100 C.C. of water,connected with an upright condenser and boiled for certain periods ;on cooling, the fluid was nearly neutralised with soda, leaving but atrace of free acid, made up to 200 C.C. (in two of the experimentssoda was not added, but the boiling was continued longer), 440 C.C.were then distilled with magnesia, and the ammonia estimated by astandard solut,ion. The quantity of ammonia obtained by two hours'boiling was so near the theoret,ical amount that the author believesthe whole of the aspayagine to have been decomposed.On reducingthe quantity of acid, the results were not so accurate, and the boilinghad to be prolonged. Experiments made according to Schlosing'sniethod show that when solutions are nearly neutralised with soda,prior to the addition of milk of lime, the ammonia ccjmes off veryslowly, not being finished even in 72 hours. J. F.Indigo Assaying. By C. T. LEE (Chem. News, 50, 49).--ForFeveral years, the author has used a method by sublimation, whichhas been uniformly satisfactory. Indigo-blue sublimes readily, and,by a careful regulation of temperature, can be separated from theother components of indigo, indigo-brown, indigo-red, mucilaginousmatter, &c.Platinum trays 7 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, and 3- 4 mm.deep, are used. About 0.25 gram of finely-powdered indigo: whichhas been dried at loo", is taken. It is spread uniformly and the trayvery carefully heated on an iron plate, covering with a flat iron archwhen volatilisation commences. The time required is from 30 minutesto two hours. The heat must not be so high as to cause the formationof yellow vapours. The results are constant within 2 per cent.Action of Air on Solutions of Tannin and the Estimationof Tannin. By A. GUYARD (Bull. SOC. Chim., 41, 336-337).-TheJ. TANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. 1439siithor finds that air which has been purified by passing through nseries of tubes containing potash solution, cotton-wool, soda-lime,and calcium chloride, has no action on either concentrated or dilutesolutions of pure tannin.The usual decomposition which is noticedwhen solutions of tannin are exposed to the air, and which results iuthe formation of gallic acid is, therefore, probably due to atmosphericparticles or ferments, which act without the co-operation of oxygen.It is otherwise with an alkaline solution of tannin, which is rapidlyattacked by purified air, the tannin undergoing a process of combus-tion, provided an excess of air is allowed to pass through it. Forthis reason Terreil’s process for the estimation of tannin is only validin presence of a limited supply of air. The best reagent for separat-ing tannin from gallic acid is a solution of lead acetate acidulatedwith acetic acid ; as it, precipitates the tannin only, the lead compoundmay be collected and decomposed with dilute sulphuric acid, and thefiltered liquid titrated with potassium permanganate.The gallic acidmay also be estimated in the filtrate from the lead compound bypotassium permanganate. W. R. D.Tannin. By P. MUSSET (Dingl. polyt. J., 253, 341--343).-Theauthor found two acids in oak-bark which are precipitated by gelatinand oxidised by potassium permanganate, hence the determination inthe case of a mixture of both acids is attended with inaccuracies,owing to the difference in the “permanganate values ” of these acids.It is therefore proposed to treat the extract of oak-bark with ethjlacetate, and repeat this operation until the clear ethereal solutionceases to give a blue coloration with ferric acetate.The ethyl acetateis said to contain the tannin of oak-bark, whilst the aqueous solutioncontains the tannic acid of ’‘ oak-red.’’ As this method is too lengthy,the author recommends titration with iodine, the mode of procedurebeing described in detail in the original paper.German barks contain 7-8 per cent. oak-bark tannin and 6-10per cent. oak-red tannin. As the latter may be used with advantagefor tanning purposess the valuation of oak-bark according to the per-centage of oak-bark tannin, no longer suffices, and it becomes neces-sary to consider also the quantity of oak-red tannin in the assay ofbarks. D. 13.Estimation of Extract of Malt. By R. KRUIS (Ried. Centr.,1884, 428) .-The author finds different methods of estimation toyield different results ; he recommends Stolba’s process with slightvariations, viz., to digest 100 grams malt in 400 C.C. water for onehour at the ordinary temperature, then heat to 60°, at which keep itfor three hours, cool, dilute to 1 litre, and filter, take the sp. gr.,calculate by Balling or Schulze’s tables the percentage of extract, andninltiply by 10. J. I?.(Bied. Centr., 1E84, 369.)-The hopsare to be washed, the wash water treated with zinc and hydro-chloric acid in a flask, and the evolved gas to be test,ed for sul-phuretted hydrogen. It sometimes happens that unsulphured hopsTesting Sulphured Hops1440 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERSyield siilphure tted hydrogen when treated as above. When bleachedand unbleached hops are mixed, at least 10 grams must be used i nthe analysis-the washing does not remove all the sulphur.To detect sulphurous anhydride in beer and wine, the distillate oftheir liquors must be treated with iodine, and the resulting sulphuricacid precipitated by barium chloride. E. W. P.Estimation of the Total Nitrogen in Urine. By PATRI andLEHMANN (Zeit. Phys. Chem., 8, 200--213).--The authors have ex-tended the process Kjeldahl described in the Zeitschr. Anal. Chem.,1883, for the estimation of nitrogen in food-stuffs and organic com-pounds generally, t o the determination of the total nitrogen in urine,faxes, &c. The general mode of procedure is as fiillows :-A mea-snred o r weighed quantity of the sample is boiled in a flask withfuming sulphuric acid until a colourless solution is produced; thisis usually complete after two hours. The solution is then oxidiseciby adding gradually small quantities of powdered potassium perman-ganate until the solution is of a deep green. After cooling., it isdiluted with water, and an excess of alkali is added. The distillationof the ammonia is a t once commenced, the distillate being passedinto acid, and the ammonia afterwards estimated by any of the usualmethods. In order to avoid the violent bumping that usually accom-panies the concentration of the alkaline liquid, a current of steam ispassed through the flask. By this means the last traces of ammoniacan be easily obtained without any fear of bumping. The figuresobtained by this process aqree very closely with those given byDumas, or Will and Varrentrapp’s method. J. Y. L

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA8844601422

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

1440 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERY.T e c h n i c a1 C h e m i s t r y .A Filter yielding Physiologically Pure Water. By C. CHAM-RERLAKD (Compt. rend., 99, 247-248).-The water is filtered underpressure through biscuit porcelain, and is thus obtained entirely freefrom microbes and germs, although originally very impure. Afterbeing used, the filter can be cleaned by brushing and heating to amoderately high temperature in order to destroy the arrested organicmatter. C. 11. B.Antiseptic Action of Nickelous Chloride. By H. SCHULZ(Bied. Centr., 1884, 360).-A solution of 1 gram nickelous chlorideper litre preserves fibrin. Solutions of 0.5-5 per cent. strengthwere employed on Aspergillus glaucus sown in bread ; these were pre-vented from. growing. The action is referred to the great affinity ofthis salt for ammonia.E. W. P.Borax as an Internal Disinfectant. By E. DE CYON (Compt.rend., 99, 147--148).--The author some time ago confirmed Dumas’observations as t o the antiseptic properties of borax, and showed thaTECHNICAL CHEMISTRY. 1441tliis salt can be introduced into the huma,n body in quantitiesamounting to 15 grams per diem, without producing any functiorialdisturbance. He now proposes the internal administration of borax(with food, in quant,ities of about 6 grams per diem) as a preventativeagainst cholera and other epidemics due to microbes. The borax willnot only exert a direct action on the microbes in the alimentarycanal, hut will also be absorbed into the blood and attack the bacilliwhich have penetrated into it.A solution of borax or boric acid mayalso be used for washing. During the violent cholera epidemic inItaly in 1864-65, the workmen in the seven boric acid factories atLnrdarello escaped the epidemic, whilst a village 3 kiloms. distant 10s ta third of its population.Recovery of Ammonia from the Gases of Coke-ovens. ByC. WINKLER (Dingk. pokyt. J., 253, 374--376).-The author doubtsthe possibility of success in endeavoiiring t o recover ammonia fromcoke-oven gases by the methods hitherto adopted, in which the reco-very of ammonia is added to the ordinary coking process, withoutattempting to effect an alteration in the same. He suggests thattrials should be made with m experimental oven of the ordiiiaryform, and the latter heated by means of a special generating furnace,instead of utilising the hot gases evolved during the process of car-bonisation.It would thus be possible t o determine the amount ofheat required €or coking purposes and tho conditions under which thebest and densest coke is produced and the largest yield is obtained.The properties of the volatile products of distillation could be studiedsimultaneously, the yield of tar and ammoniit est,ablished, and expe-riments be made to ascertain the most suitable arimangement forcooling the gases. It would be interesting also to determine theevaporative power of the hot gases, their fuel value after cooling, andhow far it would be practicable to utilise them for heating the cokeovens. Finally, i t would be useful t o study the question of increasingthe yield of ammonia by the addition of alkaline or chlorinating sub-stances to coal.It has been demonstrated that it is impossible t o convert the totalnitrogen contained in coal into ammonia by the process of destructivedistillation.I n carbonising coal containing 1-73 per cent. nitrogen,Foster found 14.51 per cent. of the total nitrogen as ammonia, 1.56 ascymogen, 35-26 in the gas, bnd 48-66 in the coke.Winkler has investigated the manufacture of coke at the DeubenWorks, and obtained the following results :-Composition of the coal carbonised-C. H. B.C. H. 0. N. S. Ask. H20.58.44 3.75 5.99 1.08 1.92 1005 18-77Yield obtained from 50 hectolitres or 4061.5 kilos. cod-15.0 hectolitres, or 719~~5 kilos. good coke.33.0 ,> 1359.5 ,, cinder.2.3 7 , 144.0 ,, ash.50.3 hectolitres, o r 2223.0 kilos1442 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Tho average composition of the coal, when calculated according tothese proportions, gave-C.H. 0. N. S. Ash. H20.72.88 0.48 2.31 0.56 2.56 18.36 2-85Hence 100 parts of the above coal yielded-53.2 parts cokeContaining- Equal toC.. . . 39 -91 parts 68.3 p. c.N . .. 0’31 ,, 28’7 ,,S . ,. 1.40 ,, 72.9 ,,Ash . 10.05 ,, 100.0 ,,53.20 parts.f------- 7H . . . 0-26 ,, 6.9 ,,0 . . . 1.27 ,, 21‘2 ,,H20. - ,, 7,and 46-8 parts volatile products.r------ vContaining- Equal t oC . . . . 18 *53 parts 31.7 p. c.H . .. 3.49 ,, 93.1 ,,0 . .. 4-72 ,, 78.8 ),R . .. 0.77 ,, 71.3 ,)S .... 0.52 ,, 27.1 ,,3 1 2 0 . 18.77 ,, 100.0 ,,Ash.. - -46 ‘80 parts.It was not possible to determine the amount of nitrogen containedin the volatile products in the form of ammonia.As the annual consumption of coal for carbonising purposesamounts to 18,000,000 tons, it is estimated that 58,600 tons of ammo-ilia could be produced from this quantity, ie., as much nitrogen asis imported in the form of sodium nitrate from South America.D. B.Production of Ammonium Sulphate and. HydrochloricAcid. (DlrigZ. poZyt. J., 253, 350.)-On treating ammonium chloridewith sulphuric acid, partial decomposition only is effected, an acidresidue remaining which contains ammoilium chloride. To remedythis, Mond (Ger. Pat., 28,063, November, 1883) adds sufficient sul-phuric acid to form hydrogen ammonium sulphate, and neutralisesthe latter by ammonia or a salt of ammonium.Recovery of Hydrogen Sulphide from Alkali Waste.ByH. v. MILLER and C. OPL (Dz‘ngl. polgt. J., 253, 350).-It is proposedto treat the residues from soda works with carbonic anhydride orhydrogen sulphide, SO as to form a solution of calcium hydrosulphide.This is introduced into iron vessels fitted with stirrers, and heatedeither by a furnace or with high pressure steam. When the boilingp i n t is reached, decomposition takes place, calcium hydroxide (?)being precipitated and hydrogen sulphide disengaged. Half of thelatter is used for obtaining sulphuric acid or sulphur, and the re-lllaiiiing half is employed in the preparation of a further supply ofcalcium hydrosulphide. The following equatioiis explain the reac-tions which take place :-I). B.CaS + H,S = CaH,S2 and CaH2S2 + 2H20 = CaH2O2 + H,S.D.B.Notes on the Soda Industry. By SCHEURER-KESTXER (BUZZ.~ o c . CILim., 41, 335-336) .-Reidemeister has obtained from thecrude soda solution of Leblanc’s process a double sodium calciuTECHNICAL CHEMISTRY. 1443carbonate containing only half as much water of crystallisation asgay-lussite. The compound is found in crystals associated withthose of gay-lussite, from which they differ in form. These crystalshaye the formula 2(CaCO3,Na2CO3) + 5H20. Some of them werefound blackened with ferrous sulphide ; others dull and opaque fromcontamination with silicates of the alkaline earths.W. R. D.Analysis of an English Bottle-glass. By. L. GOTTSTEIN (Dingl.polyt. J., 253, 338).-The author states that although English bottlemanufacturers work without the addition of alkalis, the resultingglass resists the action of acid solutions as energetically as alkaliglass. At the Stockton Bottle Works the following mixture is used :-Sand 36 parts, clay 18, lime 24, marl 12, and river mud 10. The sub-joined analysis indicates that the glass prepared with this mixture hasabsorbed a small amount of alkali from one of these constituents :-SiO,. Fe,03. Al,03. CaO. MgO. K,O. iYa,O.I. 60.91 3.16 3.39 22.61 6.07 1.10 2.5111. 61.20 3.29 3.47 22.76 5.73 1.06 2.39The composition of the glass is remarkable, inasmuch as it is poori n alkalis, but rich in lime and magnesia.Decomposition of Cements by Water.By H. LE CHATELIER(Bull. ~ O C . China., 41, 377--379).-When cements are treated withwat,er, not only is the free lime dissolved as is usually assumed, butdecomposition of certain metallic compounds containing calciumoxide takes place, which results in the formation of calcium hydr-oxide. I n order to determine the quantity of free lime in cements,they are treated with water in successive quantities so long as theliquid is saturated with lime (1.3 gram in a litre). Under these con-ditions no decomposition of any calcium compound occurs. The mostunst)able of these latter compounds is calcium ferrite, which begins todecompose when the liquid contains less than 0.62 gram of CaO in alitre.Those cements which contain much free lime “set ” butslowly, whilst those which contain little “ set ” rapidly. In continuingthe progressive action of water on cements, it is found that thedecornposition of such compounds corresponds with a fixed content oflime, which does not decrease with further additions of water. Bytitrating the quantity of calcium oxide contained in these solutions,and comparing the results with those obtained from synthetical corn-pounds, the author was able to prove the existence in the cements ofthe following compounds :-D. B.Grams of CaOin 1 litre.1.3 = CaOHzO1.6 = Fe20,,4C‘a0,12H,00.2 = Al2O3,4Ca0,12H200.05 = SiOz,Ca0,3H20. W. R. D1444 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Decomposition of White Iron by Heat.By L. FOURQUIGNON(Compt. rend., 99, 237--238).-White charcoal-iron was heated towdness for several days in ti vacuum, all traces of air having beendisplaced by hydrogen. It did not melt nor soften, but became dis-tinctly malleable, and its surface was covered with a dull greyishefflorescence which left a mark on paper. The fracture was some-times of a uniform black, like that of a lead pencil, sometimes dottedover with regularly disseminated black points of amorphous graphite.The composition of the iron was as follows :-I. 11.7 (--A- 7 r-----h-Original. 172 hours. Original 196 hours.HeatedCombined carbon.. 2.959 0.895 2.824 1.159'Graphite . . . . . . . . . 0.0 2.061 0.0 1.6i62.959 2.956 2.824 2.835Heated-- -- --- --When white iron is heated, it is decomposed into graphite and acarbide less rich in carbon.C. H. B.Imitation of Patina. By E. DONATH (Dirtgl. pol$ J., 253,376--380).-The formation of the so-called " patina " on bronzestatues has been the subject of much investigation of late years, inconsequence of the fact that most of those of recent origin havebecome covered with a dense greyish-black film, which gives theman unpleasing appearance. Weber attributes the formation of patineto the composition of the alloy, and recommends the use of tin, sug-gesting also that the quantity of zinc used should be limited as muchas possible. Briihl states that the production of the dark-colouredfilm is due to the large number of coal fires and furrinces in operationa t the present time.His conclusion that this film is free from sul-phur is not confirmed by Weber.Referring t o the processes for producing patina by artificial means,the author, after much investigation, found that the treatment ofstatues with acids (acetic, oxalic, hydrofluosilicic acids, &c.) or am-monia, ammonium carbonate, &c., is attended with practical diffi-culties. Some time ago Briihl had occasion to make a series ofexperiments on a bronze statue erected a t Aix-la-Chapelle. Torestore the statue to its original colour a mixture of 20 parts ofwetic acid and 100 partfi of fat oil from bones was used. The authorin his trials employed oleic acid treated n7ith a small amount of cupricoleate, which is said to prevent the oleic acid from altering.Bone-oil being composed largely of olei'n, the use of commercial oleic acidsuggested itself to the author, inasmuch as the formation of thecopper-soap, which is said to be the came of the green film observedb y Bruhl, cannot take place until the decomposition of the fat intoglycerol and free fatty acid has been effected ; moreover, the oxidisingnctioa of oleic acid on metals in the presence of oxygen is more power-ful. On addling acetic acid to the mixture, it is gradually decolorised,cupric oxide being deposited. It is, therefore, necessary to heat thTECHNICAL CHEMISTRY. 1445same gently, and thoroughly agitate it before use. The objects to betreated are washed repeatedly with a concentrated solution of am-monium carbonate, which produces a bluish-green film.They arethen painted with the mixture of oleic and acetic acid. I). B.Toughening Gold (and Silver) in the Melting Crucible.By J. C. BOOTH (Chem. News, 50, 37--38).-Some brittle coinagegold was toughened as follows :-5400 ox. were melted in a cruciblewith one or two ounces of soda-ash and anhydrous fused borax. Thecentents of the crucible appeared as a quiet mass of metal coveredwith a rather viscid slag, disposed to swell and PUB. A few crystalsof potassium nitrate, say one or two ounces, were then dropped suc-cessively into the centre of the metallic surface, and as they meltedtheir spreading out over the whole surface was aided by the concentricmotion of the bottom of a small crucible.The moment the visibleoxidising action began to slacken, the fluxed matter was skimmed offby means of a small black lead dipping crucible, as rapidly as wasconsistent with the care necessary to avoid taking up metal. I n thisparticular case, 1 part of foreign matter was sufflcient to impartbrittleness to 75,000 parts of good standard gold (900 gold + 100copper, &c.). By a slight oxidising process, the matter causingbrittleness was removed a t a trifling cost, without appreciable loss ofgold; the standard of the gold was not perceptibly changed by theoperation. When the bullioii appears to be baser, the only changemade in the toughening consists in using a larger amount of soda andborax, and a still larger proportion of nitre. I n this case, some ofthe graphite of the crucible is cut away at the level of the metal, andas the larger bulk of fluxing matter increases the time of skimming,some of the oxidised foreign matter, in the presence of a large amountof metal, and surrounded by graphite; tends to revert to the metallicstate.To obviate this; after going through the stronger oxidisingprocess, the oxidation is suddenly fixed by the rapid addition to thefloating slag of sand, lime, or bone-ash, which thickens the slag so asto allow more deliberate skimming. The impurities from 75,000 ounceswere concentrated into a single button of about 8 ounces. J. T.Chemistry of Wine. By R. KAYSER (Zeitschr. Aizal. Chem., 1884,207--317).-A large number (109) of analyses of wines from thePalatinate, Wurtem berg, the Moselle, Franconia, Italy, Dalmatia,France, and Spain, are given, including estimations of alcohol, extract,ash, acidity, sugar, tartaric, phosphoric and sulphuric acids, lime,magnesia, pot,ash, and glycerol.0. H.Malt Extract by Different Waters. By E. A. MoRrrz and A.HARTLEY (Bied. Centr., 1884, 404-406).-Two natural waters andsix samples of distilled water, each treated with a special salt, wereused to extract albuminoids from a sample of malt. The malt was ofgood quality, and the process was conducted in miniature mash-tins,exactly as in commercial way. The extract was filtered from thedrnff, diluted to 1 litre, 50 C.C. dried at 100" and ignited with soda-VOL. XLTI. 5 1446 ARSTRBCTS OF CHENICAL PAPERS.~ ~~No.of experi-ments ....Nitrogen. ...Average albu.mino'ids ...lime. The fresh malt contained N, 2.01 per cent. = alburninoids12.68.The results differ in many respects from empirical assertions, andshow that the mineral constituents have a considerable influeace onthe solubility of albuminoid substances in malt ; but even those differ-ences do not, in the author's opinion, account for the variety in thefinished products, the mineral salts, he thinks, must exert a directinfluence on the fermentation.I~ ~~40 -6674 -220Distilled,Na,C03added.30'8325.2704 40-903 0.9105.710 I 5-760Puredis-tilled.Barley.30 -714 -49Malt.Water.Barley. Malt.NewRiverwater.1 -69a.21.09.52 - 419.1Dis-tilledwithBurtoncrptals1 *58b.c.40.6 36.714.5 10.33.8 5 ' 022.3 21'4----20 -9666 *11440 -9826 *220J. F.Nitrogenous Combinations in Barley, Malt, and BeerWort. By H. BUNGENER and L. FRIES (Bied. Centr., 1884, 406-409).-A series of experiments was undertaken to ascertain theinfluence of the origin of the barley process of malting and modeof brewing on the quality and quantity of the different niti*ogenoussubstances, and the part played by them in fermentation. In theseexperiments, the nitrogen called albumino'id was the differencebetween total nitrogen and peptones; these were estimat'ed by pre-cipitation with lead hydroxide, and the amides by precipitation ofthe resulting filtrate with tannic acid. The first series of esperi-rnents was with barley of 1882, fkom Alsace and Champagne,and pale malt made froni it a t 65".Solutions were preparedby steeping the ground barley and malt severally for 18 hoursin cold water, with the addition of a little thymol solution, and forthe worts at 15 per cent., three-quarters of an hour at 20-70", andhalf hour a t 70". The results are, in per cent. :-Alsatian. I Champagne.Dry substance, nitrogen. ....Nitrogen dissolved.. ........Peptones .................Total.. ...................As albuminoi'ds ............Aruides ..................1-84a.20 -621 '12'26 *31 -736. c.36.2 36.414-4 10'62.4 3-519.4 22.TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY. 1447The other series of experiments yielded similar results.Hydrogen Peroxide as Beer Preservative.By WEINGARTNER(Bied. Centr., 1884, 428) .-The experiments recorded yielded nega-tive results ; after 14 days, the flasks of beer treated with hydrogenperoxide were clouded, whilst Pasteurised samples remained perfectlyclear. The taste of beer had changed to a flavour of rum; micro-scopic examination showed much albumin and living yeast cells.In a second notice, it is stated that nine flasks of beer to which hadbeen added 3,5,6, 7,8,9,10 C.C. hydrogen peroxide were carried by theship “Fulda” t o Bremerhaven and back, the voyage lasting a month ;theywere daily inspected as to colour and transparency, three days aftercommencement of the voyage, two flasks which were not so treatedbut kept as control became muddy; the nine remaining clear andbright until returned t o New York ; four days afterwards they wereopened in the laboratory, but during those four days it had becomeexcessively hot and the beer became clouded, the taste and aromaremaining good.J. F.J. F.Separation of Sugar from Molasses. By P. DEGENER andothers ( B i d Centr., 1884, 343).--Degener gives the results ofnumerous analyses of molasses-lime prepared by different processes.Junemann separates the sugar by gradual addition of milk of lime toboiling dilute molasses and then filtering ; 98 per cent. of the sugarpresent is thus precipitated as lime saccharate, it may then be washedand decomposed by carbonic anhydride. An improvement in theosmotic process is mentioned by G.Stude as employed in Francewhere the organic potash salts are converted into chlorides by theaddition of 1-1.3 kilo. ammonium chloride to every 100 kilos.molasses. E. W. P.Quality of the Flour obtained by various Methods of Grind-ing. By A. GIRARD (Compt. rend., 99, 380-383).-The flour fromthe same grain has practically the same chemical composition bywhatever method it has been ground, but the extent t o which it iscontaminated by the nitrogenous de’bris of the envelope of the grains,and by germs, depends on the method of grinding. If the wheat hasbeen ground between metal cylinders, the flour is practically freefrom these impurities, and yields white bread of excellent quality ;if the flour is obtained by progressive grinding between metallicrunners, or if the grain has been prei-iously cut and granulated, theflour contains a small proportion of the impurities and the bread isless white ; whilst if the wheat has been ground under stones by anymethod, the proportion of the nitrogenous de‘bris and germs isrelatively high and the bread is distinctly discoloured.Comparisoi of Separators.By FJORD (Bied. Centi-., 1804, 339-341).-Three forms of separator were compared, as t o their powerof separating the cream, and under the various conditions Laval’salways left most cream unrenioved. The author prefers to use twosmall machines in preference to one large one.C. H. B.E. W. P1448 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Butter Making and the Souring of Cream. By K~~HNKE andotbers (Bied.Centr., 1804, 334--336).-Thc pleasant aromatic tasteof good butter is due to the action of lactic mid on some of theconstituents of the milk. Butter for keeping should be preparedfrom cream only slightly acid, nor should the cream be kept longerthan 18 hours a t 20" so as to avoid precipitation of case'in. Ac-cording to De la Marvonnais, after the butter has " come " and isin the state of small granules, it should be washed in the churn afterremoval of the butter-milk ; washing it thus removes the casein whichis precipitated by the souring of the cream, and is not separated by"working " alone. Calberla by a patent process washes butter in acentrifugal machine; this renders the butter firmer and improves itstaste and colour. E. W. P.Loss of Weight during the Ripening of Cheese.By .B.MARTINY and W. FLEISCHWANN (Bied. C'entr., 1884, 341).-Skim milkcheeses will loose by ripening at least 15 per cent. of their weight.Fleischmann publishes a table showing the loss incurred during theripening of various kinds of cheese; the diminution varies from12-30 per cent. E. W. P.Application of Electrolysis in Preparing Indigo-vats.By F. GOPPELSROEDER (Dingl. polyt. ,J., 253, 245-252, and 381-385).-In furtherance of his former researches on the use of electro-lysis in preparing indigo-vats (this vol., p. 942), and in consequence ofa publication by Wartha, the author has conducted a series of experi-ments with indigo-paste and indigo-vats of different concentrations,such as are employed in dye works, the object being to study one OPtwo points in dispute between Wartha and the author.Althoughthe former does not dispute the formation of indigo-vats by electro-chemical means, the author deemed it expedient to make a number ofexperiments with samples of indigo of different origin, and mixed withcaustic alkalis or caustic lime, employing various apparatus, workingwith cold or hot solutions, and exposing them to the current for alonger or shorter period. To prepare the indigo-vat, indigo wasmixed with a solution of caustic alkalis or lime, heated gently and thecurrent passed in. In former trials, it was found that the hydrogen-ation of indigo-blue to indigo-white could be effected in the cold,although the quantity of indigo-white thus obtained had not beendetermined. Recent experiments confirm Wartha's results, whofound that the vat produced a t the ordinary temperature acts veryslowly, the hydrogenation of the indigotin being very imperfect ;hence it is necessary to work with hot solutions. At the boilingpoint, the conversion is effected with great ease ; the current shouldnot, however, be allowed to act on the indigo-vat for too long aperiod, otherwise the indigo-white formed a t first is altered, andfinally decomposed.The author gives a, detailed account of hisexperiments, accompanied by diagrams showing a series of elec-t,rolytic apparatus of simple construction.In prosecuting these researches, the author discovered a new fact.He found that by producing the indigo-vat direct on the fibre anTECHSICAL CHEMISTRY. 1449exposing the latter to the action of the atmosphere, the indigo-whitecould be converted into indigotin.For this purpose, finely dividedindigo was mixed with caustic a(lka1is and the fabric saturated withthe mixture ; it was then placed on a plate of metal and covered withanother plate, the two plates forming the electrodes. The currentwas now passed through, and in the course of a short time theindigotin was completely converted into indigo-white. The advan-tage gained by the use of this method is the possibility of producingnew colours on certain parts of the fabric, and printing reserves forwhite or other colours on the material before it is subjected to theelectrolytic treatment.D. B.By A. DOLLFUS (DingZ. poZyt.J., 253, 351).-The author proposes to treat case'in with nitric acid,nitrocaseyn being formed, which may be used very advantageouslyfor the fixation of colours. Nitrocasein, when dyed on cotton, yieldsa yellow-drab colour, which resists the action of chlorine and extremesoaping. D. B.Artificial Blue Colours. By W. ROSPENDOWSKI (Chem. News, 50,84-87).-1n order to ascertain if the dye is homogeneous or a mixtureof several colouring matters, the author recommends that a little ofthe powder should be sprinkled on cold water, when coloured veinswill descend from each particle (if the dye is soluble i n water), andthese will be of the same or different colours, according as the dye ishomogeneous or a mixture.He then proceeds to give the reactions of the ordinary commercialblue dyes, when treated with sulphuric acid, soda, ammonia?stannous chloride, and zinc powder.The reactions are given for18 dyes-Extract of indigo ; Nicholson Blue BBE ; Soluble blue BB :Induline BBB ; Blue SS ; Marine Blue BB ; Solid Blue ; Solid BlackBlue ; Blue-Black B ; Neutral Blue ; Vat Indigotin ; Indigotin forwool ; Topping Blue (RZeu reinontage) ; Gallocyanin and Solid Violet ;Acid Myrtle ; Liquid Green B ; Solid green B, 2B, and 3B ; LiquidGreens, No. 1 and No. 2 ; all these greens are mixtimes of malachitegreen and Paris violet.Canarine. (DhgZ. poZyt. J., 253, 130-131, comp. this vol.,p. 796.)-l'his yellow dye, placed in the market by Durand andHnguenin, of Basle, is the yellow precipitate produced by the actionof chlorine or bromine on thiocyanic acid.Prochoroff and 0.Miller prepare it as follows : to 1 kilo. potassiumthiocyanate in 1 litre water add 29 C.C. hydrochloric acid, and then1 kilo. bromine gradually, keeping the mixture cool. The yellowprecipitate of crude canarine is dissolved in pot,ash and mixed withalcohol, when a potassium compound is thrown down, which yieldspure canarine when decomposed with hydrochloric acid. When driedat 10Qo, it is a reddish-brown glistening powder, insoluble in water,alcohol, and ether, soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid and inpotash solution.H. Schmid considers canarine to be identical with persulpho-New Mode of Treating Casein.C. E. G1450 9ESTRBCTS OF CIIEJJICXL PAPERS.cyanogen, C3NH3Sa.0. Miller disputes this, asserting that canarinedissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid with evolution of sulphurousanhydride, which is not the case with persulphocyanogen.To apply canarine, Prochoroff and 0. Miller dissolT-e 1 part in1 part caustic potash and 20 parts warm water, and add to the brownsolution 7 to 10 per cent. of soap, afterwards allowing to cool. Wateycontaining lime o r magnesia should be avoided, as these bases throwdown the dye. Neither can caustic soda be used, as the sodium com-pound is insoluble in the cold. The dye is decomposed if it is heatedtoo long with potash. Kochlin boils 100 grams canarine in 1 litre waterwith 100 grams borax. Hot solutions of canarine in soda can also beemployed.The procedure is then similar to that of alizarin dyeing.By thickening the borax solution, printing, and steaming, a puregellow is obtained. Canarine colours are distinguished f o r theirresistance to light and soap. J. T.Auramine. (Dingl. poZyt. J., 253, 86--87.)-This interestingnovelty is the first artificial yellow dye which can be fixed on thevegetable fibre with tannic acid like aniline dyes. According to C.Kiichlin, a steam colour is prepared of auramine 1 part, tartaric acid1 part, and tannin 6 parts. If this colour be printed on ordinarytextures instead of on those prepared with tin, it becomes perfectlyfixed, after steaming, by the usual treatment with tartar emetic. Thedye then resists soap. Auracine also becomes fixed on wool, givingcolours of great purity.The colours bear light very well, but aresensibly affected by chlorine.Owing to its property of being fixed by tannin, it can be mixedwith other tannin dyes, 25, for example, in the production of veryyellow shades of malachite green, &c. Auramine can be fixed, undercertain conditions, with metallic mordants such as alumina.Poirrier produces a dye, jaune solide, remarkable for purity ; it isan azo-dye, which can be fixed by chromium acetate. Like Persianberries: it can be mixed with coerulin, logwood, &c., to produce oliveand other tints, also with aniline dyes. Alone, the dye gives orange-yellow shades of considerable resistance to light and soap.Flavaniline, a third new yellow dye for silk and wool.Accordingto C. Kochlin, in printing it is best fixed with its weight of tartaricacid and magnesium acetate. If cotton goods printed with manganesebrown be dyed with flavaniline, a bright brown is produced, as is thecase with naphthylamine, only where the brown has been dischargedwith tin salt a yellow appears. J. T.New Coal-tar Dyes and their Preparation, (Dingl. polyt. J.,25 2, 519-523.) According to the Farbenfabriken, formerly F.Bayer and Co., a third body has been found in the two monosulphonicacids of P-na,phthol: which appears to be a sulphonic acid of p-naph-thol, and, like Schaeffer’s acid, combines more readily with diazo-compounds than the a-monosulphonic acid previously described.A new yellow colouring matter, called “ echurin,” is obtained,according to the Leeds Manufacturing Company, by mixing 5 partTECHNICAL CHEMISTRY.1451picric acid with 3 parts flavin, adding 12 parts nitric acid of 36" B.,heating on a water-bath, and evaporating to dryness.Majert obtains quinoline-derivatives from the nitro- and amido-derivatives of anthraquinone in the same way as from nitrobenzene o raniline. These bodies form yellow colouring matters, whose alcoholicsolutions impart a yellow colour to wool and silk, which is very per-manent. By converting the dyes into sulphonic acids, they are ob-tained in a soluble form. D. B.Separation of Azo-colouring Matters of Mixed Naphthol-sulphonic Acids. (Dingl. poZyt. J., 252, 440.) Dahl and Co.,instead of separating naphtholsulphonic acids and preparing azo-dyesfrom the pure acids, isolate certain azo-compounds by the differentsolubility of their alumina, lime, baryta, and strontia derivatives.Thisis specially applicable to azo-dyes prepared from a mixture of thea- and 6-monosulphonic acid of ,!3-naphthol with diazo-naphthalene-monosulpho~~ic acid and diazo-azobenzenemonosulphonic acid, or inthe case of dyes obtained from a mixture of the di- and tri-sulphonicacids of @-naph tho1 with diazo-naphthalenemonosulphonic acid, dikzo-azobenzene, and diazo-azobenzenemonosulphonic acid. D. B.Preparation of Red and Violet Dyes. (Dim$. polyt. J., 252,343.)-Wheii a-naphthol is introduced into cold fuming sulphuric acid,a new a-naphtholsulphonic acid is produced, in addition to thatdescribed by Schaeffer.A new acid is obtained also when the diazo-compound of Piria's naphthionic acid prepared by snlphonatingnaphthylamine is decomposed by boiling it with acidulated water.Whilst by the action of diazo-compounds on Schaeffer's acid, orangeand brown dye-stuffs are produced, the monosulphonic acids whichare obtained from a-naphthol in the cold, and from Piria's naphthionicacid, yield ponceau to cherry-red dyes (Verein chemischer Fabriken,Mannheim).By the action of phosgene on dimethylaniline and diethyl-aniline, the corresponding acid chlorides and ketone bases are formed,and, as bye-products, violet colouring matters. According t o theBaden Aniline and Soda Works, the formation of these dyes becomesthe primary reaction when the action of phosgene on the tertiarybases is assisted by some energetic condensation agent, such as alumi-nium chloride.It is thus possible to obtain from dimethylanilineand diethylaniline violet dyes of the triphenylmethane group ; alsosimilar colouring matters, by extending this reaction to a large seriesof tertiary aromatic monamines.(Dingl. p d y t . J.,252, 323--328.)-In order to reniove the difficulty attending the" sulphite boiling " process, viz., the evolution of sulphurous anhy-tiride and the contamination of the surrounding atmosphere with thisgas, Graham proposes the use of the monosulphites of potassium,sodium, magnesium, &c. For this purpose a solution of the mono-sulphite or a suitable combination of any of them is introduced intothe boiler, and when the gases contained in the wood and the boilerD.B.Manufacture of Lignose (Wood Cellulose)1452 ABSTRBCTS O F CIIEXICAL PAPERS.have been driven off by heat, sulphurous acid in the gaseous or liquidstate is injected. Instead of the introduction of sulphurous acid alone,it may be injected in combinatZion with potassium, sodium, or mag-nesium. An excess of acid should be employed, but not sufficient toform in the boiler a solution of acid sulphites.I n bleaching the fibres from vegetable substances, Graham haspatented a process which consists in bringing sodium or potassiumnitrate in solution into contact with the fibrous substances, beingtreated either at the same time as or subsequent to their treatmentwith the ordinary chlorine bleaching agents.Pictet and Brelaz show that the high temperature (120-140")used in the process f o r preparing lig-nose converts all gummy andresinous substances into tars, which interfere with the subsequentbleaching operations.They therefore recommend the use of anaqueous solution of sulphurous acid, which is said to dissolve theincrustating substances of the wood a t a low temperature, so that alarger yield of cellulose is obtained, and the bleaching is facili-tated.For the preparation of cellulose from wood, straw, &c., 100 kilos.wood are brought into a wrought-iron boiler, and treated with anaqueous solution of sodium sulphide (10" R.) containing 30 kilos.pure sodium sulphide. The mixture is then heated for 6-10 hours,at a pressure of from 5-10 atmospheres.Blitz boils wood for 3-4 hours in a closed vessel, at a pressure of4 atmospheres, with a solution containing 6 kilos. sodium sulphide,3 kilos. caustic soda, and 1 gram ammonium vanadate.Explosives. (Dingl. poZ!jt. J., 253, 70--77.)-Recently, muchhas been said about panclastite, an explosive patented by E. Turpin,but not t o be conf%unded with a compound of the same name pre-vicusly described (DingZ. polyi. J., 252, 153). Turpin's procedurerests on the application of nitrous acid, with which the liquid hydro-carbons (petroleum, toluene, xylene, naphthalene) nitrogen-compoundsof the tar-derivatives (nitrobenzene, nitroxylene, aniline nitrate,nitraniline) , and various fats (suet, butter, linseed oil) gives mixturesof explosive substances. The fatty bodies are first nitrated by meansof nitrous acid, and warmed on the water-bath to expel nitrous fumes.These nitrated fatty bodies, or the other non-nitrated compounds, arcmixed with 1-2 parts of nitrous acid, in order to produce the explo-sive ; this product is absorbed by porous substances, as in the case ofnitroglycerol, and made up into air-tight cartridges of metal or glass.When ignited, panclastile burns quietly, and only detonates widera percussipe impulse. The addition of carbon bisulphicle makes thecompound more easily explosive, whilst increase in the nitrous acidincreases the explosive power. Panclastite, however, appears to betoo unstable and uncertain f o r practical work.D. B.J. T

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA8844601440

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INDEX OF AUTHORS’ NAMES.A B S T R A C T S . 1 8 8 4 .A.Abel, Sir F. A., and B. Redwood,petroleum-testing in tropical climateswith Abel’s apparatus, 877.A b elli. See S c h i a p ai-el li.Abney, W. W., and R. F e s t i n g , at-mospheric absorption of aqueousvapour, 241.-- relation between radiation,energy, and temperature, 241).Ackermann, E., salts and ethers ofaurin and rosolic acid, 1339.Adam , P., bromoparaxylenol, 1329.A d r i a n and M o r e a u x, preparation ofA k e r m a n n and S a r n s t r 6 m, reductionA l b r e c h t , See Will.AlexQeff, thermal effect of solution,1244.A l l e n and Underwood, oxidation ofdiethylbenzene, 587.A l l i h n , F., action of dilute hydro-chloric acid on starch, 721.Amagat, E. H., compressibility ofair and carbonic anhydride, 146.- compressibility of gases, 145. - compressibility of rarefied air,hydrogen, and carbonic anhydride,146. - estimation of the dry extract ofwines, 1432.Amat. See P a r m e n t i e r .Amato, D., chemical action of light,Amthor, C., studies on ripe cherriesAndBs, E. L., refining of shellac, 380.Andouard, A., the guano of CapeVert, 359.Andouard, A, and V. DQzaunay,effect of exhausted beet pulp on cow’smilk, 347.Andr6, G., barium oxychloride, 712.-- heats of formation of lead oxy-chlorides and oxybromides, 384.VOL. XLVLquassin, 908.of iron oxide with carbonic oxide, 20.1237.and currants, 766.Andr6, G., heats of formation of mer-curic oxybromides, 707.- thermochemistry of the OXY-chlorides, 884.Andreae, J.L., solubility of solidsubstances in water at various tem-peratures, 1090.Andreasch, R., allylcarbamide, 731.Andres, E., soap varnishes, 648.Andre s e n, M., trichloroquinone-chlor-amide, tri- and tetra-chloroquinone,431.Angeblis, A., and R. Anschutz,action of aluminium chloride on amixture of benzene and vinyl bro-mide, and of benzene and vinyl tri-bromide, 753.-- syntheses of dimethylanthra-cene hydride, and diphenylethane frombenzene and ethylidene chloride, 753.Angot, A., effect of altitude on plant-growth, 627.A n s c h ii t z, R., acridine picrate, 908.- bromine substitution-products ofethane and ethylene, 32. - chrjsaniline, 1034.- monethjl oxalate, 296. - syntheses by means of aluminiumchloride, 754.- unsymmetrical tetraphenylethane,326. - use of dry oxalic acid in theformation of condensation-products,1019.Anschutz, R., and J. Klein, tetra-phenyletiiane, 1034.Apschutz. Pee also Angeblis.A r c h e, A., cerite, and the extraction ofcerium, lanthanum, and didymiumtherefrom, 557.Arche, A., and C . Hassack, analysisof a pit water, 782.Armstrong, H. E., and A. K.Miller,contributions to our knowledge ofcamphor, 43. -- met aisopropylmethylbenzene,43, 299.5 1454 INDEX OF AUTHORS.A r n a u d , cinchonamine, 87.A r n a u d , A., and L. Padk, testing fornitric acid and nitrates in vegetabletissues, 1074.A r n o l d , C., ptoma'ines and similarbodies, 469.Arnold and Schneidemiihle, poi-sonous matter of lupines, 915.A r r h e n i u s , S., the Clausiua-William-son hj pothesis, 701.A r t h , G., decomposition of ethylcarbonate, 731.- menthyl chloride, 167. - oxidation of menthol by potassiumpermanganate, 755.A r z r u n i and Baerwald, relationsbetween the crystalline form andchemical composition of arsenicaliron pyrites, 404.Aschmann, C., preparation of anantiseptic compound, 782.As c h an, O., action of thiocarbimideson amido-acids, 907.Assche, F. v., separation of rays ofhigh and low refmngibility, 24.1.As s m u s, feeding experiments onpigeons, 473.As t re, M., adulteration of verdigris,1236.A t h e n s t a d t, J., preparation of alu-minium acetate, 540.A t h e n s t a d t . See also Hubner.A t k i n s o n , R.W., volumetric estima-tion of iron, 873.A t w a t e r , W. O., absorption of nitro-genous food-stuffs by plants, 1401.Au bert, H., exhalation of carbonicacid by frogs, 91.Aubin, E., estimation of phosphoricacids in superphosphates, 1434.Aubin. See also Miintz.A u e r , C., gadolinite from Ytterby,A u e r, H., ethylphenol, 1002.A u s t e n , P. T., analysis of stannateof soda, 498.A u s t e n , P. T., and J. C.Chamber-l a i n , ammonium ferrous sulphate asa reagent for xitric acid, 493.A u s t e n , P. T., and F. A. W i l b e r ,purification of ammonium fluoride,492.717.Ay r e s, borax in California, 260.B.Babo, V., employment of milch cowsBachmeyer, W., analyses of potablefor labour. 1396.water, 1431.Baerwald, C., action of hydrogenperoxide on molybdates, 965.Baerwald.See also A r z r u n i .B a e s s 1 e r, A., derivatives of dimethyl-Baeyer, A., chemical nomenclature,- compounds of the indigo-group, 7 3 .- derivatives of orthamidoaceto-phenone, 1021.Baeyer, A., and F. Bloem, formationof indigo from orthamidoacetophe-none, 1026.B a e y e r , A., and V. Drewsen, actionof orthonitrobenzddehyde on alde-hyde, 58.Baeyer, A., and €3. F r i t s c h , orth-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and its deri-vatives, 1021.Baeyer, A., and B. Homolka, quin-isatin, 78, 1029.Baeyer, A., and C . Pape, derivativesof orthoxylene, 898.Baeyer, A., and W. H. P e r k i n , Jun.,benzoylacetic acid, 63, 838, -- derivatives of hydrindonaph-thelie, 752.-- synthesis of naphthalene deri-vatives, 907.B a k e r , H. B., direct union of nitrogenand hydrogen, 152.Balbiano, L., constitution of dibrom-anisic acid, 1172. - some fluorine compounds of copper,1264.B a l b i a n i and others, suggestions forthe destruction of Phylloxera, 920.Ballttnd, alteration of flour, 236, 532. - analyses of flour, 374. - analyses of the wines of Mbdkat,- germinated wheat, 1087. - Indian wheat, 355.Ballo, M., chemistry of plants, 765.- composition of Borhegyer water,I_ estimation of carbonic anhydride inBamberger, E., retene, 10443). - triamidophenol, 309.Bandrowski, E., action of bibasicorpnic acids on hydrazobenzene,1015.v. B a r a t t a , cultivation of Sorghumhalepense, 921.B a r b a g 1 i a, G.A., alkaloyds of Buxussempervirens, 188.Baros. See Stonhal.B a r r a l , J. A., salicylic acid in beer andB a r rois, glaucophane schists of thequinol, 1329.998.1086.978.air, 1076.wine, 778.Island of Groix, 412ISDEX OF AUTHORS. 1455B a r t h , L., and M. K r e t s c h y , picro-B a r t h , A., and H. H e n n i n g s e n ,B a r t l i , L., and €I. W e i d e l , oxidationofB a r t h . See also N e s s l e r .B a r t h e l e m y , A,, infection of eggs bychicken cholera, 1398. - presence of arsenic in wines freefrom artificinl colouring matter, 526.B a r t o l i , A,, and G-. Papaeogli, anew cell founded on the oxidation ofcarbon in the cold, 1239. -- electrolysis of glycerol withelectrodes of carbon aid platinum,170.-- eIectrolysis of sohtions ofammonia and avmoniacal salts withcarbon electrodes, 176.B a r t o l i , A., and E. S t r a c c i a t i , spe-cific heat of mellite, 1244.B a s a r o w, A., sulphuring vineyards,629.B as 1 e r, A., condensation-products ofparanitrobenzyl alcohol, 310.-- substituted aromatic P-lactonesand derivatives of cinnamic acid, 603,1172.B a s t elaer, A. v., butter analpses,120.B a u b i g n y , H., atomic weight of alum-inium, 395.L_ determination of the atomic weightof chromium, 894. - determination of atomic weights bymeans of metallic sulphates, 256. - estimation of chromium, 1428.2_ pure chromic sulphate, 558.B a u e r , K., some reactions of tertiaryBaumann, A., behaviour of zinc saltsBaumann, E., active oxygen, 14.- cystine and cyste'iue, 1382. - estim:Ltion of iodine in urine, 1423. - formation of mercapturic acid inthe organism and its detection in theurine, 1395. - oxidation of carbonic ox'de by airand moigt phosphorus, 1093.B a u m e r t , G., action of acetic chlorideand anhydride on lupinhie, 1387. - the liquid alkaloi'ds from LupinusI d e m , 1387.B a u r , It., apparatus for the estimationof carbonic anhydride, 1216.L_ test for available chlorine in bleachworks and similar establishments,toxin, 846.rearing calves on skim-milk, 852.morphine, 85.alcoholic iodides, 167.with plants and in the soil, 1408.FJ- - I I D .B a u e r . See also ICeIbe.2 a j l e y . See N o r s e .Beam, W., rocks of the Yellowstonev. B e c h i .See N o l t i n g .Beck er, felspar, 716.B e c k u r t s, H., detection of hydrocyanic- method of testing butter for foreign- volumetric determination of ani-B e c q u e r el, H., infra-red radiation- infra-red radiation spectra ofB e h r e n d , R., action of carbamide on- action of sulphrlnic chloride onB e h r e n d , G., Pasteurising barrelledB e i l s t e i n , F., investigation of petro-- petroleum testing, 369.B e i l s t e i n , F., and E. W i e g a n d , anew method of formation of pyrotar-tsric acid, 1123.Park, 28.acid, 222.fats, 778.monia, 492.spectra, 1.metallic vapours, 1237.ethylic acetoacetate, 583.secondary amines, 285.beer, 789.leum, 500.B e k e t o f f , lithinm oxide, 12G.B e l i a m y , F., action of carbonic anhy-dride on lead acetate, 990.B e l l e n o t .See P e r k i n .B e l l m a n n, T., action of phosphoruspentachloride on amido-comenic acid,840.B e 1 Imer, H., secret anti-incrustatore,1087.R e n c k i s e r . See N i e t z k i .B e n d e r , C., densities of solutions ofsalts, 251.- specific gravity of normal salt solu-tions, 144.B e n e d i k t , R.,andK. H a z u r a , morin,846,1179.B e n e d i k t , R., and P. J u l i u s , dire-sorcinol and diresorcinol-phthalei'n,1139.Bensemann, E., purification of hydro-chloric acid, 259.B e r e n d, L., dimethylquinaldine, 1053. - dimethglquinoline, 1197. - some new alliines, 1114,B e r g e r , F., phenjlcpnatiiide, 1155'.I3 e r g 1 u n d, E., qualitative separationof tin, autimony, and arsenic, 777.Bergreen, R., and 0. L i c h t , employ-ment of magnesium sulphite m dferric chloride in sugar factories, 939.B e r i n g e r , 5.J. and C., titration ofcopper by means of potassium cyanide,113.B e r j u, G., derivatives of amidmzo-benzene, 1148.B e r l i n e r b l a u , J., muscayine, 1056.S f 1456 INDEX OF AUTHORS.B e r n h a r t . See P e r k i n .Bernheimer, O., derivatives of ber-- sparteine, 33'7.B e r n t h s e n , A., acridines, 1356. - ammonium bases derived fromacridine and quinoline, 1357. - juglone, 1365. - methglene-blue and allied colour-ing matters, 595, 1156.B e r n t h s e n , A., and J. T r a u b e ,butylacridine and acridylbenzoic acid,1183.berine, 340.R e r t .See V a r i g n y .B e r t h e l o t , absorption*,of gases by- explosives, 540. - heat of formation o f , fluorides,- law of thermochemical. moduli or- reactions of carbon osysulphide, - scales of temperature and mole-- some mercuric salts, 706. - thermochemistry of halo'id salts,656.B e r t h e l o t and G u n t z , absorption ofchlorine by carbon, and its combina-tion with hydrogen, 1249. - - reciprocal displacements ofhydrofluoric and other acids, '703.B e r t h e l o t and Ilosvay, double saltsformed by fusion, '704.B e r t h e l o t and V i e i l l e , gaseous ex-plosive mixtures, 709.--influence of the density ofexplosive gaseous mixtures on thepressures which they develop, 805. -- relative rapidity of combus-tion of explosive gaseous mixtures,804.B e r t h e l o t and W e r n e r , brominesubstitution, 883.B e r t o n i , G., and F.T r u f f i , prepara-tion of ethereal salts by double decom-position, 1110.B e r t r a n d , E.,. hubnerite from thePyrenees, 406. - new selenium minerals fromCacheuta, 406.B e s a n a, glacialin, 3'78.B e s s l e r , O., and M. Marcker, effectof thick and thin sowing, and ojthe manuring on the yield of oats,768.platinum, '702.545.constants of substitution, 202.728.cular weights, 804.B e u t n a g e l . See B u r g h a r d .Bevan. See Cross.Beyer, A., carbol, 331.B e y er, C., phenylhydroxyaceto-imido-ether and -amidine, 65.Bichat, E., and R. B l o n d l o t , differ-ence of potential of the electric layersof two liquids which are in contact,383.Bidet.See Naudin.Biedermann, H., caffe'ine and itssalts, 185.Biel, J., .researches on Russian petro-leum and petroleum-lamps, 936.Biny, behavim of blood with ozone,95.Birnbaum, R., action of organic acidson nickel-plated iron-vessels, 520. - composition of the water of thenew mineral springs a t Breyersbach,1274.B i s s i n g e r , T., constituents of Lacta-rias piperuks and Bluphomyces gra-/nulatzcs, 480.B i z z a r r i , D., and G. Campani, at-tempts to obtatin tartronic acid fromglycerol and tartaric acid from ery-throl, 297.B l a a s , J., natural hydrous double sul-phatee, 1103. - roemerite, botryoqen, and nativemagnesium iron sulphate, 269.B l a d i n , J.A., action of cyanogen onthe toluidines, 1141.Blake, W. P., cassiterite, spodumene,and beryl from Dakota, 23. - metallurgy of nickel, 129.- native lead and minium in Idaho,- new locality of chalchuite, 26.B l a k e , L. J., production of electricityby evaporation and electrical neu-trality of vapour firising from the elec-trified surfaces of liquids, 243.563.Blank. See K n o r r .Blockmann, R., phenolphthalein asindicator in estimating curbonic an-hydride in gases, 1072.Bloem. See Baeyer.Blomstrand, C. W., a uranium mine-ral from Moss, 1102.B l o n d l o t . See B i c h a t .Bloxam, C. L., barium and strontium- detection of silver cyanide, 118. - reaction between mercuric cyanideand silver nitrate in presence of am-monia, 168.- reactions with silver cyanide, ferro-cyanide, and ferricyanide, 118.- reduct,ion of potassium ferricyanideby potaesium cyanide, 35. - silver nitrocyanide, 168.Bodewig, C., estimation of boric acidin borcsilicates, 871.Bodewig. SeeLaCoste andLunge.Bocker. See Meissl.in a boiler incrustation, 699IKDEX OF AUTHORS. 1457Boehm, J., behaviour of vegetabletissues, starch, and charcoal towardsgases, 1250. - nature of the gases contained invegetable t'issues, 670.B o e h m e, E. P., investigations on t,bewelding of iron, 786.B o h r i n g e r . See K o e r n e r .B o r n s t e i n , E., anthracenecarboxylicacid from metli~lnnthraquinone, 329.B o t t g e r , H., action of sulphur on so-diuin mercaptide, 1282.p constitution of the alkaline poly-sul phides, 1260.- ethyl sulphides, 1282. - polpulphides of sodium, 1260.B i i t t i n g e r , C., acetylisation of gallic- action of aniline on pyrotartaric- action of phenol on ketonic acids,- aniluvitonic acid, 320. - bark-taunins, 1025. - condensation to pyridine-deriva-- digallic acid, 1178. - dipyrogallopropionic acid, 318. - henilock-tannin, 1025. - oakbark tannic acid, 321. - pyridine derivatives, 758. - pyrotzitartaric acid, 993. - relation between benzene and pyri-dene, 758.B 0 g o in o 1 c t z, I., separation of stron-tium from calcium, 1077.Bolin, R., and K. Heumann, azophe-nols, 1014.B o i l l o t , A., heat of combination ofcarbon and oxygen, 141.B o i s b a u d r a n , L. de, separation ofgallium, 17, 158, 822.Bondonneau, I,., estimation of mois-ture in amplaceous matters, 927.B o n i, detection of the colouring matterof Campeachy wood in wine, 502.B oiin i e r, G., and L. M an g i n, methodsof studying the influence of light onthe respiration of plants, 1066.- - respiration of leares in thedark, 85'7. - - respiration and transpirationof fungi, 628.B o n n i e r . Seealso Tieghem.Booth, J. C., toughening gold andsilver, 1445.13 orgmann, E., determination of smallproportions of alcohol in viscousliquids, 641.acid and tannin, 1178.acid, 1006.65.tives, 758.- examination of spices, 642. - ratio of gljcerol to alcoliol in beer:641.Bornemann, E., Etard's reaction forthe preparation of aromatic aldehydes,1161.B o r n t r a g e r , H., manufacture of sul-phuric acid free from arsenic andselenium, 126.B o r o d i n , J.A., crystallisable colouringmatter in chlorophyll, 910.Bosshard, E., action of alkalis onamides, 878. - determination of ammonia in vege-table juices and extracts, 373.Bosshard. See also Gchulze.Bouchard, A., andyses of wines fromAnjou, 646.Bouqudt, C. L. de, preparation of di-and tri-calcium phosphates, 892,1263.B o u r b o u ze, soldering aluminium, 961.Bourgeoie, L., artificial reproduction ofcertain silicates and tilonates, 564.B o n r q u e l o t, E., invertin, 983. - physiological functions of maltose,B o u r q u e l o t . See also D a s t r e .B o u r q u i n , A., action of zinc chlorideon sdkylnldehyde and parahydroxy-benzaldehyde, 1164.Boussingault,analysesof combustibleminerah, 780.- cocoa and chocolate, 208. - contribution to a knowledge ofmineraI.fete1, 521.B o u t e 1 1 e a u, absorption of nitrogeh byLegumimse, 1401.B o u t r o ux, L., fermentation of bread,132.B o u t y, E., electrical conductivity ofdilute solutiohs, 881, 1241.B r a d b u r y , C. bl., topaz from Maine,U.S., 27.Brame, C., detection of hydrocyanicacid, 371.- lose of nitrogen during the fer-mentation of farmyard manure, 1416.B r a u n s , P., action of ' aniline ant1toluidine on nitro-/3-naphthaquinonc,1038.B r a u t l e c h t, J., microscopic examina-tion of water for organic impurities,221.Breneman, A. A., apparatus for therapid analysis of gases, 213.- colo ure d tubes for N e sslerisin g ,1072. - estimation of carbon in cast-iron,219.B r i e g er, L., . preparation of phenol-sulphuric acid from urine, 1353. - ptomaines, 1056, 1202.Brignone, G., analyses of the water ofa thermal spring in the island ofPantelleria, ?loo'.3451458 INDES OF AUTHORS.B r o g g e r , W. C., pitchblende andxenGtime from R’orway, 1101.Uroggei., W. C., and G. F l i n kcrystalline form of beryllium, 1W2.B r u g e l m a n n , G., estimation of thio-sulphuric acid, 492.B r u e 1, G., volumetric estimation of ironby means of sodium thiopulphate aiidsalicylate, 367.Briimmer, white mustard as fodder,864.B r u k n e r , B., contributions to the moreexact knowledge of the chemicalnature of starch grains, 575.B r 11 n, A., mineralogical notes, 402.B r u n e a u .gee Rousseau.B r u n e 1, O., /3-ethylnaphthalene, 1035.B r u n n e r , H., and C. K r a e m e r , actionof nitrobromic acid on organic com-pounds, 1315. -- amidophenolsulphonic acidsand their relationship to Liebermann’scolouring matters, 1354. -- azoresorcinol and azoreso-rufin, 1333.B r u n n e r , D. B., and E. F. S m i t h ,minerals from Berks Co., Pa., 663.B r u n t o n , T. L., and J. T. Cash, con-nection bet ween chemical constitutionand physiological action, 348.B r u s h , G. J., and S. L. P e n f i e l d ,identity of scovellite and rhabdophane,887. -- scorellite, a new phosphate ofdidymium, yttrium, &c., 26.B u b n ow, N.A., chemical constitucntsof the thjroid gland, 1060.B u c h ka, K., lieeuiatoxylin and brazilin,1043.R u c h n e r , B., action of ammoniumsulphide on nietallic pjrophosphates,218.B u c h s t a b , M., metazo- and hydrazo-pheneto’il, 1147.Bulow. See K n o r r .B u r g e r . Bee K r a f f t .I3 u sgen, H., experiments with DroseraB u n g e n er, H., the bitter principle ofhops, 1366.B u n g e n e r , H., and L. P r i e s , nitro-genous combinations in barley, malt,and beer wort, 1446.B :L n s en, R., condensation of carbonicanhydride by glass, 1416.B u r c k h z r d t . See Lunge.B u r g e r s t e i n, A., absorption of waterby flower-petals, 1403.B u r g h a r d t and B e u t n a g e 1, para-bromometabromobenzoic acid, 601.B u r t o n , B.8., derivativesof benzil, 62.B u s a t t j . See F u n a r o .- rotundiyoolia, 917.B u t l e r o w . See R i z z i a .B y a s s o LI, H., aasay of quinine sulphate,1080.C.C a b e 11 a, A. U-., derivatives of phenyl-cirinamic acid, 1348.C a i l l e t e t , production of low tempera-tures by the use of liquefied gases,383, 656, 1248.C a l d w e l l , G. C.,volumetric estimationof phosphoric acid, 110.Calker, F. J. P., a peculiar keinelstructure in fluorspar, 403. - corrosion faces or’ fluorspar, 403.Calm, A., action of aniline on resorcinoland quinol, 591.Calmels, G., constitution of somesimple cyanogen compounds, 1277.Cameron, C. A., antiseptic experi-ments in a mortuary vault, 878. - manuring potatoes, 866.Campani. See B i z z a r r i .Campredon.Bee Gassond.Cannizzaro, S., products of the de-composition of santonous acid, 327.Canzoneri, F., thapsia resin, 460.Carles, P., estimation of alum in wine,1077. - estimation of lead in tin plate,1078. - souring of wine, 646. - wines from sugar, 1086.C a r n e 1 1 e y, T., colour of chemical com-pounds, nisinly as a function of theatomic weight of the componentelements, 1252. - melting points of beryllium chlo-ride and bromide, 962.C a r n o t. A., colorimetric estimation ofgold, 17, 115. - new reactions of gold, 115. - origin and distribution of phos-phorus in coal, 1270. - salts of aurous oxide ; colorimetricestimation of gold, 17.C a r n o t . A., and R i c h a r d , crystallise.1calcium silicophosphate produced inthe dephosphorisation of iron, 157.Carpentier, J., a mercury gaivano-meter, 949.Carpi, S., examination of olive oil,931.Z a r s t e n , H.J., manuring of marshyland, 363.Z a s a m a j o r and others, examination ofcane-sugar and dextrose; decolorisingdextrose solutions, 930.2 a s h . See B r u n t o n INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1459Cavazzi, U-., analysis of a meteoritewhich fell a t Alfianello, Pebruary,1883, 276. - estimation of bromine in presenceof large quantities of chlorides, 215.Cazeneuve, P., formation of acetyl-ene from iodoform, 418. - formation of methyl iodide andmethylene iodide from iodoform, 896. - isomeric chloronitrocamphors,1041.Cazeneuve, P., and C h a p u i s , purifi-cation of methylated spirit, 1085.C e r c e 11 0, V., physiological action ofparaldehyde, and contributions to thestudy of chloral hydrate, 199.Ceresole, M., benzoylacetone and iso-nitroso-benzoylacetone, 1167.Ceresole, M., and G.Koeckert,a-P-diisonitrosobutyric acid, 1120.Cer t e s, A., influence of high pressureson putrefaction, 1399.C e sa r 0, G., crystallised voltzine, 1101.I_ hydrated double silicate of zincCesaro, G., and G. D e s p r e t , richel-Chamberlain. See A u s t e n .Chain b e r l a n d , C., filter yieldingphysiologically pure water, 1440.Chance, A. M., Schafferer and Hel-big's process for the recovery ofsulphur, 228.C 11 a n d e l o n, T., studies on peptonisa-tion, 1390.Clittper, occurrence of diamonds in apegmatite in Hindostan, 563.- presence of the diamond in anIndian pegmatite, 1269.C h a p e r o n , G., a probable cause of thedifference between the observed elec-tromotive force of gal\ anic couplesand that calculated from thermo-cliernical data, 802.and aluminium, 1105.lite, a new mineral species, 1102.C h a p e r o n .See also L a l a n d e .C h a p o t e a u t , P., a glucoside fromC h a p u i s . See Cazeneuve.C 11 as t a i n g, action of bromine on pilo-carpine, 468.C 11 e c h o u k of f, action of chlorine onisobutylene, 1276.C l i e v r e u l , E., coexistence of ammo-nium carbonate and potassium sul-phate in guano, 359.C 11 i ii p p e, reaction of ashes €rom wine,642.Chicandard, G., fermentation ofbread, 235.C h i t t e n d e n , R.H., distribution ofarsenic in a human body, 349.C h i t t e n d e n . See also Kiihne.Boldon f ragrans, 845.C h r i s t e l , G., detection and estimationof trinitrophenol, 221.-formation of sodium sulphate inbricks, 127.C h r i s t e n s e n , 0. T., oxides of man-ganese, 397.Ciamician, G. L., and M. Denn-s t e d t, acetylpyrroline and pseudo-acetylpyrroline, 289. -- action of acetic anhydrideand benzoic anhydride on pjrroline,1044. -- a-carbopyrrolic acid, 1044.Ciamician, G., and P. S i l b e r , ac-tion of alkaline hypochlorites andhypobromites on pyrroline, 1367.I_- blue colouring matter frompyrroline, '740. - -- derivatives of pyrocoll, 292.-- derivatives of succinimide,-- new methods for the forma--- pprocoll, 176.-- synthesis of pyrocoll, 585, 725.Cimbal, O., and others, cultivationand yield of potatoes, 483.Claisen, L., action of aldehydes onketones, ketonic acids, and malonicacid, 445.Claisen, L.,and L. Crismer, actionofbenzaldehFde on malonic acid and itsethylic salt, 444.Claisen, L., and F. E. Matthem-s,reaction of ethyl a,cetoacetate withaldehydes, 443.C l a i s e n , L., and A. C. P o n d e r , con-densation of acetone with aromaticaldehydes, 1166.Clar, C., action of a a t s r containing car-bonic anhydride on the trachyte ofGleichenberg, 569.Clarke, F. W., and C. 8. Evans,antimony tartrates, 298.Clarke, F. W., and 0. T. J o s l i n ,phosphides of iridium and platinum,400.C l a r k e , F.W., and E. A. Kebler,cadmium iodide, 394.C l a r k , J., separation of cobalt fromnickel, 498.Claus, A., a-nitroanthraquinonesul-phonic acid and its derivatives, 1040.Claus, A., and H. H o w i t z , anilinederivatives, 1005.Claus, A., and E. A. Merck, hpdro-cyanides of organic bases, 338.Claus, A., and C. R i c h t e r , action ofphosphorus pentashloride and pent-oxide on benzoyl-P-iiaphthylphenyl-amine and on benzojl-di-P-naphthjl-aminc, 1358.1115.tion of a-carbopyrrolic acid, 11931460 INDEX OF AUTHORS,Claus, A., and P. Stegelitz,action ofhaloVd ethereal salta on quinoline,1050.Claus, C. F., strontium hydroxide,1224.Clemence, A. B., apparatus for esti-mating carbon in steel, 219.C 1 o e z, C., mineral water a t Brucourt,895.- pentachloracetone, 580.Coale.See Remsen.Cobenzl. See S c h m i t t .C o b 1 e y, process for prepwing a mineralCochin, D., action of air on beer yeast,Cohen, E., jadeite from Thibet,407. - separation of alumina, ferric oxide,and titanic oxide, 640.Cohn, basic phosphate of lime as anaddition to cattle fodder, 194.Cohn, S. H., process for preparingochre-colours, 784.Cole. See J u d d .Collin. See N o l t i n g .C o 1 son, A., a new glycerol, 5‘7. - derivatives of metaxylene, 1313. - xylenes, 1000.Comb e s, A., action of chloraldehydeson benzene in presence of aluminiumchloride, 837.Come y, A., phenylthienylketone, 1168.Comey. See also Michael.Comstock, W. J., and W. Xoenigs,cinchona alkaloids, 1382.Conistock. See also Remsen.Coninck, 0.de, action of pyridinebases on alcoholic iodides, 612. - “ Anderson’s reaction,” 612. - coal-tar lutidine, 910. - synthesis of pyridic hydrides,1047.Conrad, M., and M. G u t h z e i t , actionof a-P-dibromopropionic acid on ethylmalonate, 991. -- ethyl dicarbontetracarboxyl-ate, 297.Conroy, M., tincture of nux vomica,946.Constam. See Goldschmidt.Cooke, J. P., method of correcting theweight of a body for the buoyancy ofthe atmosphere when the volume isunknown, 13.C o p p o 1 a, F., transformation of theAuobenzoic acids in the animal orga-nism, 446.white, 136.939.Cossa, A., diffusion of didymium, 262. - normal didymium molybdate and- presence of yttrium in the sphenethe valency of didymium, 821.of Biellese syenite, 158.Councler, C., ash of leaves of plantsgrown in the earth under water-culture, 98.Couty, and others, effect of coffee onthe cornposition of the blood and onnutrition, 1392.C o w a r d i n s, S.P., carboxyl iodide,40.Crafts, J. M., expansion of elementarygases, 889. - use of mercury thermometers withparticular reference to the determi-nation of melting and boiling points,656.C r a f t s . See also F r i e d e l .C r a h 6, and others, beet cultivation,208.Crespi, P., solubility of strychnine andpreparation of some of its s a l s,187.C r e n t z , M. J., zinc from pyrites resi-dues, 788.Crismer, L,, estimntion of iron andstannous salts by potassium chromate,107s. - liquid parafin as a reagent for thepresence of water in alcohol, ether,and chloroform, 1073.Crismer. See also Claisen.Crookes, W., radiant method spectronscopy, 241.Cross, C.F., and E. J. Bevan,hydroxycellulose and phenjlhydrazine,897.Cross, C. W., hypersthene-andesite,568.Cross, W., and W. F. Hillebrand,minerals of the cryolite-group, recentlyfound in Colorado, 21.C u r i e . See F r i e d e l .C u r t i u s , T., acetwic acid, 1306. - action of nitrous acid on ethylglycocine hydrochloride, 42. - diazo- a d diazoamido-derivat.ivesof the paraffin series, 987. - general reaction for the amido-f a t t j acids, 994. - synthesis of liippuric acid and hip-puric ethers, 1347.Czapski, S., electromotive force interms of chemical energy, 650.Czarnomski.See K e l b e.D.Dabney, C. W., isopicramic acid, 308.D a f e r t , P. W., form.ation of mannitolDana, C. M., digestive power of com-from dextrose and laevulose, 720.mercial pepsin, 471INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1461D am a, E. S., stibnite from Japan, 22.Danileivs ky, albumino'ids, 1388.D a r t o n , N. H., the ammonia processfor water analysis, 69ti.D a s t r e , A., and E. B o u r q u e l o t , as-similation of maltose, 1392.D a t he, E., culm conglomerate contain-ing variolite a t IIansdorf, in Silesia,408.DaubrBe. See Websky.D'AvBne, continuous cultivation withartificial manures, 490.Davis, G. E., new bye-product fromcoal distillation, 525.Day. See Remsen.Debray, H., a compound of rhodium,400.Decaux, M., action of sunlight, day-light, and the arc-light on coloursused in dyeing and painting, 700.D e Cyon, E., borax as an internal dis-infectant, 1440.D e F o r c r a n d, barium alcoholate, 4.- disodium glycollate, 548.-- glycollide, 547.- heat of formation of aicoholates,546.- normal and acid sodium sulphites,803. - potassium and barium glyoxal-hydrogen sulphites, 989. - sodium dcoholates, 142. - transformation of glyoxal into gly-D e G a s p a r i n , estimation of phos-Degener, P., and others, separation ofDegener. See also S t a m m e r .DehBrain, P. P., assimilation of theorgnnic matter by soils, 208. - effect of potassium and sodiumnitrates on the growth of potatoes,361. - fermentation of farmyard manure,1412.- preparation of farmyard manure,1412.- report on experimental plots a tGrignon in 1882,204. - sodium nitrate and animonium sul-phate as manures, 491. - stable manure, 924. - use of super phosphate^, 925.DehBrain, P. P., and L. Maquenne,butjric fermentation excited by gar-den soil, 1063. -- fermentation of cane-sugar incontact with arable soil, 351.Dehkrain, P. P., and others, results ofthe experimental plots a t Grignon inltle3, 1068.collie acid, 898.phoric acid in arable soils, 871.sugar from molasses, 1447.D e l a c h a n a l , B., asphalt or bitumenof Judea, 231.De l a Charlonnp, P. M., hydratedaluminium sulphate, 820.D e 1 a C r o i x, W., influence of dilutionon the rate of chemical reactions,1090.Demargay, E., reactions of telluriuni,663.D e n a r o , A., dichlorovinyl methylether, 1282.Denaro.See also O l i v e r i .Dennig, A., determination of the rateof consumption of oxygen in the tis-sues by means of the spectroscope,1391.D e n n s t e d t . See Ciamician.D e R e g i b u s . See P i s t o n e .Deros, A., detection and estimation ofzinc and lead in presence of iron,367.D e r v i n , E., phosphorus sulphides,1258. - preparation of phosphorus oxy-chloride, 155.D e B Cloizesux, A., herderite, 827. - new miceral from Barbin, nearnote on the optical properties ofNantes, 408.Nevada hubnerite, 4 ~ 7 . - paclinolite and thornsenolite, 716.D e s p r e t . See Cesaro.Destrem, A., action of the inductionspark on berzene, toluene, and aniline,1243.Detmer, W., development of starch-transforming ferments in the cells ofthe higher plants, 917, 1063.- formation of diastatic ferments inthe cells of the higher plants, 1402.D e t t w e i l e r , A., cost of production ofstable manure, 637.D e V r i es, H., attraction betweensoluble substances in dilute solutionsand water, 1065. - part played by vegetable acids incausing the turgescence of cells,1064.Dewar, J., and A. S c o t t , molecularweight of the amines, 257.D e z a u n a y . See A n d o u a r d .D i e t r i c h, undecorticated cotton-seedmeal, 100.D i e u 1 a f a i t, occurrence, association,and probable mode of formation ofbarytes, celestine, and anhydrite, 25. - origin of phosphorites and ferru-ginous clays in limestone, 1272.- manganese in the cipolin marblesof the primary formation, 716. - rubidium, cmium, lithium, andboric acid in Chili saltpetre, 9681462 ISDEX OF AUTHORS.D i t t e, A., action of cupric sulphide on- action of hydrochloric acid on- action of mercuric sulphide on--. action of potassium sulphide on- production of crystalline borates,- uranium compounds, 824.D i t t m a r , W., nickel alkali-proofDivers, E., and T. Shimidzu, redsulphur of Japan, 391.Divers, E., and M. ShimosB, leadchamber deposit from Japanese s d -phuric acid, 392.Dobbie, J. J.,and Gt. S. Henderson,red resins known as dragon’s blood,462.Doebner, O., and W. v. M i l l e r ,homologues of quinaldine, 1374, -- - quinaldine bases, 183, 1373. -- quinaldiriecarboxylic arids,-- a-quinolinecarboxylic acid, 185.D o e 1 t e r, C., synthesis of pyroxene,11Oc5.D o e l t e r , C.,and E.Hussak, actionoffused magmas on various minerals,401. -- synthetical mineral studies,565.D o l l f u s , A., new mode of treatingcasein, 1449.D o n a l d , J. T., samarskite from Ber-thier Co., Quebec, 894.Donath, E., imitation of patina,1444.D o n a t h . See also S c h o f f e l .D’Orval, E., and A. P a g n o u l , saltD r a l l e, C., haematoxjlin and brazilin,- oxidation of purpurin, 1040.Drechsel, E., electrolysis of phenol,Drew. See Graebe.Dremsen. See B a e y e r .D r e p f u s , E., estimation of the totalnitrogen in manure, 639.D r y e r , C. R., brucine as a test for tin,498.D ubois, R., preservative effect of etherand chloroform vapour on organicsubstances, 932.potassium sulphide, 963.stannous sulphide, 18.potassium sulphide, 064.mercuric sulphide, 893.711.ressels, 1071.1200.and herring offal as manure, 866.1043.1136.D u c l a u x , E., milk, 762.L, u c r e t e t, apparatus for collectingDiirko pf, E., aldehydecollidine hexa-solid carbonic anhydride, 12.33.liydrida, 1054.D 11 g a s t, commercial assay of native- contribution to the chemical studyDuisberg.See v. P e c h m a n n .Dumas, history of the preparation ofartificial sodium carbonate from com-mon salt, 16.D u n s t a n , W. R., action of polyhydricalcohols on borax, 278.D u p e t i t, G., poisonous properties ofedible fungi, 204.D u r e a u , G., and Pellet,sorgho sugar-making in America, 699.D u v i l l i e r , E., aniidated acids ofa-caproic acid, 664.- creatine and creatinines, 613.D u v i l l i e r , E.,and H. Malbot, actionof ammonia gas on methyl nitrate, 577.Dyer, B., comparison of dissolved andundissolved phosphates, 7’74.Dym ond, T. S., pure benzoic acid fromurine, 904.Dyson, S., examination of gas liquor,928.phosphates, 1075.of soils, 677.E.E b e l l , P., similarity of behaviour ofultramarine in a very fine state ofdivision to that of metallic sulphidesin the colloidal state, 147.E b e r h a r d , A., the meteorite ofSewrjukowo, 417.E f f r o n t, J., isomeric isobutylorth-amidotoluenes, 899.Egger, E., contribution to a knowledgeof rye grain, 532.E h r e n b e r g , A,, experiments on mer-cury fulminate, 419.E i n h o r n , A., condensations withorthonitrocinnamaldehyde, 1345.- derivatives of orthonitrocinnamicacid, 65.- hydroxydi’hydrocarbostyril, 1338.-- orthonitrophenyl-P-alanine, 304. - prepiration of orthonitrobenz-aldehyde, 744.E i n h o r n , A., and W. Hess, p-lactoneof isopropylnitrophenyllactic acid,1351.E i n l i o r n , A., and (7. P r a u s n i t z ,etherification of the three isomericnitrophenyl-/I-lactic acids, 1351.E k s t r a n d, A. Gt., derivatives of naph-thoic acid, 1360. - dioxyretistene, 1041.E 1 b s, K., amido-derivatires of tri-phenylmethane, 1031. - reactions of triphenylmethylbromide, 1030INDEX OF’ AUTHORS. 1463.- zoiia, 28. IV. E l l e n b e r g e r and V. H o f m e i s t e r .digestive fluid and digestive power 01tlie horse, 92, 472. -- effects of copper 011 theorganism of‘ ruminants, 474.E l l i o t , A. H., apparatus for the rapidanalvsis of gas, 214.Elstr;, J., and H. G e i t e l , electricityof flames, 1238.E m n i e r i i n g , A., contributions to aknow ledge of chemical processes inthe plant, 670.- manuring experiments a t Kiel,211. - presence of mildew, &c., in cattlefoods, 1411. - valuation of fodder, 100.E i n m e r l i n g , A., and Q. Loges, dif-ferent soils rich in humus and theirbeliaviour with water, 632.E m m e r l i n g , and others, manuring ofgrain, 1213.Emo. See P a g l i a n i .X n c li 11 a u s en, manuring with sea-mudE n g e l , R., formulae of certain ammo-- new grc~up of nitrogen-compounds,E n g e l s in g, H., preparation of anthra-E n g l e r , K., utilisation of human ex-E n g l e r .Sce also S t r i p p e l m a n n andE r d 1x1 il n n, H., constitution of phenyl-- phenylisocrotonic acid and nitricErlenmeyer, E., constitution ofE r r e r a, Q., action of chlorine on boil-- glycogen in plants, 354.Eschellmann, G., loss of nitre in the, manufacture of sulphuric acid, 1222.E t a r d, A., conversion of hydrocarbonsinto aldehydes by the action ofchromyi dichloride, 312.and peat compost, 867.nium salts, 729.7%.quinone-compounds, 945.creta, 1418.W e i g e l t .paraconic acid, 906.acid. l”henylnitroetCylene, 906.methylene-blue, 595.ing cymcne, 300.- solubility curves of salts, 80’7.- hydronicotine and oxytrinicotine,- solubilities of halond salts, 960. - solubility of salts, S87.E t a r d . See also G a u t i e r .E t t e c k e l , and P. S c h l a g d e n h a u f -fen, bark of “ Bois piquant,” 848.E t t i, C., behaviour of tannin and oak-bark tannin towards various reagents,1355.E 11 s t i s, W. C., chrysocolla from hi-464., I of indole-derivatires, 1180.E us t i s, W. C., gibbsite from Brazil, 23.Evans. See Clark.E v e r h a r t . See Leeds.Ewald, E., and C. 3’. W. K r u c k e n -berg, guanine in fish, 623.E y m o n n e t , Id., elimination of hypo-phosphites by the urine, 1058. - occurrence of gly cerolphosphoricacid in the urine, 1058.E y s 1, e r, G.S., determining left-handedrotation with the Schcibler-Ventzke-Soleil polariscope, 691.F.BaliBres, E., rapid estimation ofnitrates, 1074. - rolunietric estimation of carbonbisulphide in thiocarbonates, 1077.F a r s li y, F., action of sulphuric acid asa manure, 775.- influence of superphosphates 011the quality of the crop, 360. - manuring with potash, 774.F a u c o n n i e r , A., second anhydride ofmannitol, 1111.F a u c o n n i e r , A., and ot,hers, newderivative of mannitol, 573.F a u l e n b a c h , C., estimation of starchand glucose in food, 830.Fernandez, P., arsenoranadic acid,1266.F e r y a r i , P., trustworthiness of Ber-tlielot and Fleurieur’s method for theestimation of tartaric acid, 371.F e s t i n g .See Abney.F i a l a , F., mixed ethers of quinol, 1138.Fi guier, A., compounds obtained bynicans of gas batteries and the silentdischarge, 1242.I3 i 1 e h n e, kairine and kairoline, 474.F i l e t i , &I., synthesis o€ scatole, 458. - transformation of scatole intoindole aud preparation of indole,4.5 8.F i l h o l , E., and Senderens, action ofsulphur on oxides, 959.Fino, V., rhodonite from Vid, 164.P i s c h e r, Silesian farm without cattle,Fischer, B., diazoamidobenzene, 1014.Fisuh e r , E., diacetonamine, 53.- formation of methylene-blue as areaction for hydrc)gen sdphide, 109. - phenylhpdrazine, a reagent foraldehydes and ketones, 1150. - triacetonamirie and its homologues,1290.- uric acid, 996, 1308.T i s c h e r , E., and 0.IIess, svnthesis6361464 IYDEX OF A-UTHORS.F i s c h e r , E., and F. J o u r d a n , hydr-azines of pproracemic acid, 53.F i s c h e r , E., and H. Koch, tri-methylenediamine, 1289.F i s c h e r , E., and H. Kuzel, benzoyl-acetone, 59. -- hydrnzines of cinnamic acid,440.F i s c h e r , E., and L. Reese, caffe‘ine,xanthine, and guanine, 466.F i s c h er, F., an evaporation experiment,510. - application of electricity inchemical industry, 585,933. - illuminating gas and gas engines,508. - influence of artificial lighting onthe atmosphere of dwellings, 122.L_ retort, furnaces with gaseous fuel,509.F i s c h e r , O., and 8. K o r n e r , chrys-aniline, 74%.7- derivatives of quinolinemeta-carboxylic acid, 1197.-- new method for producingacridine, 748.-- violet derivatives of triphenyl-methane, 606, 749.F i s c h e r , O., and C. A. Willmack,paraquinolinesulphonic acid and itsbomologues, 1051.F i s c h e r , O., and H. v. Loo, formationof diquinoline, 1372.F i s c h e r , O., and E. Renouf, deriva-tives of hydroxyppridine from pyri-dinesulphonic acid, 1370. -- derivat ires of orth-hydroxy-quinoline, 1370. -- derivatives of quinoline andppridine, 1048.F i s c h e r , O., and C. S c h m i d t , con-densation-products of aromatic baseswith aldehydes, 1315.F i t t i c a , A., a fourth monobromo-phenol, 55.Fit tig, R., lactones, 744.F i t t i g , R., and F. Roeder, a newacid isomeric with crotonic acid, 295.Fit z, A., Bacillus butyJicus, 765.- schizomycetic fermentation, 1062.F j o r d , N., comparison of variousI_ comparison of cream separators,3’1 e c h s i g, E., composition of lupines,F 1 e i s c h e r, E., on desiccators, 491.F l e i s c h e r , M., analysis of peat litter,- comparison of peat and straw litter,- kainite as potato manure, 108.systems of butter-making, 135.1447.1405.925.1418.F 1 e i s c h e r, M., manurial value of sewerslime, 107.F l e i s c h e r , M., and others, moss andturf-fibre as cattle litter, 105.sea-mud, 106.F l e i s c h e r . See also Penzoldt,.F l e j schmann, W., preserred butter,534.Fleischmann, W., and B l u n c k -S c h i l k o w i t z, butter-making, 534.Fleischmann, W., and R.A. S a c h t -1 e b en, experiments with Nielsenaod Petersen’s centrifugal separator,135.Fleischmann, W., and others, esti-mation of fat in skim-milk, 1435.Fleischmann. See also M a r t i n y .P l e i s s n e r . See Lippmann.F l e s sa, R., derivatives of naphthalene,F l e t c h e r , L., dilatation of crystals onF l e t c h e r , T., coal-gas as a source ofFlight,W., meteoriteat dlfianello, 276. - the Cranbourne meteorite, 416. - the Rowton and MiddlesboroughF l i g h t . See also F o u l l o n .F l i n k . See B r o g g e r .F l u c k i g e r , F. A., carroway oil, 1138.F o h r , c. F., chemical composition ofthe phonolites of Hegau, 568.F 6 1 s i n g, A., action of hydrobronlicacid on the ethereal salts of hydroxy-acids, 897.I_ boiling points of the etherealsalts of glycollic and salicylic acida,897.F o r s t e r , W.v., experimentswith com-prevsed gun-cotton, 948.F o r s t n er, H., the felspars of Pantel-leria, 1104.F o l k a r d , C. W., molecular calciumcompounds, 892.F o 1 k e rs, B., utilisation of skim-milk,534.Forbes, J. D., Colorado beetle, 350.F o r n e y , M., action of iodine penta-bromide on essential oils, 370.F o r r e r , C., derivatives of phenylacet-aldehyde, 1020. - indirubin, 1028.F o rs t e r, J., use of boric acid for pre-serving food, 782.F o r s t e r , W. S., preparation of hopextract, 800.F o s s e k , W., a derivative of isobut-aldehyde analogous to hydrobenzo’in,37. - action of plio~phorus trichlorideon aldehydes, 833.--1185.change of temperature, 1096.heat, 697.meteorites, 977INDEX OF 4UTHORS.1465Fossek, W., preparation of isobutalde-- synthesis of dihydric alcohols fromF o u l l o n , H. v., the crystalline schistsF o u l l o n , H. v., and W. F l i g h t , theFourquignon, L., decomposition ofF o u s s e r e a u , G., electrical eonduct-- electrical resistance of insulators,F o x . See Wanklyn.F r a n c k s e n , A., derivatives of propyl-phenylamine, low.F r a n k , A., bromine as a disinfectant,512.- process €or the recovery of slag,1226.F r a n k e l , A., and J. G e p p e r t , effectsof rarefied air on the animal organism,470.hyde free from acetone, 37.mixtures of aldehydes, 832.of Kaisersberg, in Styria, 412.Alfianello meteorite, 976.white-iron by heat, 1444.ivity of distilled water, 1241.245.F r eda, G,, mineralogical notices, 272.F r em e r y, M., arsenotungetic acid,F r e n z e l , A., alloclasite, 266.- rezbanyite, a new mineral species,266. - turquoise found at Alexandria,269.Fresenius, H., and Stocks, sulphuricacid as a manure, 926.F r e s e n i u s , R. and W., detection ofadulteration in Portland cement, 876.Fresenius, W., arsenic in glass, 220.F r e u n d , M., malonic acid, 728.c_ malonic and tartronic acids, 1123.F r e y t a g , C., and Becke, feedinghorses on earth-nut meal, 100.F r i e d e l , brucite of Cogne, Vale ofAosta, 162.F r i e d e 1, C., combustion of diamonds,1090.F r i e del, C., and .J.M. Crafts, action ofmethylene chloride on toluene andbenzene, 1312.Friedel, C., and J. Curie, pyroelec-tricity of blende, sodium chlorate,and boracite, 3.F r i e d e l , C., and E. S a r a s i n , forma-tion of albile in the wet way, 163.F r i e d l a n d e r , E., derivatives of a- and?-naphthols, 79.F r 1 e d 1 and e r, P., paramidobenzylcyanide, 737.F r i e d l a n d e r , P.,andC.F.G6hring,ortliamidobenzaldehyde, 1019.F r i e d l a n d e r , P., and S. Wleiigel,constitution of anthranil, 61.F r i e s . See Bungener.965.Fri s che, P., nitro-derivatives of para-F r i t s c h . See Baeyer.F r o l i c h , E., derivatives of pseudo-cumidine, 1318.Frolich, O., action of bromine onnitric oxide, 1257.F r o s t , 0.J., estimation of arsenic,Pearce’s process, 116.Friih, J. J., morphology and chemistrrof natural and artificial ulmin, 523.F i i r t h , A . , isonitroso-acids, 42.P i i r t h , H., cochineal dye-stuffs, 84.F u n a r o , A,, and L. B u s a t t i ,chemico-mineralogical studies onItalian minerals, 270.cresyl benzyl ether, 1337.F u n a r o . See also S e s t i n i .G.Gabel, D., cornposition of cow’s milkin Holland, 1396.Gabriel, S.! condensation-productsfrom phthalic anhydride, 1176.- phthalacene-deriT-atives, 1189.Gaines, R. H., liquid nitrous anhy-Gal, H., action of zinc ethyl on aminesGarbe, P., Joule’s law, 881.G a r d i n e r , W., function of tannin invegetable cells, 1209.G a r ni e r, L., standard soap solution,1072.G a r z a r o l l i Thurnlackh, K,, actionof zinc ethyl and zinc methyl onchlorinated aldehydes, 1118.G a r z a r o lli-T 11 u r n 1 a c k 11, K., and A.P o p p e r , action of zinc proFy1 andzinc: isobutgl on butyl chloral, 1117.Gasiorowski. See Merz.Gaskell, IF., and F.Hurter,prepara-tion of sodium bicarbonate, 712.Gassend and Campredon, estima-tion of phosphoric acid in manures,217.Gastine, detection and estimation ofsmall quantities of carbon bisulphidein air, gases, &c., 1431.G a t t e r m a n n , L., and H. Hager, ac-tion of ethylene bromide on nitrani-line and on nitrotoluidine, 1142.G a u t i e r , A., and A. a t a r d , acid pro-ducts of the bacterial fermentation ofalbuminoyds, 188.observation on the poison ofbatrachians, 764.products of the bacterial fer-mentation of albumino‘ids, 89.dride, 15.and phosphines, 985.-- --1466 lSDEX OF AUTHORS.Gavazzi, A., estimation of iodine inpresence of chlorine and bromine,366.- reactions of gaseous hydrogenphosphide, 155.Gawalowski, A,, a,n indicator showingthe neutral point in alkalimetry andacidimetry, 363, 121 5.G a y on, U., fermentation of manure,773.G e b h a r d t, W., secondary amines,1320.Geigy. See Koenigs.G e i k i e, A., the supposed pre-CambrianG e i t e l . See E l s t e r .G e n t , J. F., employment of maize inG e n t h, F. A., alteration of orthoclase- alteration of talc into anthophyl-- artificial alisonite, 266. - beryl and allanite from AlexanderCo., N.C., 274.- corundum, 267.- gahnite, 268. - kupfernickel, from Colorado, 266. - pyrophyvllite in anthracite, 273. - rutile and zircon from the ita-- talc pseudomorphous after magne-- zinc blende and prehnite fromCenzken. See Michaelis.G e p p e r t . See F r a n k e l .G e r b er, M., Pinet’s hypothesis, 550.Gerber. See also R o s e n s t i e h l .G e r n e z, D., crystallisation of sulphur,- duration of the solidification of- solidification of superfused sul-Gerssdorff, maize as food for horses,G e u t h e r, A., a new ethylic phosphate,- action of phosphorus trisulphide- calcium oxysulphides, 1263. - compounds of sulphurous anhy-- constitution of ethFlic acetoacetate- constitution of polysulphides and- a new derivative of mannitol, 36.- yellow and red lead xonoxicle, 824.G ev e k o h t, H., the three nitracctophe-rocks of St. David’s, 411.brewing, 527.into albite, 273.lite, 272.coliimite of Edge Hill, 270.tite, 273.Cornwall, Lebanon Co., Pa., 266.889.superfused sulphur, 553.phur, 389.355.1282.on phenols, 54.dride, 1256.and benzene, 836.polyoxides, 1260.nones, 445.G i a c o s a, P., albuminoYds of the ritre-ous humour of the human eye, 198.__ composition of the egg and itsenvelopes in the common frog, 198. - existence of germs in the air atgreat heights, 225.- transformation of nitriles in theorganism, 1061.G i b b s, W., researches on the complexinorganic acids, 161, 560, ’713.G i l b e r t . See Lawes.Q i r a r d , A., destruction and utilisationof the bodies of animals which havedied from contagious diseases, 106.L_ formation and accnmulat,ion ofsaccharose in the beet, 476.- phosphine derivatives of the alde-hydes, 1118. - quality of the flour obtained byTarious methods of grinding, 1447.G i r a r d i n and others, phylloxera andinsectides, 481.Giurleo, P., quinine phenolsulphonate,339.Gladding, T.S., reverted phosphoricacid, 1075, 1424.Gladstone, J. H., and A. T r i b e ,electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid.and hydrated salts, 654.Glaser, L., forest as a protectionagainst hailstorms, 632. -_ separation of arsenic from salinesolutions, 1083.Glock. See L i e b e r m a n n .G n e h m, R., chlorobeiizaldehyde andchlorindigo, 1028.God ef r o y, L., combined action of po-tassium dichroinate and chlorine onethjl alcohol, 660.- double chlorides of chromium,1266.G 6 hr i n g.Goldberg, A., estimation of nitrogenin nitro-azo- and diazo-compounds,364.Go1 dschmidt, H., action of hydroxyl-aniine on diketones, 62.- carbol, 1138.~ nitrosophenols, 735, 1137.Qoldschmidt, H., and E.J. Con-s t am, pyridine bases from coal-tar,611.Goldschmidt, H., and H. Schmid,nitrosophenols, 1327. -- orthonitrosonaphthols, 1359.Goldschmidt, H., and R. Ziirrer,Goldschmiedt, G., papaverine, 186.Gonnard, F., anorthitic rock at Saint-- formation of zeolites in the cold,See P r i e d 1 iin d er.campIior, 1364.Clement, Puy de Dame, 411.405INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1467Go n n a r d, F., vangnerite a t Irigny, 405.- zeolites in the dolerites of Chaux-de-Bergonne, 829.Goppelsroeder, F., application ofelectrolysis in preparing indigo-vats,942, 1448.G o p p e r t , H. R., means of protectingplants against frost, 1067.Gorceix, H., green mica in the quartz-ites of Our0 Preto, 408.Gore, Q., absorption of an iodine-com-pound by aluminium, 655.- reduction of metallic? solutions bymeans of gases, &c.. 393.G or g e u, A., artificial production ofrhodonite and teyhro'ite, 164. - artificial production of spessartiteor manganese-garnet, 410. - artificial pseudomorphisrn of silica,895. - calcium oxychloride, silicates, andchloroailicates ; artificial productionof wollastonite, 1262. - manganese chlorosilicate 562.Gossin, E., action of isobutyl chlorideon benzene, 1312.G o t t l e i b , E., composition of certainkinds of wood, 477.Gtottstein, L., analysis of an Englishbottle-glasa, 1443.Gousiorowski, K., and V.Merz,nitriles and carboxylic acids fromaromatic amines, 734.Graebe, C., acridine, 607. - detertion of nitrogen in organic- formation of acridine, 1182. - synthesis of anthraquinoline, 759.Graebe, C., and A. Drew, dinitro-8-naphthol, 1035.Graebe, C., and P.A. Guye, hydridesof naphthalene, 608.Graebe, C., and A. P i c t e t , methyl-phthalimide, 1019.Graebe, C., and B. Zschokke, thio-phthalic anhydride, 1025.Gr a e f f, F., naphthalene derivatives,80.G r a m o n t , A. de, action of aldehydeon propyl glycol, 35.Green, A. G., and 5.R i d e a l , newvolumetric method for the estimationof nitrous acid, 870.Greene, W.H., estimation of urea, 50'7.G r e g e r, M., a hydrometer for demon-strating alterations in weight inchernical changes, 1253.G r d h a n t and Q u i n q u a u d , estimationof chloroform in the blood of ananaxthetisad animal, 375. -- poisonous aetion of urea,1398.compounds, 1072.Grewingk, C., iron containing nickelfrom Sanarka, in the Ural Mountains,401.G r i e ss, I?., diazo-derivatives, 114.8. - introdnction of the diazo-groupinto so-called aromatic para-com-pounds, 1013.G r i ff i t h s, A. B., aldehydic nature ofprotoplasm, 202. - analysis of the brine-spring ofStoke Prior, Worcestershire, 165.- chlorophyll; a compound of ironwith a glucoside, 848.- excretory product from the liver ofthe cuttle fish, 94. - farmyard manure, 1070.- guano recently discovered in Aus-- parafin-shale from Servia, 879. - phenol in the stem, leaves, andcones of Pinus sylvestris, 863.G r i ma u x, E., a nitrogenous collo'idderived from amitlobenzoic acid, 905. - coagulation of colloi'ds, 1250. - colloidal derivatives of ferric hy-tralia, 107.droxide, 966. - collo'ids, 957. - ferric ethylate and collo'idal ferric- some reactions of albumin, 911.Griveaux, F., electrochemical energyof light, 382.Groddeck, A. v., the kersautite veinof the Upper Harz, 409.G r o d z k i , M., occurrence of valero-lactone in pyroligneous acid, 1118.G r o s h a us, J. A., aqueous solution,143.G r o s s m a n n, M., bismuth subnitrate,1092.G r o t h, P., natural fluorine compounds,265.G r u b e r, M., elimination of nitrogenin the free state from the animalbody, 1391.- Volhard's volumetric estimationof the chlorides in urine, 1424.G u a r e s c h i, I., naphthalene-deriva-tives, 842.- localisation of arsenic in the caseof poisoning, 199.G u a r e s c h i , I., and A. Mosso, pto-maiincs, 618.G u a r e s c h i , L., thioaldehyde and car-bovaleraldine, 294.GuBrin. See Ldpine.G u i m a r a e s, nutrition of dogs, 344.G u n t e r, E., bromoxy lic acid andG u n t z, heat of formation of antimony- heat of formation of chlorides, 545.hydrate, 573.hydroxyxylic acid, 1347.oxychlorides, 7071468 INDES OF AUTHORS.G u n t z , heat of formation of potassium- guano from Aves Island, 489.- hydrogen potassium fluoride in- sodium fluorides, 546. - thermochemical researches onfluorine compounds, 1245. - thermochemical study of hydro-fluoric acid, 544. -- thermochemistry of antimonyfluoride, 884. - transformation of prismatic anti-mony oxide into the octahedd oxide,894.chlorides, 5.solution, 704.Guntz. See also B e r t h e l o t .Guradze, S., artificial manures inGuradze - E o t t u l i n , and others,G u t h z e i t . See Conrad.Guyard, A., action of air on solutionsof tannin, and the estimation oftannin, 1438. - detection of manganese in com-mercial zinc and calamine ; detectionof bismuth in lead, 368, 640. - employment of boric acid onhzematin in alkalimetry, 638.- estimation of ammoniacal nitrogenin soils, 1423.-- estimation of calcium in presenceof aluminium, iron, magnesium, andphosphates, 1427.potato-growing, 102.potato culture, 483.- furfuraldehyde, 1304.- nitrogen iodide, 152, 818. - preparation of concentrated nitro-molybdic acid solution, 638. - synthesis of tartaric glucoside,1304.Guye. See Graebe.Gglling, H., new locality for andesinea t Orijarvi, in Finland, 970.H.H a a r m a n n and Reimer, preparationHabermann, J., arbutin, 175.- basic sulphates, 151. - diethyl alizarin ether, 1187.Habermann, J., and M. Honig,act.ion of cupric hydroxide on sugars,1111.B a g e r , H., examination of eopaibabalsam, 377. - examintltion of fatty almond-oil,120. - examination of potash, 928.- test for bismuth subnitrate, 116.Hager. See also Gattermann.of vanillin, 1343.Hague, A., and J. I?. Iddings,volcanoes of Northern California,Oregon, and Washington, 28.H a i t i n g e r . See Lieben.H a l l e r , S., action of alcohol ou diazo-- isomeric campholurethanes, 755.Hammerhacher, F., influence ofpilocarpine and atropine on lactation,1396.H a n r i o t, conversion of brucine intostrychnine, 88.H a n r i o t and G u i l b e r t , action ofbromethylene on benzene in presenceof aluminium chloride, '733.Hanseniann, G., diffusion of gasesthrough a porous septum, 1251.Hansen, E. C., organisms in the airaround Carlsberg, 126.Hansen, C., and others, cheese fromskim - milk, with foreign fats added,942.compounds, 1322.Hansen.See also Schrodt. - ..H a n t z s c h, A., constitution of pyridine,1193.7 decomposition-products of thepyridine series, 1045.H a p p, J., paraquinolinesulphonic acids,757.Harnack, E., estimation of iodinein human urine, 1423.H a r t , E., piscirlin, the active principleof Jamaica dogwood, 332.H a r t l e y , W. N., line spectra of boronand silicon, 242.- photographic investigations of theultra-violet spark-spectra emitted bymetallic elements and their combina-tions, under varying conditions, 137.__ self-purification of peaty waters,'781.H a r t l e y . See also Moritz.H a r t s h o r n . See Jackson.H a r t z and others, American red clover,H arz, C. O., champion spice, 865.Haseack.See Arche.H a u s s n e r, G., Minjiik-Lagam balsam,354.H a u t e f e u i l l e , P., and J. Chappuis,action of the silent discharge onoxygen and nitrogen in presence ofchlorine, 710.H a u t e f e u i l l e , P., and A. P e r r y ,phosphoric anhydride, 1258.H a y d uck, L., utilisation of malt comb-ings in the manufacture of pressedyeast, 790.Hayem, G., poisons and drugs whichact on hzemoglobin, '764.Haza.rd, J., estimation of quartz insiliceous rocks and soils, 8'72.920INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1469R a z u r a , K., and P. J u l i u s , resorcinolH a z u r a . See also B e n e d i k t .H e a t o n, C. W., zinc in drinking water,697.H e c k e l , E., and F. S c h l a g c l e n h a u f -fen, chemical investigation of thekola-nut, 863.H ec kmnnn, J., ethylic dinitrophenyl-acetoacetate, 178.H e f f t e r, A., paramidotoluene ortho-sulphamide, 73. - paramidotoluene - orthothiosulpho-nit acid, 454.H e l i n e r , O., analysis of beeswax, 779.Heiden, E., and others, how to bringheavy raw soils into cultivation, 1412.-- potatoes with lime as amanure, 1419. -- ratio of nitrogen t o phos-phoric acid in seeds, 1404.H e i n z e l m a n n , G., fermentation ex-periments with gluten instead of dias-tase in the mash, 789. - inlluence of salicylic acid on fer-mentation, 764.- strong yeast, '789.I€ e i n z e r 1 i n g.He1 d, A., ethylic ethrlacetocyanecetateand methylacetocyanacetate, 727.EI ell, C., determination of the molecu-lar weight and atomicity of the higherfatty alcoho P, 1433.H e l l , C., and 34.A. K e h r e r , action ofbromine on levulinic acid, 1297.H e l l , C., aid A. R i t t e r , action of thehnloi'd acids on wormseed oil, 1363.Hell, C., and H. Stiircke, wormseedoil, 1363.II e 11 r i eg e 1, influence of the amount ofsoil ou the development of roots ofvarious plants, 626.- infliience of constant temperaturein the soil on plants, 916.- influence of light and heat onplants, 855, 1206.-influence of water on the growth- plants from seed of various sizes,352.€I e 11 r i e g e 1 and others, researches onsugar-beet, 485.H e l m s , A., cinchocerotin, 332.H e ni i 1 i a 11, W., diphenylparaxylylme-thane and its products of oxidation,321.I I e m i l i a n , W., and H.S i l b e r s t e i n ,triphenylamidomethane, 1032.H em p el, W., influence of the chemicalnature and pressure of gases on thegeneration of electricity b j an induc-tion machine, 791.VOL. XLVI.oxide, 1139.See M o l d e n h a n e r .of piallts, 1401.H e n d e r s o n . See n o b b i e .IIeuecke, A., extractive matter inH e n k e , G., colocynthin, 181.H e n n e ,D u p and others, phylloxera, 99.H e n n i n g e r , A., reduction of erythrolH e n n i n g s e n . See B a r t h .H e n r i c h s e n . See Wleiigel.H e n r y , L., action of iodine chloride on- action of iodine chloride on mono-- derivatives of mannite hexylenc,- distinct types of glycollic acid,- haloid derivatives of ethane, 571. - methylene bromide, 718.- nionobromomet hy1 chloroform (bro-- monochlorethyl mouochloracetate,- propargyl iodide, 979.- unsymmetrical chloriodetliy1ei:eH e n t s c h e l , W., action of sulphurie-- preparation of acid anhydrides,- preparation of carbsmide, 995. - preparation of monochloracetic- preparation of phenyl cganate,H e n z o l d . See K r e u s l e r .H e r n i a n s , J. T. H., contamination ofthe atmosphere by products of respi-ration, 510.Tyrolese wiue, 1882 vintage, 130.by formic acid, 897.monobrometh-ylene, 830.chlorethy lene, 7 19.33.730.motrichlorethane), 978.421.aiid bromiodethylene, 830.acid on carbsnilide, 1016.991.acid, 990.1002.H e r t e r . See H o l d e f l e i s s .H e r t h , R., hemialbumose or propetone,H e r t z , H., benzene as an insulator, 244.H e r z f e 1 d, A., gluconic acids from dif-- maltose, 171.H e r z f e 1 d, J., derivatives of toluquino-line, 1198, 2199.H e r z i g , J., quercetiu and its deriva-tiyes, 846.H r s e r n a n n , P., and L.K o c h l e r ,nielabroiuometanitrobenzoic acid andits derivatives, 599.Hess. See F i s c h e r .Hesse, O., morphine, 613.- pseudo-morphine, 616.- quinine and homoquinine, 138.4. - quinone, 430.- trimethylamine aurocliloride, 577.Heumann. See Bolin.H e u s s e r, E., process for preparing1388.ferent sources, 423.113 drocarbons, 788.3 1470 INDEX OF AUTHORS.nitriles, 1288..__ dinaphthylsulphone, 1362. - reaction for pyridine bases, 1438.H e y d e n r e i c h , L..sterilisation ofliquids by means of Papin's digester,864.H i l d e b r a n d , P., influence of weatheron vegetation, 856.I1 i 1 d i t c h, T., atomic weight of oxygen,659.H i 1 g e n s t o c k, G., dephosphorisationof iron, 520.11 i 11, H. B., action of alkalis on muco-bromic acid, 731.H i l l , H. B., and C. R. Sanger, substi-t ution-derivatives of pysompcic acid,1305.If i l l e b r a n d , W. P., Iollingite andother minerals from Colorado, 896.l i i l l e b r a n d . See also Cross.31 i n s b e r g , O., quinoxalines, 2052.11 j e l t, E., identity of isopropylsuccinic- pyrotartrylfluorescern, 1019. - reduction of pyrotartarie chloride,I I l a v a , J., formation of fibrin, 912.II o c k, K., coloured essential oils, 82.11 o d g k i n, J., natural and renewedsuccirubra bark, 919.H 61 z e r, A., preparation of glycollicacid, 583.I I o n i g , M., and E.Zatzek, action ofpotassium permanganate on certainsulphur compounds, 151. -- direct estimation of carbonicanhydride in presence of sulphides,mlphites, and thiosulphites, 216.Hoffniann, C., bismuthic acid, 824.H o f f m a n n . Seealso Rugheimer.K of m a n n, A. W., acediamine, 1289.- action of ammonium chloride onglycol at high temperatures, 1284. - action of bromine in alkaline solu-tion on amines, 1114. - behaviour of ethylidene chloridewith ethylamine and amylamine,12'75.acid with pimelic acid, 296.29'7.- caffeic acid in hemlock, 1353.- conine, 1200. - conversion of aromatic amines intothe ethers of the corresponding"H u g o u n e n q, L., estimation of urea,122."phenols, 1314. - conversion of Drimary amines into- tetramethylated amidobenzene,H o f m e i s t e r .See Ellenberger.I l o h n e l , F. T., and J. Wolfbauer," butter-beans," 1209.H o l d e f l e i s s , earth-nut cake, 356. - manuring beet, 103.- palm-cake and palm-meal, 631.1320.Holdef leiss, and M. H e r t e r , produc-tion and cost of farmyard manure,867.B o l l r u n g , M. W., rubellan, 1105.H o l t h o f , C., estimation of arsenic,1428.Homolka, B., action of potassiumcyanide on nitrated benzaldehyde,1342.Homolka. See also Raeyer.Honig. See Habermann.H o p p e - S e y l e r, F., action of oxygen onthe activity of the lower organisms,1399.- chemical changes in soil and indrainage water, 633.Hoppe-Seyler, J,, knowledge ofindigo-forming substances in the urine,1058.H o r n b e r g e r , R., mineral constituertsof the seeds of forest trees, 353.H o s s f e 1 d, W.. soil-temperature in rela-tion to the air-temperature, 357.H o u d a r t , E., preservation of wines,130.H o ud& s, A., crystallised colchicine,1055.Ho u z eau, ammonia in rain-water, 104.Howard, W. O., thebaine, 1201.H owe, J. L., a nitrile of anhydro-benzo-- ethyl derivatives of anhydro-benzo-H o w i t t , A. W., the rocks of Noyang,diamidobenzene, '741.diamidobenzene, 741.972.Hu1.r-a, F., self-purification of sewageH u m p i d g e , T. S., atomic weight of- displacement of chlorine by bro-H u n d e s h a ge n, F., s j nthesis of leci-contaminated rivers, 932.beryllium, 261.mine in silver chloride, 1245.thin, 280.Howitz.See Claus.H ii b 1, examination of beeswax, 506. - general method of examining fats,1435.H u b n e r, H., substituted benzoic acids,314, 599.H u b n e r , H., and R. Schupphaus,forinanhydroisodismidotoluene, 1143.Hubner, H., A. T o l l e , and W.A t h e n s t a d t , action of dimethjl-paratoluidine and dimethylaniline onethylene bromide, 1317.H ii b ne r, R., derivatives of benzene-sulphonic acid, 1180.- derivatives of isethionic acid,1126.H u e t l i n . See W i l l e e r o d t INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1471H u n t , T. S., decay of rocks geologicallyH u r t e r , F., the future of the chlorineH u r t e r .See also G a s k e l l .Hussak, E., dichroite from Asama-H u s s a k . See also D o e l t e r andHusemann, T., ptomlti’nes and theirH u s s o n , C., detection of blood stainsH y b b e n e t h, F., amidobenzenemeta-considered, 567.industry, 225.Yama, 407.P e l z .significance in toxicology, 469.on washed clothes, 376.sulphamide, ’72.I.I d d i n g s . See Hague.I g e l s t r o m , apatite from Horrsjiiberg,Sweden, 269.I h n e , E., influence of solar rays on thetemperature of trees, 9 1’7.I l i n s k i , M., action of ammonia onnitroso-@naphthol. 1035.- Dumas’ nitrogen-apparatus, 1072.I l o s v a y . See B e r t h e l o t .I m a i . See K e l l n e r .I r v i n g , A., action of sunlight on phos-phorus anhydride, 156.I s a m b e r t, dissociation of ammoniumcarbonate in presence of an excess ofone of its elements, 388.- dissociation, 549.J.J a c k s o n , C . L., and Gt. T. H a r t s -h o r n, parabromobenzyl compounds,665.J a c k s o n , C. L., and A. E. Menke,method of preparing borneol fromcamphor, 666.J a c k s o n , H., action of arsenious anhy-dride on glycerol, 896.Jacobsen, E., dye-stuffs from pyridineand quinoline bases, 799.Jacobsen, E., and C. L. Reimer,condensation-products of met,hjlatedquinolines and pyridines, 333.Jacobsen, O., nitro-orthotoluic acids,745.I_ orthoxylidine, 737.L-. substances accompanying benzoicacid prepared from gum benzoin,1168.J a h n s, E., constituents of larch fungus,353.Jamieson, J., influence of light on thedevelopment of bacteria, 475.J a i n i n , J., compressibility and lique-faction of gases, 5.J a n n a s c h , P., analysis of the f o p i t efrom the Serra de MoncEique, Por-tugal, 970.- composition of idocrase, 828. - solubility of the labradorit fromSt. Paul Island, 971.J a n n e t t a z , E., Neel, and C l e r m o n t ,crystallisation under great pressure,548.J a novsky, J. V., substitution-productsof azobenzene and an unsymmetricaltriamidobenzene, 1145.J a p p , . P. R., ammonia derivatives ofbenzil, 313.J a p p , F. R., and N. H. J. M i l l e r , hy-drocyanides of the diketones and theirsaponification, 329.J a p p , F. R., and R. C . T r e s i d d e r ,action of nitriles on benzil, 313.J a w o r s k i , W., relative absorption ofneutral salts in the human stomach,193.J e h n , C., insoluble fatty acid of goat’abutter, 535.J e n k i n s , E.H., American milk, 533.J e s s e n , E., experiments on the timerequired for digestion of meat andmilk, 470.J o d i n, V., comparative growth of peasand maize in mineral and organicsolutions, 1208. - function of silica in the growth ofmaize, 201, 669.J o r g e n s en, S. M., relation betweenluteo- and roseo-salts, 1093.J o h n s o n , G. S , electrochemical re-searches on nitrogen, 383.J o h n s o n , S. W., nitrogen determina-tion by combustion with calcium hy-droxide, 1422.J oly, A., barium hydrogen phosphates,891. - boron, 156. - decomposition of the acid phos-phatee of tlie alkaline earths in pre-sence of water, 556.J o n e s , F., detection of chlorine, bro-mine, and iodine, 492.J o s l i n .See Clarke.J o u l i e . H., loss of nitrogen during thefermentation of manure, 1070, 1413.J o u r d a n . See F i s c h e r .J u d d , J. W., and G. A. J. Cole, tra-chylyte of tlie Western Isles of Scot-land, 570.J u l i u s , P., acttion of bromine andiodine 011 silver chloride, bromide, andiodide, 556.5 g 1472 INDEX OF AUTHORS.J u li u 8, P., behaviour of silver chloride,bromide, and iodide with bromine andiodine, 393. - new reaction of benzidine, 1181.J u l i u s . See also H a z u r a and Bene-d i k t .J un g f 1 e i s c h, E., decomposition ofoptically inactive compounds, 1303.J u n g k , J.I?. C., analysis of malt ex-tract, 529.J u s t , F., influence of asymmetricalcarbon-atoms on the ethanes derivedfrom active amyl alcohol, 169.K.Kachler, J., and F. V. Spitzer, bor-neol from camphor, 754.Kachler, horse -chestnuts as cattlefood, 1411.Kahlbaum, G. W. A., dependence ofthe boiling point on pressure, 141,950.Kalan t a r o f f , A., Russian cheese, 700.Kalischer, S., production of electri-city by condensation of aqueousvapour, 138.Kallen, J. P., and A. S t u t z e r , exami-nation of clover at different stages ofgrowth, 100.Kander, E., action of phosphorus pen-tachloride on succinic chloride, 40.Karbe, J., krugite as manure for pota-toes, 926.Kay ser, R., chemistry of wine, 1445.- examination of an apple-must andof the cider obtained therefrom, 98. - estimation of tartaric acid in wine,Kebler. See Clarke.Kehrer. See Hell.Keim, A., and J. Thenn, preservingand colouring stone-work, 880.Keiser, E. H., edimation of sulphur inorganic compounds, 500.K e i s e r . See also Remsen.KekulB, A., carboxytartronic acid, 41.Kekulk, A,, and 0. Strecker, tri-chlorophenomalonic acid, 1122.Kelbe, W., and A. Baur, butyltoluenesin rosin spirit, 300.Kelbe, W., and N. v. Czarnomski,P-metaisocymenesulphonic acid, 1355.Kelbe, W., and C. W a r t h , meta-isocymidine, 46,K e 11 n e r, O., development and nutri-tion of Japanese silkworm, 667. - regetables used as food in Japan,674.504.Kellner, O., and H.Ismai, examina-tion of certain soils in Japan, 680.h e l l n e r , O., and J. Sawano, rice cul-ture in Japan, 672.Kellner, O., and others, developmentand nourishment of the silkworm,1202.use of carbolic acid in thedisinfection of sewage, 69’7.Kempner, C., influence of air some-what deficient in oxygen on animals,344.Kendall, J. A., new method of gene-rating electricity, 652.Kenngott, A,, minerals from Brazil,564.Kent, W. H., and B. Tollens, lactoseand mucic acid, 980.Kershaw, J. B. C., improved form ofOrsat’s apparatus for the estimationof oxygen, 695.K e t t e, W., inhence of krugite on thepercentage of starch in potatoes, 1401. - three processes for obtaining albu-niino‘id matter from potato-waste, 948.Ki l i a n i , H , a new saccharin from milk-sugar, 283.- preparation of glycollic acid fromglycerol, 295.Kiliani, H., and S. Kleemann, con-version of gluconic acid into normalcaprolactone, 993.---- gluconic acid, 730.King, A. J., Clerget’s method of sugaranalyses by inversion, 503.K i n n i c u t t , L. I?., modificajion ofNoack’s method of preparing carbonicoxide, 260.K i n n i c u t t , L.P., and J.U. Nef, rolu-metric determination of combinednitrous acid, 493.K i n n i c u t t , L. P., and (3. M.Palmer,p-phenyltribromopropionic acid, 603.K i r c her, G., chlorinated anthraqui-nones, 1039.Kissiing, R., tobacco fat, 173.K j a r s k e, separation of wheat-mealfrom rye-meal, 376.K j e l d a h l , J., a new method of deter-mining nitrogen in oyganic sub-stances, 364.K 1 a w i t t e r, Chili saltpetre for barley,1419.Kleernann. See Kiliani.Kleia, I)., a general reaction of polyhyclric alcohols in presence of boraxand paratungstates, 1284.- antimony derivstives of muck andsaccharic acids, 424.- borotungstates, 559, 1266.- compounds of tellurous anhydridewith acids, 1256INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1473Klein. See also Anschiitz.K l c i n e r t , estimation of phenol in com-mercial carbolic acid, 503. - halymetric determination of alcoholin beer, 641.K l e p l , A., dry distillation of para-hydroxybenzoic acid, 446.Klewitz, A., and G. Krieger,removalof juice from sugar-beet, 647.K 1 i n g e 1, P., amidoacetophenone andallied substances, 1343.Kloos, J.H., the granite district of theBlack Forest, 1273.Knierieni, W., manuring experimentsat Peterhof, 636.K n o p, W., a concentrated nutritivefluid for plants, 1205. - quantitative separation of potashand soda from ferric oxide, alumina,lime, and magnesia, in silicates, 110 - researches on the sugar-cane,1212. - retrogression of superphosphates,1214.K n o r r , L., action of ethyl acetoacetateon liydrazinequinizine - derivatives,1153. - action of ethvl acetoacetate onphenylliydrazine, 502. - constitution of quinizine-deriva-tives, 1377. - new synthesis of quinoline-deriva-tires, 334. - piperglhydrazine, 467. - synthesis of py rroline-derivatives,1368. - synthesis of quinoline-derivatives,1198.Knorr, L., and A. Blank, action ofsubstituted acetoacetates on phenyl-h ydrazine, 1380.K n o r r , L., and C.Biilow, action ofethylic diacetosuccinate on phenyl-hydrszine, 1381. -- action of ethylic succinosuc-cinate on phenylhydrazine, 1380.Kobe k, A,, derivatives of thymol, 56.Kobus. See Marcker.Koch, C. F. A., excretion of urea andinorganic salts under the influence ofincreased temperatures, 1394.Eoch, I(. R., elasticity of crystals of theregular system, 1096.K o c 11, L., manuring with bone-meal,637.Eoch, R., and P. Miguel, micro-organisms in soils, 486.Eocli, and others, cattle plague andprotective inoculation, 96.Koch. See also E. Fischer.Koeckert. See Ceresole.Kochler. See Hesemann.K oh 1 er, H., parethoxyphenylurethaneKohnke, and others, butter-makingK o l l i k e r .See Wallach.K on i g, J., manufacture of bone-meal,-- weathering of bone manure, 360.Konigs, W., andG. Korner, hydroxy-cinchonic acid, 84.Koenigs, W., and R. Geigy, pyri-dine-derivatives, 1195, 1368.Koenigs. See also Comstock.Koerner, andC.Bohringer,alkalo~dsof Angustura bark, 341.K o e r n e r , G., and A. Menozzi, actionof methyl iodide on leucine andanalogous compounds, 425.Koerner. See also P i s c h e r andKonigs.Kohn. See Nijlting.Kohlrausch, F. and W., elcctrochemi-cal equivalents of silver and copper,1089.Kol b e, H., antiseptic action of carbonicanhydride, 508. - chemical constitution of acetyl-isatin and acetylisatinic acid, ’78. - experiments on the preparation ofnitropheneto:l, 433.Kollert, J., electric properties offlames, 651.Kommenos, T., act,ion of fatty alde-hydes on malonic acid and its ethylsalt, 422.Konovaloff, D., heat of formationof pyrosulphuric chloride, 250.- mixed liquids of constant boilingpoint, 124’7.- thermal effect of mixing liquids,1244.Konovaloff. See also Menschut-kin.Kopp, H., mixed crystallisation, 958. - specific volumes of liquid sub-Kopp. See also Michael.Korn, O., derivatives of nitro-@-naphthaquinone, 1186.E o r n a t z k i, O., azotoluenedisulphonicacid, ’71. - parabromotoluenedisulphonic acid,70.Kosmann, B., minerals from UFperSilesia, 969.Eossel, A., chemistry of the nucleus,97.Kostanecki. See Liebei-mann.K o t c he r o f f, actpior. of acetylene hydro-carbons on mercuric salts, 572.Kraemer, C., phenol colouring matter,1340.and some of its deriratives, 1139.and the souring of cream, 1448.1419.stances, 1471474 INDEX OF AUTHORS.Kraemer.See also B r u n n e r .Krat'ft, F., cetyl alcohol and cetyl-acetic acid. 1280. - higher homologues of acetylene,- preparation of the higher olefines,1108.C k l dlL.K r a f f t , F., and J. B u r g e r , higherhomologues of acetic chloride, 1125.K r a u s , C., easily oxidisable substaucesin plant-sap, 928.Kraus, G., acidity of cell-sap, 1209.K r a u t , K., chlorides of lime and lithia,K r a u t , K., and Y. Schwartz, hip-K r e is, H., different methods of distilla-- nitration of thiophene derivatives,Kreis. See also Mey er.K r e t s c h y, M., kynuric acid, 750.Kretschy.See also B a r t h .K r e u s l e r , W., apparatus for the re-duction of measured gas-volumes tonormal conditions, 775.Kreusler, U., and 0. Henzold, thealkaline reaction of glass ns a sourceof error in analysis, 775.K r e u s l e r , U., and H. L a n d o l t , ex-amination of H. Grouven's method ofnitrogen estimation, 1215.Kreuzhage, C., and E. Wolff, im-portance of silicic acid in the cultureof oats, 1211.16.paraffin, 838.tion compared, 1248.1314.Krieger. See Klewitz.K r o n f e 1 d, E., bromine-derivatiresfrom amgonaphthaquinonamide,1037. - hydroxy n aph tha quinonamide andamidonaphthaquinonamide, 1037.K r o u c h k o 11, currents produced byimmersion and emersion, and by themovement of a metal in a liquid, 2.K r o 11 p a, G., volumetric estimation ofmercury, 695.Kruckenberg.See Ewald.Kriiger. See Tiemann.Kr ii s s, G., prcparation of nitriles,- sulphur compounds of molyb-K r u i s , K., estimation of extract of- fermentatire strength of beer-yeastKrukenberg, C . F. W., corne'in, 1390.K r u t w i g , J., separation of iodine andchlorine in the dry way, 1073.Kiigler, R., matico-camphor, 611.Kiihn, G., and others, digestibility ofwheat-chaff and the changes which it1314.denum, 160,1267,1268.malt, 1439.in distillery mash, 939.undergoos by different methods ofpreparation, 772.Kiihn e, W., helnialbumose in uriiie,854.Kiihne, W., and R. H. C h i t t e n d e n ,decomposition-products of albumin,849.-- new forms of albumose, 1389.K ii t z, R., laserpitin, 182.K u i j per, H.P., alcohol in the brain incases of inebriation, 370.K urn p f, G., nitrobenzyl chlorides andiodides, 1004.- paranitrophenyl-benzyl ethers andphenyl paranitrobenzyl ethers, 1005.Kunz, G. F., white garnet from Wake-field, Canada, 828.Kupelwieser, F., manufacture ofiron and steel, and methods of testingthem, 519.K u t s c h e r , E., function of tannin inplants, 628.K u t acheroff, M., action"of the hydro-carbons of the acetylene series onmercuric oxide and its salts, 719.E u z e l , See Fischer.L.Lach, B., aldoximes, 1154.Lachowicz, B., Galician petroleum,- some paraffins and their deriva-- preparation of acid anhydrides, 990.- reduction of dichlorophenanthrene,- replacement of ketonic chlorine-La Coste, W.,and J.Bodewig, meta-Ladenburg, A., bases of the pyridine- behaviour of diamines towards- a-isopropylpiperidine, 1386. - piperethyialkine bromide, 760.- synthesis of piperidine, 760.- synthesis of piperidine and its- synthesis of pj ridine and piperi-Ladenburg, A., and C. F. R o t h ,-- synthetical piperidine, 1202.Ladenburg, A., and L. Schrader,Ladureau, A., sulphurous anhydride166.tives, 166.81.atoms by hydrogen, 1039.chloroquinoline, 1196.and piperidine series, 759.nitrous acid, 738.homologues, 1054.dine bases, 1195.hyoscine, i61.isopropylpyridiues, 1048.in the air of Lille, 710INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1475Lagrange, P., estimation of glucose,L a l a n d e , P.de, and G. Chaperon, a-- copper oxide battery, 1.L a n d m a n n , B., determination ofacetic acid in wine by distillation withsteam, 641.L a n d o l t, H., solid carbonic anhydride,992. - time of existence of thiosulphuricacid in aqueous solution, 554.L a n d o l t . See also Kreusler.L a n d r in, E., influence of calcinationand of carbonic anhydride on thesetting of hydraulic cements, 933.L a n d w e h r , A., new method for pre-paring and estimating glycogen, 1287.L a n g e r , J., isomeric thiophenesul-phonic acids, 1133.L a n g e r , T., absorption of carbonicanhydride by beer, 1233.L a n g 1 e b e r t, properties of linseed andsesauie seeds, 852.L a s a u 1 x, A. v., conversion of rutileinto ilmenite, 1104.- reaction to determine the presenceof metallic iron, 1078. - twin crystals of dichroite from theLsacher See, 407.L a s a u l x , A. v., and others, Krakatoaaslies, 974.L a s p e y r e s, H., artificial crystals ofmanganese-iron-olivine, 410.L a t s c h e n b e r ger, J., detection andestimation of ammonia in animalliquids, 1215.370.new copper oxide cell, 541.L a u n , W., aromatic alkines, 1011. - piperpropylalkine, 1064.L a u t h , C., Boulier’s pyrometer, 543. - manufacture of S h r e s blue, 644.Lawes, S i r J. B., and J. H. G i l b e r t ,determinations of nitrogen in thesoils of experimental fields a t Rotham-sted, and bearing of the results onthe question of the sources of nitrogenin our crops, 682.Lawes, J.B., J. H. G i l b e r t , and R.W a r i n g t o n, animonia, chlorine, andsulphuric acid in the rain-water col-lected at Rothamsted, 209. - - nitric acid in soils andsubsoils a t Rothamsted, 35’7.Lea, A. S., ferment from the seeds ofWithanin cpa.qulans, 535.L eb e d e f f, pathological formation offat, 1392.L e B o n, G., properties of antisepticsand of the volatile products of decay,225.Lecco. See Meyer.L e c h a r t i e r, G., analysis of soils, 921.L e c h a r t i er, G., assirnilability of thephosphoric acid in rocks and soilp, 868.L e C h a t e l i e r , H., compounds ofhalo’id salts with oxysalts of the samemetal, 1261.- decomposition of cements by water,1443.- decomposition of salts by water,807.L e C h a t e l i e r .See also M a l l a r d .L e d e b u h r , A., so-called “ burning ’’of iron and steel, 935.L e d i n g h am, L. N., weight voltameterfor measuring electric currents, 654.Leduc, A., new method of directlymeasuring absolute magnetic intensity,1243.Lee, C. T., indigo assaying, 1438.Lee. See also N o r i t z .Leeds, A. It., analysis of flour, 1080. - conversion of carbonic oxide intocarbonic anhydride by nascent oxygen,15.- determination of organic matter inwater, 369.- moiAt phosphorus, air, and carbonicoxide, 660.- presence of hydrogen peroxide andammonium nitrite and absence ofozone in the products of the cornbus-tion of hydrogen and hydrocarbons inair, 818.- soap analysis, 223. - titration of organic matter inpotable u-aters by means of perman-ganate, 499.L e e d s, A.R., and E. E v e r h a r t, analy-sis of mustard, 878.L eff m a n n, H., Geyser waters and de-posits, 30.L e h m a n n , C., and others, “championspice,” 473.Lehmann. Seealso P a t r i .Lellmann, E., derivatives of naphtha-lene, 751. - difference in chemical behaviour ofaromatic diamines, 49. - Wachendorff’s chloronitrotoluene,1133.L em o i ne, G., chemical action of light ;decomposition of oxalic acid by ferricchloride, 381. - hydrocarbons from American pe-troleum and their derivatives, 1106. - sulphur salts derived from phos-phorus trisulphide, 555.L e n z , W., assay of commercial potas-sium iodide, 366. - purification of hydrogen sdphide,215, 776.Leone, T., amides of a- and P-napL-thoic acid$, 13621176 INDEX OF AUTHORS.LQpine, R., and G.GuArin, partiallyoxidised sulpbur in urine, 347.Lepine, R., and others, proportion ofincompletelp oxidised phosphorus con-tained in the urine, 913.L e r ch, O., magnesium bromide andiodide, 262.L e s er, G., orthosylene-derivatives,1313. .Leu b e, W., alteration of cane-sugar inthe human stomach, 91.L e v a1 1 o i s, A., action of cuprammo-niuin solutions and of cellulose onpolarised light, 577. - action of solutions of celluloee onpolarised light, 833. - polarimetric investigation of va-rious forms of cellulose, 1288.L e v a t , alcohol from melon-juice, 233.L e v i n s t e i n , I., English and Scotchcoal-tar xylenes, 898.L e win, L., behaviour of Fobia UCCE ursiand arbutin in the animal organism,915.Lewis, W.J., crystal of stephanitefrom Wheal Newton, 405.Len-is. See also S t o r e r .L e w k o w i t s c h, J., conversion of active- optical rotatory power of leucine,- optically active glyceric and lacticL e wy, separation of aniline, paratolui-L e j d h e c k e r , A., cultivation of winterL e z 6, R., analysis of some ciderL’H o t e, T., purification of arseniferousL i c h t . See Bergreen.L i d o f f and T i ch omirof f, electrolysisLiebermann, C., constitution of azo-- derivatives of quercetin, 1365. - a - nitroanthraquinonesulphonic- sylvic and pimaric acids, 1364. - the quinovin-group, 1191.Liebermann, C., and G. Glock, an-L i e b e r m a n n , C., and S.Kleemann,Liebermann, C., and S. v. Kos--- parazocresol, 736.L i e b e r m a n n, L., volumetric methodfor the estimation of fat in milk,372.Lieben, A,, and L. H a i t i n g e r , nitro-mandelic acid to inactive, 318.1115.acids, 296.dine, and orthotoluidine, 46.flax, 921.apples, 203.zinc, 962.of chloraies, 542.naphthol dyes, 609.acid, 1040.thraquinonecarboxylic acid, 1188.methylpropylacetic acid, 1120.t a n er: k i, azo-compounds, 1146.genous derivatives of chelidonic acid,1196.L i e c h t i , L., and W. Suida, composi-tion of Turkey-red oil, 238. -- contributions to the chemistryof mordants, 794.L i f s c h u t z , J., action of concentratedsulphuric acid on nitroanthraquinone,1187.- action of concentrated sulphuricacid on a-nitroan t hraquinonesulphoaicacid, 1189.L i 11, M., and L.S c h n eider, manjianeseores, 24.L i n d e t , L., compounds of gold chlo-rides with phosphorus chlorides, 968.- presence of mannitol in the anana,629.L i n d 0, D., estimation of phosphoricacid; oxalic acid method as coni-pared with the molybdic method,989. - estimation of phosphoric acid asmagnesium pyrophosphate, 493. - vitreous and ordinary amorphoussilica, 1268.Li n d s t r o in, A., occurrence of kaolin inSweden, 273.Liiidstrom, G., analysis of ganomalite,972.L i n t n e r , C., nitrogenons constituentsof barley and ma1 t , 790.L i p p , A., indole, 1030.L i p p i t t , T. P., nati-i-e ferrous andaluminium sulphate from Mexico,24.L i p p m a n n , E., and F.F l e i s s n e r ,azjlines, 178.Lippmann, E. v., and others, beet-sugar, 939.L i p p m a n n , G., a mercurial electro-djnamometer, 949. - a mercurial galvanometer. 881.L i s t , E., formic acid in rum, 378.Livache, A., acceleration of the oxida-tion of drying oils, 532.L l o y d , F . J., changes which take placein the conversion of hay into silage,772. - insoluble phosphate, 213. - superphosphate, 867.Lodeman, storage of acorns. 100.Loew, O., compounds OF silver withalbuminolds, 343.Lowe, J., preparation of bismuth freefrom arsenic, and atomic weight ofbismuth, 558. - qualitative and quantitative sepa-ration of bismuth from copper, 497.Lo wig, preparation of caustic potashand soda, 15.Loges. See EmmerlingINDEX OF AUTHORS.1477Loiseau, D., action of carbonic anhy-dride on calcareous solutions of sugar,419.L o m m e 1, E., fluorescence of calcspar,649.Longi, A., detection of nitric acid inpresence of other acids capable of in-terfering with its reactions, 365. - determinations of the quantities ofgases dissolved in watery liquids,364. - estimation of nitrous and nitricacids, 366. - paratoluidine as a test for nitricacid, 365. - volumetric estimation of nitric acid,366.v. Loo. See Fischer.L o o s, D. d e, Krakatoa ashes, 975. - mineral water from Aruba, 978.L o r d , N. W., ammonia fluoride as aL o s a n i t s c h , S. M., avalite, 1272.- chlorine derivatives of dibromo-- dibromodinitromethane, 27'7.Lossen, W., structure of hydroxyl-amine derivatives, 1324.Lossen, W., and A.Zander, specificvolumes of liquids, 1232.L o u g ui n i n e, heats of combustion ofketones and of carbonic ethers, 547.Louise, E., an aromatic diketone, 904. - tribenzoylmesitylene, 1000.LovBn, J. M., thiolactic and thiodilac-tylic acids, 1298.Low, A. H., rolumet,ric method for theestirnat,ion of arsenic, 115.L u c k e n b a c h, G., derivatives of benzylcyanide, 1134. - derivatives of isophthalonitrile andterephtlialonitrile, 1157.Ludwig, E., and A. Renard, analysesof idocrase from A h and Monzoni,408.Luedecke, O., pyrostilpnite from St.Andreasberg, 403.Luna, R. de, cholera, 349.Lunge, G., action of soda, lime, andmagnesia on the salts of ammonia andamines ; titration of aniline, 776.- chlorides of lithia and lime, 820. - density of milk of lime, 712. - density of sulphuric acid, 1256. - formation of sulphuric acid in the- manufacture of sulphuric acid- the salt work of Giraud in France,- titrat,ion of sulphurous acid andblowpipe reagent, 927.dinitromethanc, 1107.lead chambers, 698.from pyrites, in America, 1082.513.its salts, 776.Lunge, Gt., and C . Bodewig, estims-tion of sulphur in pyrites, 492.Lunge, G., and B. B u r c k h a r d t ,fluoresce'ins from malic acid, 1340.Luvini, J., sphero'iclal state, 957.Lyte, F. M., estimation of chlorine,bromine, and iodine in presence ofone another, 694.M.Maassen, A., amidocresola, 1145.X s b e n , T., solubility of calcium hy-droxide in water a t different tempers-tures, 891.M a b e ry, C.F., decomposition of chloro-tribromopropionic acid by alkalinehydroxides, 663.- products of the dry distillation ofwood at low temperatures, 788.Mabery, C. F., and F. C. Robinson,substituted acrylic and propionicacids, 663.Macaluso, D., spontaneous oxidationof mercury, 263.MI: Cay, L. W., cobalt-, nickel-, andiron-pyrites, 1098.Mac Ewan, P., commercial sodium ni-trite, 514.M c Q o w an, G., trichloromethylsulpho-nic chloride, 1126.Mach, E., Perorzospora viticola, 1406.Mac k, K., pyroelectric properties ofboracite, 655.Mackintosh, J. B., volumetric deter-mination of manganese, 220.M c Le o d, H., pressure of mercuryvapour a t the ordinary temperature,385.McMunn, C.A., colouring matters ofthe so-called bile of invertebrates, andof the bile of vertebrates : some un-usual urine pigments, Src., 194.Marc k er, M., a cause of the differencesnoticed in the estimation of super-phosphates, 639. - composition of Saxon barley, 630. - diffusion residues as cattle food,921. - effect of high farming on theamount of nutritious matter in straw,772. -- examination of Aves guano, 489. - fer:ility of a soil which had beenremoved from its original position andsubsequently replaced, 773. - influence of manuring on the com-position of potatoes, 102. - manuring barley and oats withnitrogen and phosphates, 9251478 INDEX OF AUTHORS.Miircker, M., manuring experimentswith rye and wheat, 103.- manuring potatoes, 865.I_ palm oil residues as fodder, 355. - poisonous action of ammonium- Stassfurt salts as absorbents in- value of various nitrogenous- varieties of sugar-beet, 865. - woody fibre as fodder, 864. - yield of crops under steam cultiva-tion, 359.M l r c k e r , M., and Kobus, chemicalchanges induced by the sprouting ofgrain, 200.Marc k e r, and others, cultivation ofcereals, 482. - cultivation and preservation ofpotatoes, 101. - cultivation of sugar-beet, 1211. - cultiFation of Vzcia villosa and ofMiircker. See also Bessler.M a g e 1, G., mispickel from Auerbach,1100.Maggi, L., prothistological examinationof potable waters, 369.Magnanimi. See Spica.Magnier d e l a Source, L., influenceof plastering on the composition ofwine, 646.M age rs t e i n, V., volume weight ofsome manures, 1213.Mainzer, K., phenethyl compounds,1000.M a i r e t, A., biological function ofphosphoric acid, 1392.- inhence of intellectual activity onthe elimination of phosphoric acid bythe urine, 1394.thiocyanate on plant life, 768.stables, 491.manures, 488.Pisum arvense, 769.Malbot. See Duvillier.Malerba, P., fatty constituents ofcommon chestnuts, 202.Mallard, E., action of heat onheulandite, 829.Mallard and L e C h a t e l i e r , combus-tion of explosive gaseous mixtures,549.e_- dimorphism of silver iodide,16.-- relation between t’he pressureand the temperature of transforma-tion of silver iodide, 1260.Mandelin, K., viola-quercitrin, 1191.Mangin.See Bonnier.Man t e a u, A., manurial experiments a tReims, 1419.M a q u e n n e, crystallisation of sulphur,1254. - decomposition of carbon com-pounds by the silent discharge, 542.Maquenne. See also DehBrain.Marcano, V., bread making, 13.2. - formation of alcohol in the fer-- transpiration of plants in theMarcano. See also Muntz.Marchand, E., suspended matter inwater, 117. - volumetric estimation of pot ash,695.Marek, G., distribution of sugar in theroot of the beet, 766.- effects of drying and remoisteningdry beets and of frost on them,767.- intluence of soil, size of seed, kc.,on the quality and yield of sugar-beet, 103.mentation of bread, 532.tropics, 1403.- sugar-beet, 356.Margary, L., bromine derkatives of/I-naphtholuzobenzene, 326.- decolorising action of ferric saltson indigo, 457.M a r i g n a c, C., verification of someatomic weight*, 813.Marino-Zucco, Z., ptoma‘ines, 343,1056.Marino-Zuco, F., the so-calledptoma’ines in relation to toxicologicalresearches, 342.Markl, A., the system on which ricemay be used iii brewing, 236.Markownikoff, action of zinc pro-pyl on acetic chloride, 1280.M a r k o w n i kof f, 0 glo bine,Caucasian peti-oleum, 1276.M a r t i n y , B., and W. Fleischmann,loss of weight during the ripening ofchecse, 1448.Massalski, W., determination of am-moiiia as nitrogen in manures, 638.Mas sen, P., the Alfianello meteorite,415.M a t t ei, E . d i, supposed toxic action ofaqueous solutions obtaiued from frebhanimal organisms, 199.Matthews.See Claisen.M a t 11 i e u-P 1 e s s y, tribasic aluminiumMaurnen&, E., melting points of salts,- melting points of nitrates, 384.Maurnen&, N. J., presence of manga-nese in wines and other vegetable andanimal products, 879.andoxalate, 296.3.Ma u t h n e r, J., cystine, 1054.Msyer, A, chlorophyll, 1366.- comparative value of artificial andnatural butter as articles of food, 92.- compost manure, 360. - clopplerite, 265INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1479Mayer, A., and P. Uldal’, compara-tive value of fresh and artificialbutter, 622.M a y e r, and others, valuation of seeds,200.Mayer, L., new procees for producinga bronze-coloured surface on iron,12’7.Mazzara, G., action of aromaticaldehydes on quinine, 466.- action of benzaldehyde and sul-phuric acid on a mixture of anilineand nitrobenzene, 452. - compound of quinine with chloral,186.p mono- and di-chloracetate of qui-nine, 465.Mazzara, G. and (3. Possetto, actionof benzyl chloride on quinine, 465.Medicus, L., acridine, 748.M B h u, C., extraction of indigotin andindirubin from urine, 1059.M e i d i n g e r, electroplating zinc withnickel, 231. - polished brass, 521.Mei ssl, X., testing of yeast, 931.Meissl, E. and 3’. Bocker, notes onthe bean of Soja hispida, 918.M e 1 i k o f f, homologues of gljcidic acid,1301.Memminger, C. G., analysis of “to-bacco stems,” 99.Menges, density of liquid oxygen, 553.Menke. See Jackson.M en o z z i, A, normal hydroxyvalericMenozzi.See also K o e r n e r .Men s ch u t k i n, N., formation of amidesfrom ammonium salts, 836, 1294. - influence of isomerism on etherifi-cation, 726. - influence of temperature on therate of certain reactions, 1295.Menschutkin, N., and D. Kono-v a 1 off, vapour-density of tertiaryamyl compounds, 1119.cyanide on blood, 1398.urine, 1423.acid, 1122.Merck. See Claus.v. Mering, action of potassium ferri-- estimation of chlorides in dog’sMerling, G., belladonine, 1055. - bromo-derivatives of dimethylpi-peridine, 1385.Merz, V., and R. Gasiorowski, con-version of alcohols of the ethyl seriesinto amines, 984.M erz, V., and W. W e i t h, bromine de-rivatives, 588. -- exhaustive chlorinatioii of aro-matic substances, 588.Merz, W., climethylquinaldine, 1053.Merz.See also Gousiorowski.Me t z do r f, bacillus of cattle plague,1398.M e t z g er, S., paradibromoquinoline,757.M e u n i e r, J., determination of vaponr-densities by gaseous dieplacenlentimder low and variable pressures,886.p new cornpound formed in the pre-paration of benzene hexachloride, 733.Meunier, S., analjsis of the rocky por-tion of the syssiderite of Atacrtma,414. - formation of bauxite and gypsum,406. - geological history of the syusideriteof Iiodrtm, 417. - the Pallas meteoric iron, 416.M eyer, A,, lactosin, 980.Meyer, E. v., chemical constitution ofanthraquinone, anthracene, &c., 1186.M eyer, G., incambustible paper andcolour, 379.Me y e r, L., ethyl glycollate, 992.- temperature regulator, 883.Meyer, P. J., action of dicliloraceticarid 011 arcmatic amines, 47.M eye r, V., action of hydroxylamineon chelidonic acid and meconic acid,993. - chlorine monoxide for lecture ex-periments, 710.- constitution of phthalic chlorideand of anthraquinone, 1187. - ferrous chloride, 965. - isomerism in the thiophene series,- lecture experiments, 5 52. - the thiopheneand pyrroline groups,- vapour-density apparatus, 956.Meyer, V. and H. Kreis, homologues-- substances accompanying to--- the thiophene group, 45.Meyer, V., and M. T. Lecco, prepara-tion of phenylhydrazine, 597.Meyer, V., and T. Sandmeyer, arti-ficial formation of thiophene, 45.Meyer, V. and E. Schulze, action ofhydroxylamine salts on plants, 1210.Meyer, V., and 0.S t a d l e r , analysesof volatile organic sulphur compounds,1215.-- pyrroline dyestuffs, 1045.Michael, A., action of acetic anhy-dride and acet,ic chloride on maize-and potato-starch, 420. - action of aldehydes on phenols,597.1131.586.of thiophene, 1131.luene from coal-tar, 11321480 INDEX OF AUTHORS.Michael, A., action of aromatic hy-- action of sodium ethoxide on- constitution of resocyanin, 736.- convenient method for preparing- new synthesis of allantoi’n, 426. - anew synthesis of cinnamic acid,446. - some convenient quantitative lec-ture apparatus, 658. - synthetical researches on the gluco-side group, 439.Michael, A., and A. M. Comey, actionof aldehydes on phenols, 598.-- e thy1 p henylsulphonacet ates,319.Michael, A., and A. Kopp, forma-tion of crotonaldehyde and P-hydroxy-butyraldehyde from acetaldehyde, 420.Michael is, A., diacetonylphospliorouschloride, and diacetonylphosphinousacid, 991.Michaelis, A., and U. Gtenzken,tolyla t ibine, 1135.Michaelis, A., and H. v. Soden,nitro- and amido-triphenylphosphinicoxide, 1180.Miohel-LBvy, A,, basic eruptiverocks of Maconnais and Beaujolais,414.Michler, W., and H. P a t t i n s o n ,tetramethylbenzidine, 747.Miguel. See Koch.Miller, 0.) a-hydroxyphthalic acid,Miller. See also Armstrong andMiller, H. v., and C. Opl, recovery ofhydrogen sulphide from alkali waste,1442.droxy-acids on phenols, 310.bromethylidene bromide, 418.bromaoetic acid, 421.11’77.JaPP*v. Miller.See Doebner.Mi 11 o t, Gladding’s process for theestimation of retrograde phosphates,639.BI i q u el, action of different antiseptics,1220.Mixter, W. G., reduction of benzoyl-orthonitranilide, 1327. - reductions with zinc and ammonia,301, 665.Mohlau, R., helianthin, 1149. - indophenol-like dyes and indo-- methylene-blue, 740. -- syntheses of methylene-blue, 306.M o h r, G., benzylsulphonic acid, 69.M oi s s an, H., chromic acid and chromic-- chromic acid and hydrogen per-phenols, 593.anhydride, 1267.oxide, 20.Moldenhauer, C., and C. IIeinzer-1 i n g, purification of glycerol, 938.Monnier, D., Skrivanoffs cell, 881.Moreaux. See Adrian.Morgan, J. M., derivatives of ortho-nitrocinnamic acid, 747.M o r g e n, A., loss of nitrogen by organicmatters during pu.trefaction, 1214,1417.Moritz, J., analyses of wine, 645.Moritz, E.A., and A. H a r t l e y , maltextract by different waters, 1445.Moritz and Lee, behariour of tanninin hops towards the albuminoids inmalt, 527.N o r s e , H. N., and W. S. Bayley,haydenite, 12’71.Mosso. See Guareschi.Muck, F., recovery of barium andMiigge, O., thenardite, 969.Miiller, A., abridged process forTurkey-red dyeing, and printing withalizarin, 1236. - action of hydroxylamine on car-boxytart,ronic acid ; ethers of iso-nitrosophenylacetic acid, 584. - sanitation of large towns and valueof the refuse matter from them,642.Miiller, F., evolution of gas fromsteel-castings, 787.Muller, F., and others, Chili saltpetrefor sugar-beet, 1418.Muller, H., influence of temperatureon the fermentation of must, 647.Miiller and others, cattle plague andPasteur’s protectire inoculation, 473.Miiller, H., and others, vine diseasesand their remedies, 481.Miiller.See also Zimmermann.Miiller-Erzbach, W., dissociation ofsalts containing water, and relation ofthe dissociation to the molecularvolume of the combined water, 952. - law of smallest volumes, 12. - melting-points of haloxd salts inrelation to the contraction occurringduring their formation, 709.Muller-Jacobs, A., composition ofTurkey-red oil and it,s mode of action,946.Muntz, A., and E. Aubin, carbonicanhydride in the atmosphere, 659,710.- - origin of combined terrestrialnitrogen, 104.Muntz, A., and V. Marcano, persite,a sugar analogous to mannitol, 1285.Miinzer. See v. R i c h t e r .Munk, H., influence of movement onthe secretion of milk, 1205.strontium compounds, 394IKDES OF AUTHORS. 1481Munk, I., formation of neutral fatfrom fatty acids in the animal system,852.Munroe, C. E., flashing test for gun-powder, 927. - spontaneous decomposition of '' ex-plosive gelatin," 947.Musculus, F., starch, 574.Musset, F., tannin, 1439.M u t 11, E., preparation of ammoniumMylius,' F., derivatives of uric acid,- sarcosine, 994.alb uminate, 945.1128.N.N a geli, E., camphoroxime, 1190. - reactions of hydroxylamine, 610.Nafzger, F., acids contained in bees-N a h n s e n, R., dithienyl, 1132.N a s i n i , R., atomic refraction of sul-phur, 149.- speci6c rotatory power of photo-santonic acid, 464.Nasse, O., new reaction for pyrogallol,1078.N a t t e r e r , K., compound formed bythe addition of hydrochloric acid toay-dichlorocrotonaldehyde, 1293.Naudin, L., extraction of perfumesand essential oils, 378.- purification of alcohol, 645.Naudin, L., and A. B i d e t , electro-lysis of sodium chloride, 541.N a u e 11, O., triphenylmethylamine,899.N a u t i e r, A., manuring experimentswith potatoes, beet, and maize, 635.N e e r g a r d, T. v., irrigation as preven-tative of injury from frost, 367.N e f . See K i n n i c u t t .Nemirowsky, J., action of carbonoxychloride on ethlylene glycol, 419.Nencki, M., new method of preparingglycocine, 583.- plastered wine, 233.Nessig, W.R., the more recent erup-tive rocks of Elba, 567.N e s s l e r , J., clouding and fining ofwines, 233. - gypsum for manure, 637. - improvement of inferior wine byaddition of the husks of superiorgrapes, 938. - manuring experiments on tobacco,362. - manuring of tobacco, 490. - red w-ine manufacture in Germany,wax, 1297.130.N e s s 1 e r, J., wool-dust, 637.N e s s l e r , J., and X. B a r t h , volatilityof glycerol at loo", 1434.-- wine analyses, 1432.N e u b e r t . See Schmoeger.Newbury, 5. B., preparation and re-Nemlands, J. A., the periodic law,Nicol, W. W. J., molecular volumes- nature of solution, 253.N i e d e r s t a d t, constituents and pro-perties of some water-plants, 108.- flowers of Rosa centfolia, 97.N i e t z k i, R., azo-colours, 1036.- colouring matters formed by thesimultaneous oxidation of paradi-amines and monamines, 740.- paramidoacetanilide and some newazo-derivatives, 1016.- quinone-deriratives, 58.N i e t z k i, R., and T. B e n c kiser, acetyl-derivatives of aromatic amidoaul-phonic acids, 1024.N i e werth, H., preparation of strontia,712.Nilson, L. F., thorite of Arendal,406.Nilson, L. F., and 0. P e t t e r s s o n ,vapour-density of berjllium chloride,820.Wippgen, J. A., artificial manures forvineyards, 637.Nobbe, P., and others, poisonouseffects of arsenic, zinc, and lead onvegetable organisms, 1407.N o l t ing, E., orthonitrobenzyl chloride,1005.- phenols from coal-tar of highboiling point, 1003.N o l t i n g , E., and 8.v. Beehi, con-stitution of phthalyl chloride, 1024.Nolting, E., and A. Collin, nitrationof benzene-derivatives, 1011.- - nitro-ortholuidine (m.p. 107")and its derivatives, 1006. - - notes on pyridinedicarb-oxjlic acid and on blue colouringmatters from rosaniline, 1048. -- trinitroresorcinol, 1004.N o l t i n g , E., and 0. Kohn, azo- anddisazo-compounds of cresols, 900.-- nitroso-orthocresol, 1003.N o l t i n g , E., and 0. N. Witt, orth-amidoazo -compounds, 742.ru'orton. See Tschermac.No w o c z e k, sugar - beet culture andmanuring, 921.Noyes, W. A., oxidation of benzene-derivatives with potassium ferri-cyanide, 299.actions of crotonaldehyde, 294.958.of salt solutions, 6581482 IXDEX 01N y l a n d e r , E., alkaline bismuth solu-tion as a test for glucose in urine,1433.0.Odernheimer, E., action of hydroxyl-amine on meconic, comenic, andpyromeconic acids, 1302.- furfuraldehyde-derivatives, 585. -- Laubenheimer's reaction, 1038.0 ebb e k e, K., Krakatoa ashes, 9'74.Ogatrt, M., and others, experiments indigestion, 912.Oglialoro, A., action of nitric acidon teucrin, 332.- preparation of chloride of phos-phorus from phosphates, 392.- sulphur from the fumaroles ofMoutecito, in the island of Ischia,1098.L- syntheses of acetylphenylpara-coumaric and phenylparacoumaricacids, 176.Oglobine. See Markownikoff.Ogston, G. H., and others, estimationO l i v e r i , V., action of acid chlorides_- chemical nature of phlorol, 174.O l i v eri,V., and A.Denaro, quassin,O l i v e r i . See also P a t e r n b .0 1 s z e w ski, K., critical temperatureand pressure of air ; relation betweenits boiling point and the pressure,1257. _- critical temperature and pressureof nitrogen ; boiling points of nitro-gen and et,hylene, 1257._- density and coeacient of expan-sion of liquid oxygen, 816.- -- liquefaction of hydrogen, 889.-- temperature of solidification ofsome gases and liquids, 816.0 nimus, conversion of liquid batteriesinto dry piles, 1240.Onufrowicz, A., action of copper onbenzotrichloride, benzal chloride, andbenzyl chloride, 1133.of phosphoric acid, 871.on chloral allylate, 1117.1192.O p l .See v. Miller.Orlowski, A., use of ammonium thio-sulphate instead of sulphurettedhydrogen in qualitative analysis, 363.Osann, A., basaltic rocks from theFaroe Islands, 415.Ossipoff, J., oil of hops, 459.Ost. H., action of hydroxylamine andetliylamine on comanic acid, 1302.AUTHORS.0 s t w a1 d, W., action of acids on methyl-_ determination of chemical affini--_ inversion of cane-sugar, 1113.0 t t 0, faults in butter manufacture,135.O t t o , J. G., changes which prote'idmatters undergo by the action ofpancreatic ferment, 1056, -- metahzemoglobin, 911.O t t o , R., action of potassium perman-ganate on mercury diphenyl, 1135.-- value of Lenz's method for thepurification of hydrogen sulphide,638.acetate, 581.ties, 812.P.P a a l , C., action of acetic chloride onbenzophenone in presence of zinc-dust, 1167.- action of benzoic chloride onbenzaldehyde in presence of zinc-dust,1163. - action of bromacetopbenone onethyl sodacetoacetate, 598. - derivatives of the ethereal salts ofacetophenoneacetoacetic acid, 1177.P a d & See Arnaud.Page, If., determinations of the alka,lisPage, preparation of chloral, 1117.P a g 1 i a n a, S., determination of thedensity of solids and liquids, 213. - phjsical properties of petroleums,277.P a g l i a n i , S., and E m o , absorption ofammonia-gas by alcohols, 278.P a g n o u 1, A., composition of beetroot,356. - composition of residues obtainedin the beet-sugar manufacture, 699.P a g n o u l .Seealso D ' O r v a l .P a h l , A,, constitution of amidoiso-butylbenzene, 1009.Palm, R., chemical properties of theviolet colouring matter in ergot andits detection in flour, 376. - extraction of colouring matters bya solution of borax, 83. - reagents for vegetable alkaloi'ds,120.- separation and estimation of digi-talin, digitalei'n, and digitin, 507.P a l m e r . See K i n n i c u t t .Yanaotovits, W., a new synthesis ofPapasogli. See B a r t o l i .Pape. See Baeyer.in an Indian lepidolite, 27.anthraquinone, 1039INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1483P a r m e n t i e r , F., and L. Amat, di-morphism of sodium thiosulphate,819.P as t e u r, and others, researches on thediseases of animals, 623.P a s t r o v i c h , P., detection of artificialcolouring matters in vc-ine, 502.P a t e r n b , E., cyrnene from homocumicacid, 426.- cymenesulphonic acids, 321.P a t e r n b , E., and V. O l i v e r i , fluo-benzene and fluotoluene, 426.P a t t i n s o n . See Michler.P a t r i , and T. Lehmann, estimationof the total nitrogen in urine, 1440.P a u c h o n , E., maximum solubility ofsodium sulphate, 556.P a u c k s c h, H., derivatives of the amido-ethglbenzenes, 1142.Pawlewski, B., action of aluminiumchloride on a mixture of alcohols ofthe paraffin series with ethyl chloro-carbonate, 1279. - critical temperatures, 252. - ethyl phenylcarbonate, 1005.P a w l i n o f f , A., and 0. Wagner, con-stitution of furfuraldehyde, 1304.Pawolleck, B , estimation of chromicoxide by titration, M0.P a w low, W., tetric acid and its homo-logues, 41.P a y san, W., orthamidotoluenepara-sulphamide, 72.- orthamidotolueneparathiosulphonicacid, 453.Pechmann, H. v., a condensation-pro-duct of malic acid, 11E4.- formation of coumarins ; synthesisof daphnetin, 1173.P e c h m a n n , H. v., and J. B. Cohen,compounds of phenols with ethylacetoacetate, 1331.P e c h m a n n , H. v., and C. n u i s b e r g ,substituted coumarins, 66.P e c h m a n n , H. v., and W. Welsh,some new coumarins, 1346.P e c k o l t , T., mat6 or Paraguay tea,479.P e i n e, G., derivatives of cinnamalde-hgde, 1344.P e l l e t . See Dureau.P e l l i z z a r i , G., benzylic ethers of thePelz, A., and E.Hussak, the trachyteP e m b e r t o n , H., manufacture of sul-Yendleton, J. H., antimony pent-P e n f i e l d , S. L., analyses of lithiophil-- descloizite from Mexico, 24.dihydroxybenzenes, 437.region of the Rhodope, 414.phuric acid, 126.iodide, 19.lite, 26.P e n f i e l d . See also Brush.P e n z o l d t , T., and R. F l e i s c h e r , in-fluence of respiration on elimination,91.v. P e r g e r , estimation of morphine inopium. 1217.P e r k i n , J u n , W. H., action of ethyldibromosuccinate on ethyl malonate,1300. - action of ethylene bromide onethyl aceto- and benzoyl-acetates, 64. - action of ethylene bromide onethyl malonate, 832.- existence of the trimethylene-ring,992. - trimethylene derivatives, 1154.P e r k i n , Jun., W.H., and G. B e l l e n o t ,paranitrobenzoylacetic acid, 1023.P e r k i n , Jun., W. H., and C. B e r n -h a r d t , dehydracetic acid, 1121.P e r k i n . See also Biteyer.P e r r e t , 31, estimation of tannin invegetable products, 696.P e r r y . See H a u t e f e u i l l e .P e r r y , J., spectroscopic examination ofvaponrs evolved on heating iron, &c.,a t atmospheric pressure, 801.Personne, J., an alcohol from bird-lime, 1365.Pesci, L., Phellandrium aquaticum,331.P e t e r , A., condensation-products ofthiophene wikh aldehydes, 1000.v. Peter. See S c h r o t t .P e t e r m a n n, A., analysis of heather,brake, and broom, 20’7. - beet culture with artificial manures,1420.- composition of chicory, 648.- dialysis of arable land, 113.- manurial d u e of nitrogenousrefuse ; IT, dried blood, 211.P e t r i , behaviour of aldehyde, glucose,peptone, albuminous bodies, andacetone, towards diazobenzenesul-phonic acid, 1322.P e t r i e f f , isomerides of fumaric andmale’ic acids, 1301.- new aniline eolours, 1322.P e t t e n k o f e r , M. v., the LiebigP e t t e r s son, O., physical properties ofP e t t e r s s o n . See also Nilson.P e t t i g r e w, H. P., oil of birch, 459.P f o r d t e n , 0. v. d., estimation ofmolybdenum and tungsten, 1429.- reduction of molybdenum sulphide,965. - reduction of molybdenum andtungsten compounds, 559. - titanium, 1093.memorial statue at Munich, 880.sea-water and ice, 8891484 INDEX OF AUTHORS.P h i p s o n , T.L., chemical phenomenaof the respiration of plants, 1403.- constant production of oxygen byProtococcus pluvialis in sunlight,201. - production of ether by the actionof Aspergillus glaucus on lemon juice,855.P i c c i n i , A., double fluorides and oxy-fluorides of titanium, 264.P i c h a r d, P., absorptive power of dif -ferent kinds of soil for water, 633. - comparative nitrifying action ofcertain salts, 924, 1417. - potassium tartrate in plasteredwine, and estimation of tartaric acid,372.P i c h l e r , A., the phyllites of the Tyro-lean Alps, 274.P i c k , H., relation of the red colouringmatter of the phanerogams to themigration of starch, 1402.P i c k e r i n g , S. U., heat of hydration ofsalts, 803.P i c t e t .See B r a e b e .Pin ner, A., action of acetic anhydrideon amidines, '722. - action of benzoic chloride onurnidines, 1324. - action of heat on amidine hydro-chlorides, '723. - action of hydroxylamine on theimido-ethers and amidines, 739. - action of phenylhydrazine on theimido-ethers, 743, 1323. - imido-ethers from acetone, cyan-hydrin, and allyl cyanide, 1292.- preparation of glyoxal-derivativesfieom trichlorlactic acid, 1298.-remarks on Lossen's paper onhy droxy lamine-derivatives, 1325.P i s t o n e and D e Regibus, inulin,284.Pi u t t i, A., action of phthalic anhy-dride on secondary monamines, 448.P l a t e a u , F., influence of fresh-wateron marine animals and vice versd,621.P l e t z e r , A., action of cold and warmbaths on the temperature of theanimal body, 621.P l o c hl, J., derivatives of benzoylimido-cinnamic acid, 1348.- phenylglycidic acid, 604.Plobz, P., a urinary pigment, 1059.Pl-ugge, H., hehaviour of strychninein the animal organism; product ofthe action of potassium permanganateon strychnine, 188.P o h l m a n n , R., mica-diorites and ker-santites of Soutbern Thuringia and theFrankenwald, 1273.P oi n c a r 6, respiration of air chargedwith petroleum vapour, 1057.Poleck, T., asarone, 1191. - constitution of safrole, 1339.Poleck, T., and K. Thummel, newsilver compounds, 156.P o l l a c c i , E., testing for free sulphuricacid in wines and vinegar, 215.P o m e r o y, C. T., estimation of chlorine,sulphuric acid, and chromium inpresence of organic matter, 109.P o n d e r .See C'laisen.P o n om a r e f f, ethereal salts of cyanuricacid, 12'78.P o p p e r. See G ar z ar o 11 i - T h u r n-l a c k h .P o r t e 1 e, E., reduction of extractivematter by clearing of wine, 938.Posseto. See N a z z a r a .P o s t, J., retrograde phosphoric acid,774.P o t i l i t z i n , A., displacement of chlo-rine by bromine, 955. - hydrates of cobaltous chloride,967.P o t t, E., manuring of hops, 1422.P o u c h e t , A. G., ptoma'ines and ando-P o u t o k i n e, allyl dimethyl carbinol,P r a t e si, L., diethjl methylene ether,- hexamethylenamine, 287.P r a u s n i t z , G., p-lactone of metanitro-phenyllactic acid, 1174.Preece, W.H., effect of temperatureon the electromotive force and resist-ance of batteries, 243.P r e i s . See Rayman.P r e v o e t , E. W., and Rb Swanwick,experiments on potatoes with Merentmanures, 101.P r i e b s , B., action of benzaldehyde onthe mononitro-derivatives of theparaffins, 313.P r i n z , H., constitution of disulpliurdichloride, 1255. - experiments to combine sulphurwith sulphur, 1255.P r o b e r t , I., galvanic batteries for theelectric light, 1'24.0.Prollius, F., valuation of gelatin, 647.P r u n i e r , L., butyl-glycerol triacetin,P r z y b j t e k , S., salts of mesotartaric- second anhydride of erythrol, 979.Ptic h o t, E., butylene and its deriva-P u f a h l , O., arsenomolybclic acid, 715.P u s c h e r , C., production of a gol(1co1our.d or green surface on brass, i2Y.gous compounds, 617.1283.171.1284.acid, 1124.tives, 166INDEX OF AUTHORS.1485P u t e n s e n , H., weeds in soils, 211.P u p d t, J. de, Dubrunfaut's limeosinose process, 941.Q-Quinquaud. See GtrBhant.RRack. See Wilkens.R a d i g u e t . See Tommasi.R a d z i s z e w ski, B., oxidation of OX-alines and glyoxalines, 986.Radziszewski and J. Schramm,synthesis of ft terpene, 1190.Radziszewski, B., and L. S z u l , gly-oxalisoamyline and its derivatives,985.Rammels berg, C., isomorphous mine-rals which are not chemically ana-logous, 1096. - vanadates and phosphates of thealkali metals, 395.Ramsay, W., and S. Young, in0uenceof pressure on the temperature ofvolatilisation of solids, 252.R a o u l t , F.M., freezing point of alka-line solutions, 25 2. - freezing point of saline solutions,1248. - freezing point of solutions of saltvof the alkali metals, 701. - freezing points of solutions of saltsof bivalent metals, 808. - general law of freezing of solvents,and deductions therefrom, 952.Rapp, M., nitration of the phenyl andcresyl ethers of phosphoric acid, 1337.Raschig, F., action of copper chlorideson metallic sulphides, 962.R a s i n ski, F., fractional distillation ofmineral oils in a current of steam,936.R a t hke, B., derivatives of thiocarb-amide, 10L7.Raumer, E. v., lime and magnesia inplants, 917.R a v e i l l , J. W., parabromometanitro-benzoic acid, 600.Rawson, S.G., estimation of cuprouschloride in copper liquors, 872.Rayman, B., and K. P r e i s , brominecompounds of tin, 1265. -- reaction of iodine with car-bon compounds a t high temperature,1311.R e b o ul, E., hydroxyallyldiamines, 578. - oxallyldiethjlamine, 577.VOL. X1,VT.R e c k n a ge I, Gt., a physical property ofmilk, 941.Redwood. See Abel.R e e d, L., estimation of gluten in flour,Reese. See F i s c h e r .R e g n a u l d , J., and V i l l e j e a n , com-position of a pathological liquid,1060. - -purification of methyl alcohol,1279.R e i c h a r d t , E., amount of fatty acidsin butter, 1219. - detection of arsenic, 368. - volumetric analysis, 213.R e i c h l , test for glycerol and woodyfibre, 118.Reinier.See Haarmann and Jacob-sen.R e i n h a r t , J. H., drying of exhaustedbeet residues, 1411.R e i n i t z e r , B., behaviourof chromium,iron, and aluminium acetates, 39.R e i n k e , J., effects of light on the re-spiration OF oxygen by plants, 916.- influence of light on the disengage-ment of oxygen by plants, 1066.Reisenegger, H., hydrazine com-pounds of phenol and aniso'il, 440.R e i s s e r t , A., action of phenglhydr-azine on cpanhydrins, 1152.R E mon t.R emse n, I., and R. D. Coale, sina-pine, 1387.Remsen, I., and W. J. Comstock,oxidatioil of substitution-products ofaromatic hydrocarbons, 3 19.Remsen, I., and W. C. Day, oxida-tion of P-cymene-sulphonamide, 456.Remsen, 1.) and E. H. K e i s e r ,behaviour of air and moist phosphorustowards carbonic oxide: 149, 711.oxidation of paradipropyl-sulphonaniide, 457.122.See Riche.--white phosphorus, 154.--R e n a r d , A., destructive distillation of- dyeing cotton-yarn with aniline-- an isomeride of laurene, 173.- resin-oils and essences, 8G.Renord. See also Ludwig.Renouf. See F i s c h e r .Reusch, H. H., volcanic ashes fromthe last eruption of Krakatoa, 415.R e u t e r , A,, estimation of the threexylenes in coal-tar, 1431.R e y c h l e r , A., argentammonium com-pounds, 721, 1261. - silver nitrate and ammonia,261. - silver nitrite and ammonia, 157.colophony, 83.black in the cold, 942.5 1486 INDEX OF AUTHORS.Reynier, E., measurement of electro-motive force, 246. - variation of electromotive force inaccumulators, 881.Reynolds, J.E., atomic weight ofberyllium, 261.R i t t h a u s e n , H., melitose from cottonseeds, 1286. - occurrence of citric acid in theseeds of Leguminosse, 1304. - occurrence of vicin in broad beans( ~ i c i a f a 6 a ) , 1405. - solubility of vegetable protein-compounds in water containing hydro-chloric acid, 1390.R i c ciardi, L., diffiision of vanadium inthe mineral and vegetable kingdoms,159. - supposed recombination of osy-hydrogen mixture in the dark, 1092.Richard. See Carnot.Richardson, C., composition ofAmerican wheat, 1404.Riche, A., and A. Rkmont, mascatepea, 1068.R i c h e t, C., comparative poisonousaction of metals on bacteria, 351.Richmond, W. $, a convenient tem-perature regulator, 656.Richter, R., anew form of hot filteringfunnel and an apparatus for obtainingsublimates, 364.- carbonyldiphenyl oxide and hydr-oxyphenylerie ketone, 324.Richter, V. v., and H. Munzer, ben-zene-azoketone, 1342.Richter, V. v., and G. Schuchner,action of chromyl chloride on cymene,1342.Richter. See also Clrtus.Ricketts, P., franklinite ores from NewJersey, 27.Ridettl. See Green.Riecke, E., measurement of the quan-tity of electricity produced by a Zam-boni’s pile, 138.R i s, C., phenyl-p-naphthacridine, 1357.Ris, C., and A. Weber, derivatires ofR i t t e r . See Hell.Rizza, B., and A.Bntlerow, azarone,1042.R o b b, W. L., position of amalgams ofzinc and cadniium in electropotentialseries, 382.Roberts, W.C., and T. Wright<son,density of metals in the liquid state,708.p-dinaphthylamine, 752.Robinson. See Nabery.Rodiczky, E. v., cultivation of Peru-vian rice in Austria, 769.Roeder. See F i t t i g .R o e d w a1 d, H., relation between chemi-cal metamorphosis and transforma-tion of forces during the germinationof seeds, 1207.Roemer, T., process for preparing di-chromates, 783.Roemer. See also Schmidt.Rohrbach, C., a new liquid of highspecific gravit.y, refraction equivalent,&c., 145.R o lo f f and others, observations on dis-eases of ttnimals, 95, 914.Romanis, R., specific volume of somedouble chlorides, 936.Rom mier, A,, cultivated wine-yeast,1399.Rose, W. J., liquid extract of Senega,540.Rosenbusch, H., sagvandite, 564.Rosenfeld, M., demonstration of theincrease of the weight of bodies oncombustion, 258.- lecture experiments, 358.Rosenstiehl, A., and Gerber, pos-sible number of homologous and iso-meric, rosanilines, 739.R o ser, W., diquinoline from benzidine,1371. - isopropylsuccinic or pimelic acid,423.- terebic acid, 459.Rossol, A., contribution to the histo-chemistry of plants, 847.Roth, C. F., belladonine, 761.- methyltropidine, 76 1.R o t h . See alsoLadenburg.R o t h e i t, J., preparation of carbostyril,1183.R o t h e r , O., cohesion of saline solu-tions and of their admixtures,1251.R o t o n di, E., electrolysis of pyrogallol,175. - electrolysi3 of sodium chloride andits industrial applications, 248.Rousseau, G., an aromatic glycol,180.Rousseau, Q., and B.Bruneau, newmethod for preparing barium perman-ganate, 891.Rousseau, G., and A. Saglier, crys-tallised barium manganite, 1261.ROUX, L., preparation of propyl- andamyl-naphthalenes, 1357.Roux. See also Vincent.Rowell. See U r q u h a r t .Rubner, M., influence of stature onthe interchange of matter and energy,1393. - substitute values of the chieforganic alimentary principles in theanimal body, 189INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1487Rubner, M., value of bran for humanRiiskmann. See Thomson.R u g h e i me r, L., derivatives of malonkacid, 729. - method for the synthesis of quino-line-derivatives, 1050.Rugheimer, L., and R. Hoffmann,ethyl malonanilidate, malonparatolu-idic acid, and methyltrichloroquino-line, 1023.Runyon, E.W., manufacture of phos-phoric acid, 260.food, 622.S.Saare, change in the composition ofpotatoes by ripening, 1400.S acc, deposit of saltpetre (potassiumnitrate) at Cochabamba, Bolivia, 1271. - potatoes and sweet potatoes, 208.Sac h s, J. v., c nrelative growths in theSac h t 1 e b en.S a r n s t r o m . See Akermann.Saglier. See Rousseau.S t. C a p r a n i c a, chemistry of perspira-tion, 189.St. M a r t i n , L. de, respiration in asuper-oxygenated atmosphere, 911.S a1 f e 1 d, E., permanence of carbonicoxide haemoglobin, 343.S a 1 k o w s k i, C., formation of carbamidefrom sarcosine, 1394.S a l kow ski, H., hydroxyphenylaceticacid, 1175.Salomon, F., starch and its transfor-mation under the influence of acids,36.Salze r, T., wat,er of crystallisation ofnormal and acid potassium succinate,684.- water of crystallisation of salts,806.Sandberger, F., amalgam from theFriedrichssegen mine' near 0 berlahn-stein, 563. - basalt from Naurod, near Wies-baden, 414. - identity of spathiopyrite and saf-florite, 405.Sandmeyer, T., replacement of amido-groups in aromatic derivatives bychlorine, 1311.Sandineyer. See also Meyer.Sanger. See Hill.S an son, irritant properties of oats,Sarasin. See F r i e d e l and Soret.vegetable kingdom, 626.See F1 e i s c h m a nn.914.S ardo, S., synthesis of phenylmeliloticacid. 176.Sarra'u, E., critical point of oxygen,Savory, J.T., uranium nitrate andSawano. See Kellner.S c hall, C., relation between molecularweight and velocity of evaporation,551, 950.Schaub, C., manufacture of starch,1234.S c he i b e, E., separation of morphine intoxicology, 373.Scheibe. See also W i l d t .Scheibler, C., action of sodium amal-gam on glucose and saccharin, 574. - glutamic acid, 1308. -- non-identity of artlbinose andlacbose, 1287. - saccharin, 171. - strontia process for sugar, 133. - utilisation of phosphatic slags,783.Scheibler, C., and others, strontiaprocess for separating eugar frommolasses or syrup, 527.S c h e i d, B., quinone, 429.S c h e r k 8, E., hy+oxymalei'c acid, 993.Scheurer, A., gaseous chlorine asdischarge in calico-printing, 1234.S c h e u r e r - K e s t n e r , coking of codwith conversion of its nitrogen intoammonia, 126.- consumption of fuel for heatingboilers, 780. - heat of combustion of coal, 122. - notes on the soda industry, 643,Schiaparelli, C., saponin from Sapo-S c h i a p a r e l l i and M. Abelli, nitro-Schiff, H., alanine and ethyl oxalate,- arbutin, 432. - condensation-product from salicyl-aldehyde, 2164. - metamidobenzamide, 455. - oxalamido-acids, 906.Schiff, J., safrole, 1338.S c h i f f , R., change in volume on melt-ing, 1089. - constants of capillarity of liquidsat their boiling points, 808. - molecular volume of liquid sub-stances, 386.S c h i l l i n g e r , A., and L. Wleiigel,anthroxanaldehyde and anthroxanicacid. 60.149.acetate from residues, 397.1442.naria oflcinalis, 332.resorcinoh, 174.995.Schimper, A.F. W., chlorophyll,1367.5 h 1488 INDEX OF AUTHORS.S c h l a gde n hauf f e n.S c h l e h, heaping potatoes, 772.Schlieper and Baum, fixing indigoSchmelck. See Tonroe.S c h m 6 g e r, Blumcnthal’s preparedrennet, 535.Schmoeger, M., and 0. N e u b e r t ,influence of distillers’ waste on milksecretion, 194.Schmoger, M., and others, blue milk,blue cheese, and ropy milk, 942. -- notes on milk and butter,236.S c h m i d, H., fixing perthiocysnogen inprinting, 796. - researches by Witz on the oxida-tion of cellulose, 528.Schmid. See also Goldschmidt.Schmidt, A., hematite from theHargita-gebirge, 405. - milk secretion, 93.S c h m id t, E., berberine, 339.- caffeyne methydroxide, 338. - nonoic acids from different- pjcrotoxin, 845.Schmidt, E., and H. Roemer, occur-rence of the higher fatt,S acids in thefree state in vegetable fats, 96.Schmidt. See also 0. Bischer.Schmitt, C., and A. Cobenzl, con-stitution of fatty acids, 1125. - - gallisin, the unfermentablepart of commercial glucose, 981.S c h m i t t , C . E., estimation of thevolatile fatty acids in butter analysis,1434.S c h m i t t , E., artificial butter colour-ings, 236. - orantia and carottin, 910.Schneidemiihle. See Arnold.Sc hneider, C., artificial production ofdiastase, 1366.S c h n e l l , A., nitromethylsalicylalde-hyde and its derivatives, 1164.S c h n i t z e r, F-, preserving groundcoffee, 880.Schoffel, R., and E.Donath, volu-metric method of estimating manga-nese, especially in iron and steel, 116.S c h o t t en, C., source of hippuric acidin the urine, 1057.Schrader. See Ladenburg.S c h r a m m, C., organic hydroxylamineS c hramm. See also Radziszewski.S c h r a u f , A., kelyphite, 972.Schrobe, A., evaporation of alcoholfrom wooden vats, 526.Schrodt, M., annunl report of theexperimental dairy fdrm at &el, 1396.See I I e c k e 1.on cotton, 136.sources, 295.derivatives, 51.Schrodt,M.,aud H., Hansen, compo-sition of the ash of cow’s milk, 1397.influence of oat and wheatbran on the secretion of milk, 854.S c h r o e d e r, M., action of carbonicoxide on mixtures of sodium alco-holate and sodium salts of organicacids, 38.S c 11 r o e d e r, V., derivatives of benzyl-idine -pheny lhy drazine, 1323.S c h r o t t , M., and v.P e t e r , sunflowerseed cake as fodder for milch cows,483.S chub e r g , F., stony concretions inanimals, 348.S c h u c 11 t, electrolpis, 541.S c h u d e 1, B., dipropjl propylideneSchuchner. See v. Richter.Schiipphaus. See Hubner.Schutzenberger, P., a metallic radi-- respiratory combustion, 857.S c h u 1 ten, A. d e., crystallised alum-inum orthophoQphate, 1263.S c h u l t z, G., azo-colours, 1036. - formation of quinaldine, 13’73. - molecular changes of hydrazo-- preparation of quinaldine, 337.Schultz, aiid others, the Lupitzmethod of cultivation, 105.S c h u l z , II., antiseptic action ofnickelous chloride, 1440.Schulze, B., chemistry of asparagine,48.- iiifluence of potassium bromide onnutrition, 850.Schulze, E., detection of asparagineand glutamine in vegetable juices andextracts, 373. - estimation of amides in vegetableextracts, 1438. - estimation of ammonia in vegetableextracts, 493.Schulze, E., and E. Bosshard, opti-cal behaviour of certain amido-acids,1306.Schulze, K. E., a simple method ofestimating halogens in the side-chainsof aromatic compounds, 14’22.- a- and /3-methylnaphthalene, 1183,1184. - occurrence of dipheny 1 in coal-taroil, 1030.S c h u 1 z e, L., elementary compositionof wheat starch, 284.Schulxe. See also Meyer.Schunck, E., constitution of chloro-S o h u p p e . N., chemical composition of--oxide, 1283.cle, 822.compounds, 902.phyll, 666.woody tissues, 285INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1489S c h u s t er, A., atmospheric dust, 225.S c h w a r t z, A ., nature of hop mildew andSchwartz, H., so-called pjrocresol, 79.Schwartz. See also K r a u t .S c h w a r z, M., Pasteurising beer, 527.v. Schwerin, manuring experiments,Scott. See Dewar.Scurati-Manzoni, G., action ofaluminium sulphite on manganic hy-droxide, 700.Seeling, L., feeding cattle with lu-pines, 1211.Seger, H., influence of titanic add onthe fusibility of refractory earths,784.Sbidel, M., oxidation of mercury di-phenyl with potassium permmganate,1135.S ei f e r t, R., diiodoquinone and diiodo-quinone-chlorimide, 431.S e l l i n , A. W., Paraguay tea, 354.S e n a t o r , H., action of heat on theSenderens.See Filhol.Senff, P., metabenzyltoluene, meta-tolyl phenyl ketone, and metabenzojl-benzoic acid, 427.Senier, K., purgative principle ofcroton-oil, 947. - vesicating princiFle of croton-oil,909.Sestini, F., and A. F u n a r o , the sumof mean temperatures in relation tothe cultivation of corn and maize,6’72.S h e a r d , C. U., corundum gems inInsia, 23. - meteoric iron from Georgia, 30.Shimidzu. See Divers.ShimosQ. See Divers.S i d e r s k y, M. D., separation of stron-S i e w e r t,, M., influence of cot ton-seedSilber. See Ciamician.Silberstein. See Hemilian.Silva, R. D., synthesis of diphenpl-ethane from ethylidene chloride,1356.Simand, F., examination of tanninextracts, 931.8 imon- Legrand, oldsugar-beet seedsas cattle food, 631.S jogren, A., ganomalite, 972.- tephroite, 972.S j o gren, H., occurrence of gedrite asessential constituent of certain rocks,274.S k r a u p , Z . H , constitution of quinineand quinidine, 86.means of counteracting it, 629.636.animal system, 1393.tium from calcium, 497.cake on the secretion of milk, 669.S m e t h am, A,, composition of silage,770.S m i t h , E. F., minerals from LehighCo., 661. - parametadibromorthonitrobenzoicacid, 601.Smith, F. J., a high pressure electricaccumulator, 246.S mi t h, H. E., do bones contain keratin ?1398.Smith, J. L., methods of analysingcoluinbates by means of hydrofluoricacid, 111.S m i t h , L., peculiar concretions in ironmeteorites, 976.Smith,W., methodsfor cokingcoal,224.S m i t h .Seealso B r u n n e r .S m o 1 ka, A., isobutglbiguanide, 287.Soden. See Michaelis.Soldaini, A., ptomaiines, 342.Sommer, A., preparation of hydro-bromic acid, 1091.Sommerlad, H., nepheline rocks fromthe Vogelsberg, 275.Sonnerat, E., hydrogen peroxide inmedicine, 1082.S o r a u e r, A., studies on evaporation,627.S ore t, J. L., absorption-spectrum ofblood in the violet and ultra-violet,381.- ultra-violet absorption-spectra ofalbuminoiids, 242.Soret, J. L., and E. Sarasin, absorp-tion-spectrum of water, 701.Sostmann. See Stammer.S p e z ia, G., melanophlogite, 1104.Spica, G., and 0. Magnanimi, hy-droxy b romotoluquinone, 175.Spiegel, A., vulpic acid,841.Spiegler, E., acetoximes of the fatty- diphenylacetoxime, 1155.- the euxanthone group, 1182.S p i n d l e r , P., nitration of benzene-S p i t z e r .See Kachler.S p r i n g, W., a differential dilatomet erand its application in an investigationon the formation of alums, 887.series, 1115.derivatives, 1310.- colour of water, 259. - crystallisation of substances under- duplothiacetone, 580. - expttnsion of alums, 892. - heat liberated by the compressionof solids, 949.- influence of repeated compremionson the amount of sulphides formed bypressure, 959. - perfect elasticity of solid bodies,256.pressure, 5491490 INDEX OF 4UTETORS.Spring, W., and 0. Winssinger, ac-tion of chlorine on sulphonic deriva-tives and organic oxgsulphides, 1127.S p r i n g e r , A., reduction of nitrates byferments, 350.Stade, G., the working of a sugarrefinery, 791.S t a d 1 er, 0.) mercapt>ans, 1328.S t a d l e r .See also Meyer.Stammer, K., and P. Degener, per-centage of sugar in beet, 133.Stammer, K., and E. Sostmann,estimation of sugar in beetroot, 642.S t a n f o r d , E. C. C., iodine in cod liveroil, 504.S taub, contributions to the doctrine ofthermic constants in plants, 1067.Staub. See Toennies.S t a u t e , H., pumoite, a new boratefrom Stassfurt, 1271.Steffens, F. W., kainite and bone-meal in sandy soil, 868.Stegelitz. See Claus.Stein, GI.., aluminium thiocyanate freefrom iron, 540.Steiner, A., conversion of fulminatesinto hydroxylamine, 277.S t el z ne r, A., the biotite-holding am-phibole-granite from Syene, 413.- the Frieberg gneiss, 839. - the olivine of the melilite-basalt ofHochbohl, 829.8 t e n glein, mashing temperature andthe favourable temperature for yeastsowing, 789.Stern, D., hydrazobenzene and benzi-dine, 1015.S teudemann, H., metanitrophenyl-thiocarbimide, 306. - orthonitroparatolylthiocarbamide,307.Stevenson, T., solvent action of wateron zinc, and effects of drinking watercontaminated with zinc, 878.Stocks. See Fresenius.S t o d d a r d , J. T., determination of theflashing point of petroleum, 1431.S t o hr, G. C., hydroparacoumaric acid,1349.Stohmann, F., estimation of the fuelvalue of coal according to Scheurer-Kestner, 930.S t o j e n t i n , M.Y., action of ethoxalylchloride on diphenylthiocarbamide andtriphenylguanidine, 1159.S tolba, F., disintegration of zircon,821.S tone, GI. C., volumetzic determinationof manganese, 499.S t o r e r , P. H., methods employed byfishermen for “ barking,’’ and in otherways preserving nets and $ails, 800.Storer, F. H., and D. 5. Lewis, gasesoccluded by coke, 377.Storp, F,, and others, effect of waterholding sodium chloride and zinc sul-phate in solution on the soil and onplants, 856.Stouhal, V., and 0. Baros, galvanictemperature coefficient, 140.S t r a c c i a t i . See Bartoli.Strasburger, J., derivatives of phen-- paramidofluorene, 754.Strecker. See Kekul6.S treng, A., a new microchemical re-action for sodium, 366.- diabase rich in apatite fromGraveneck, 275. - hornblende-diabase from Grave-neck, 275.S t r i p p elm a n n and E n g 1 e r, investiga-tion of Bentheim asphalte and analo-gous occurrences in Itnly, 522.S t r ohm e r, F., estimation of glycerolin aqueous solution by its refractivepower, 877. - manurial value of the lime-wasteof sugar factories, 925.S t r o h m e r, F., and others, estimationof sugar-beet and sugar, 1219.Struve, H., analyses of human milk,1396. - chlorofom-water snd ether indialysis, 375.gtruve, kephir, 1086, 1235.S t u r c k e, H. , chemical composition ofCarnsuba wax, 1280.Stiircke. See also Hell.S t u t z, aaponin, 6 3 .S t u t z e r, A., amount of easily digesti-ble albumino‘ids in germinating maize,772.- analyses of wines from Palestine,&c., 646. - manuring vines, 103, 1421.S t u t z er, and others, inferior manures,S t u t z e r . See also Kallen.Suida. See Liechti.Swanwick. See Prevost.Symons, W. H., starch varieties de-tected by the swelling process, 370.Szul. See Radziszewski.anthraquinone, 328.490.T.Tacchini, meteoric dust and analysesTacke, B., apparatus for preparing-inflammable gases in the animalof the soil of Sahara, 165.oxygen quickly, 1254.system, 1395INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1491T amm, A., est,imation of phosphorus inT a p p e i n e r , gases of the alimentaryT a qu e t, C., chromic hydrogen selenite,Tartarinoff, P., gelatin peptone, 344.Teall, J. J. H., the Cheviot andesites,413.Tenne y, F., estimation of lead as lenddioxide by means of the electric cur-rent, 777.T e r r eil, crystallised ammonio-silverchloride and iodide, 890.Thade, A., distribution of water inheliotropically inclined parts of plants,352.T h a t e, A., action of reducing agents onorthonitrophenoxyacetic acid, 1170.Thelen.See Zincke.Thenn. See Keim.T h i e r f e l d e r , H., physiology of theThomas, C., detection of BordeauxThompson, C. M., tetramethylam-Thompson. See also Wright.Thomsen, J., cadmium oxide, 263. - heats of combustion and forma-tion of carbon bisulphide and car-bony1 sulphide, 249. - heats of formation of the oxy-chlorides of carbon, phosphorus, andsulphur, 250. - heats of solution and hydration ofthe alkaline earth and their hydrates,250.Thomson, R.T., litmus, rosolic acid,methyl orange, phenacetolin, andphenolphthalein as indicator&, 691,869.Thomson and Riiskman, bleachingyarns and fabrics, 1234.T h o r p e T. E., atomic weight of tita-nium, 395.Thiimmel, O., process for finishingsilken goods with amber, 799.Thiimmel. See also Poleck.Tichomiroff. See Lidoff.Tieghem, P. v., and G. Bonnier,eEect of drying on the germination ofseeds, 629.Tiemann, F., action of hydroxylamineon nitriles, 734. - glucosamine b ydrocliloride, 724.Tiemann, F., and P. Kriiger, amid-oximes and azoximes, 1325.Tilden, W. A., and W. A. Shen-stone, solubility of salts in water a thigh temperatures, 254.iron and in iron ores, 875.canal of herbivora, 852.397.formation of milk, 914.red in wine, 370.monium cyanide, 286.Timm, J., and others, cultivation ofTolle.See Hiibner.Toennies, P., and A. Staub, actionof nitrous acid on furfurbutylene,1129.Tornebohm, A. E., phonolites of Elf-dalen, 276.Tollena, B., action of baryta on acet-aldehyde ; aldehyde gum, 989. - behaviour of dextrose with am-maniacal alkaline silver solution, 283. - circular polarisation of cane-sugar,1285. - derivatives of formaldehyde, 988. - melting point of monochloraceticacid, 990. - oxymethylene and formaldehyde,293. - simple method of demonstmtingSpring's compression experiments,958.Tollens. See also Kent.T om m a s i, D., dehydrating action ofsalts, 1251. - heat of formation of fluorides,545.- law of thermic substitution con-stants, 883. - non-existence of ammonium hy-droxide, 1247.Tommasi, D., and R a d i g u e t , batterywith carbon electrodes, 1240.T om s, G., silage, 864.Tonroe, H., and L. Schmelck, solidand gaseous constituents of sea waterand oceanic deposits, 31.T o z z e t t i, T., and others, phylloxera,355.Traub, M. C., composition of cocoabutter, 40.T r a u be, M., cupric iodide, 962. - test for hydrogen peroxide, 1073.Traube. See also Bernthsen.Trehonnais, cotton cake as fodderTressider, R. C., preparation of di-Tresidder. See also J a p p .Tribe, A., conditions affecting area ofelectrification, 247.- distribution of electricity on hol-low conductors in electrolytes, 248.Tribe.See also Gladstone.Troost, L., permeability of silver toT r o s c h s k e, carnallite, a cheap substi-T r u c h o t , C., determination of the- thermochemistry of alkaline fluo-potatoes, 1411.for milch cows, 1411.quinoline, 84.oxygen, 961.tute for kainite, 868.limits of electrolysis, 2.silicates, 8041492 INDEX OF AUTHORS.Truffi. See Bertoni.T r z ci n s k i, W., condensation of aro-matic aldehydes with phenols, 590. - condensation product of P-naph-tho1 with benzaldehyde, 1185.T s c 11 e r ni a k, G., classification of me-teorites, 975. - the scapolite group, 566.Tscherniac, J., and T. H. Norton,propimine thiocjanate, 664.Tschirwinsky, N., format,ion of fatin the animal organism, 345.Tschirwinsky, N., and others, forma-tion of fat from carbohydrates inanimals, 912.T u r p i n , E., explosives, 1452.T u r s i n i, A., action of perthiocyanicacid on some aromatic monamines,1140.T y n d a l l , J., heat radiation from theearth, 486.U,Uffelmann, J., on the digestion ofCOWS’ milk, and on the subst.anceswhich increase its digestibility, 192.U l b r i c h t , R., estimation of dry sub-stance in wine and must, 1432.Uldall. See Mayer.Ullik, F., steeping of barley, 526.Ulmann, C., nitrotoluidine from liquidUnderwood.See Allen.Unger, E., tin in preserved food, 800.U r b a in, constituenta of vegetabletissues, 858.Urech, F., action of alkalis on invertsugar, dextrose, and milk-sugar, 1112. - birutation of glucose and milk-sugar, 1112.- influence of the quantity of theconstitutents of Fehling’s solution onthe rate of separation of cuprousoxide by invert sugar, 574. - inversion of cane-sugar by acids,721. - rate of reduction of Fehling’s solu-tion by sugars, 1112. - relation between the solubility androtation of milk-sugar, 36.U r q u h a r t and Rowell, process forworking up strontium sulphate, 1225.dinitrotoluene, 1316.V.Valenta, E., behaviour of some fat,sand lubricat,ing oils towards glacialacetic acid, 1078.Valen ta, E., examination of fats, 504. - seeds of Bassia longifolia and thefat contained therein, 919.V a r enn e, E., preparation of mesitylene,687.Varigny, H. de, and P. Bert,influence of sea-water on fresh-wateranimals, 620.Vater, H., action of monochloraceticacid on orthamido- and paramido-phenol, 1144.V e n a b 1 e, F.P., hydrated carbon bisul-phide, 260.Verneuil, A., action of iodine onpotassium seleniocyenate, 1109.Viegand. See Beilstein.Vieille. See Berthelot.Vigier, F., physiological action ofborax, 1061.Vign a, A., fermentation of glycerolwith the bacteria from ammoniumtartrate, 170.Villejean. See Regnauld.V i 11 i e r s, A., nitro-derivatives of- nitro-derivatives of ethylene, 33.Vi n cent, C., methylation of phenol,589.Vincent, C., and L. Roux, twoiso-meric benzylnaphthalenes, 609.Voelcker, A,, comparative feedingvalue of barley, malt, and peas, 206. - continuous cultivation of wheatand barley at, Woburn, 482. - feeding-stuff@, 630. - four-year rotation experiments, 635.- sterile soils from California, 486.V o e 1 c k er, J. A., chemical compositionof apatites, 162.Vogel, H. W., rendering photographicfilms sensitive to green, yellow, andred rays, 1081.Vogel, H., and others, researches onmilk and milk-analysis, 1219.V o ssl e r, experiments with stall-fedcattle, 472.V u 1 pi LI s, Gt., pyroligneous acid, 371,- testing potassium bromate, 218.ethane, 717.W,Waage, A., action of ammonia onpropaldehyde, 172.Wachtel, A. v., valuation of sugar-beets by their density, 118.Wadsworth, M. E., the Bishopvilleand Waterville meteorites, 976.W a t e r l i n g , H., manuring barley,1419.Wagner, nitrogen in bone-meal, 359INDEX OF AUTHORS. 1493Wagner, A., chemical changes in- some reactions of ozone, 259.Wagner, E., ethylene ethers of thenitrophenols and hy droxybenzoicacids, 433.Wagner, F., thermal conductivity ofsoils, 923.Wagner, L.v., manufacture of maize-starch as a new branch of agriculturalindustrj, 528.W a g ner, I?., action of superphosphates,1071. - amount of fat and albuminoi'ds infeeding-stuffs, 631.Wagner, P., and others, contributionsto systematic manuring, 634. -- theory of manuring, 486.Wagner. See also Pawlinoff.W tai t z, K., influence of galvanic polari-sation on friction, 139.Walker, J. F., ethereal salts of nitroso-phenol, 1003.Wallach, O., and A. Kolliker, actionof hydrochloric acid on amidazo-com-pounds, 1014.W a1 t e r, J., preparation of magnesium,1231.Wanklyn, J.A., employment of limedcoal in gas-making, 223.Wanklyn, J. A., and W. Fox, consti-tution of natural fats, 35.W a r b u r g, E., electrolysis of solidglass, 1241.W a r d e r , R. B., dissociation of brase,660.W a r i n g t o n , R., some of the changeswhich the nitrogenous matters in thesoil experience, 490.Warington. See also Lawea.W a r t h . See Kelbe.Watson, D., specific gravity of com-mercial copper, 218.Weber, M., hydrocyanic acid fromanimals, 348.Web s k y, M., idunium, a new element,1265.Websky and DaubrBe, the Nogoyameteorite, 977.Weddige, A., a polymeride of tri-chloracetonitrile, 35.Wedel, W., derivatives of ethylic aceto-acetate, 834.W e ger, F., specific volume of saturatedand unsaturated ethereal salts, 8.W e gs c hneid er, R., isobutynaphtha-lene, 1185.W e i b u 11, M., manganese mineralsfrom Vester-Silfberg, in Dalarne, 409.Weidel. See B a r t h .W e i g e r t, L., valuation of calcium tar-decayed wood, 477.trate, 1434.W e i g e l t and C. E n g l e r , preparationWeil, F., analysis of type-metal, 1429.We i n g a r t n e r, hydrogen peroxide asWeisbach, A., herderite, 1102.W ei s k e, water-culture of lupines, 1400.Weiske, H., gelatin, 619.W e i s ke, H., and others, compositionand digestibility of serradella atvarious ages, 206.-- digestibility of certain legu-minous strawB, 482. -- ensilage, 1409.Weith. See Merz.W e i t z, L., the thiophene group, 1130.Welsh. See v. Pechmann.W e l t n e r , A, action of chlor- andbrom-acetone, wetophenone bromide,and phenylbromacetic acid on ethylacetoacetate, '746.of poudrette, 489.beer preservative, 1447.Werner, E., bromophenols, 900.Werner.See also B e r t h e l o t .Wernicke, A,, refining sugar andmolasses by means of concentratedacetic acid, 790.Wesendonck, K., spectra of siliconfluoride and hydride, 649.Westenberger, B., isonitroso-com-pounds, 581.Westermaier, osmotic functions ofliving parenchyma, 1403.W e s t e r may er, structure and functionsof the epidermic system of plants, 1066.W h i t i n g , J., process for phosphorisingbronze or brass, 936.W i c h e 1 h a u s, H., crystalline bases ofmethyl-violet, 595.Wjdmann, O., a new group of organicbases, 302. - action of ethyl chloroformate onamidohy droxypropy lbenzoic it cia, 1022. - action of nitrous acid on aniido-hydroxypyopyl- and amidopropenyl-benzoic acida, 1022.- nitrohydroxypropylbenzoic acidand its derivatives, 316.Wiedeniann, E., change of volnme ofmetals and alloys on melting, 7.- relations between coefficients offriction zlnd galvanic conduction. 139. - spark-spectra emitted by metallicelement8 undervarjing couditions, 801.Wiedemann, M., contributions to theconstitution of brazilin, 756.W ieland, J., electroljtic estimations,1426.Wieler, A., effect of variations iu thequantity of oxygen on the growth ofplants, 625.W e i s i n g e r, F., action of ferric chlorideon orthophenylenediamine, 13221494 INDEX OFWiessner, J., withering of flowers andleares, 918.--action of rain, dew, and wateringon plants, 766.W i i k , F. J., elaeolite syenite fromJiraara, 413. - relation bet,ween the optical pro-perties and chemical composition ofpyroxene and amphibole, 971. - triclinic pota-sh soda felspar, 970.Wilber. See Austen.W i l d t , E., manuring experiments inYosen in 1882, 361.W i l d t , E., and A. Scheibe, estinia-tion of nitric acid, 871.Wilhelm, G., ratio of flesh to stone instone fruit, 477.W il k e n s, F., and G. R ac k, orthochloro-benzoic acid and its derivatives, 602.Will, W., esculetin, 67.W i l l , W., and K. Albrecht, deri-vatives of pyrogallol and phloro-glucinol, and their relation to daph-netin and esculetin, 1335.Will, W., and 0. J u n g , daphnetin,1042.W i l l a r d , X. A., and others, cheesefrom skim-milk and foreign fat, 536.W i l l g e r o d t , C., and E. H u e t l i n ,para- and ortho-nitrophenyl ether ofdinitrophenol and of picric acid, 1328.Williams, G., liquid hydrocarbonsfrom compressed petroleum-gas, 879.Willm, E., preparation of cyanides andferrocyanides from trimethylamine,1276.Willmack. See Fischer.Wilm, T., a new rhodium salt, 660.W i n k e 1 h o f e r, preparation of manurefrom iron furnace slag, 212.W i n k l e r , C., recovery of ammoniafrom the gases of coke-ovens, 1441.Winssinger, C., a new fractioningapparatus, 364.Winssinger. See also Spring.Witt, 0. N., indophenols, 743. - indulines, 743.W i t t . See also Nolting.W i t t k a m p f, L., action of ammonia onthe ethers of nitronaphthol, 1036.W i t z , A., combustion of explosivegases in various states of dilution,1247.Wleugel, S., and 5. Henrichsen,magnetism of organic bodies, 1243.Wleugel. See also Friedliinder andS c h i l l i n ger.W o 1 f b a u e r, J. F., chemical composi-tion of the water of the Danubeabove Vienna in 1878, 122. - irrigation by means of Danube-water, 635.BUTHORS.Wolfbauer. See also Hohnel.W o l f f , A., use of air saturated withbromine in the precipitation of man-ganese, 640.Wolff, C. H., valuation of indigo, 507.Wolf f, L., bismuth salicylate, 905.Wolff. See also Keuzhage.W o 11 n e r, R., hydroxy -base of cyan-methine, 1292. - the so-called rubeanhydric acid,1109.Wollny, E., effect of artificial influ-ences on the internal causes of growth,624. - effect of depth of sowing on thegermination and growth of plants,1409. - influence of artificial manure onthe physical properties of soil, 210. - influence of a crop or shelter onthe physical propertiea of it soil, 922. - manuring with crude ammoniumsuperphosphate, 926.Worm-Muller and others, testinggrape-sugar and some reactions ofsugars, 778.W o r t man n, J., influence of radiant,heat on the growing parts of plants,626.W r i g h t , C. R. A., manufacture of cu-prammonium and zincammoniumcompounds and their technical appli-cation, 1232.W r i g h t , C. R. A.,and C.Thompson,chemical affinity in terms of electro-motive force, 246.Wrightson. See Roberts.Wroblewski, S., boiling points ofoxygen, air, nitrogen, and carbonicoxide under atmospheric pressixre,tll7. - critical temperature and pressureof liquid oxygen, 14s.- density of liquid oxygen, 14. - ebullition of liquid oxygen andsolidification of nitrogen, 553. - liquefaction of hydrogen, 888. - properties of liquid methane andits use as a refrigerator, 1275. - specific gravity of liquid oxygen,388.W u r t z , A., action of heat on aldol andparaldol, 579.tions, 882.- P-butyl glycol, 169.- electric conductivity of saline solu-- hydration of crotonaldehyde, 420.W y r o u b off, G., crossed dispersion ofseveral rhombic substances, 381INDEX OF AUTHORS, 1495Y.Y oun Q, S., test for gallic acid, 119.Young. See also Ramsay.Z.Z a b o u d s k y, new method of estimatingZacharewicz, E.,urine of cows andZ a c h a r i a s , E., albumin, nucle'in, and- contents of the cribriform vesselsZ a n de r, A., specific volumes of normalZatzek. SeeHonig.Zay, C. E., trimethylamine aurochlo-Zeller, A., fate of iodoform and chlo-Zepharovich, V. v., mineralogicalZiegenspeck, H., rock from the vol-carbon in steel, 1427.sheep, 1204.plastin, 90.Cucurbita pepo, 1067.fatty acids and alcohols, 1278.ride, 286.roform in the organism, 1062.notes, 1098.cano Yate, 973.Zimmermsnn, J., and A. M u l l e rformation of diquinoline by aid ofheat, 1372.Zinc k e, T., two ieomeric phenylmethylglycols, 1003.Zincke, T., and D. v. Hagen, cin-namaldehg de, 1343.Zincke, T., and H. Thelen, phenylhy-drazine-derivatives of hydroxynaph-thaquinone, 1359.Zopf, W., occurrence of butyric fer-ment, 476.Zschokke. See Graebe.Zulkowski, estimation of manganesein iron-ores, 116.Zulkowsky, C., aromatic acids as dye-forming substances, 1169. - colouring matters formed by theunion of phenols with aromatic alde-hydes, 837.Z u 1 k o w s k y, K., potassium ferrocyanidemanufacture, 501.Z u n t z, M., behaviour of amides in ani-mai nutritioii, 472.Zeis el, S., colchicine, 1387.Z u r r e r . See Goldschmidt.Zw ergel, A., extracting by diffusion,539

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA8844601453

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.ABSTRACTS. 1884.A.Absorbents in stables, Stassfurt salts as,491.Absorption of an iodine-compound byaluminium, 655.Absorption-spectrum of blood in theviolet and ultra-violet, 381.Accumulators, variation of electromotiveforce in, 881.Acediamine, 1289.Acetaldehyde, action of baryta on, 989. - action of orthonitrobenzaldeliyde- formation of crotonaldehyde andAcetamide, format,ion of, from aceticAcetamidine hydrochloride and platino-Acetamidocumic acid, 303.Acetunilide, formation of, from aceticacid and aniline, 1295. - nitration of, 1012. - nitro-, reduction of, 665.-- paramido-, and some new azo-Acetic acid, brom-, convenient method -- decomposition of, by the si--- estimation of, in wine, by-- monochlor-, preparation and- chloride, action of zinc propyl- -- higher homolognes of, 1125.Acetoacrylic acid, 41.-- P-trichlor-, and its bromine-derivative, 1122.Acetochlorhydrose, action of dipotss-sium salicylat,e on, 439.Acetohydrazobenzene, 1015.Acetonaphthalides, a-, p-, and E-nitro-,on, 58.B-hydroxybutaldehyde from, 420.acid and ammonia, 1295.chloride, 723.derivatives, 1016.for preparing, 421.lent discharge, 543.distillation with steam, 641.melting point of, 990.on, 1280.751, 752.Acetone, chlor- and brom-, action of, on- condensation of, with aromatic- cyanhydrin, imido-ethers from,- decompoeition of, by the silent7 pentachlor-, and its isomeride, 580.Acetonitrile, transformation of, in the- trichlor-, a polymeride of, 35.Acetonitrotoluide, 1007.A.cetophenone, amido-, and allied sub-- brom-, action of, on ethyl sodaceto--- action of, on hydroxylamine- bromide, action of, on ethyl aceto-- w-dichlorometabromorthamido-,- orthamido-, derivatives of, 1021,- orthonitro-, bromo-, and chloro-Acetophenoneacetoacetic acid, 598.-- derivatives of the etherealAcetophenone-acetone, 1177.- and its mono-isonitroso-derivative,Acetophenones, nitro-, hhree, and somep-Acetopropionic acid, action of bromineAcetorthamidotoluene, 1343.Acetotriphenylmethylamine, 1033.Acetoximes of the fatty series, 1115.Acetoxypropylbenzoic acid, nitro-, 317.Acetoxypjridine, 1370.Aceturamide, 1308.Aceturic acid and its salts, 1306.Acetyl distearyl glycerol, 281.Ace ty lcode’ine, 614.ethyl acetoacetate, 746.aldehydes, 1166.1292.discharge, 543.organism, 1061.stances, 1343.acetate, 598.hydrochloride, 5 1.acetate, 746.1027.1026.derivatives of, 445.salts of, 1177.599.of their derivatives, 445.on, 1297INDEX OF SUBJECTS.1497Acetyldihy droxytetrah y droquinoline,Acetylene, formation of, from iodoform,- higher homologues of, 1108.- hydrocarbons, action of, on mer-Acetylglycocoll and its salts, 1306.Acetylisatic acid, chemical constitutionof, 78.Acetylisatin, chemical constitution of,78.Acetylmethyl trimethylenecarboxy licacid, 1155.Acetylorthamidoacetophenone, esobro-mo- and w-dibromometabrom-, 1026.Acetylorthaniidobenzaldehyde, 1020.Acetylpentamethylpsraleucaniline, 60’7.Acetylphen-jlparacoumaric acid, syn-Acetylpyrroline and its derivatives, 289.Acetylpyrroline-carboxylic acid, 290.Acetylquinovite, 1191.Acetylsulphanilic acid, salts of, 1024.Acetyltrimethy lene, 11 5 5.Acetyltrimethyleiiecarboxylic acid andAcid anhydrides, preparation of, 990,Acid, new, isomeric with crotonic acid,Acidamines, 725.Acidoximeq, 739.Acids, complex, containing molybde-- etherifioation of, 726.Acorns, storage of, 100.Acridine and some of its derivatives,- formation of, 1182.-- new method for producing, 748. - nitrite, 748. - picrate, 908.- the animonium bases derivedfrom, 1357.Acridines, 1356.Aeridylbenzoic acid and its derivatives,Acrylic acids, substituted, 663.Actmometer, 202.a- and @ Xsculetic acids, 67.Bsculetin, 67, 1347.Agaricic acid, 354.Air around Carlsberg, organisms in,126.- boiling point of, under atmosphericpressure, 817.- charged with petroleum vapour,respiration of, 1057. - conipressibility of, a t 20 to 300’under 1 to 8 atmospheres’ presjure,146.78.418.curic salts, 572.thesis of, 176.its ethyl Salk, 64.991.295.num, 161.608.1183.Air, critical temperature and pressureof; relation between its boiling pointand the pressure, 1257. - estimation of carbonic anhydridein, 1076. - of Lille, sulphurous anhydride in,710. - rarefied, compressibility of, 146.-- effect of, on the animal or-ganism, 4470.- somewhat deficient in nitrogen, in-fluence of, on animals, 344. - temperature, soil temperature inrelation to, 357.- and moist phosphorus, behaviourof, towards carbonic oxide, 66i3, 711,1092.Alanine and ethyl oxalate : a correction,995.Albite, alteration of orthoclase into,273.- from Mt. Blanc, analysis of, 402. - formation of, in the wet way,Albumin, 90. - decomposition products of, 849.I_ some reactions of, 910.Albuminoids, 1388. - amount of, in feeding-stuffs, 631.- compounds of silver with, 343. - of the vitreous humour of the- products of the bacterial fermentn-- ultra-violet absorption-spectra of,Albumose, new forms of, 1389.Alcohol, an, from birdlime, 1365..- estimation of small proportions of,- evaporation of, from wooden vats,- formation of, in the fermentation- from melon-juice, 233. - halymetric estimation of, in beer,641.- in the brain in cases of inebriation,370. - liquid paraffin as a reagent for thepresence of water in, 1073.Alcoholates, heat of formation of,546.Alcdiolic iodides, action of pyridinebases on, 612. -- tertiary, some reactions of,167.Alcohols, dihydric, synthesis of, frommixtures of aldehydes, 832. - etherification of, 726. - normal, specific voluues and rateof expansion of, 1278.163.human eye, 198.tion of, 89, 188.242.in viscous liquids, 641.526.of bread, 5321498 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Alcohols, of the ethyl series, direct con-version of, into amines, 984.7 of the paraffin series, action ofaluminium chloride on a mixt,ure of,with et,hgl chlorocarbonate, 1279. - polyhydric, a general reaction of,in presence of borax and paratung-states, 12%.-- action of, on borax, 278. - and alcoholic liquors, purificationof, 645.Aldehyde-ammonia, explanation of theaction of silver nitrate on, 722.Aldehyde-collidine hexahydride, 10541.Aldehyde-gum, 989.Aldehydes, action of, on ketones, ketonic- action of, on phenols, 597, 598. - action of phosphorous trichlorideon, 833. - aromatic, condensation of, withphenols, 590. - - Etard’s reaction for the pre-paration of, 1161. - chlorinated, action of zinc-ethyland zinc-methyl on, 1118. - conversion of hydrocarbons into,by the action of chromyl dichloride,312. - phenylhydrazine, a reagent for,1150. - phosphine-derivatives of, 1118. - reaction of ethyl acetoacetate with,Aldol, action of heat on, 5’19.Aldoximes, action of acetic chloride andanhydride on, 1254.Aldoximesalicylic acids, ortho- and para-,42.Alimentary canal of herbivora, gasea of,852.- principles, chief organic, in theanimal body, substitute values of,189. - substances, calorificient valuesof, 190.Alisonite, artificial, 266.Alkali polysulphides, constitution of,1260.Alkali-proof vessels, nickel, 10’71.Alkali-waste, recovery of hydrogenAlkalimetry, use of boric acid andAlkaline earths, heats of dissolution and- fluosilicates, thermochemistry of,- solutions, freezing point of, - estimation of, in lepidote fromacids, and malonic acid, 445.443.sulphide from, 1442.hematite in, 638.hydration of, 250.884.254.India, 27.Alkalis, heats of solution and hydrationof. 250.AlkaloTd, liquid from Lupinus Weus,1387.AlkaloFds, action of zinc-ethyl on, 985.- of Angustura bark, 341. - of Buxus sempervirem, 188. - putrefactive, 2202. - vegetable, tests for, 120.LLlkines, aromatic, 1011. - some new, 1114.Alkyl iodides, use o l liquid paraffin inAllanite from Alexander Go., N.C.,Allanto’in, new synthesis of, 426.Allociasite, 266.Alloy of platinum and t.in, 822.Alloys, change of volume of, at melting,- metallic, 517.Ally1 cyanide, imido-ethers from, 1292. - dimethyl cmbinol, crude, an alco-- resorcinol methyl ether, 1331.Allylacetophenone, 63.Allylamine solphate, 732.Allylbenzoylacetic acid, 63.Allylearbamide, and derivatives of,Allylene, action of, on mercuric oxideAllylphthalopseudocumidamide, 1319.Almond oil, fatty, examination of,Altitude, effect of, on plant growth,Alum, estimation of, in wine, 1077.Alumina, ferric oxide, and titanic oxide,Alumina-garnet containing manganese,Aluminium, absorption of an iodine-com-- acetate, behaviour of, 39.-- preparation of, 540. - atomic weight of, 395. - borides, 156. - chloride, action of, on a mixture ofalcohols of the paraffin series withethyl chlorocarbonate, 1279. - electrolytic deposition of, 934. - manufacture of, 230, 1230.- orthophosphate, cr,ystallised, 1263. - oxalate, tribasic, 296.- salts, behaviour of, as mordants,- soldering of, 961. - sulphate, hydrated, 820. - thiocyanate free from iron, 540. - and ferrous sulphate, native, fromthe preparation of, 1073.274.7.hol in, 1283.731.and its salts, 719.120.627.separation of, 640.409:pound by, 655.794.Mexico, 24INDEX OF SUBTECTS.1499Alums, differential dilatometer and itsapplication in an investigation on theformation of, 887. - expansion of, 892.Amalgam from the Friedrichssegenmine near Oberlahnstein, 563.Amalgams of zinc and cadmium, posi-tion of, in electro-potential series,382.dmalic acid, decomposition of, by heat,4.67.Amides, action of alkalis on, 878. - behaviour of, in animal nutrition,- estimation of, in vegetable extracts,- formation of, from ammoniumAmidine hydrochlorides, action of heatAmidines, action of acetic anhydride on,- action of benzoic chloride on, 1324. - action of hydroxylamine on, 739.Amido-acids, miion of thiocarbamides-- certain, optical behaviour of,Amidobenzenc, tetramet,hylated, 1320.Amidobenzenemetasulphonamide, theAmido-fatty acids, general reaction for,Amido-groups, replacement, of, in aroma-Amidophenol, dibrom-, 594.Amidoximes, 1325.Amidulin, 575.Amines, action of bromine in alkaline-- zinc-ethyl on, 985.- aromatic, action of dichloraceticacid on, 47. - - conversion of, into the ethersof the corresponding phenols, 1314. - diagnosis of, 985. - molecular weight of, 25'7. - organic, action of soda, lime, andmagnesia on, '176. - primary, conversion of, into ni-triles, 1288. - secondary, action of isothiocya-nates, of isocyanatea, of thiocyanates,and of cyanates on, 1320.Ammonia, action of sqda, lime, andmagnesia on the salts of, 776.- detection and estimation of, inanimal liquids, 1215. - electrolysis of solutions of, withcarbon electrodes, 176. - estimation of, as nitrogen in ma-nures, 638.472.1488.salts, 836, 1294.on, '723.722.on, 907.1306.action of nitrous acid on, 72.994.tic derivatives by chlorine, 1311.solutions on, 1114.Ammonia, estimation of, in vegetable- recovery of, from the gases of coke- volumetric estimat.ion of, 492.Ammonia-gas, absorption of, by alco-hols, 278.Ammoniacal salts, electrolysis of solu-tions of, with carbon electrodes, 176.Ammonio-silver chloride and iodide,crystallised, 890. -- compounds, 1261. -- nitrate, 261.Ammonium albuminate, preparation of,945. - carbonate, dissociation of, in pre-sence of an excess of one of its ele-ments, 388.juices and extracts, 373,493.ovens, 1 4 4 .- divtearyl glycerol, 280.- ferrous sulphate as a reagent for- fluoride as a blowpipe reagent, 927. -- purification of, 492. - hydroxide, non-existence of, 1247. - iodide and iodate, preparation of,- lactate, action of heat on, in pre-- salts, formulae of certain organic,- sulphate, production of, 1442. - superphosphate, crude, marluringwith, 926. - thiocyanate, poisonous action of,on plant life, 768. - thiosulphate, use of, instead of sul-phuretted hydrogen in qualitativeanalvsis, 363.Amphibole, relation between the opticalproperties and chemical con~positionof, 971.Amphibole-granite, biotite-holding, fromSyene, 413.Amy1 oxysulphide, action of chlorine on,1127.Amylaceous matters, estimation of mois-ture in, 927.Amylene oxide, action of hydroxylamineon, 610.Amylnaphthalene, preparation of, 1357.Amylodextrin, 576.Amylsulphonic acid, action of chlorineAnana, presence of mannitol in, 629.Anaqninolinecarboxylic acid and itsAnderson's react'ion for pyridine bases,Andesine, new locality for, at Orijarvi,Andesites, Cheviot, 413.Angustura bark, alkalo'ids of, 341.nitric acid, 493.153.sence of ammonia gas, 725.729.on, 1127.salts, 1372.612.in Finland, 9701500 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Anhydrite, occumence, association, andprobable mode of formation of, 25.Anhpdrobenzodiamidobenzene, ethy 1 de-rivatives of, 741.Anhy drodiace ty lacetamidil, 723.Anhydrodiacetylacetamidine, 723.Anhydrodipyrogallopropionic acid andAnhy droformaldehydaniline, 988.a- Anh y drosulphaminephthalic acid,Anilacetone, isonitroso-, 1368.Aniline, action of ethyl malonylchloride- action of,on pyrotartaric acid, 1006.- action of the induction spark on,- colours, new, 1322. - derivatives, 1005. - nitration of, 1012. - nitro-, action of ethylene bromide- para- and ortho-toluidine, separa-- parabrom-, nitration of, 1013. - parabrornonitro-, 1013. - titration of, 776. - and nitrobenzene, action of benz-aldehyde and sulphuric acid on amixture of, 442.its derivatives, 319.potassium salt of, 320.on, 729.1243.on, 1142.tion of, 46.Aniline-black, dyeing with, 942.Aniline-dyestuffs, fixation of, by meansof metallic sulphidcs, 539.Aniluvitonic acid and its derivatives, 320.Animal body, elimination of nitrogen inthe free state from, 1391.-- influence of cold and a-armbaths on the temperature of, 621. -- substitute values of the chieforganic alimentary principles in, 189. - liquids, deteciion and estimationof ammonia in, 1215. - nutrition, behaviour of amides in,472. - organism, inflammable gases in,1395. - organs, fresh, eupposed toxic actionof aqueous solutions obtained from,199.“ Animal quinine,” 342.Animals, dkeases of, 914. - Iiydrocjanic acid from, 348. - oherrations on different diseases- stony concretions in, 348. - which have died from contagiousdiseases, especially from Anthrax,destruction and utilisation of thebodies of, 106.A nisaldoxime, 581.Anisic acid, dibrom-, constitution of,Of) 95.1172.Anorthitic rock of St.Clement, Puy deDBme, 411.Anthophyllite, alteration of talc into,272.Anthracene and analogous compounds,chemical constitution of, 1186. - from tetrachlorophthalic acid,1039. IAnthracene-carboxylic acid frommethylanthraquinone and its deriva-tives, 329.Anthranil, constitution of, 61.Anthranilcarboxylic acid, 61.Anthraquinoline, synthesis of, 759.Anthraquinone, a new sjnthesis of,1039. - and analogous compounds, chemi-cal constitution of, 1186, 1187. - compounds, preparation of, 945. - monisonitroso-derivative of, 62. - nitro-, action of concentrated sul-Anthraquinonecarboxylic acid and itsAnthraquinones, chlorinated, 1039.Anthraquinonesulphonic acid, a-nitro-,action of strong sulphuric acid on,and the constitution of the latter,1189.-- a-nitro-, and its derivatives,1040.Ant hroxanald ehyde, 60.Anthroxane, 61.Anthroxanic acid, 60.Antialbumid, 849.“ Antibacteride,” preparation of, 782.Anti-incrustators, secret, 1087.Antimony chloride and oxychlorides,- fluoride, thermochemistry of, 884.- oxide, prismatic, transformationof, into the octahedral oxide, 894. - pentiodide, 19. - processes for recovering and rcfin-ing, 516. - tartrates, 298. - tin and arsenic, qualitative separa-tion of, 777.Antipeptone, 849.Antipyrine, and its nitro- and isonitroso-Antiseptic compound, an, preparationAntiseptics, different, action of, 1220. - properties of, 225.Apatite from Horrsjoberg, Sweden,Apatites, chemical coniposition of, 162.Apocolchicei’ne, 1387.Apparatus for collecting solid carbonicanhydride, 1253.- for estimating carbon in steel, 219.phuric acid on, 1187.derivatives, 1188.heat of formation of, 707, 1246.derivatives, 1378.of, 782.269INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1501Apparatus for obtaining sublimat,es, 364. - for preparing oxygen quickly, 1254. - for the estimation of carbonic an-hydride, 1216.213, 214.volumes to normal condition, 775.cider obtained therefrom, 98.- for the rapid analysis of gases,- for the reduction of memured gas-Apple-must, examination of, and of theApples, cider, analysis of some, 203.Aqueous vapour, atmospheric absorptionArabinose and lactose, non-identity of,Arable land, dialysis of, 113.Arbutin, 175, 432.- behaviour of, in the animal orga-Argentammonium compounds, organic,Arksutite, 265.Aromatic acids as dye-forming sub-- bases, condensation-products of,- substances, exhaustive chlorinationArsenic, detection of, 368.- distribution of, in a human body,- estimation of, 115, 116, 1428. -- Pearce’s process, 115, 116. - in glass, 220. - localisation of, in a case of poison-- phosphide, 155. - presence of, in wines free from arti-ficinl colouring matter, 526. - separation of, from saline solutions,1083. - trihjdride, temperature of solidifi-cation of, 816. - tin, and antimony, qualitativeseparation of, 777.Arsenical pyrites, relations between thecrystalline form and chemical compo-sition of, 404.by, 241.1287.nism, 915.721.stances, 1169.with aldehydes, 1315.of, 588.349.ing, 199.__.- from Huttenberg, 1099.Arsenomolybdic acid, 715.Srsenotungstic acids, 965.Arsenovanadic acid, 1266.Artichokes a source of spirit, 526.Asarite, 1042.Asarone, 1012.- and the ethereal oil of AsarumAsh of leaves of plants grown in theAsparagine, chemistry of, 42.L_ detection of, in vegetable juicesEuropceum, 1191.earth under water-culture, 98.and extracts, 373.VOL. XLVI.Aspartic acid, preparation of, from- colloi’d, amido-, 957.Asphalt, Bentheim, geological andchemical investigation of, with refer-ence to analogous occurrences inItaly, 522.asparagine, 42.- of Judea, 231.Atmosphere, carbonic anhydride in,659, 710. - contamination of, by products ofrespiration, 510.- method of correcting the weight ofR body for the buoyancy of, when thevolume is unknown, 13. - of dwellings, influence of artificiallighting on, 122. - superoxygenated, respiration in,911.Atmospheric absorption by aqueousvapour, 241. - dust, 225.Atomic weights, determination of, bymeans of metallic sulphates, 256.-- some, verification of, 813.Atropine, influence of, on lactation, 1396.Augite-andesitea, European, 568.Auramine, 1450.Auric phosphoric chloride, 968.Aurin, salts and ethers of, 1339.- fetranitro-, and its salts, 1339.Aurous oxide, salts of, 17. - phosphorous chloride, 968.Avalite, 1272.Avenin from oats, 915.Azidines, 743.Azoacetanilide, 301.Azobenzene, acetgldiamido-, and para-diamido-, 1016.- amido-, action of hydrochloric acidon, 1014. --- - derivatives of, 1148. -- preparation of, 1014. - substitution-products of, 1145.Azobenzeneazoparacresol, 901.Azobenzenemonophenylthiocarbamide,1149.Azobenzeneparasulphonic acid, dinitro-,and parabrom-, and their salts, 1145,1146.Azobenzil, 313.Azo-colours, 1036.Azo-colouring matters of mixed naph-tholsulphonic acids, separation of,1451.Azo-compounds, 1146. -- amido-, action of hydrochloric-- orthamido-, 742.Azodimethyloxyquinizine, 1380.Azodimethylquinol, and its dibrom-acid on, 1014.derivative, 1330.5 1502 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Azo-dyes, preparation of, from p-naphtholtrisulphonic acids, 237. -- red and brown, process forpreparing, 238.Azoethylmethgloxyquinizine, 1380.Azomesitylene, 904.Azonaphthol-dyes, constitution of, 609.Azo-orthophenoxyacetic acid, and itsAzoparacresol, 736.Azoparatoluene, amido-, and its deriva-Azophenols, behaviour of, towards vari-Azoresorcinol, and derivatires of, 1333.Azoresorufin, 1354.- and derivatives, 1333. - dimethyl ether, 1341.Azoresorufyl hydrochloride, 1334.Azotoluenedisiilphonic acids, and theirAzoximes, 1325.Azoxybenzotoluide, 666.Azoxyorthophenoxyacetic acid, 11’70.Azulene, 82.Azylines, 178, 179. - of tertiary diphenylamines, 179. - oxidation of, 179.salts, 1170.tives, 742.ous reagents, 1014.derivatives, 71.B.Bacillus hzrtylicus, products of fermen-Bacillus of cattle plague, 1398.Bacteria, comparative poisonous action- influence of light on the develop-Barium alcoholate, heat of solution- compounds, recovery of, 394. - glyoxal-hydrogen sulphite, heat of- hydrogen phosphates, decomposi--- manganite, crystallised, 1261.- oxychloride, 712.- permanganate, new method for- sulphate, solubility of, in acBark of “ Bois Piquant,” 848.“Barking ” nets and sails to preserveBarley, American, analysis of, 1405. - Chili saltpetre for, 1419. - continuous cultivation of, a t- malt, and peas, comparative feed-tation with, 765.of metals on. 351.nient of, 475.of, 4.formation of, 989.tion of, by water, 891.preparing, 891.813.them, 800.Woburn, 482.ing value of, 206.Barley, manuring, 1419. -- with nitrogen and phosphates,nitrogenous constituents of, 790,steeping of, 526.925.1446.-- Saxon, composition of, 630.- and malt, and analyses of, 233.Barytes, occurrence, association, andprobable mode of formation of,25.Basalt from Naurod, near Wiesbaden,414.Basalt-glaes of the Western Isles ofScotland, 570.Basaltic rocks from the Fame Islands,415.Bases formed by the addition of haloydethereal salts to quinoline, 1050.- of the pyridine and piperidineseries, 759.Basic sulphates, 151.Bassin longifolia, seeds of, and the fatcontained therein, 919.Baths, cold aiid warm, action of, on thetemperature of the animal body,621.Batrachians, poison of, 764.Batt,eries, effect of temperature on theelectromotive force and resistance of,243. - liquid, conversion of, into drypiles, 1240.Battery with carbon electrodes, 124Q.Bauxite, format>ion of, 406.Bean of Soja hispida, notes on, 918.Beer, absorption of carbonic anhydride-- barrelled, Pasteurising, 789.- detection of sulphurous anhydride- halymetric estimation of alcohol- Pasteurising, 527, ’789.- ratio of glycerol to alcohol in,- salicylic acid in, 778. - preservative, hydrogen peroxide as,Beer-wort, nitrogenous combinations in,Beer-yeast, fermentative strength of, inBeeswax, acids contained in, 1297. -- analysis of, 779.-- examination of, 506.Beet, 356. - Chili saltpetre for, 637, 1418. - cultivation, 208, 921. - application of artificial manures- composition of, 356.-by, 1233.in, 1440.in, 641.641.1447.1446.disfillery mash, 939.in the cultivation of, 773lNDEX OF SUBJECTS.1503Beet, distribution of sugar in, and thepodion in the beet of the meanamount of sugar, 766. - effect of drying, of frost, and ofwinter storage on the constitution of,’767. - estimation of sugar in, 642. - examination of, 1219.__. experiments with, a t Grignon, 1883,1070. - formation and accumulation ofsambarose in, 476. - influence of soil, size of seed,period of sowing, &c., on the qualityand yield .of, 103. - manuring, 103, 635, 7’73, 921,1420. - percentage of sugar in, 133. - pulp, exhausted, effect of, on- removal of juice from, 647. - researches on, 485. - sodium nitrate and ammonium sul-- varieties, 865. - and other roots, cultivation of,Beet-residues, exhausted, drying of,Beet-seeds as cattle food, 631.Beet-sugar, occurrence of a Bew acid in,939.- - preparation of strontiamite forpurifying, 939. - - recovery of the ammonia inthe alcohol used for the remom1 ofmolasses from, 939.L_- manufacture, composition ofresidues obtained in, 699. - - manufacture, loss in, 791.Beets, dry, effect of remoistening, 767. - valuation of, by their density, 118.Belladonine, 761. - and derivatives of, 1055.Benzal chloride, action of copper on,Benzalacetone, 1166.Benzalacetophenone, 11 67.Benzaldehyde, action of benzoic chlorideon, in presence of zinc-dust, 1163. - action of, on the mononitro-deri-vatives of the paraffins, 313. - and paranitro-, indogenides of,75. - dichloro-, 1028. - nitrated, action of potassium cy-anide on, 1342.- orthamido-, and some of it0 deri-vatives, 1019. - orthonitro-, action of, on acetalde-hyde, 58. -- preparation of, 744.cows’ milk, 347.phate as manures for, 491.1211.1411.1133.Benzaldehyde, orthonitro-, amido- and- trichloro-, action of dimethylaniline- cyanhydrin, action of hydroxyl-Benzaldehyde-green, acetamido-, 1316.Benzaldiacetonamine, 1291.Benzaldiacetonine, 1291.3enzaldipipery1, 1011.Benzaldoxime, 1326.Benzalfurfuralacetone, 1167.Benzalmalonir acid, 444~Benzamide, dibromo-, 601. - metamido-, derivatives of, 455. -- reaction of, with aldehydes,- hydrochloride, action of benzoicBenzanilide, parachlorometanitro-, 601.Benzene, action of bromethylene on, inpresence of aluminium chloride,733. - - chloraldehydes on, in presenceof aluminium chloride, 837.-- isobutyl chloride on, 1312. -- methglene chloride on, 1312. -- on vinyl bromide and onvinyl tribromide in presence of alu-minium chloride, 753, 754.the induction spark on, 1243.as an insulator, 244.-- - const’itution of, 41, 836, 1122.- derivatives, nitration of, 1011,1310.-- - oxidation of, with potassiumferricyanide, 299. - hexachloride, new compound form-ed in the preparation of, 733.vapour-density of the newisomeride of, 886. - nature of the hydrogen-atoms in,314.- nitro-, and aniline, action of bmz-aldehyde and sulphuric acid on a,mixture of, 442.- perbromo-, preparation of, 588. - percbloro-, 589. - triamido-, unsymmetrical, 1145. - and pyridine, relation between,Benzeneazoacetone, 1342.Benzene-azo-n- and /3-naphthol, 610.Benzeneazoketone, 1342.B-nienrazoparatoluene, 903.3enzenemetasulphonamide, amido-, andBenzenesulphonic acid, derivatives of,Benztnylamidoxime, and its methyl-B enzeny lazoximethenyl, 1326.dichloro-, 1028.on, 944.amine hydrochloride on, 734.455.chloride on, 1323.-- ---758.the action of nitrous acid on, 72.1179.ether, 1325.5 i 1504 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Benzenyldiphenylazidine, preparation of,Benzhydroxamic acid, structure of,- -- methyl ether of, 1325.Benzidine, action of methyl iodide on,- chromate, 1181.- derivati\ es of, 101 5.- new reaction of, 1181.Benzil, action of nitriles on, 313. - ammonia-derivatives of, 313.- derivatives of, 62. -- - hydrocyanide, saponification of,Benzilam, 313.Benzilimide, 313.Benzodiacetonalkamine, and the actionBenzodiacetonamine, 54.Benzoic acid, amido-, colloid, adion ofphosphorus pentachloride on, 905.-- chlorodinitro-, 602. - c- dimetabromorthonitro-, andits derivatives, 600. -- iodo-, 1009. -- metabromometanitro-, and its-- metamido-, action of thio-- - orthochloro-, and its deriva--- parabromo- and paracbloro-,-- parabromometabromo-, andits derivatives, 601. -- - parabromometanitro-, and itsderivatives, 600. - paramet adihromorthonitro-,and its derivatives, 601. -- prepared from gum benzoin,substances accompanying, 1168. -- pure, from urine, 904. -- test for catechol in, 1169.Benzoic acids, suhstituted, 314, 599.Benzoic isocymidide and its nitro-com-Benzonitrile, action of fuming sulphuric- activn of hydroxylamine hydro-- action of hydroxylamine on, 1325.- from formanilide, 734. - perbromo-, 588. - perchloro-, 589. - transformation of, in the organism,Benzoparanitranilide, orthochloro-, 602.Benzcphenone, action of acetic chlo-ride on, in presence of zinc-dust,1167.743.1324.747.329.of sulphuric acid on, 54.derivatives, 599.carbimides on, 907,tives, 602.and their derivatives, 600.pound, 46, 47.acid on, 1324.chloride on, 734.1061.- para-mononitro-, 310.a- and p- Benzopinacoline, 1167.Benzoquinone, action of hydroxylamineBenzoquinonedimethylanilenimide orBenzotrichloride, action of copper on,- parachloro- 447.Benzoxamidine, 739.Benzoximido-ether, 739.Benzoylacetic acid, and its derivatives,-- derivatives of, 838.paranitro-, 2023.Benzoylacetone, and isonitroso-, 1167.- and its orthonitro-derivative, 69,a-Benzoylamidocinnamic acid, 1348.a-Benzoylamidosalicylic acid and itsBenzoylanthranil, 61.Benzolanthranilic acid, and its salts,BenzoTlbenzenylamidoxime, 1326.BenzoSlbenzopseudocumide, 1319.Benzogldiamidohydrocinnamic acid, lac-tirnide of, 1348.Benzoyldi-P-naphthjlamine, action ofphosphorus pentachloride and pent-oxide on, 1358.hydrochbride on, 735.phenol-blue, 595.1133.63.--60, 445.salts, 308.62.Benzoylimidocinnamic acid, 604.-- derivatives of, 1348.Benzoyl-/3-naphthylphenylamine and theaction of phosphorus pentachlorideand pentoxide on, 1358.Benzoylnitrosophenol, 1003.Benzoylortlionitranilide, reduction of,1327.Benzoylorthophenylenediamine, 1327.Benzoylparamidodinitrophenol, and itsBenzoylphthalopseudocumide, 1319.Benyoylpiperpropylalkeyne, 1055.Benzoylpseudocumidine, and its salts,Benzoylpscudocuminol, 1319.Benzoyl-trimethylenecltrboxylic acidBenzoyltrimethylenoxime, 1155.Benzgl alcohol, paranitro-, preparationand condensation-products of, 310.- chloride, action of copper on,1133.-_ chlorides and iodides, nitro-, 1004,1005. - compounds, parabromo-, 665. - cyanide, derivatives of, 1134. -- meta- and paramido-, 737,-- nitro-, and amido-, 1176.salts, 308.1319.and its ethyl salt, 64.738.- ethers of the dihydroxJ benzenes,437INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1505BenzyI mercaptan, parabromo-, 665.- picrate, paranitro-, 1005. - sulphide and bisulphide, parabro-Benzyl-indigo, 1021.Benzylarbutin, 432.Beiizyldinitroquinol, 437.Benzylidenamidoazobenzene, 1149.Benzylidineantipyrine, 1378.Benzylidenephenylhydrazine, 11 52. - derivatives of, 1323.Benzylidenepiperylhydrazine, 468.Benzylidenequinaldine, and its salts,Benzylnsphthalenes, two isomeric, 609.Benzylnitroarbutin, 433.Benzylnitroquinol, 433.I Benzylquinine hydrate, action of benqlmo-, 665.336.chloride on, 466.Benzylquinol, 432, 437.Benzylresorcinols, 438.Benzylsulphonic acid, derivatives of, - - parabromo-, 665.Berberine and its derivatives, 339, 340.Beryl from Alexander Co., N.C., 274. - from Dakota, 23.Beryllium, atomic weight of, 261.7 crystalline form of, 1092.- chloride, vapour-density of, 820. - chloride and bromide, meltingpoints of, 962.Bessemer process, 517, 1083.Bile, functions of, in taking up nourish-ment from the intestinal canal, 912.Biliverdin, 197.Biotite-holding amphibole-granite fromSyene, 413.Birdlime, an alcohol from, 1365.Bismuth, atomic weight of, 558. - detection of, in lead, 640.I_ detection of, in presence of lead, by- free from arsenic, preparation of,-- qualitative and quantitative sepa-- salicylate, 905. - solution, alkaline, as a test forglucose in urine, 1433. - subnitrate, arsenic in, and prepara-tion of pure, 1092. -- test for, 116. - verification of the atomic weightof, 814.Bismuthic acid, compounds of, 824.Bitumen of Judea, 231.Blende, pyroelectricity of, 3.Blood, absorption spectrum of, in theviolet and ultra-violet, 381.- action of potassium ferricyanideon, 1398.69.electrolysis, 368.558, 1092.ration of, from copper, 497.Blood, behaviour of, with ozone, 95.- dried, manurial value of, 211.Blood-stains, detection of, on washedBlue colours, artificial, examination of,Boiler incrustmation, barium and stron-Boilers, consumption of fuel for heat-Boiling point, definition of, 951. -- dependence of, on pressure,“ Bois Piquant,” bark of, 848.Boldoa fragrans, a glucoside from, 845.Boletus, alkado’ids in, 204.Bone manure, weathering of, 360.Bone-meal, manufacture of, 1419.- manuring wikh, 637. .- nitrogen in, 359.Bones, do they contain keratin ? 1398.Boracite, pjroelectric properties of 3,Borate% crystalline, production of,Borax, action of polyhydric alcohols on,- as an internal disinfectant, 1444.- in California, 260.- physiological action of, 1061.Bordeaux red, detection of, in wine,Borhegyer-water, composition of, 978.Boric acid, action of, on the animal- - estimation of, in borosilicates,-- use of, in alkalimetry, 638.-- w e of, for preserving food,Boric anhydride, products of the reduc-Borneo1 from camphor, 754.__.- method of preparing, 666.Borocalcite from Chili, analysis of,Boron, line spectra of, 242.- carbide, 156.Boro tungs tates, 559.Botryogen, 269, 1103.Bottle-glass, English, an, analysis of,Bouty, Faradap’s law and the law dis-Braken (Yteris aqwilina) and its ash,Bran, value of, for human food, 622.- oat and wheat, influence of, on thesecretion of milk, 854.Brass, dissociation of, 660. - polished, 521. - process for phosphorising, 936.clothes, 376.1449.tium in, 699.ing, 780.141, 950.655.711.278.370.syatem, 782.871.782.tion of, by aluminiuni, 156.40.3.1443.covered by, 882.analysis of, 2071506 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Brass, production of a gold-coloured orgreen surface on, 128.Brazilin, contributions to the eonstitu-tion of, 756. - derivatives of, 1043.Brazinole, 756.Bread, detection of ergot in, 3’17. - fermentation of, 132, 235. - formation of alcohol in the fer-- making, 132.Brewing, system on which rice may beused in, 235. - use Qf maize in, 527.Bricks, formation of sodium sdphatein, 127.Brine-spring a t Stoke Prior, Worcester-shire, analysis of, 165.Broad beaiis (Viciafaba), occurrence ofvicin in, 14.05.Broggerite, 1102.Bromine as a disinfectant, 512.- detection of, in presence of chlo-- estimation of, in presence of large- chlorine, and iodine in presence of- substitution, thermochemistry of,Bronze, process for phosphorising,Bronze-coloured surface on iron, newBroom (Genista pilosa), analysis ofBrucine as a test for tin, 498. - conversion of, into strychnine,Brucite from Cogne, Val d’Aosta, 162.Butter, amount of fatty acids in, 1219. - analysis, 120, 778. -- estimation of the volatilefatty acids in, 1434. - artificial and natural, comparativevalue of, as articles of food, 92, 622.- colourings, artificial, 236.- detection of salicylic acid in, 3’72. - goats’, insoluble fatty acid in,- manufacture, faults in, 135. - making, 135, 534, 1448. - method of testing, for foreign fats,- notes on, 236. - preserved, 534.“ Butter beans,” a new variety of fattyButyl butyrate, 167. - chloral, action of zinc-propyl and- glycerol triacetin, 12841.mentation of, 532.rine and iodine, 492.quantities of chlorides, 215.one another, estimation of, 694.883.936.process for producing, 127.its ash, 207.88.535.778.seeds, 1209.zinc-isobutyl on, 1117.Butyl glycol and its derivatives, 169.-- - oxybu ty rate, diacetyl-deriva-Butylacridine and its derivatives, 1183.Butylene and its derivatives, 166.Butylpropylquinoline and ib salts, 1376.Butgltoluenes, two, occurring in rosinButyric acid, a-~-diisonitroso-, and ex--- P-isonitroso-, 581.- ferment, occurrence of, 476.Butyrirnido-ether hydrochloride, chloro-,Butyrolac tonecarboxylic acid, 295.Buneke, 188.Buxidine, 188.Buxw sempervirens, alkaloyds of, 188.tive of, 579.spirit, 300.ternal anhydride of, 1120, 1121.1292.C.Cacao plant and the composition of itsfruit, 202.Cadmium amalgam, position of, in elec-tropotential series, 382. - iodide, allotropic, 394.- oxide, heat of neutralisstion of,Caffeic acid in hemlock, 1353.Caffeine and its mlts, 185. - chloro-, 466.- derivatives of, 466. - methhydroxide and its derivatives,Calcium chloroborate, 1262. - chloroferrite, 1262. - compounds, molecular, 892. - estimation of, in presence of alu-minium, iron, magnesium, and phw-yhstes, 1427.- hydroxide, solubility of, in watera t different tempemtures, 891. - oxycldoride, silicates, and chloro-silicates, 1262. - oxysulphides, 1263. - phosphate, basic, as an addition tocattle fodder, 194. - phosphates, di- and tri-, prepara-tion of, by precipitation, 1263. - separation of strontium from, 497,1077. - silicophosphate, cryetallised, pro-duced in the dephosphorisation ofiron, 157. - sulphate, solubility of, in acids,813. - tartrate, valuation of, 1434.Calcspar, fluorescence of, M9.263.338INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1507Calico-printing, gaseous chlorine as dis-Calico-printing, novelties in, 379.Callais or Callaina of Pliny, 26.Calves, rearing, on skim-milk, 852.Campholenic acid and its nitrile andamide, 1364.Campholurethanes, isomeric, 755,Camphor, 1364.- action of iodine on, 44. - contributions to our knowledge of,Camphoroxime, 1190. - derivatives of, 610.Camphors, chloronitro-, isomeric, 1041.Canarine, 797, 1499.Canavalia incurva, 677.Cancrinite, occurrence of, in the phonol-ites of Elfdalen, 276.Cancrinite-aegirine-dyenite, 276.Cane-sugar, alteration of, in the human- - circular polarisation of, 1285.7- examination of, 930. -- fermentation of, in contact-- inversion of, by acids, 721. -- velocity of inversion of, 1113.Caoutchouc and its applications, 937.Capillarity of liquids at their boilinga-Gaproic acid, amidated acids of, 664.Caprolactone from gluconic acid, 730.- normal, conversion of gluconicCapronamidine hydrochloride and plati-Capronimido-ether and its hydrochlo-Caprylic acid, 461.Carbamide, preparation of, 995.Carbamidoazobenzene, 1149.Carbsnilide, action of sulphuric acid on,Carbohydrates, formation of fats from,Carbodiisobutylphenylimide, 1010.Caxbodipropylphenylimide, 1009.a-Carbopyrrolic acid, new methods forthe formation of, from pyrroline,1193.Carbolic acid, commercial, estimation ofphenol in, 503. -- use of, in the disinfection ofsewage, 697.Carbon, absorption of chlorine by, andits combination with hydrogen,1249.Carbon-atoms, asymmetrical, influenceof, on the ethanes derived from activeamyl alcohol, 169.Carbon bisulphide, detection and esti-charge in, 1234.43.stomach, 91.with arable soil, 351.points, constants of, 808.acid in, 993.nochloride, 723.ride, 723.1016.in animals, 912.mation of small quantities of, in air,gases, thiocarbonates, &c., 1431.Carbon bisulphide, heats of combustionand formation of, 249.- - hydrated, 260. -- volumetric estimation of, inthiocarbonates, 1077.Carbon-compounds, decomposition of, aby the silent discharge, 542. -- reaction of iodine with, athigh temperatures, 1311.Carbon, estimation of, in cast iron,219. - in steel, apparatus for estimating,219. - in steel, new method of estimating,1427. - oxychlorides, heat of formation of,250. - oxysulphide, reactions of, 728.- and oxygen, heat of combinationCarbonic anhydride, antiseptic action of,- - apparatus for the estimation-- compressibility of, 146.-- compressibility of, a t 20 to300" under 1 to 8 atmospheres' pres-sure, 146. -- - condensation of, by glass,146. -- direct estimation of, in pre-sence of sulphides, sulphites, andthiosulphates of the alkali-metals,216.of, 141.508.of, 1216.- - estimation of, in air, 1076. -- exhalation of, by frogs, 91. -- in the atmosphere, 659, 710. -- phenolphthaleh as indicatorin the estimation of, in mixtures ofgases, 1072. - - solid, 992. -- solid, apparatus for collect-ing, 1253. - ethers, heats of combustion of,547. - oxide, action of, on mixturesof sodium alcoholates and sodiumsalts of organic acids, 38. -- boiling point of, under atmo-spheric pressure, 817. -- conduct of moist phosphorusand air towards, 149, 66 ), 1092.-- conversion of, into carbonicanhjdride by nascent oxygen, 14,16. - - modification of Noack's me-thod of preparing, 260.Carbonyl iodide, 40. - sulphide, heate of combustion andformation of, 2491508 INDEX OF SUBJECTSCarbonyldihydroxydiphenyl, and itsCarbonyldiphenyl oxide, and its deriva-Carbopyrotritartaric acid, 838.Carbopyrrolic acid, and its salts, 1044. -- dehydration of, 585.Carbostyril, new method of preparing,/3-Carbostprilcnrboxylic acid, 1020.Carbovaleraldine, oxidation of, 294.Carboxylic acids from aromatic amines,Carboxytartronic acid, 41. -- action of hydroxylamine on,Carnallite, a cheap subst$itute forCarnauba wax, chemical composition of,(‘ Carottine,” 236.Carrottin, 910.Carroway oil, 1138.Carvacrol, 331.Carvene: 1138.Carrol, 331.__.derivatives of, 1138.Carvolphenylhydrazine, 1138.Carvoxime, 1138.Casei’n, new mode of treating, 1449. - nitro-, use of, in dyeing, 1449.Casei’ns of milk, 762.Cassiterite from Dakota, 23.Cast iron, estimation of carbon iu, 219.Cattle, stall-fed, experiments with, 472. - disease occasioned by townCattle-food, horse-chestnuts as, 14’11. -- old sugar-beet seeds as,Cattle-foods, presence of mildew, &c.,Cattle-litter, moss and turf fibre as,Cattle plague and Pasteur’s protective-- hacillus of, 1398.Caustic potash, preparation of, 15. - soda, preparation of, 15.Celestine, occurrence, association, andprobable mode of formation of, 25.Cell, a new, founded on the oxidation ofcarbon in the cold, 1239. - Skrivanoffs (pocket form), 881.- with copper oxide, 1.Cell-sap, acidity of, 1209.Cells, ?art played by vegetable acids incausing the turgescence of, 1064.Cellulose, action of cuprammoniumsolutions of, on polarised light, 5’77,833.derivatives, 324.tives, 324.1183.734.584.kainite, 868.1280.sewnge, 95.631.in, 1411.105.inoculation, 96, 473.- manufacture of, 232.Cellulose, polarimetric investigation ofvarious forms of, 1288. - researches by Witz on the oxida-tion of, 528.Celluloses, 858.Cement, adulteration of, 128. - and its adulteration, 1225.Cements, decomposition of, by water,1443. - hydraulic, inhence of calcinationand of carbonic anhydride on thesetting of, 933.Centrifugal separator, Nielsen andPetersen’s, experiments with, 135.Cereals, culture of, 482.Cerite, and the extraction of cerium,lanthanum, and didymium therefrom,557.Cerium, extraction of, from cerite, 557.Cerotic acid, formula of, 1297.Cetene, preparation of, 571.- bromide, 1108.Cetyl alcohol, 1280.Cetylacetic acid, 1280.Cetylmalonic acid, 1280.Chaff, wheat-, digestibility of, and thechanges which it undergoes by dif-ferent methods of preparation, &c.,7’72.Chalchuite, new locality of, 26.Chalk mud, use of, in the production ofChampion spice, 473, 865.Charcoal, behaviour of, towards gases,Cheese, American, analyses of, 536. - blue, 942.-from skim-milk and foreign fat,- loss of weight during the ripening- fiussian, analyses of, 700.Cheleutite, from Schneeberg, 1099.Chelidonic acid, action of hydroxyl-amine on, 993.- -- nitrogenous derivatives of,1196.Chemical affinities, determination of,812. -- in terms of electromotireforce, 246. - compounds, colour of, mainly as afunction of the atomic weights of thecomponent elements, 1252. - constitution and physiologicalaction, connection between, 348. - metamorphosis and transformationof forces, relation between duringthe germinatZion of seeds, 1207.crude soda, 644.1250.536, 942.of, 1448.- nomenclature, 998. - reactions, influence of dilution onthe rate of, 1090INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1509Chenopodiunz Quinoa, cultivation of, inCherries, ripe, studies on, 766.Chestnuts, common, fatty constituentsCheviot rock, analysis of, 413.Chicken cholera, infection of eggs by,Chicory, roasted, composition of, 648.Chili saltpetre for sugar-beet and barley,-- rubidium, cesium, lithium,China grass, preparation and dyeing of,Chinine, 1383.Chiolite, 265.Chloanthite from Schneeberg, 1099.Chloral, preparation of, 11 17.- allylate, action of acid chlorides- hydrate, contribution to the studyChloral-quinine, 186.Chlorates, electrolysis of, 542.Chlorhydrin, action of sodium on anethereal solution of, 766. '' Chlorides of lime and lithia," 16, 820.Chlorides, specific volume of somedouble, 956.Chlorine, absorption of, by carbon,and its combination with hydrogen,1249. - available, test for, in bleach worksand similar establishments, 775.- displacement of, by bromine, andreactions accompanied by the absorp-tion of heat, 955. - displacement of, by bromine insilver chloride, 1245. - estimation of, in presence oforganic matter, 109. - gaseous, as discharge in calico-printing, 1234. - industry, future of, 225. - monoxide for lecture experiments,- processes, 227. - rep!acing, by other bleachingI__ temperature of solidification of,- and hydrogen, action of light on a- and iodine, separation of, in the- bromine and iodine, detection of,- bromine and iodine in presence ofChlorine-atoms, ketonic, replacement of,Austria, 769.of, 2@2.1398.1418,1419.and boric acid in, 968.797.on, 1117.of, 199.652, 710.agents, 226.816.mixture of, 1237.dry way, 1073.492.one another, estimation of, 694.by hydrogen, 1039.Chlorite from the Bottino (Serravezza),Chloroform, estimation of, in the blood- chloroform, fate of, in the organism,- liquid paraffin as a reagent for theChloroform-vapour, preservative effectChloropal, analyses of, 662.Chlorophyll, 1366, 1367.- a compound of iron with a gluco-- a crystallisable colouring matter- constitution of, 666.Chocolate, 202.Cholera, 349.- transmission of, by drinking water,Chondropeptone, 1388.Chromic acid, action of hydrogen per--- Preparation of, 1267.- anhydride, action of hydrochloric-- purification of, 1267. - hydrogen selenite, preparation of,- oxide, estimation of, by titration,- sulphate, pure, 558.Chromium acetate, behaviour of, 39.- determination of the atomic weight- double chlorides of, 1266.- estimation of, 1428. -- in presence of organic mat-- group, colours of the oxides of, in- and potassium, double chloride of,Chromyl dichloride, 1267.Chrysaniline, 748,1034.- picrate, 908.Chrysocolla from Arizona, 28.Chrysophenol, 748.Cicutine, a, 1047.Cider, examination of an apple-mustand of, obtained therefrom, 98. - apples, analyses of some, 203.Cinchine, oxidation-products of, 1383.Cinchocerotic acid, 332.Cinchocerotin, 33 1.Cinchona alkaloids, 1382.Cinchonamine, and its salts, 87.Cinchonidine chloride, 1383.-- ethylcyanide, 338.Cinchonine, oxidation-products of, 1383.Cinnamaldehyde anilide, salts of, 1345.271.of an anmthetised animal, 375.1062.presence of water in, 1073.of, on organic substances, 032.side, 948.in, 910.1081.oxide on, 20.acid gas on, 1267.397.640.of, 834.ter, 109.acid Polution, 559.6601510 INDEX OF SUBJECTSCinnamaldebyde, cyanhydrin, 1292. - derivatives of, 1343, 1344.- orthonitro-, 59. -- condensations with, 1345. - synthesis of 1345.Cinnamic acid, a-amido-, 1349. -- derivatives of, 603, 1172.7- hydrazines of, 440. - - new synthesis of, 446. -- orthonitro-, derivatives of,Cinnamone, 1166.Cinnamylacraldehyde, orthonitro-, 1346.Citric acid, occurrence of, in the seedsClark’s cell, electromotive force of,Clausius-~~illiamson’s hypothesis, 701.Clays, ferruginous, origm of, in lime-stone districts, 1272.Clover, examination of, a t differentstages of growth, 100.Coal, carbonised, composition of, 1441.- coking of, with conversion of itsnitrogen in to ammonia, 186. - estimation of the fuel value of,according to Scheurer-Kestner, 930.L_ distillation, new bye-product from,526. - heat of combustion of, 122.7 limed, me of, in gas making,- methods for coking, 224. - and carinel coal, origin and distri-bution of phosphorus in, 1270.Coal-gas as a source of heat, 697.Coal-tar, analytical estimation of theI_- pyridine bases from, 611. -- dyes containing nitrogen,- - - new, 23’7,238, 536. --- new, and their prepara-- - oil, occurrence of diphenyl-- xylenes, English and Scotch,Cobalt, extraction of, from its ores,- separation of, from nickel, 498.Cobaltine from Schladming, 1099.Cobaltous chloride, hydrates of, 967.Coccinine, a hydrocarbon from, 84.Cochineal dye-stuffs, 84.Cocoa, 202.- Trinidad, decorticated by heat,and without heating, composition of,203.65, 747.of Leguminosae, 1304.246.223.three xylenes in, 1431.687.tion, 1450.in, 1030.898.1233.- butter, 203. -- composition of, 40.Cocoa-nut meal for horses, 852,Cod-liver oil, iodine in, 504.Code’ine, derivatives of, 614.p-Codeine methiodide, 615.- methochloride and its derivatives,Coffee, effect of, on the composition of- ground, preserving, 880.Coke, gases occluded by, 377. - production of, from coal, 224.Coke-ovens, recovery of ammonia fromColchiceine, 1387.Colchicine, 1387.crystallised, 1055.,f3-Collidine hexhydride, 1048.Colloid, nitrogenised, derived fromamidobenzoic acid, 905.Colloids, 957.- coagulation of, 1250.Colocynthin, 181.Colophtmthrenes, 83.Colophony, destructive distillation of,Colouring matters. See Dyes.Colorado beetle, Tesicating substance in,Colour mordants for wood, 379. - of chemical compounds, mainly asa function of the atomic weights ofthe component elements, 1652.6 14.the blood and on nutrition, 1392.tne gases of, 1441.-83.350.Colours, incombustible, 379. - water and oil, used in dyeing andprinting, action of sunlight, daylight,and electric arc light on, 700.Columbates, methods of analysing, bymeans of hydrofluoric acid, 111.Comanic acid, action of hydroxylamineand ethylamine on, 1302.Combustion, demonstration of the iu-crease in weight of bodies on, 258.Comenic acid, action of ethylamine on,1303.-- action of hydroxylamine on,1302. -- amido-, action of phosphoruspentachloride on, 840.Compost manure, 360.Compression experiments, Spring’ssimple method of demonstrating, 958. - repeated, influence of, on theamount of sulphides formed by pres-sure, 959.Condensation-products, use of dryoxalic acid in the formation of, 1019.Conductors, hollow, in electrolytes, die-tribution of electricity on, 248.Conilenamine-phthalein, 453.Conilene-phthalamic acid, 453.Conine, 1048. - and derivatives of, 1200. - synthesis of, 1201INDEX OFConyrine, 1200.Copaiba balsam, estimation of, 377.Copper, atomic weight of, 256. - black, composition of, 515.- chlorides, action of, on metallic- commercial, sp. gr. of, 218.- commercially pure, examination- effect of, on the organism of rumi- - electrochemical equivalent of,- electrolytic extraction of, 934. - fluorine compounds of, 1264. - liquors, estimation of cuprouschloride in, 872. - oxide cell, 1,541. - qualitative and quantitative sepa-- smelting, 515. - titration of, by means of potassiumcyanide, 113.Cork, composition of, 861.Corn, the sum of mean temperatures inrelation ia the cultivation of maizeand, 672.Corne’in, 1390.Cornikry stallin, 1391.Correlative growths in the vegetable“ Corrosiv,” Kohn & Co.’s, 1088.Corundum, remarkable occurrences of,- gems in India, 23.Cosalite from Colorado, 826.Cotton, fixing indigo on, 136.Cotton-cake as fodder for milch-cows,-- inEuence of, on the secretion-- meal, influence of feeding--- undecorticated, 100.Cotton-yarn, dyeing with aniline-blackCoumalinic acid and its methyl salt,Coumarins, new, 1346.- new mode of formation of, 1173. - substituted, 66.COWS, milch, cotton-cake as fodder for,-- fermenting maize for, 355. -- sunflower-seed cake as fodder-- use of, for labour, 1396. - urine of, 1204.Cow’s milk, digestion of, and the sub-stances which increase its digestibihty,192.Cream, souring of, 1448.sulphides, 962.of, 1.094.nants, 474.1089.ration of bismuth from, 497.kingdom, 626.267.1411.of milk, 669.with, on milk excretion, 623.in the cold, 942.1124.1411.for, 483.IUBJE(;TY. 1511Creatines, 613.Creatinines, 613.Cresol, nitro- and amido-, [l : 2 : 61,Cresols, amido-, 1145.- azo- and disazo-compounds of, 900.Cresyl ethers of phosphoric acid, nitra-Cribriform vessels of Cucurbita pepo,Critical temperatures, 252.Crops, yield of, under steam cultivation,Croton-oil, purgative principle of, 947. -- vesicating principle of, 909.Crotonaldehyde, a- y -dichloro-, com-pound formed by the addition ofhydrochloric acid to, 1293.1317.tion of, 1337.contents of, 1067.359.- hydration of, 420. - preparation and reactions of, 294.Crotonylene glycol, 897.Cryolite, 265. - from Colorado, 21.Crystallisation, mixed, 958. - of substances at high pressures,Crystals, dilatation of, on change oftemperature, 1096. - of the regular system, elasticity of,1096.Cucurbita pepo, contents of the cribri-form vessels of, 1067.Culm conglomerate, containing variolite,at Hausdorf, in Silesia, 4.08.Cultivation, continuous, without stablemanure, employing artificial manures,490.548,549.- Lupitz method of, 105.Cumaldehyde, orthonitro-, 1352.Cuniene, 1356.Cumenylacrylic acid, orthonitro-, andCuininalacetone, 1167.Cuminaldoxime, 581.Cumylazocumenol, 1147.Cumylazoresorcinol, 736, 1147.Curnylazoresorcinolazocumyl, 736.Cumyldisazoresorcinol, 1147.Cuprammoniulu compounds, manufac-ture of, and their technical applica-tion, 1232.its salts, 1351.Cupric iodide, 962.- sulphide, action of, on potassiumsulphide, 963.Cuprous chloride, estimation of, incopper liquors, 972.- iodide, 962.Currants, ripe, studies on, 766.Currents produced by immersion andemersion, and by the movement of ametal in a liquid, 2.Cusparine and its salts, 3411512 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Cutose, 859.Cuttle fish, excretory product from theCyamic acid, monochloro-, 840.Cyanbenzin, 1292.Cyanhydrins, action of phenylhydrazineCyanides, preparation of, from tri-Cyanmethine, hydroxy-base of,Cyanogeri bisulphydrate, 1109.- compounds, some simple, constitu-- iodide, action of, on certain metal-Cyanometatoluidine and its salts, 1142.a- and /%Cyanonaphthalene, saponifica-Cyanoparatoluidine and its salts, 1141.Cyanorthotoluidiue arid its salts, 1142.Cyanuric acid, ethereal salts of, la78. - bromide, 588.Cymene, action of chrompl chloride on,- boiling, action of chlorine on, 300.- from homocumic acid, 426.Cymenesulphonamide, bromo-, 456./3-Cymenesulphonamide, oxidation of,456.Cymenesulphonic acid, monobromo-,and its salts, 456.Cymenesulphonic acids, 321.Cymyl chloride, 300.Cynene, 1363. - dihydrochloride, 1363.Cyste'ine, 1382.Cystine, 1382. - action of water on, 1054.liver of, 94.on, 1152.me thy lamine, 127 6.(C,E&N,O), 1292.tion of, 1277.lic salts, 1277.tion of, 1362.1342.D.Dacite, 29.Dairy farm, experimentd, a t Kiel,Daphnetin and its ethyl-derivatives,- diacetyl- and dibenzoyl-derivahes- synthesis of, 1173.Dari seeds, analysis of, 630.Date-sugar, 1234.Daylight, action of, on water and oilcolours used in dyeing and printing,'700.Decane, and monochloro-, from Ameri-can petroleum, 1107.- normal, 166.Decay, properties of the volatile productsannual report of, 1396.1042.of, 11'14.of, 225.necylene, 1107.Decylic alcohol, 1107.Dehydracetic acid, action of hydroxyl-amine on, 1302. -- derivatives of, 1121. -- monobromo-, 1181.Dehydracetophenylhydrazinc, 1121.Dehydracetoxime, 1121.Dehydrobenzoylacetic acid and the ac-tion of sulphriric acid on, 839.Densities of solutions of salts, 251.Density of solids and liquids, determidnations of, by means of the sp. gr.bottle, 213.Deoxyarnalic acid, 467.Descloizite from Mexico, 24." Desiricrustant Marseillais," 1088." Desincrustant Ragosine," 1088.Deamine from the Viesch Glacier,nesiccators, 491.Deuteroalbumose, 1389.Deweylite, analysis of, 663.y-Dextrin, 284.Dextronic acids, 423.Dextrose, action of alkalis on, 1112.- aldehydic nature of, 202. - behaviour of, with ammoniacalalkaline silver solution, 283. - examination of, 930. - solutions, decolorising, 930.Diabase rich in apatite from Graveneck,Diacetonamine, and derivatives of, 53.Diacetonylphosphinous acid, 991.Diacetonylphosphorous chloride, 991.Diacetylchrysaniline, 1034.Diacetylforrnamidine, 722.Diacetyllupirtine, 1387.Diacetjlmorphine, and ite derivatives,Diacetylpentamethylpararosaniline, 607.Diacetylquinol, and monochloro-, 430.Dialysis, chloroform-water and ether in,Diamines, aromatic, action of thioq-- aromatic, difference in chemical- behaviour of, towards nitrous acid,Diammonio-silver acetate, 722.-- nitrate, 261.Diamonds, presence of, in an Indian- combustion of, 1090.Diamyl, 166.Diamylsulphone, action of chlorine 011,Dianilide-phenolquinoneimide, mono-Diantipyrine, 1379.analysis of, 402.275.613.375.nates on, 49.behaviour of, 49.'738.pegmatite, 563.1127.chloro-, 431INDEX OF SUBJECTS.1513Diastase, action of acids, alkalis, and- artificial production of, 1366. - forination of, under various con-Diazocaetamide, a, 988.Diazoamidobenzene, 1014.Diazoamido-derivatives of the paraffinDiazobenzene, amido-, 1148.Diazobezlzenesulphonic acid, behaviourof aldehyde, glucose, peptone, albumi-nous bodies, and acetone towards,1322.Diazobenzoic acid, para,mido-, and itsderivatives, 1148.Diazo-derivatives, 1148.-- action of alcohol on, 1322. -- decomposition of, by means-- of the parafin series, 987.Diazo-group, introduction of, into so-called aromatic para-compounds, 1013.Diazoresorcinol, and its derivatives,1333.Diazoresorufin, and its derivatives,1333.Dibenzalacetone, 1166.Dibenzenylazoxime, 1326.Dibenzoresorcinol, mono- and tri-nitro-,nibenzoylacetic acid, 64.Dibenzoylbenzidine, 1015.Dibenzoylmesitylene, 904.Dibenzoylmethane, 64.Dibenzoglsuccinic acid, mono- and di-Dibenzylbenzene, dinitro-, 310.Dibenzylcatechol, 438.Dibenzylhydroxplamine, 51.Dibenzylnitroquinol, 438.Dibenzylquinol, 437.Dibenzylresorcinol, 438.Dicalcium phosphate, preparation of,Dicaprylamine, 985.Dichroite, artiticial production of, 565.-.from Asama-llama, 407.- twin crystals of, from the LaacherDichromates, action of a red heat on,- process for preparing, 783.Dicuminalscetone, 1167.Dicyandiamide, 613.Dicyanotriparatolylguanidine, and itssalts, 1141.Dicyminylthiocarbamide, 47.Dicynene, 1363.Didymium, diffusion of, 262.- estimation of, 111. -- extraction of, from cerite, 557.alcohol on, 530.ditions, 476.series, 987.of alcohol, 1315.174.lactone of, 839.892.See, 407.559.Didymium, molybdate, normal, 821. - valency of, 821.Diethoxy coumarilic acid, 69.Diethoxyhydroxjcaffeyne, 466.Diethyl alizarin ethe r, 1187. - cinnamylethylacetate, 444. - methylene ether, 171. - quinonehpdrodicarboxylate, andits formula, 834, 835.- succinosuccinate, formula of, 835.Diethylacetophenone, 63.Diethylresculetin, 67.-- 111011 o bromo-, 69.Diethylamidocinnamic acid, 440.Diethylamidosulphonic chloride, 286.Dietliylnnilinazyline, action of methylDiethjlaniline, dinitro-, 179.- - methiodide. 1006.Diethylbenzene, oxidation of, 587.Diethylbenzoic acid, 63.Diethylbromophenylaniine, 1006.Diethyldaphnetilic acid, 1042.Die thgldimethylparaphenylenediamine,179.Diethylformamidine hydrochloride, un-symmetrical, 764.Diethylglycerolphosphoric acids, twoisomeric, 283.Dietliylindigo, 76.Diethylphenylacetamidine, and its h pdrochloride, 1135.Diethylsafranine, 539.Diffusion, extracting by, 539.- residues as cattle food, 921.Diformylbenzidine, 1015.Difurfuralacetone, 1167.Digallic acid, 1178.Digestion, experiments on, 912.- of meat and milk, time requiredfor, 470.Digitalei’n. estimation and separation of,from digitalin and digitin, 507.Digitalin, estimation and separation of,from digitalein and digitin, 507.Digitin, estimation and separation of,from digitalin and digitale’in, 507.Dihydroanthracenecarboxylic acid, 330.Dihpdrocinchonine, a, 1384, 1385.Dihydrocollidine, 1047.Dihidrofurfurane, 897.Dihydroxyamidoanthraquinonesulph-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, a new, 1188.Dihy droxybenzenes, benzylic ethers of,/3-y-Dihydroxycarbostyril, 79.Dihydroxychloralphosphine, 1 119.Dihydroxydimethylpurin, 997.Dihjdroxydipheiiylcarbinol, orthopara-,Dihydroxydiquinoline, 1372.iodide on, 178.onic acid, 1189.437.311 7 514 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.DimethylphenyIsuIphonamide, 285.Dimethylpiperidine, bromo-derivativesDimethplpropglphenplnmine, 1006.Dimethylpprroline, 1368.~imethvlpvrrc~linecarboxylic acid, 1368.DimethylquinaIdine, 1053.Dimethylquinol, derivatives of, 1329.Dimethylquinoline and its derivatives,Dimethylquinolthiocarbamide, 1330.DimethplquinoltrimethylammoniumDimethplquinoyhenol, 1197.Dimethyl-/?-resorcylic acid, 67, 1331.Dimethyl-triphenylmettlylamine, andits iodine-compound, 1033, 1034.a- and P-Dimethylumbellic acid, 68.a-p-Dimethylumbelliferone, 67.Dimethpluric acids, 1308.Dinaphthyl, a-a-, m-/?-, and iso-, 1185.P-Dinayhthylamine, nitro-derivativeeDinaphthylsnlphone, 1362.Dioctoic acid, 462.Dioctyl, 166.Dioctylamine, 984.D io xim i d o ph t h a1 acon ecarboxylicand its ethyl salt, 1177.Dioxyisoxmylamine, 1190.Dioxyretistene, 1040, 1042.- action of barium hydroxide, and ofDiparahydroxvbenzoylparahydroxyben-Diparatol yloxamide, 1141.Dipnratrolplparaphenylenediamine, 593.Diparatolplthiocarbamide, orthonitro-Diphenic acid, paramononitro-, 329.Diphenyl, dibromodiamido-, and itsazoimido-compound, 903. - dichlorodiamido-, 903. - occurrence of, in coal-tar oil,- perchloro-, 589.Diphenplacetoxime, and some of itsderivatives, 1155.Diphenylamine diphenylphthalamate,451. - ethylphenylphthalamate, 452.- sulphoxides, dinitro-, 1156.Diphen ylamine- phthaleyn, 45 1.Diphenylene ketone oxide, formula of,Diphenyleneacetoxime, 1182.Diplienylene-diethylidine, synthesis of,from benzene and ethylidene chloride,753.of, 1385.1197.iodide, 1329.of, 752.acid,acetic anhydride on, 1041.zoic acid, 447.and dinitro-.307, 308.1030.1182.niph enplenetoluoquinoxaline, 1053.Diphenylethane, synthesis of, from ben-zene and ethylidene chloride, 753.IXhydroxymethylcoumarin, 67.Dihydroxynaphthalene, amido-, hydroDihyd roxyprop7pldicarboxgldiphenylcarDihgdi-oxypyridine, and its Palts, 1369.Dihydroxypyridinecarboxylic acid, 1302.Dihpdroxyquinone, diimido-derivativenihpdroxytoluene [I : 2 : 61,1317.Diisohutplphenplcarbamide, 1010.Diisobutylphenylgusnidine, 1010,1011.Diiqobutylphenylthiocarbamide, 1010.Di-isopropyl glycol, 37.Diketones, action of hydroxylamine on,62.- hydrocyanides of, and their sapo.nification, 329.Dilatometer, differential, and its appli-cation in an investigation on theformation of alums, 887.Dilution, influence of, on the rate ofchemical reactions, 1090.Dimetaisocyminylcarbamide, 47.Dimethoxppropionic acid, 68.Dimet~hylacridinium hydroxide, 1356.Dimethylamidoazobenzene, 1149.Dimethylamidobenzene, 1320.Dimethplamidobenzeneazotoluene, andDimethplamidosulphonic chloride andDimethylaniline, action of, on ethylene- nitration of. 1013. - paranitro-, 1013.Dimethylanthracene hydride, synthesisof, from benzene and ethylidenechloride, 753.Dimeth yldiethyl paraphen ylenediamine,diiodomethylate of, 178.IXrnethyldiethylsulphonamide, 286.Dime t,l I pl diph enylmalonamide, 729.Dimeth~ldiq uini zinhydrobenzene, 1381.Dim et h yletrhyl h en z en e, 44.Dimethylethylphenylammonium iodide,Dimet,hylgentisic aldehyde, 1166.Dimethylhomocatechol, 186.Dimet,h ylmalonamide, 728.- dihromo-, 11 24.Dimethyl-/3-methylumbellic acid, 1331.Dimethylnaphthalene, 328.Dimethylnaphthol dihydride, 327.Di-methyloxyqninizine, 1153, 1378,13'79, 1380,1382.Dimethylparxtoluidine, action of, onethpline bromide, 131 '7.Dimethplphenylacetaniidine, symmetri-cal and unsymmetrical, 1135.Dimcthpl~henylene-green, 539.Dimethy lphen ~ene-safranine, 539.chloride of, 1186.bamide, 1023.o f ? 58.its sulphonic acid, 1150.its derivatives, 285.bromide, 1317.100INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1515Diphenvlethane, synthesis of, from/9-?iphenylglyoxime, 62.Diphenylhydrazinepyroracemio acid,synthesis of, 1181.Diphenylmet,aphenjlenediamine, and itsderivatives, 591.Diphenylmethane, dinitro-, 310.- para-mononitro-, and monamido-,Diphenylorthorylylenediamine, 1313.Diphenjlparaphenylenediamine and itsDiphenylparaxylylmethane and its pro-Dbhenvlshenvlacetamidine, 1135.ethvlidene chloride, 1356.310.derivatives, 592.ducts of oxidation, 321.Diiheni1:pholphoric acid, dinitro-,1337.Diphenylphthalamic acid, and it8 Salts,Diphenylpropionic acid, and its deri-Diplienyltartaric acid, and the hydro-Diphenylthiocarbamidr, action of ethox-- compounds of, with metallic Sdt~B,Diphenyltoluoquinoxaline, 1053.Diphthalyl-diparabenzidine, 1015.Dipipery I thiosemicarbazide, 468.Dipropionylmorphine, 613.Dipropylpropylidenic oxide, 1283.Dipropylphenylcarbamide, 1008.Dipropylphenylguanidine, 1008.Dipropglphenylthiocarbamide, 1008.Dipyrogallopropionic acid, and its deri-Diquinizine-blue, 13’79.Diquinizinhydrobenzene, action ofnitrous acid on, 1381.Diquinoline, formation of, by aid ofheat, 1372.- from benzidine, and its derivatives,1371. - peculiar method of formation of,and derivatives of, 1372. - preparation of, 84.Diquinolinedisulphonic acid, and itsDiresorcinol, and its derivatives, 1139.Diresorcinoldicarboxylic acid, and itsDiresorcinolphthale‘in, and its deri-- insolub!e, 1140.Diseases of animals, 623, 914.Disodium glycollate, 548.Dispersion, crossed, of several rhombicsubstances, 38 1.Dissociation, 549.a-Distearin, preparation of, 280.451.vatives, 55.bromide of the amide of, 62.ally! chloride on, 1159.1018.vatives, 318.salts, 1371.salts, 1336.vatives, 1139.a-Distearylglpcerolphospho~c acid, anda-Distear~lglycerolphosp1ioric chloride,Distillation, different methods of, com-Distillers’ waste, influence of, on milkDisulphur dichloride, constitution of,Dithienyl, 1132.Dithienyldibromethplene, 1001.Diethiengldichlorethylene, 1001.Dithienylmethane, 586, 1001.Dithienyltribromethane, 1001.Dithienyltrichlorethane and hexabro-Dit,hiodilactylic acids, 1299.Dithiomolybdates, 161.Ditolyl, 903.Dixylylbenzene, 427.Dodecyl palmitate, 572.Dodecjlene dibromide, 1108.- preparation of, 571.Dodecyliden e, 1108.Dog, nutrition of, 344.Dopplerite, 265, 923.Double salts formed by fusion, 704.-- of tin, 1265. - silicate of zinc and aluminium, hy-- sulphates, hydrous, natural, 1103.- sulphide of potassium and copperand of potassium and mercury, 963,964.Dragon’s blood, so-called, 462.Drainage water, chemical changes in,Drinking water, zinc in, 697.Droaera rotzcndifolia, experiments with,Dulcitol, reaction of, in presence ofDuplothiacetone and its derivatives,Dye-forming substances, aromatic acidsDyeing, substitute for tartar emetic in,Dyes, blue, from pyrroline, 740.- from the action of diazoacetanil-ide on ,9-naphtholdisulphonic acid,1016. - red, of the phanerogams, relationof, to the migration of starch, 1402. - 1169.- aniline, fixation of, by means of- blue, from rosaniline, 1048. -- preparation of, 798, 943. - brown, from chryso’idine and diazo-its salts, 281.281.pared, 1248.secretion. 194.1255.mo-, 1001.drated, 1105.633.917.borax and paratungstates, 1284.580.as, 1169.’796.metallic sulphides, 539.compounds, 5371516 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Dyes, cochineal, 84.-extraction of, by a solution ofborax, 83. - formed by the oxidation of glyco-cine, 987. - formed by the simultaneous oxida-tion of paradiamines and monamines,740. - formed by the union of phenolswith aromatic aldehydes, 83’7. - from amidoazoparatoluene, 743. - from nitroanthraquinone, 1188. - from thiophene, 586. - indophenol-like, and indophenols,593. - Liebermann’s, amidophenolsulpho-nit acids and their relationship to,1354. - methjlene blue and allied, 1156.- new coal-tar, 536.- of the so-called bile of inverte-brates, and of the bile of verhbrates,and some unusual urine pigments,&c., 194. - from phenol, 1340. - preparation of, from anthraqui-- preparation of, from quinoline and- process for preparing, from pyri-- pyrroline, 1045. - red and violet, preparation of,- safranine, 538. - yellow, 1449, 1450.Dysalbumose, 1389.nonesulphonic acid, 945.pyridine bases, 944.dine and quinoline bases, 798.1451.E.Earthenware enamels, 1229.Earth-nut cake, fungus spores in, 356. - - meal, feeding horses with,Echurin, 1450.Edible fungi, poisonous properties of,Edmonsonite, 417.Eggs, infect,ion of, by chicken-cholera,Elaeolite-syenite from Jivaara, 413.Elaphomyces grandatus, constituentsof, 480.Electric accumulator, a high pressure,246. - arc light,, action of, on water- andoil-colours used in dyeing and print-ing, 700.- conductivity of very dilute salinesolutions, 851, 882.100.204.1398.Electric 1ajers of two liquids which arein contact, difference of potential of,383.- light, galvanic batteries for, 1240.Electricity, a new method of generating,652. - application of, in chemical indus-try, 785, 933. - distribution of, on hollow conduc-tors in electrolytes, 248. - influence of the chemical natureand pressure of gases on the genera-tion of, by an induction machine,701. - measurement of the quantity of,produced by a Zamboni’s pile, 138.- production of, by condensation ofaqueous vapour, 138.-- by evaporation, and electricalneutrality of vttpour arising fromelectrified surfaces of liquids, 243.Electrification, conditions affecting areaof, 247.Electrodynamometer, mercurial, 949.Electrolysis, 541, 1136. - application of, in preparing indigo-- determination of the limits of, 2.- work done during, 247.Electrolytic estimations, 1426.Electrometer, an, 243.Electromotive force in terms of chemi-vats, 942, 1448.cal energy, 650.measurement of, 246. ---- variation of, in accumulators,Electrosyntheses, 1136.Enamels for earthenware, 1229.Energy, radiation, and temperature, ro-lation between, 249.Ensilage, and analyses of, 1409.Enterochlorophyll, 195.Ergot, chemical properties of the violetcolouring matter in, and its detectionin flour and bread, 376.Erica tdgaris, analysis of, and of itsash, 207.Eruptive rocks, basic, of MIconnais andBeaujolais, 41 4.-- of Elba, the more recent,567.Erythrane, the first anhydride of ery-throl, 897.Erythrogranulose, 576.Erythrohydroxyanthraquinone - sulpho-Erythrol, reduction of, by formic acid,- C,H,O,, second anhydride of, andEssential oils, action of iodine penta-881.nic acid and its anhydride, 1189.897.its derivatives, 979.bromide on, 370INDEX OF SUBJECTS 1517Fssential oils, coloured, 82. -- extraction of, 378.Etching ink, manufacture of, 880.Ethane, bromine substitution-products- bromotrichlor-, 978. - chlorobromiod-, and its decomposi-- dichloromoniodo-, 719.- halo’id derivatives of, 571. - nitro-derivatives of, 717.Ethanes, brom-, chlorinated, properties- derived from active amyl alcohol,influence of asymmetrical carbon-atoms on, 169.Ethanesulphonic acid, monochlor-, saltsEthenylphenplazidine hydrochloride,1323.Ether, action of sulphuric anhydride on,1126. - liquid paraffin as a reagent for thepresence of water in, 1073. - production of, by the action ofAspergillus glaucus on lemon-juice,855.Ether-vapour, preservative effect of, onorganic substances, 932.Ethereal oil of Asarum Europ~um,1191.I_ salts, preparation of, by doubledecomposition, 1110. - - saturated and unsaturated,specific volume of, 8.Etherification, intluence of isomerismon, 726.- of alcohols and acids, 326.Ethoxycinchonic acid and its salts, 84.P-Ethoxypyridine, 1370.Ethoxypyridine, dichlor-, 1369.Ethoxythioxjl chloride, decompositionEthoxytoluenesiilphonic acid, 4S4.Ethyl acetate, formation of, from aceticacid and ethyl alcohol, 1295. - acetisamylidineacetate, 443. - acetisobutylideneacetate, 443. - acetoacetate, action of carbamideon, 583. -- action of chlor- and brom-acetone, acetophenone bromide, andphenylbromacetic acid on, 746. -- action of ethylene bromideon, 64. -- action of hydroxylamine on,681. -- constitution of, 836. -- derivatives of, 834. -- formula of, 835. -- reaction of, with aldehydes,of, 32.tion, 830.of, 979.of, 1126.of, on distillation, 1256.4443.FOL. XLVI.Ethyl acetobenzylideneacetate, 443.Ethyl a-acetocrotonate, 443.Ethyl acetofurfuralacetate, 443. - acetophenoneacetoacetate, 598.-- action of reducing agents and- acetotrichlorethylideneacetate, 4443. - aceturate, and its conversion intoethyl acetylglycollate, 1307. - acetylenetetracarboxylate, 297.7 acetylglycollate, preparation of,1307. - acetylmethyltrimethylenecarboxyl-ate, 1155. - alcohol, combined action of potas-sium dichromate and chlorine on, 660.7 - decomposition of, by thesilent discharge, 543. - benzalmalonate, and its carboxylicacid, 444.- benzoylacetate, 63. -- action of ethylene bromideon, 64.7 a-bromisovalerate, action of, onsodium malonic ether, 423. - carbamat,e, decomposition of, 731. - cinnamylethylacetate, 444. - collidinedicarboxylate, decomposi-tion of the ammonium salt by potash,1046.-- methiodide and methydrox-ide of, 1045. - diazoacetate, and its derivatives,987. - dibenzoylsuccinate, and the actionof sulphuric acid on it, 838. - dibromosuccinate, action of, onethyl malonate, 1300. - dicarbontetracarboxylate, 297. - diethylprotocatechuate, 846. - dihydroxypropyldicarboxyldi-- a-P-diisonitrosobutyrate, 1121. - dime thylpy rrolinedicarboxy late ,- dinitrophenylacetoacetate, 178. - diphenylizindiacetosuccinate, 1382. - diphenylizinsuccinosuccinate, 1381.- ether, temperature of solidification- ethylacetoncetate, bromine-deriva-- ethylacetocyanacetate, 727. - ethylenephenoloxybenzoates, 435. - ethylidenemalonate, 422. - f urf uryl carbinol, 1304. - glycollate, 992.- hippurate, synthesis of, 1348. - p-imidobutyrate, action of nitrous- imidodiethyldioxamide, 907. - isocrot yl ether, 1276.of hydrochloric acid on, 74.6.phenylallophanate, 1023.1368.of, 817.tives of, 835.acid on, 1368.5 1518 INDEX OFEthyl isonitrosoncetoacetate, reduction- isonitrosodiethylacetate, 581. - isonitrosomethylethylacetate, 581. - isonitrosotriethylacetate, 581. - isosaccharate, 725. - malonanilidate, 1023. - malonate, action of a-@-dibromo-propionic acid on, 991. -- action of ethyl dibromosuc-cinate on, 1300. -- action of ethylene bromideon, 832. - mandelate, 65. - mercaptan, action of diazobenzene-sulphonic acid and of diazobenzenechloride on, 1328.of, 1368.- metabenzammalonate, 906. - metabenzamoxalate, 906.- metamidobenzamoxalate, 906. - methylwetocyanacetate, 727. - methyloxyquinizinacetate, 1380. - moniodoacetate, monochlor-, 421 - monobromacetate, monochlor-, 421. - monochloracetate, monochlor-, 421.- mononitro-,!j-naphthoI, and the- nitrosohenzoylacetate, 64. - nitrosophenolcarboxplate, 1003. - cenanthaldoxime, 581. - orthethoxyphenglglycinate, 1144.-- orthoxyldimalonate, 908. - oxalate and alaninc : a correction,- paratolueneacetoacetate, 1342. - paratolylhydrazine acetoacetate,- phenylacetosuccinate, and its de-- pheny lcarbou ate, 1005. - phenylizinacetosuccinate, 1380. - phenylizindiacetosuccinate, 1381. - phenylizinquinizinhydrobenzene-- phenylizinsuccinosuccinate, 1380. - phenylsulphonacetates, properties- phosphate, a new, 1282.- propylcarbonate, 1279. - pyrogallocarboxylate, 1335. - quinovltte, 1191. - sodacetoacetate, action of brom-- sulphides, 1282.- tartronate, 1124. - telluride, preparation of, 663. - tetrahydronaphthalenetetracarb-- thioisophthalate, 1158. - trichlorethylidene-malonate, 423.- triethylgallate, 1335. - triethylpyrogallocarboxylate, 1335.action of ammonia on it, 1036.995.1154.rivatives, 746.carboxylate, 1381of, 319.acetophenone on, 598.oxylate, 908.SUBJECTS,Ethyl trimethylenetetracarboxylate,1300. - trimeth-ylenetricarboxylate, 992. - uvitonate, 758.Ethylacetanilide, nitration of, 1013. -- parani tro-, 1013.Ethylacetylene, action of, on mercuricchloride, 720.Ethylesculetin, 67.Ethylamido-a-butvrocyamidine, 613.Ethylamido-a-caproic acid, and its de-Ethylamido-cinnamic acid, and nitroso-Ethylamidohydrocarbostvril.442.Ethy!aniline, action of hhthalic anhy-- ethylphpnylphthalamate, 450.Ethylanilphthale'in, 450.Ethylbenzene, dichlor-, 1020.Ethylbenzenes, amido-, deriratives of,Ethylbenzhydroxamic acid, structure of,Ethylbenzoylacetic acid, 63.Ethylcumazonic acid, 304.Ethpldaphnetins, 1042.Ethyldiphenylaminazpline, 180.Ethyldiphenylcarhamide, 1321.Ethpldiphenylthiocarbamide, 1321.Ethylene, boiling points of, under lowpressures, 1257. - bromide, action of dimethylpara-toluidine and dimethylaniline on,1317.rivatives, 664.ortho-, 440.dride on, 448.1142.1324, 1325.- bromide, tetranitro-, 33. - bromine substitution-products of,- chloriod-, unsymmetrical, 719,- bromiod-, unsymmetrical, 830,831.- a-dibrom-, formula of, 418. - dichlor-, unsymmetrical, 719. - ethers of the nitrophenols and- glycol, action of carbon oxychloride- monobrom-, action of iodine mono-- monochlor-, action of iodine- nitro- and amido-phenyl ethers,- nitro-derivatives of, 33. - table of the formulae and boilingpoints of the known symmetrical andunsymmetrical di-haloyd derivativesof, 831.Ethylenedimethyltolylamine, and itssalts, 1318.Eth ylenediphenyldimetli ylwmmoniumbromide, and its salts, 1315.32.830, 831.hydroxpbenzoic acids, 433.on, 419.chloride on, 830.chloride on, 719.433INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1519Ethplenediphenylenediamine, and itsEthyleneditoluy lene-diamine and - n i bEthyleneditolyldimethylammonium bro-Ethylenemalonamide, ’729.Eth$lenemalonic and vinylmalonic acids,Ethylenemethyltolylamine - dimethyl-Ethylenephenol-oxybenzoic acids andEthylfurfiiraldoxime, 585.Ethylglycocine nitrite, 987.- hydrochloride, scticn of nitrousEt,hplhydrocarbazostyril, 442.Ethylhydroparacoumaric acid, dinitro-,Ethylidene bromide, brom-, action of- chloride, behaviour of, with ethyl-Ethylidene-diacetic acid, 422.Ethylidenedimalonic acid, ethyl salt of,Ethylimidodiethyldioxamide, 995.Ethylindole, synthesis of, 1181.Ethylindolecarboxylic acid, synthesis of,Ethylmalonic acid, preparation of theEthylmethylquinoline and its salts, 13’76.p-Ethylnaphthalene, 1G35.Ethylortho-xylyldichlorodimslonic acid,synthesis of, 908.Ethylpheneto‘il, 1002.Ethylphenol, and its derivatives, 1002.Ethylphenolphthale?n, 1002.Ethylphenylcarbamide, unsymmetrical,Ethylphenylphthalamic acid, and itsEthylphenylpropylalkine, 1011.Ethylphenylthiobiuret, 1141.Ethylphenylthiocarbamide, unsymmetri-y-E thylpiperidine, 760.- synthesis of, 1054.Ethylpseudoisatin, 7 4 - synthesis of, 1181. - 8-indogenide of, 76.Ethylpseudoisatin- a -ethyloxime, 74.Ethylpseudoisatin-P-oxime, 75.y-Ethylpyridine, 910.Ethylquinazolcarboxylic acid, and itsEthylquinazole, 442.Et,hylsuccinosuccinic acid, and its salts,Ethylteraconic acid, salts of, 459.salts, 1142.amine, 1142.mide, and its salts, 1317.identity of, 992.to1 ylammon ium iodide, 13 18.some of their derivatives, 435.acid o n , 42.1350.sodium ethoxide on, 418.arnine and amylamine, 12’75.422.1181.potassium salt of, 1123.1321.salts, U 9 .cal, 1321.brominated derivatives, 442.835.Ethyltetrahydroquinoline, Wischnegrad -Ethyltoluidine-phthalei’n, 450.Ethyltolylthiobiuret, 1141.Euxanthone, formula of, 1182.Evaporation experiment, 510.- of liquids, relation between mole-cular weight and velocity of, 551,950.sky’s, 1051.group, 1182.-- studies on, 62’7.Evigtokite from Greenland, 22.Experimental plots a t Grignon in 1882,in 1883, report on,Explosive gaseou; mixtures, combustioninfluence of the densityof, on the pressures which they de-velop, 805.relative rapidity of com-bustion of, 804.combustion of, in vari-ous states of dilution, 1247.“Explosive gelatin,” spontaneous de-composition of, 94’7.Explosive mixture of chlorine and hy-drogen, action of light on : a lectureexperiment, 552.Explosives, 54.0, 1452.- and their application, 239.Extract of Senega, liquid, 540.report on, 204.1068.---of, 549.---------F.Fabrics, bleaching, 1234.Faraday’s law, and the law discoveredFarm, Silesian, without cattle, 636.Fat, absorption of, in the intestines of- estimation of, in skim milk, 1435. - formation of, from carbohydrates-- in the animal organism, 345. - neutral, formation of, from fattyacid in the animal system, 852. - pathological formation of, 1392.- percentage of, in the milk of cowsof different breeds, 94. - volumetric method for the estima-tion of, in milk, 3’72.Fats, amount of, in feeding-stuffs, 631.- examination of, 504.- examination of, bv the (‘ iodine-- general method of examining,- natural, constitiition of, 35.by Bouty, 882.animals, 912.in animals, 912.addition method,” 14$6.1435.5 k 1520 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Fats, some, behaviour of, with glacialacetic acid, 1078. - vegetable, occurrence of the higherfatty acids in the free state in, 96.Fatty acid, formation of neutral fatfrom, in the animal system, 852. -- acids, amido-, general reaction for,994. -- amount of, in butter, 1219. -- constitution of, 1125. - - normal, specific volumes andrate of expansion of, 1278. - alcohols, higher, method for thedetermination of the molecular weightand atomicity of, 1433.Feeding-stuffs, amount of fat and albu-mino'ids in 631.-- analyses of, 630.Fehling's solution, action of light on,1238. - - influence of the quantity ofthe constituents of, on the rate ofseparation of cuprous oxide, by invertsugar, 574. -- rate of reduction of, bysugars, 1112.E'elspar, 716.- from Pantelleria, 1104.Fermentation, alcoholic, influence of- butyric, excited by garden-soil,- experiments with gluten instead of- schizomycetic, 1062.Fermeiits, diastatic, formation of, in thecells of the higher plaEts, 1402. - reduction of nitrates by, 350. - starch-transforming, formation of,in the cells of highly organised plants,917. --- development of, in thecells of the higher plants, 1063.Ferric chloride, use of, in sugar fac-tories, 939.- ethylate, 573. - hydroxide, collo'idal, 573.I_. - collo'idal derivatives of, 966. - oxide, alumina, and titanic oxide,- - salts, behaviour of, asFerrocjanides, preparation of, from tri-Ferrous chloride, vapour-density of, 965. - and aluminium sulphate, native,Fibrin, formation of, 912.Filter jielding physiologically pureFiltering funnel, hot, a new form of,salicylic acid on, 764.1063.diastase in the mash, 789.separation of, 640.mordants, 796.methylamine, 1276.from Mexico, 24.water, 144Q.364.Fish, guanine in, 623. - oils, cert,ain, iodine in, 505.Flames, electric properties of, 651,1238.Flavaniline, 1450.Flax, bleaching, 793.Flour, alteration of, 532.- alteration of, hy age, 236.- analysis of, 374, 1080.- detection of ergot in, 326. - estimation of gluten in, 122.- obtained by various methods ofgrinding, quality of, 1447.Flower petals, absorption of water by,1403.Flowers, constituents of, 862.- withering of, 918.Fluellite, 266.Fluobenzene, 426.Fluobenzoic acids, transformation of, inFluohippuric acids, 4.46.Fluoresceks from male'ic acid, 1340.Fluorene, para-amido-, 329, - paramido- and paranitro-, 754.Fluorides, heat of formation of, 545.Fluorine compounds, natural, 265. -- of copper, 1264. -- thermochemical researchesFluorspar, corrosion faces of, 403. - a peculiar kernel structure in, 403.Fluosilicates, alkaline, thermochemistry- inrestigation of, 1246.Fluotoluene, 426.Fodder, cattle, basic phosphate of lime7 valuation of, 100.- woody fibre and white mustard as,- plant, new, 100.Fotia uvcz ursi, behaviour of, in theFood, estimation of starch and glucose- preserved, presence of tin in, 800.- use of boric acid for preserving,782.Forces, relation between chemical meta-morphosis and transformation of,during the germination of seeds,1207.Forests as a protection against hail-storms, 632.Formaldehyde, 293.- derivatives of, 988.Formanhydroisodiamidotoluene and itsFormins, 897.Four-year rotation experiments, 635.Foyaite from the Serra de Monch'ique,the animal organism, M.on, 1245.Of) 884.as an addition to, 194.864.animal organism, 915.in, 930.brominated derivative, 1143.analpis of, 970INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1521Fractionating apparatus, a new, 364.Franklinite ores from New Jersey,Freezing of solvents, general law of,- point of alkaline solutions, 254.-- of solutions of salts of thealkali-metals, 701. -- of bivalent metals, 808.Freiberg gneiss, 829.Fresh-water animals, influence of thesalts of sea-water on, and the causesof the death of fresh-water animalsin sea-water, and marine animals infresh water, 620.Friction, influence of galvanic polarisa-tion on, 139. - and galvanic conduction, rel3tionsbetween coeficients of, 139.Frog, common, chemical composition ofthe egg and its envelopes in, 198.Frogs, exhalation of carbonic acid by,91.Frost, irrigation as preventive of injuryfrom, 357.Fruit, stone, ratio of flesh to stone in,477.Fruits, conetituentu of, 862.Fuel, consumption of, for heatingboilers, '780.- mineral, composition of, 521.Fulminates, conversion of, into hy-Fumaric and maleic acids, isomerism of,Fumarimide, mono- and dichloro-, 293.Fungi, edible, poisonous properties of,204.- respiration and transpiration of,628.Funnel for protecting liquids from dust,during evaporation on the water-bath,552.Furfuraldehyde and its occurrence inpyroligneous acid, 1304. - constitution of, 1304. - derivatives, 585. - group, action of hydroxylamine oncompounds of, 585.Furfuraldoxime and its hydrochloride,585.Furfurbutylene, action of nitrous acidon, 1129. - oxide, 1129.analysis of, 27.254, 952.droxylamine, 277.1301.G.Gtadolinite from Ytterby, 717.Qahnite, 268.Galactose, action of cupric hydroxideon, 1111.Galipei'ne and its salts, 341.Gallic acid, acetylistttion of, 1178.-c_ test for, 119.Gallisin, conversion of, into grape-sugar,982.- the unfermentable part of commer-cia1 glucose, and its derivatives, 981.Gallium, separation of, 17, 158. -- from boric acid, 832.Galvanic batteries for the electric light,1240. -- conduction, relations between co-efficients of friction and, 139. - couples, a probable cause of thedifference between the observed elec-tromotive force of, and that calculatedfrom thermochemical data, 802.- polarisation, influence of, on fric-tion, 139. - temperature coefficient, 140.Galvanometer, mercury, 881, 949.Bannister from Sheffield, analyses of,Ganomalite, and analysis of, 972.Garnet, artificial production of, 565.- decomposition-products of, 565. - white, from Wakefield, Canada,828.Gas-batteries and t.he silent discharge,compounds obtained by means of,1242.518.Gas-engines, illuminating gas and, 508.Gas-liquor, examination of, 928.-- purification of, 1221. -- and gas purification residues,working up, 1221.Gas-making, use of limed coal in,223.Gas-volumes, measured, apparatus forthe reduction of, to normal condition,775.Gaseous explosive mixtures, '709. - mixtures, explosive, combustion of,549.Gases, apparatus for the rapid anndys:sof, 213, 214, - behaviour of vegetable tissues,starch, and charcoal towards, 1250.- compressibility of, 145. - compressibility and liquefaction of,5. - contained in vegetable tissues,nature of, 670.- diffusion of, through a porousseptum, 1251. - dissolved in watery liquids, esti-matinn of the quantities of, 364. - elementary, expansion of, 889. -- variations in the sprcificheats of, a t high temperatures, 804. - inflammable, in the animal organ-ism, 13951522 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Gases, influence of the chemical natureand pressure of, on the generation ofelectricity by an iirduction machine,701. - occluded by coke, 377. - of the alimentary canal of herbi-vora, 852. - solids and liquids and, a new rela-tion between, 856.Gearksutite, 265.- from Colorado, 22.Gedrite, occurrence of, as an essentialGehlenite, artificial production of, 564.Qeieritu from Breitenbrunn, 1100.Gelatin, 619. - peptone, 344~- valuation of, 647.Celaista pilosa, analysis of, and of itsGerms, existence of, in the air a t greatGeyser waters and deposits, analyses of,Qibbsite from Brazil, 23.Glacialin, 378.Glacialin-salt, 378.Glanders, bacilli of, 924.Glass, alkaline reaction of, as a source oferror in analysis, 775.- arsenic in, 220. - solid, electrolysis of, 1241.Glaucophane schists of the island ofGroix, 412.Globulin, from proteid matters by theaction of pancreatic ferment, 1056.Gluconic acid, 730. - - conversion of, into normalcaprolactone, 993. - acids from different Bournes,and their calcium and barium salts,423.constituent of certain rocks, 274.ash, 207.heights, 225.80.Gclucoprotein hydroxide, 90.Glucosamine hydrochloride, 724.Glucose, birotation of, 1112.- commercial, gallisin, the unfer-- estimation of, 370. - estimation of, in food, 930. - in urine, alkaline bismuth solutionGlucoses, action of sodium-amalgam on,Glucoside from Boldoct fragrans, 845. - group, synthetical reBearches on,Glucovanillin, 1343.Glutamic acid, and its rotary power,Glutamine, detection of, in vegetableGiuten, estimation of, in flour, 122.mentable part of, 981.as a test for, 1433.574.439.1308.j uicee and extracts, 373.Gluten, fermentation experiinents with,instead of diastase in the mash,789.Ulyceric acid, optically active, 296.Glycerol, action of arsenious anhydrideon, 896. - electrolysis of, with electrodes ofcarbon and platinum, 170. - estimation of, in aqueous solutionby means of its refractive power, 877.- fermentation of, with the bacteriafrom ammonium tartrate, 170. - mesitylene-, 57. - purification of, 938.- test for, 118. - trioleate and triricinohte, actionof sulphuric acid on, 238. - volatility of, at lW", 1434.Glycerol-borin, 279.Glycerolphosphoric acid, occurrence of,in urine, 1058.Glyceryl phoqhatq normal, 282. - sulphate hydroxyoleate, and its-- trihydroryoleate and itsGlycerythrol, 966.Glycidic acid, homologues of, 1301.Glycocine, new method of preparing,Glycogen in plants, 354.-new method for preparing andGlycol, action of ammonium chloride- an aromatic, from P-naphthol, and- carbonate, 419.Glycollic acid, boiling points of the - - disodium salt of, 548.I_- preparation of, and ite csl-- - prepamtion of, from glycerol,-- transformation of glyoxal- oxides, distinct types of, 730.Glycollide, preparation and heat ofGtlyoxal derivatives, preparation of,- transformation of, into glycollicGtlyoxalines, oxidation of, by means ofClyoxalisoamyline and its derivatives,Uneiss, Freiberg, 829.Gold chlorides, compounds of, With- colorimetric estimation of, 17, 115.salts, 238.salts, 239.583.estimating, 1287.on, a t high temperatures, 1284.its derivatives, 180.ethereal salts of, 897.cium salt, 583.295.into, 898.hydration of, 547.from trichlorlwtic acid, 1298.acid, 898.hjdroxyl, 986.985.phosphorus chlorides, 968INDEX OF SUBJECTS, 1523Gold, extraction of, from ores by means- new reactions of, 115.- toughening, in the melting cru-Gold-coloured surface on brass, pro-Grain, chemical changes induced by the- report on experiments on manur-Granite district of the Black Forest,Gtrape-sugar,preparation of, from starch,- testing.778.of sodium thiosulphate, 1084.cible, 1445.duction of, 128.sprouting of, 200.ing, 1213.1273.721.Urapes, frog infected vines, analyses of,1406.Grass, China, preparation and dyeing of,797.Green surface on brass, production of,128.Growth of plants, effect of artificial in-fluences on the, 624.Guanine, brumo-, 467.- in fish, 623.Guano, coexistence of ammonium car-bonate and potassium sulphate in,359. - from Aves Island, examination of,489.- of Cape Vert, analysis of, 359.- recently discovered in Australia,Gun-cotton, compressed, experimentsGunpowder, flashing test for, 927.Gypsum for mannre, 637.- formation of, 406.107.with, 9$8.H.Haematin, use of, in alkalimetry, 638.Hsernatite from the Hargita-Gebirge,Hsematoxylin, derivatives of, 1043.Hsemochromogen, 196.Hsemoglobin, compound of, with car-bonic oxide, 343. - poisons and drugs which act on,especially those which convert it intometa-hsemoglobin, 764.405.Hagemannite, 265.Hailstorms, forests as a protectionagainst, 632.Halogens, density of, a t high tempera-tures, 804. - i n the side-chains of aromatic com-pounds, a simple method of estimat-ing, 1422.Halond salts, compounds of, with oxy-salts of the same metal, 1261.-- melting points of, in relationto the contraction occurring duringt,heir formation from their elementj,709.-- solubilities of, 960.-- thermochemistry of, 656.Hay, changes which take place in theconversion of, into silage, 772.Hay, heated, composition of, 864.Haydenite, 1371.Heat, action of, on the animal system,1393.- displacement of chlorine by bro-mine, and reactions accomparued bythe absorption of, 955.- influence of, on plants, 1206. - liberated by the compression ofsolid bodies, 949.-of combination of carbon andoxygen, 141. - of dissolution of alkalis and alka-line earths, 250. -- and hrdration of the alkalineearths and the alkalis, 250. -- OP sodium alcoholates, 142. - of formation of alcoholates, 546.-- of antimony chloride and oxy--- of fluorides, 545.-- of lead oxychlorides and oxy-of the oxides of the alkali-of mercuric acetate and oxa--- of mercuric oxybromides,-- of sodium alcoholates, 142. -- of sodium fluorides, 55%.-- of the oxychlorides of carbon,phosphorus and sulphur, 250.- of hjdration of salts, 803.- radiation from the earth, 486.Heather (Erica vulgaris), and its ash,analysiu of, 207.Heats of combustion and formation ofcarbon bisulphide and carbonyl sul-phide, 249.of ketones and carbonicetheis, 547.Helianthin, 1149.Helichrysin, 847.Hemialbumose, 849, 1388. - in urine, 854.Hemipeptone, 849.Hemlock-red, and its derivatives, 1025.Hemp tissues, bleaching, 793.Heptic acid, 41.Herclerite, 827, 1102.Herring ottik.1 as manure, 866.chlorides, 707.bromides, 384.metals, 1247.late, 706.707.-----1524 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Heteroalbumose, 1389.Heulandite, action of heat on, 828.Hexadecylene, preparation of, 571.Hexadecylidene, 1108.Hexamethylenamine, 287, 988.Hexamethylparaleucaniline, new syn-Hexamethylquercetin, and its diacetyl-Hexethylquercetin, 846.Hexhydroanthracenecmboxylic acid,Hexylamylquinoline, 1376.Hexylene-derivatives, 33.High farming, effect of, on the amountof nutritious matter in straw, 772.Hipparaffin, 838.Hippuric acid, source of, in the urine,- - synthesis of, 1347. - ethers, synthesis of, 1347.Homologous compounds, specific volumeHomoquinine, and its salts, 1384.Homo-umbelliferone, 1346.Hop extract, process for preparing,- mildew, nature of, and means ofHops, behaviour of tannin in, towards- manuring of, 1422.- sulphured, testing, 1439. - the bittter principle of, 1366.Hornblende-diabase from Graveneck,Horse, digestive fluid and digestive- digestive powers of, 472.Horse-chestnuts as cattle-food, 1411.Horses, feeding, with earth-nut meal,- maize as food for, 355.Hiibnerite, from Colorado, 827. - from the Pyrenees, 406. - Nevada, optical properties of,Human excreta, utilisation of, 1418.Humites, green, from Monte Somma,Hydrazine compounds of phenol andHydrazinecinnamic acid, 441.Hydrazinehy drocinnamic anhydride,441.Hydrazine-quinizine derivatives, actionof ethyl acetoacetate on, 1153.Hydrazines of cinnamic acid, W.- of pyroracemic acid, 52.Hydrazobenzene, action of bibasicorganic acids on, 1015.- derivatives of, 1015.thesis of, 749.derivative, 847.330.1057.of, 11.800.counteracting it, 629.the albumino'ids in malt, 527.275.power of, 92.100.407.272.aniso'il, 40.Hydrazo-compounds, molecular changesHydrazo-orthophenoxyscetic acid, andHydrazophenetoyl, 1147.Hydrindonnphthene, derivatives of, 752.Hydrindonaphthenemono- and di-car-Hydriodic acid, use of liquid paraffin inHydroacridylbenzoic acid, 1183.Hydrobenzoh bibenzoate, 1164.Hydroberberine and its derivatives, 339,340.Hydrobromic acid, nitro-, action of, onorganic compounds, 1315. -- preparation of, 1091. -- use of liquid paraffin in thepreparation of, 1073.Hydrobutylacridine, 1183.Hydrocarbons, aromatic, coefficients ofexpansion and specific volume ofadditive compounds of, 1252.-- oxidation of substitution-products of, 456, 457. - - oxidation of substitution-pro-ducts of, experiments with naphtha-lene-derivatives, 319.- conversion of, into aldehydes bythe action of chromyl dichloride,312. - from American petroleum andtheir derivatives, 1106. - liquid, from compressed petroleumgas, 879. - of the acetylene series, action of,on mercuric oxide and its salts, 719. - presence of hydrogen peroxideand ammonium nihrite, and abseneeof ozone in the products of the com-bustion of, in air, 818.of, 902.its salts, 1171.boxylic acid, 753.the preparation of, 1073.- process for preparing, 788. - saturated and unsaturated, specificHydrocarbostyril, amido-, 441.Hydrocellulose, action of phenylhydra-Hydrochloric acid, production of, 226,-- purification of, 259.-- temperature of solidificationHydrocinnamic acid, dinitroparamido-,Hydrocinnamide, 1344.Hydrocollidine, platinochloride of, 89.Hydrocyanic acid, detection of, 371. -- detection of, in chemico-judicial investigations, 223. -- from animals, 348.Hydroethylquinoline, ethoxy -derivativesof, 1049, 1050.volume of, 8.zine on, 897.1442.of, 816.1350INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1525Hydrofluoric acid and other acids, reci-procal displacements of, 703. -- thermochemical study of, 514.Hydrogen, compressibility of, 146. - direct union of nitrogen with, 152. - liquefaction of, 888, 889. - peroxide as beer preservative,1447. -- commercial estimation of theoxygen value of, 1082.-- in medicine, 1082. -- test for, 1073. - phosphide, gaseous, reactions of,-- liquid, action of light on,- potassium fluoride in solution, 704. -- tartarate, solubility of, indilute acids, 812. - presence of hydrogen peroxide andammonium nitrite, and absence ofozone in the products of the com-bustion of, in air, 818..__ Pulphide, forma tion of methylene-blue as a reaction for, 109. -- purification of, 215, 638. --- by means of hydro-chloric acid, 776. -- recovery of, from alkali waste,1442. - - value of Lenz's method forthe purification of, 638.Hydrometer for demonstrating altera-tions in weight in chemical changes,1253.Hydromethylquinaldines, 184.Hydronicotine, 464.Hydroparacoumaric acid, and its deriva--- dinitro-, and its salts, 1350.Hydrophobia, 914.Hydropthalaconecarboxylic acid, and itsethyl salt, 11'77.Hydroquinoline, ethoxy-derivatives of,1049.Hydrotriethyldaphnetic acid, 104.3.Hydroxyacids, action of hydrobromicacid on the ethereal salts of, 897.Hy droxyally ldiamines, 578.Hydroxyallyldiethylamine, chlor-, 578.Hydroxyallyl tetrethyldiamine, and itsHydroxybenzoic acids, ethylene ethersof, 433.-- meta- and para-, action ofphosphorus oxychloride on the sodiumsalts of, 325.Rydroxybenzyl cyanide, para-, 1175.Hydroxybromotoluquinone, 175.y-Hydroxycarbostyril, nitroso-, prepara-Hydroxycinchonic acid, 84.155.1237.tives, 1349.derivatives, 578.tion of, 78.Hydroxycitronic acid, 939.Hydroxycumidine, and the action ofacetic anhydride on, 1147.Hy droxy dehy dracetic acid, 1121.Hy droxydichloropgridine, 1369.Hydroxydihydrocarbostyril, 1338.Hydroxydimethylpurin, 997.Hyfiroxydiphenylene ketone and its de-Hy droxyieobutyramidine hydrochloride,Hydroxyisobutyrimido-ether hydrochlo-Hpdroxylamine derivatives, organic, 51.-- structure of, 1324. - salts, action of, on plants, 1210.Hydroxymale'ic acid, 993.Hydroxy-/3-methylcoumarilic acid,Hydroxy-/3-methylcoumarone, brom-,Hydroxgmethylpurin, 997.- dichlor-, 996.Hydroxymethylpyridine, and its deriva-tives, 1196.y-Hydroxy -a-methylquinoline and itssalts, 334.a-Hydroxy-y-methylquinoline and itstetrahydride and nitroso-derivat ive,1052.rivatives, 325.1292.ride, 1292.brom-, 1332.1332.Hydi.oxymethylquinolines, '157, 1199.Hydroxynaphthaquinone, phenjlhydra-Hydroxynaphthaquinonehjdrazine andHydroxynaphthaquinonimide, 1037.Hydroxyoleic acid and its salts, 239.Hy droxyortho- and para-toluquinolines,Hy droxyphenylacetic acids, 1175.Hydroxyphenylglycines and their deri-a- and /3-Hydroxyphthalic acid, 1177.y-Hydroxypicolinic acid, and monochlo-ro-, 840.Hydroxypropylbenzoic acid, amido-, ac-tion of acetic anhydride on, 302.--- action of nitrous acidand of ethyl chloroformate on,1022. --- and acetamido-, 317. -- nitro-, and its derivatives,zine-derivatives of, 1359.its derivatives, 1360.1199.vatives, 11M.316.Hy droxypropylcarbox~lpheny lurethane,1023.Hydroxypropylhydroxybenzoic acid,p9-Hydroxypyridine, 1050, 2369.Hydroxypyridine and its dibromo-de-- from pyridinesulphonic acid, de-1022.rivative, 1195.rivatives of, 13'701526 INDEX OFHydroxypyridinecarbosylic acid,.prep?ration of, from hydroxyquiiiolinicacid, 945.Hydroxypyridinemonocarboxylic acidand its salts, 1195.y-Hydroxjquinaldine, synthesis of,'1198.Hydroxyquinaldines and their deriva-tives, 1374.Hy droxy q uinoline, from paraquin oline -sulphonic acid, 758. - from xanthocpinic acid, 86.- methyl hydride, physiological pro-Hydroxyquinolines, preparation of, 985.Hydroxyquinolinic acid, 1195.-- and some of its salts, 85.Hydroxyquinone, dinitro-, preparationof, 58.Hydroxyterebic acid, salts of, 459.Hydroxyvaleric acid, normal, and itssalts, 1122.Hydroxy-xylic acid, 1347.Hyoscine, 761.Hyperstliene-andesite, 29, 568.Hypophosphites, elimination of, by theHyyophospl~ot~~olybdates, 560.Hypophoapliotungstates, 560.perties of, 474.urine, 1058.I.Ice, electrical conductivity of, 1241. - physical properties of, 889.Idocrase, composition of, 868.- from Ala and Monzoni, analysesIdunium, a new element, 1265.Ilex paraguayefiszk, analysis of, 479.Ilicic alcohol, 1366.Ilmenite, conversion of rutile into,Imabenzil, 313.Imido-ethers, action of hydroxylamineon, 739. -- action of phenylhydrazineon, 743, 1363. - -- from acetone cyanhydrin andally1 cyanide, 1292.Incandescent iamps, electrometricmeasurement of energy radiat'edfrom, 881, -- radiation and energy of, 249.Indazole, 441.Indian wheat, 355.Indican, spectroscopic detection of,Indicator, a new, 1215.- showing the neutral point in alka-of, 408.1104.198.limetry and acidiauetry, 363.XJBJECTS.Indicators, litmus, rosolic acid, methyl-orange, phenacetolin, and phenol-phthale'in, as, 691, 869.Indigo, artificial, production of, fromthe ortliamido-derivatives of aceto-phenone and phenylacetylene, 237. - assaying, 1438. - brom- and chlor-, 1027, 1028. - decolorising action of ferric salts- fixing, on cotton, 136.- formation of, from orthamido-acetophenone, 1026. - tetraohlor-, 1028. - valuation of, 507.Indigo-forming substances in the urine,knowledge of, 1058.Indigo-group, compounds of the, '73.Indigo-vats, application of electrolysisin preparing, 942, 1448.Indigo-white, conversion of, into indi-gotin, 1449.Indileucin and its derivatives, 1029.Indirubin, 76.- and its derivatives, 1028. - extraction of, Srorn urine, 1059.Indoanils, 593.Indogen, 78.Indogenide of benzaldehyde and of8-lndogenide of ethylpseudoisatin, 76.Indogenide of pyroracemic acid, 76.lndogenides, 78.Indogitin, extraction of, from urine,Indole, 1030. - derivatives, synthesis of, 1180. - preparation of, and trtinsforuationIndophenol-like dyes and indophenols,Indophenols, 743.- indophenol-like dyes and, 593.Indoxyl, action of aldehydes and keto-- action of isatin and ethylpseudo-- nitrosamine of, 74.- and indoxyl-compounds, action ofnitrous acid on, 74.Induction spark, action of, on benzene,toluene, and aniline, 1243.Indulines, preparation of, 743.Ingelstromite from Vester-Silfberg, inInoculation, Pasteur's protective, cattle - protectire, cattle plague and, 96.Inorganic acids containing molybdenum,-- containing vanadium, 714,on, 457.paranitrobenzaldehjde, 75.1059.of scatole into, 458.593.nic acids on, 75.isatin on, 76.Dalarne, 409.plague and, 473.560, 713, 715.715INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1527Insulator, benzene as an, 244.Insulators, electrical resistance of, 245.Intellectual activity, influence of, on thcelimination of phosphoric acid by theurine, 1394.Inulin in the artichoke, 284.lnvert-sugar, action of alkalis on1112.Invertin and its action on gelatinisedstarch, 983.Iodine, detection of, in presence of chlo.rine and bromine, 496.- estimation of, in presence of chlo.rine and bromine by means of ferricsulphate, 366.I_ estimation of, in urine, 1423. - extraction, 1221. - in cod-liver oil and other fish oils,504. - reacttion of, with carbon compoundsa t high temperatures, 1311. - and chlorine, separation of, in thedry way, 1073. - chlorine, and bromine, estimationof, in presence of one another,694.Iodoform, fate of, in the organism,1062.Iridium for pen-points, 400. - fused, analysis of, 400. - phosphide, 400.Irrigation as a preventive of injury from- by means of Danube water, 635.Iron acetate, beliaviour of, 39. - analyses of, 1231. - coiitaining nickel from Sanarka, in- dephosphorisation of, 520. - industry, novelties in, 129, 1083.- investigations on the welding of,786. - metallic, action of various sub-stances on, 518.L_- reaction to detect the pre-sence of, 1078. - meteorites, peculiar concretions in,975. - modern processes for the manu-facture of, and the properties andmethods of testing these materials,519. - new process for producing a bronze-coloured surface on, 127. - occurrence of, in Mexico, 1101.frost, 357.the Ural mountains, 4Ul.- ores, estimation of116.manganese in, - oxide, reduction of, with carbonic- salts, estimation of, by potassium - so-called burning of, 935.oxide, 20.chromate, 1078.Iron vessels, nickel-plated, action of- volumetric estimation of, 367, 873. - white, decomposition of, by heat,- and iron ores, estimation of phos-Isatamidobenzamide, 455.Isatins, substituted, preparation of, andtheir conversion into substituted in-organic acids on, 520.1444.phorus in, 875.digos, 944.gous to hydrobenzojin, 37.37.double decomposition, 1110.1009.Isethionic acid, derivatives of, 1126.Isobutaldehyde, a derivative of, analo-- preparation of, free from acetone,Isobutpl nitrite, preparation of, byIsobutylbenzene, amido-, constitution of,- iodo-, 1009.Tsobutylbenzoic acid, and its salt8,lOlO.lsobutylhiguanide, and its compounds,- constitution of, 289.- sulphates and hydrochlorides of,Isobutylene, action of chlorine on, 12?6. - chloro-, 1276.Isobutyl-isopropylethylene glycol, 833.lsobutylnaphthalene, 1185.Isobutjlorthamidotoluenes, isomeric,Isobutylorthotoluic acid, 899.Isobutylphenyl cyanide, 1010.Isobutylphenylthiocarbi~ide, 1010,Isobutyltoluene, 900.Isobutyric acid, chlor-, 1301.- anhydride, boiling point a d speci-fic gravity of, 1129.Isocaniphoroxime, 1190.Isocrotyl chloride, 1276.Isocymidine, nitro-, 47.Isodinaphthyl, form of, from amyl chlor-Isodiphenylene, new reaction of, 1151.Isohydrobenzo'in bibenzoate, 1164.Isologous compounds, specific volumesIsomannide, and its derivatives, 1111.Isomerism, influence of, on etherification,Isonicotinic acid, 1194.Isonitroso-acids, 42.Isonitroso-compounds, 581.-- various, action of reducingIsopentylarbutin, 432.Isophthalamidine, and its salts, 1158.Isophthalimido-ether, and its hydro-287.288.899.1011.ide and naphthalene, 1358.of, 12.726.agents on, 3120.chloride, 11571528 INDEX OP SUBJECTS.Isophthalimido-methyl ether, and its hy-Isophthalimido-thioethyl ether, and itsIsophthalonitrile, derivatives of, 1157.Isopicramic acid, an, and its derivatives,Isopropylacetone, isonitroso-, 581.Isopropylnitrophenylacetamide, 1353.Isopropylnitxophenyllactic acid, @-lac-Isopropylnitrostyrene, 1353.a-Isopropylpiperidine, 1386.Isopropylpyridines, 1048.Isopropylsuccinic acid, and its salts,-- identity of, with pimelic acidIsopropylsuccinimide, 423.Isosaccharic acid and its salts, 725.Is0 tributylene, 167.drochloride, 1157.hydrochloride, 1158.308.tone of, 1351.423.from camphoric acid, 296.J.Jadeite from Thibet, 407.Jamaica dogwood, piscidin, the activepriitciple of, 332.“ Jaune solide,” 1450.Joule’s law, 881.Juglone, 1365.K.Kainite as potato manure, 108.Kairin, 1049.- physiological properties of, 474.Eairoline, physiological properties of,Kairolinmetacarboxylic acid, 1197.Kaolin, occurrence of, in North Sweden,Kelp, estimation of iodine in, 505.Kelyphite, 972.Kephir, 1086,1235.Keratin, do bones contain it 3 1398.Kersantite vein of the Upper Harz, 409.Kersantites of Southern Thuringia andKetones, action of aldehydes on, 445. - heats of combustion of, 547. - phenylhydrazine,. a reagent for,Ketonic acids, action of aldehydes on,-- action of phenol on, 55.Ketonic chlorine-atoms, replacement of,Kola, chemical investigations on, 863.- bitter, 864.474.273.the Frankenwald, 1273.1150.445.by hydrogen, 1039.Kraketoa volcanic ashes, analysis of,Krugite as manure for pota,toes, 926. - influence of, on the percentage ofstarch in potatoes, 1401.Kynuric acid, and its salts, 750. - - synthesis of, 751.974, 975.L.Labradorite from St. Paul Island, solu-bility of, 971.Lactamine, 725.Lactarizcs piper atus, constituents of, 480.Lactation, influence of pilocarpine andatropine on, 1396.Lactic arid, optically active, 296. -- trichlor-, preparation of gly-oxal derivatives from, 1298.p-Lactone of metanitrophenyllactic acid,1174.- of parmitrophenyllactic acid, 604.Lactones, 744.@-Lactones, aromatic, substituted, 603,Lactose, preparation of, from milk-sugar,- and arabinose, non-identity of,Lactosin, a new carbohydrate, 980.Lamprophyrv, 1273.Lanoline, 784.Lanthanum, extraction of, from cerite,“ Lapidolyd,” 1087.Larch fungus, constituents of, 353.Lard-cream, 536.Laserpitin, and its derivatives, 182.Latent heat of vaporisation of liquids,comparison of, in relation to theirmolecular weight, 551.1172.980.1287.557.Laubenheimer’s reaction, 1038.Laudanine, 616.Laurene, an isomeride of, 173.Laurene, Pittig’s, 43.Laurus perseu, a sugar from, 1285.Lauryl chloride, 1125.Lauth’s violet, 595, 1156.Lavatera arborea, 100.Law of smallest volumes, 12.- thermic substitution constants,- thermo-chemical moduli or con-Lazerin, 183.hzerol, 183.Lead acetate, action of carbonic anhy-- detection and estimation of, in883.etants of substitution, 702.dride on, 990.presence of iron, 367INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1529Lead, detection of bismuth in, 640.- electrolytic refining of, 934. - estimation of, 8s lead dioxide bymeans of the electric current, 777. -- in tinplate, 1078. - monoxide, yellow and red, 824. - native, in Idaho, 563. - oxychlorides and oxybromides,Lead-chamber deposit from JapaneseLeaven, known in France as levaindeLeaves, composition of, 862..___ respiration of, in the dark, 857. - withering of, 918.Lecithin, 1388. - synthesis of, 280.Lecture apparatus, quantitative, some- experiment, formation of acety -- experiments, 258, 419, 552, 658.Leguminose straws, certain, digestibilityof, 482.Lemon-juice, production of ether by theaction of Aspergillus glaucus on,855.Lepidote from India, estimation of alka-lis in, 27.Leucine and analogous compounds,action of methyl iodide on, 425.- optical rotatory power of, 1115.Leucite, new case of metamorphism of,272.Leucodibromoqiiinonephenolimide, 594.Leucomalachite-green, preparation of,“ Levain de chef,” 532.Levulinic acid, action of bromine on,Liebig memorial statue a t Munich, 880.Light, chemical action of, 381, 1237. - effects of, on the respiration of- electrochemical energy of, 382. - influence of, on plants, 1206. - methods of studying the influenceof, on the respiration of plants,1066. - polarised, action of cuprammo-nium solutions of cellulose on, 57’7. - use of nitrogen iodide to deter-mine the chemical and mechanicalequivalent of, 153.Lighting, artificial, influence of, on theatmosphere of dwellings, 122.Lignose (wood cellulose), manufactureof, 1451.Lime, chloride of, 820.- -dialogite, 410. - osmose process, Dubrunfaut’s, 941.heats of formation of, 384.sulphuric acid, 392.chef, 532.convenient, 658.lene, 419.1019.1297.oxygen by, 916.Lime-waste of sugar factories, manurialLine spectra of boron and silicon, 242.Linseed, properties of, and behaviourof, in the animal system, 852.Liquid, new, of high specific gravity,refraction equiralent, &c., 145.Liquids, molecular volume of, 386. - specific volumes of, 147. - comparison of the latent heat ofvaporisation of, in relation to theirmolecular weight, 551.c_ constants of capillarity of, a t theirboiling point, 808.- determinations of the density of,by means of the sp. gr. bottle, 213. - mean deprevsion coeScient of,811. - mixed, of constant boiling point,1247. - solids and, and gases, a new rela-tion between, 256. - sterilisation of, by means of Papin’sdigester, 864. - thermal effect of mixing, 1244.Lithia, chloride of, 820.Lithiophillite, analyses of, 26.Lithium oxide, heat of formation of,Litmus as an inclicator, 691, 869.Locust-bean, the shells of, as a con-Lollingite and other minerals fromLow temperatures, production of, 383,-- very, production of, by meansLupine seeds, composition of, 1406. - straw, composition of, 1406.Lupines, composition of, 1405. - feeding cattle on, 1211.- poisonous matter of, 915.- water culture of, 1400.Tlupinindine, 1387.Lupinine, and the action of acetic chlo-Lupinus luteus, the liquid alkaloid from,Lutei’n, 196.Luteo- and roseo-salts, relation between,Lutidine from coal-tar, 910./3-Lutidme hexhydride, 1047.Lupitz method of cultivation, 105.value of: 925.1247.diment, 631.Colorado, 826.656, 1248.of methane, 1248.ride and anhydride on, 1387.1387.1093.M.Magmas, fused, action of, on variousminerals, 4011530 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Magnesium ammonium bromide and- bromide and iodide, 262. - iron sulphate, native, 269. - potassium bromide and iodide,- preparation of, 1231. - sulphite, use of, in sugar factories,939. - verification of the atomic weightof, 815.Magnetic intensity, absolute, newmethod of directly measuring, 1243.Magnetism of organic bodies, 1243.Maize as food for horseu, 355.- comparative growth of, in mineraland organic solutions, 1208. - cut for fodder, experiments with,at Grignon, 1883,1070. - for milch cows, fermenting,355. - function of silica in the growth of,201, 669. - germinated, amount of easily di-gestible albnminoTds in, 772. - manuring experiments with, 635. - the sum of mean temperatures inrelation to the cultivation of corn and,672.iodide, 263.262.- use of, in brewing, 52'7.Meize-starch, manufacture of, 528.Malachite-green, orthonitm-, 1315.Maleyc acid, dibromo-, 1117. - and fumaric acids, isomerism of,- bromide, monobromo-, 1305.Male'imide, dibromo-, 1116. - dichloro-, and the action of phos-phorus pentachloride on, 1115, 1116. - mono- and di-chloro-, 293.Malic acid, condensation-product of,Malonamide, dibromo-, 1124.- preparation of, 728.Malonanilic acid and some of its salts,Malonanilide, 728.Malondianilide, 729.Malonic acid, action of aldehydes on,445. -- and its derivatives, 728, 729,1123. -- and its ethyl salt, action ofbenzaldehyde on, 444._L_- and its ethyl salt, action offatty aldehydes on, 422.Malonparatoluidic acid, 1023.Malontribromanilide, symmetrical, 1123.Malonyldibenzamic arid, 906.Malt and barley, analyses of, 233. - barley, and peas, comparative feed-1301.11 24.729.ing value of, 206.Malt, behaviom of tannin in hops to-wards the albumindids in, 527.- combings, utilisation of, in themanufacture of pressed yeast, 790.- -extract, analyses of, 529. -- by .different waters, 1445. -- estimation of, 1439. - nitrogenous combinations in, 790,Maltose, action of cupric hydroxide on,- and its octacetic derivative, 171. - assimilation of, 1392. - phpiological functions of, 345.Mandelamide, 65.Mandelic acid, active, conversion of,Manganese chloro-silicate, 562.- detection of, in commercial zinc-dross and in calamine, 640.7 detection of, in presence of zinc,by electrolysis, 368.7 estimation of, in iron ores, 116.- extraction of, from its ores, 1233. - iodosilicate, 563. - minerals from Vester-Silfberg, inDalarne, 409. - ores. analyses of, 24. - oxides, 397. - presence of, in wines and othervegetable and animal products, 879.-_ use of air saturated with brominein the prdcipitation of, 640. - verification of the atomic weight of,814. - volumetric estimation of, 220,499. - estimation of, especially in ironand steel, 116.Manganese-garnet, artificial productionof. 410.Manganese-hedinbergite, 410.Manganese-iron-olivine, artificial crystalsManganic acetate, 398. - acid, sulphur-derivatives of, 1269. - arsenate, 399. - hydroxide, action of aluminiumsulphite on, 700. - phosphate, 399.- sodium pyrophosphate, 399.Mannite hexylene, derivatives of, 33.Mannitol, action of, on sodium pyro-- dichlorhydrin, 1111.- formation of, from dextrose and- new derivatives from, 36, 573. - oxidation of, 720. - preparation of, from dextrose or- presence of, in the Anana, 629.1446.1112.into inactive, 318.of, 410.borate, 279.laevulose, 720.laevulose, 574INDEX OFMannit,ol, second anhydride of, 573,Maniire, action of sulphuric acid a8,- disinfected, injurious effects of,- estimation of total nitrogen in,- farmyard, 1070.-- &robic fermentation of,- -- loss of nit,rogen during the7- preparation of, 1412. -- production and cost of, 867. - fermentation of, 773, 1412.- mineral. effect of, on maize, pota-- preparation of, from furnace slag,- salt and herring offal as, 866. - stable, cause of the high tempera--- cost of production of, 637.Manures, artificial influence of, on thephysical properties of soil, 210. - estimation of ammonia as nitrogenin, 638.- estimation of phosphoric acid in,217. - for beets, sodium nitrate and am-monium sulphate as, 491. - inferior, 490. - loss of nitrogen during the fer-7 some, volume-weight of, 1213. - various nitrogenous, value of,Manurial experiments at Reims, 1419.Manuring experiments, 636.-- a t Kiel, 211.__.- at Peterhof, 636. -- in Posen in 1882, 361. - grain, report on experiments on,- systematic, 634.- theory of, 486.-- with sea-mud and peat compost,867.Marbles, cipolin, of primary formations,manganese in, 716.Marine animals, influence of fresh-wateron, and influence of the salts of sea-water on fresh-water animals, and thecaus9s of the death of fresh-wateranimals in sea-water and of marineanimals in fresh-xater, 620, 621.Markasite from the Appel mine andfrom Bleischarley, analyses of, 969.Marshy land, manuring of, 363.Mascate pes, 1068.Mashing temperature, 789.1111.775.697.639.1412.fermentation of, 1413.toes, and oats, 14001.212.tures observed in, 924.mentation of, 10'70, 1413.488.1213.STTBTECTS. 1531Math, 354.- and analysis of, 479.Matico-cawphor, 611.Mean temprratures, the sum of, in reln-tion to the cultivation of corn andmaize, 672.Meat, time required for digestion of,4'70.Meconic acid, action of 'hydroxylamineon, 993, 1302.Meionite, artificial produstion of, 564.Melanophlo gite, 1104.Melilite, artificial production of, 564.Melinoi'ntrisulphonic acid and its salts,Melissic acid, 1281.Melitose from cotton-seed, 1286.Mellissyl-mellisate, 173.Mellite, specific heat of, 1244.Melon-juice, alcohol from, 233.Melting points of halond salts in rela-tiou to the contraption occurringduring their formation from their ele-ments, 709.590, 1185.-- of nitrates, 384.-- of salts, 3.Menthol, oxidation of, by potassiumpermanganate, 755.Menthyl chloride, 167.Mercaptans, 1328.Mercapturic acid, formation of, in theorganism, and its detection in theurine, 1395.Mercuric acetate, heat of formation of,706. - cyanide and silver nitrate, reactionbetween, in presence of ammonia,168. - oxalate, heat of formation of, 706. - oxide and its salts, action of thehydrocarbons of the acetylene serieson, 719. - oxybromides, heat of formation of,707. - salts, action of acetylene hydro-carbons on, 572.- sulphide, action of potassium sul-phide on, 893, 964.Mercury diethyl, oxidation of, withpotassium permanganate, 1135. - diphenyl, action of potassiumpermanganate on : a correction, 1135. - ditolyl, action of potassium per-manganate on, 1135. - fulminate, expeyiments on, 419. - galvanometer, 949. - oxychlorides, thermochemistry of,- spontaneous oxidation of, 263.- thermometers, uqe of, with par-titular reference to the determinationof melting and boiling points, 656.8841532 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Mercmvy vapour, pressure of, at ordinary- volumetric estimation of, 6135.Mesitylene, formation of the benzoyl-derivatives of, 1000. - glycerol,.preparation of, 57. - preparation of, 588.Mesotartaric acid, salts of, 1124.Mesoxalic acid, salts of, 1124.MetsLbenzhydrilbenzoic acid, and it,ssalts, 428.Metabenzoyl-benzoic acid, and its re-duction iroducts, 427.Metabenzylbenzoic acid, and its salts,428.Metabenzgl-toluene, and its reduction-products, 427.- dinitro-, 427.Met,acetoxylide, nitration of, 1013.Metaethylpropylbenzene, 173.Metaht~moglobin, 911.Metahydroxycoumarin, 1346.Metahydroxydiphenylamine, and ita de-MetahydroxyorthomethoxycinnamicMetaisobuty ltoluene, and its deriva-- synthesis of, 301.Metaisocymene, and its monosulphonic- nitro-, action of dilute nitric acid/3-Metaisocymenesulphonic acid, 1355.Meta-isocymidine, and its derivatives,Metaisocyminylcarbamide, 47.Metaisocyminylcarbylamine, 47.Metaisocyminylethglthiocarbamide, 47.Metaisocyminylurethane, 47.Metaisopropylmethylbenzene, 43, 299.Metallic elements, spark-spectra emittedby, under varying conditions, 801.- pyrophosphates, action of ammo-nium siilphide on, 218. - radicle, containing Pt and Sn, 822. - solutions, reduction of, by means- sulphides, action of copper chlo-- vapours, infra-red radiation spectraMetallurgy, application of electricity in,- novelties in, 514, 1084, 1230.Metallylthiamidobenzoic acid, 907.Metals, change of volume on melt-- comparative poisonous action of,- density of, in the liquid state,temperatures, 38.5.rivatives, 591.acid, 1165.tives, 300.acids, prepamtion of, 43.on, 46.46.of gases, &c., 393.rides on, 962.of, 1237.785.ing, 7.on bacteria, 351.708.Metals, extraction of, by electricity, 541,-- from certain ores, &c., 1230.- spectroscopic examination of va-pours evolved on heating, a t atmo-spheric pressure, 801.Metamethylcinnamic acid, and its salts,1163.Metamethylmandelic acid, 1162.Metamethylmandelonitrile, 1162.Metaorthodimethoxycinnamic acid,Metaparatolplenedithiocarbamide, andMetaparatolylenethiocarbamide, 49.Metaphenyl tolyl ketone, 429.Met,aphenylenediamine, trinitro-, 1004.Mrttaphenylenedithiocarbamide, diallyl-Metaphenylthiamidobenzoic acid, 907.Meta-saccharin, from milk-sugar, 283.Metasaccharinic acid, salts of, 284.Metasulphoparatolylazoparacresol, andMeta toluene-6-methylcoumarin, 67.Metatoluylaldehyde, orthonitro- andMetatoluylatnidoacetic acid, and itsM etatoluy lanilidoace tic acid, 1163.Metatoluylanilidoacetonitrile, and itsamide, 1162.Metatoluylenediamine, and its salts,1007.Metatoliiylphenylketone, and its re-duction products, 427.- dinitro-, 428.Metatolyloxamides, 1142.Metatritolylstibine, 1136.Metavoltine, 1103.Metaxylene derivatives, 1313. - dibromo-, 1313. - glycol, 1313.Metaxylidine, nitration of, 1013.Metaxylideneaniline, 11 62.Metaxylidenephenylhydrazine, 1162.Metazophe netoil, 1147.Met azoxybenzanilide, 301.Meteoric dust, 165. - iron from Georgia, 30.Meteorite, Alfianello, and analyses of,276, 415, 976. - Nogoya, 977. - of Sewrjukowo, 417.- the Cranbourne, 416.Meteorites, Bishop rille and Waterville,- classification of, 975. - iron, peculiar concretions in, 975.- Rowton and Middlesbrough, ana-934, 1229.1166.its derivatives, 50.derivative of, 50.its salts, 931.dinitro-, 1163.salts, 1163.Palias, 416. --976.lyses of, 977INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1533Metethylthiamidobenzoic acid, 907.Methane, chloro- and bromo-derivativesof, comparison of, 718. - dibromodinitro-, 27’7. -- chlorine-derivatives of, 1107. - dichlorodinitro-, 1108. - liquid, properties of, and its use asMethenyldiphenylazidine, 1323.Methenylisotoluylendiamine, and itsMethocodei’ne, and its derivatives, 614.Methoxy-@-methylhydrocoumaric anhy-Slethoxytoluenesulphonic acid, 454.Methyl acetate, action of acids on, 581. - alcohol, decomposition of, by the-- purification of, 12’79. - chloroform, monobromo-, 9’78.- coumalinate, 1124. - dirnethyl-/3-methylumbellate, 1331. - formate, decomposition of, by thesilent discharge, 543. - iodide, formation of, from iodo-form, 896. - isopropyl ketone, action of hy-droxylamine on, 611. - monochlorallyl carbinol, 1118. -- monochlorodibromopropyl-car-- nitrate, action of ammonia gas on,- nitrosophenolcarboxylate, 1003. - phenylcinnamate, and its bromine-- propyl carbinol, 1280. - telluride, preparation of, 663. - trichloropropyl carbinol, and itsderivatives, 1118.Methyl-indigo, 237.Methyl-orange as an indicator, 691, 869.Methyl-violet, 606. -- crystalline bases of, 595.Methylacridine, action of methyl iodideMethylamidoazobenzene, and its acetyl-Methylamido-a-caproic acid and itsMethylammoniochelidonic acid, 1106.Methylarbutin, separation of, from ar-- synthesis of, 439.Methylated spirit, purification of, 1085.Methylbenzylglyoxime, diacetyl-deriva--Methylbromumbelliferone dibromide,a refrigerator, 1275.bromo-derivative, 1143.dride, 1332.silent discharge, 542.binyl chloride, 1118.577.derivative, 1348.on, 1356.derivative, 1149.derivatives, 664.butin, 432.tive of, 52.1331.Methylcinnolinecarboxylic acid, 1022.-Methylcoumarin, and its derivatives,67.VOL. XLVI.Methylcumazonic acid, and its deriva-tives, 303.Methyldicarbocollidylium dihpdride, andthe action of acids on it, 1046.Methyldioxyquiniziiie, isonitroso-, 1379.Metl~yldiphenylaminazyline, 180.Methyldiphenylaminesulphone, 596.Methyldiphenylcarbamicie, 1321.Methyldiphenylphthalide, 321.Methyldipheuylthiocarbamide, 1320.Methjlene bromide, 718.- iodide, formation of, from iodoform,- oxysulphide, 170.Methylene-blue, 595, ’740. -- and allied colouring matters,595, 1156. -- formation of, as a reaction forhydrogen sulphide, 109.-- Synthesis of, 306.Methylene-white, 740.Methylenediphenyl oxide, 324, 325.Methylethylaniline, 1005.Methylethylbromaniline, 1006.Methylethylglyoxime, diacetyl-deriva-Methylethyloxyquinizine, 1380.Methylethylquinol, 1138.Methylglyoxime, diacetjl-derivative of,Methylhydropnracoumaric acid, dinitro-,Methjlhydroquinaldine, 183.Methylhydroxypyridine, and its deriva-Methylhydroxytoluoquinoxaline, 1053.Methylindole, synthesis of, 1181.Methylindolecarboxylic acid, synthesisMethylisobutylquinol, 1139.Methylisopropylacetoxime, 61 1.Methylisopropylethylene glycol, 833.Methylmorphiniethine, and its deriva-tives, 614.a- and @-Methylnaphthalene, and theirderivatives, 1183, 1184.Methylnonylacetoxinie, 1115.Methyloxyquiniziuacetic acid, 1380.Methyloxyquinizine, isonitroso-, 1378.Methylparathy~nolcarboxglic acid, 56.Methylpiwathymotic aldehyde, 56.Methylphenylacridine-ammonium hydr-oxide, constitution of, 1357.Methylphenylanthracene, 322.Methylphenylanthranol, 322.Methplphenjlcarbamide, unsymmetrical,Methylphenylethylalkine, and its deri-Met h j lphenylh ydrazinepyromcemicMethylphenyloxanthranol, 322.896.tive of, 52.52.1350.tives, 841.of, 1181.1321.vatives, 1011.acid, 53.5 1534 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Methylphenylpropylalkine, 1011.Methylphenylthiocarbamide, unsym-Methylphthalimide, and its derivatives,Methjlphthalopseudocumidamide, 1319.Methylpiperidine, 760.- and some of its salts, synthesis of,Methylpiperyl-azone and tetrazone-de-Methyipropylacetic acid, 1120.Methylpropylbenzene, 44.Methylpropylglyoxime, 52.Methjlpropylquinol, 1138.MethFlpseudisatin, synthesis of, 1181.Methylpseudolutidostyrene, and its deri-Methylpurin, derivatives of, 996. - diethoxychloro-, 996. - trichloro-, 996.Methylquinaldines, and their deriva-a-Methylquinoline, and its derivatives,Methylquinolinecarboxplic acid, 1376.a-Methylquinolinemonosulphonic acids,y-Methyl - a - quinolinesulphonic acid,Methylsalicylaldehyde, nitro-, and itsMethylsulphonic chloride, trichloro-,Methylthiophene, 586.Methyltriacetonine, and its derivatives,Methyltrichloroquinoline, 1023.Metliyltriphenylmethylamine, and itsiodine-compound, 1033, 1034.Methyltropidine, and some of its deriva-tives, 761.B-Methylumbelliferone, and its deriva-tives, 66, 1331.- dibromide methyl ether, 1332. - nitro- and amido-derivatives of,Methyluric acids, 1308.Metoxyacrylic acid, 1301.Metoxalyldibenzamic acid, and diamideof, 906.Mica, green, i n the quarkzites of OuroPreto (Brazil), 408. - diorites of Southern Thuringia andthe Frankenwald, 1273.Microclase, 970.Micro-organisms in soils, 486.Milk, a physical property of, 941. - American, 533. - blue, and ropy, 942. - COW’S, composition of the ash of,metrical, 1321.1019.1054.rivatives, 468.vatives, 1046.tives, 184.756.1198,1199.1052.derivatives, 1164.action of ammonia on, 1126.1290.1332.1397.Milk, cow’s, digestion of, and the sub-stance which increases its digestibility,192.-- effect of exhausted beetrootpulp on, 347. -- in Holland, composition of,1396. - excretion, influence of feeding withcotton-cake meal on, 623. - human, analyses of, 1396. - influence of cotton-seed cake on the- influence of movement on the- notes on, 236. - from cows of different breeds, per-centage of fat in, 94. - of lime, density of, 712. - on the case’in in, 762. - physiology of the formation of,-- researches on, 1219. - secretion, 93. - thickening of, 941.- time required for digestion of,- volumetric method for the estima-Milk-analysis, researches on, 1219.Milk-sugar, a new saccharin from, 283.- - action of alkalis on, 1112.-- - action of cupric hydroxide-- birotation of, 1112. -- relation between the solu-bility and rotation of, and rate oftransition of its biroration into normalrotation, 36.secretion of, 669.secretion o€, 1205.914.470.tion of fat in, 372.on, 1112.Millet, analysis of, 630.Mineral acids, liquid, process for con-verting into a solid form by the addi-tion of kieselguhr, 783.- fuel, composition of, 521. - new, from Barbin, near Nantes,- oils, fractional distillation of, in a- probably new, from Colorado, 826. - water at Brucourt, analysis of, 895. -- Borhegyer, composition of,-- from Aruba, 978.- white, a, process for preparing, 136.Minerals, a new liquid suitable for the- action of fused magmas on, 401.- combustible, analyses of, ’780. - from Berks Co., Pa, 663.- from Brazil, 564. - from Lehigh CO., 661. - isomorphous, which are not chemi-calls analogous, 1096.408.current of steam, 936.978.separation of, 145INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1535Minerals, Italian, chemico-mineralogical- new, from the Tyrol, 1098. - of the cryolite-group recently found- subsequent alteration of, by theMinette, presence of phosphorus in,Minium, native, in Idaho, 563.Minj ak-lagam balsam, constituents of,Mispickel from Auerbach, 1100. - from Queropulca, in Peru, 1100. - radiated, from Orawitza, 1099.Molasses, production of sugar from, bySteffen’s and Scheibler’s processes,1236.- recovery of sugar from, by meansof lime, 939.-refining of, by means of concen-trated acetic acid, 790. - separation of sugar from, 1447.Molecular cdcium compound6, 892. - volume of liquid substances, 386.- volumes of salt solutions, 658. - weight of the amines, 257. -- and velocity of evaporationof liquids, relation between, 551, 950. - weights, scale of, 804.Molybdates, action of hydrogen per-Molybdenum compounds, reduction of,- estimation of, 965, 1429. - sulphide, reduction of, 965. - sulphur compounds of, 160, 1267,Molybdic acid, nitro-, solution, concen-Monamines, aromatic, action of perthio-- secondary, action of phthalic anhy-Monethyl oxalate, 296.Monobenzoylpiperylhydrazine, 467.Monomethyluric acid, 996.Monophenylmalonamide, 728.Monostearin, prepamtion of, 280.Monostearyldiglycerol, 282.Monostearylglycerolphosphoric acid, ?Mordants, contributions to the chemistryMorin, oxidation and reduction of, 846.- preparation and derivatives of,Morphine and some of its derivatives,- estimation of, in opium, 1217.- oxidation of, 85. - separation of, in toxicology, 373.studies on, 270.in Colorado, 21.action of water, 1273.412.354.oxide on, 966.559.1268.trated, preparation of, 638.cyanic acid on, 1140.dride on, 448.282.of, 794.1180.613.Morphothebayne and its derivatives,Mortuary vault, antiseptic experimentsMoss as cattle litter, 105.Muck acid, antimony derivatives of, 424. -- preparation of, from milk-Mucobromic acid, action of alkalis on,Muscarine, 1056.Muscles, influence of ptoma’ine hydro-Nust, estimation of dry substance in,- influence of temperature on theMustard, analysis of, 878.- white, as fodder, 864.Myosin, basicity of, 1388.Myostroi’ne, 1388.Myricyl alcohol from Carnauba wax,Myristoxime, 1115.Myristyl chloride, 1125.1201.in, 878.sugar and lactose, 980.731.chloride on, 618.1432.fermenation of, 647.1281.N.a- and 8-Naphtha-y-hy droxyquinaldine,P-Naphthaldehyde, 1184.Naphthalene, amidobromo-, 843. - bromonitro., 842.- derivatives, 80, 751, 842, 1185.-- synthesis of, 907. - dibromo-, and its tetrabromide,- dibromonitro-, 842. - dihydride, diisonitroso-, 1359.- dinitro-, preparation of, from di-- hydrides of, 608.- nitroso-amido-, 1035. - oxidation of derivatives of, 319.- tetrabromide, a-nitro-, 842.a- and 8-Naphthaquinaldine and theirNaphthaquinone, dibromo-, 842./3-Naphthaquinone, action of hydroxyl-- nitro-, action of aniline and tolui--- derivatives of, 1186. - tetrabromo-, 1186.p-Naphthaquinoneanilide, nitro-, 1038,a-Naphthaq uinonedimethylanilinimideNaphthaquinonimide, amido-, 1037. -- bromine-derivatives from,synthesis of, 1198.842.nitro-p-naphtliylamine, 1036.salts, 1375.amine hydrochloride on, 5’35.dine on, 1038.1186.or a-naphthoi-blue, 595.1037.5 1 1536 INDEX OF SUWECTS.P- Naph thaquino t oluides, nitro-, 1038.p-Naphthaquinotoluidines, nitro-, 1038.Naphthenes, 1276./?-Naphthoic acid, 1185.Naphthoic acid, derivatives of, 1360.a- and 8-Naphthoic acids, amides of,1362.-- and their derivatives, 81.Naphthoic acids, chloro-, 1361. -- nitro-, and their salts, 1360.Naphthol, y-nitro-, 752. - nitro-, action of ammonia on the- oximido-, and diimido-, 1037.a-Naphthol, u-nitroso-, 1327. - p-nitroso-, and the action of hy-droxylarnine hydrochloride on, 735.a- and /?-Naphthol, deriratives of, 79.&Naphthol, condensation-product of,- dinitro- and its derivatives, 1035. - nitroso-, action of ammonia on,- pentabromo-, and the action of/3-Naphtholazobenzene, bromine-deriva-a-Naphthol-blue, preparation of, 594.6-Naphtholdisulphonic acid, action ofP-Naphtholmonosulphonic acid, prepara-Naphthols, nitroso-, action of alcoholic- orthonitroso-, action of hydroxyl-i3-Naphthomethyl chloride and bromide,n-Naphthonitrile, nionochloro-, 1361.a- and 8-Naphthonitrile, nitro- 80.P-Naphtho-oxymethylquinizine, 1154.u- and P-Naphthyl phenyl ketone, 609.8-Naphthylamine, dinitro-, 1036.Naphthylarnine, nitro-, 1036.8- Naphthylaminemonosulphonic acid,Naphthylamines, /?- and y-nitro, andNaphthylenes or naphthines, 1276.p-Naphthyl-P-imidobutyric acid, synthe-Xepheline rock from Ziegenhals, near-- from the Vogelsberg, 275.Nerves, inhence of ptoma’ine hydro-Nesslerising, coloured tubes for, 1072.Nets, methods used by fishermen for“barking” and in other ways pre-serving, 800.Neuridine, 1202.Neurine, 342.ethers of, 1036.with benzaldehyde, 1185.1035.bromine on, 1185.tives of, 326.tetrazodiphenyl on, 1036.tion of, 238.potash on, 1035.amine hydrochloride on, 1359.1184.preparation of, 238.their derivatives, 751.sis of, 1198.Wohnfeld, analysis of, 276.chloride on, 618.Neurine, commercial, 1202.-- distearylglycerolphosphate and its- physiological action of, 1056.Nickel alkali-proof vesmls, 1071.- atomic weight of, 256. - mehllurgy of, 129. - separation of cobalt from, 498.Kickel-plated iron vessels, action ofNickelous chloride, antiseptic action of,Nitranilic acid, preparation of, 58.Nitrates, melting points of. 384. - rapid estimation of, 1074. - reduction of, by ferments, 350.Nitre, loss of, iu the manufacture ofsulphuric acid, 1222.Nitric acid, ammoniuru ferrous sulphateas a reagent for, 493.-- detection of, in presence ofother acids capable of interfering withits reactions, 365. - - estimation of, 871. -- in soils and subsoils a t Roth--- paratoluidine sulphate as a-- testing for, in vegetable tis-- - voliimetric estimation of, 366. - and nitrous acids, estimation of,separately or together, 366. - oxide, product of the a,ction ofbromine on, 1267.Nitrifying action, comparative, of cer-tain salts, 924, 1417.Nitrile of anhydrobenzodiamidobenzene,741.Nitriles, action of hydroxylamine on,734. - conversion of primary amines into,1288. - froin aromatic amines, 734. - preparation of, 1314. - transformation of, in the organ-- ethereal, limit of the formation of,Nitrogen, absorption of, by leguminous- ammoniacal, in soils, estimation of,- apparatus, Dumas’, 1072.- boiling point of, under atmospheric- combined terrestrial, origin of, 104. - compuunds, new group of, 725. - copper iodide, 154. - critical temperature and pressureo f ; relation between its boiling pointa i d the pressure, 1257.derivatives, 282.organic acids on, 520.14iO.amsted, 357.test for, 365.sues, 1074.ism, 1061.by double decomposition, 1110.plants, 1401.1423.pressure, 817INDEX OFNitrogen, detection of, in organic com-pounds, 1072. - electrochemical researches on, 383. - elimination of, in the free state,from the animal body, 1391. -- estimation, examination of H.Grouven’s method of, 1215. - estimation of, by combustion withcalcium hydroxide, 1422.- -in nitro-, azo-, and diazo-compounds, 364. - in bone-meal, 359. - in organic substances, a newmethod of estimating, 364. - in the soils of exporimental fieldsa t Rothamsted, determinations of,and bearing of the results on thequestion of the sources of the nitro-gen of our crops, 682. - iodide and the action of sunlighton, -818. - iodides, 152, 818. - loss of, by organic matters duringputrefaction, 1214, 1417. - - during the fermentation offarmyard manure, 1413, 1416. - solidification of, 553. - and hydrogen, direct union of,152. - and oxygen, in presence of chlo-rine, action of the silent discharge on,710.Nitrogenous matter in the soil, some ofthe changes which it experiences,490.Nitrous acid, combined, volumetric esti-mation of, 493.-- new volumetric method forthe estimation of, 870.-- and nitric acids, estimation of,separately or together, 366. - anhydride, liquid, 15.Nitrosyl bromide, 1258.Nonane, and monochloro-, from Ameri-can petroleum, 1106.Nonoic acids from different sources,295.Nonylene, 1107.Nonylic alcohol, 110’7.Nucin, 1365.Nucle’in, 90.Nucleus, chemistry of the, 97.Nutrition, influence of potassium bro-Nux-vomica, effect of alcohol of various-- tincture of, 946.Nymphea alba, constituents and pro-mide on, 850.strengths on, 946.perties of, 108.XJBJECTS. 15370.Oak-bark, two acids in, 1439. -- tannin, behaviour of tanninand, towards various reagents, 1355.“ Oak-red,” 321.Oats, experiments with, a t Grignon,in 1883, 1069.- importance of silicic acid in theculture of, 1211. - influence of thick and thin sowingand of the manuring on the yield of,768. - irritant properties of, 914. - mauuring, with nitrogen and phos-Oceanic deposits, solid and gaseous con-Ochre colours, process for preparing,Octacetylquercetin, 847. - and tribrom-, 1365.Octadecylene bromide, 1108. - preparation of, 571.Octadecylidene, 1108.Octane from American petroleum, 1106.Octodecyl alcohol, 1280.Octohydroacridine and its derivatives,Octoic acid, 461.Octylamine, action of bromine in alka-Octylene from diisopropylglycol, 38.(Enanthaldoxime and its ethyl salt,Oil of birch, 459.- hops obtained from commerciallupulin, 459.Oils, drying, acceleration of the oxida-tion of, 532.- lubricating, behaviour of, with gla-cial acetic acid, 1078.Olefines, higher, preparation of, 571.Oleocutic acid, 859.Olive oil, examination of, 931.Olivine of the melitite-basalt of Hoch-Opium, estimation of morphine in,Optically inactive compounds, decom-“ Orantia,” 236.Orantin, 910.Oroinol, action of acetaldehyde and of- mononitroso-, 1341. - dyes, 1341.Orcylaldehyde, 1346.Ores which are good conductors of elec-Organic bases, a new group of, 302. - - hydrocyanides of, 338.phates, 925.stituents of, 31.784.608.line solution on, 1114.581.bohl, 829.1217.position of, 1303.chloral hydrate on, 598.tricity, 7861538 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Organic bodies, magnetism of, 1243. - matter in water, estimation of,369.Organisms, lower, action of oxygen onthe activity of, 1399.Orsat's apparatus for the estimation ofoxygen, improved form of, 695.Qrthacetotoluide, nitration of, 1012.Orthazoethylbenzene, and its reduction,Orthazophenol, trichlor-, 1015.Orthazotoluene, 903.Orthazoxybeozanilide, 1327.Orthobenzylamidoacetophenone and itsnitroso-derivatives, 1021.Orthoclase, alteration of, into albite,273.- from Mt.Blanc, analysis of, 403.Orthocresol, amido-, 902.- nitro-, and its derivatives, 1007.- nitroso-, 1003, 1327. - amido-, 1003._- trinitro-, 1007.Orthodiazocinnamic acid, hydrochlorideand nitrate of, 441.Orthoethylamido-acetophenone, 1021.Orth oe th yl phenol, 174.Orthohydrazinanisoil and its derivatives,Orthohydrazinecinnnmic anhydride,441.Orthohydrazobenzoic acid, 1342.Orthohydroxy benzyleneamidobenz-Orthohydroxyhydroethylquinoline,Orthohydroxpnandelic acid, 1022.Orthohydroxyphenylacetic acid and itsOrthoh ydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid,l021.Orthohydroxyquinoline and it0 deriva-Orthometatolidine, 903.Orthomethoxycinnamic acid, derivativesOrthomethoxytoluquinoline, 1199.Orthomethylparapropylcoumarin, 1346.Orthophenylenediamine, action of ferric- prepardion of, 49.Orthopheqlenethiocarbamide, 49.Orthoquinolinesulphonic acid, oxidationOrthotolidiDe, action of nitrous acid on,Orthotolu-dimethyloxyquinizine, 1153.Orthotolueneazometatoluene, 903.Orthotoluene-y-hydroxyquinaldine, ayn-Orthotoluic acids, nitro-, 745.Orthotoluidine, nitration of, 1012.- nitro-, of melting point of 107",903.440.amide, 455.1049.derivatives, 1021.tives, 1199, 1370.of, 1165.chloride on, 1322.of, 1049.903.thesis of, 1198.and its derivatives, 1006.Orthotoludine, paratoluidine, and ani-Orthotolunitrile from formorthotoluide,Orthotolu-ox;ymethylquinizine, 11 53.Orthotoluquinolinemonosulphonic acids,Orthotolyl-P-imidobutyric acid, synthe-Orthotolyl-a- and P-naphthylamine, 80.Orthotolyloxamides, 1142.Ort hotolylparametbylimesatin, 48.Orthotoljlphthalimide, 453.Orthoxylene derivatives, 898, 1313.Orthoxylidine, [1 : 2 : 41, and its deriva-Orthoxyphenylacetic acid, lactone of,Orthoxylyl cyanide, 898.Orthoxylylene bromide and the adion- diethyl ether, 1313.- iodide, 1314. - sulphide, 1313.Orthoxyljenedhnilide, 1313.Oxalamido-acids, 906.Oxalethylisoamyline, 986.Oxulic acid, dry, use of, in the farma-tion of condensation-products, 1019.-- effect of light on the clecom-position of, by ferric chloride, 381.Oxalines, oxidation of, by means of hy-droxyl, 986.Oxalisoamylisoamyline, 986.Oxalisobutylisoamyline, 986.Oxallyldiethylamine, 577.Oxalmethylisoamyline, 986.Oxalpro~jlisoamyline, 986.Oxides, action of sulphur on, 959.Oxyaurin, 591.Oxy-azobenzene, metadichloro-, 903.Oxybutyric acid, chlor-, 1301. -- amido-, 1301.Oxydimethylpurin, dichlor-, 997. - diethoxy-, 997. - ethoxychlor-, 997.Oxy-/f?-dimetbyluric acid, 1309.Oxygen, action of, on the aetiviky ofthe lower organisms, 1399. .- active, 14. - apparatus for preparing quickly,- atomic weight of, 659.- boiling point of, under atmosphericpressure, 817.- constant production of, by theaction of sunlight on P.rdococcu~p hia7is, 201. - determination of the rate of con-sumption of, in the tissues by meansof the spectroscope, 1391.line, separation of, 46.734.1199.sis of, 1198..-- glycol, 1000.tives, 737.1022.of ethyl sodomdonate UG it, 752.1254INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1539Oxygen, improved form of Orsat’s appa-- liquid, coeEcient of expansion of,-- - critical temperature and-- density of, 14, 388, 553, 816.-- ebullition of, 553. - and carbon, heat of combinationof, 141. - and nitrogen in presence of chlo-rine, action of the silent discharge on,710.Oxyhydrogen mixture, supposed recom-biuation of, in the dark, 1092.Oxyisoamylamine, and the action ofphosphorus pentoxide on it, 1190.0x;visobutyric acid, chlor-, 1301.Oxylepidine, tribrom-, 1383.Oxymethylene, 293.Oxymethylquinizine, 1153.Oxymorphine and its derivatives, 616.Oxypyride, 85.Osypyridine, dibrom-, and its aalts, 1370.Oxyquinoterpene, 1191.Oxjsulphides, organic, action of chlorineOxythiacetone, 580.Oxythiomolybdates, 1268.Oxytolylic acid, products of the reduc-Oxytrinicotine, 464.Oxytropine, an, ’761.Ozone, some reactions of, 259.ratus for the estimation of, 695.816.pressure of, lM, 149.on, 1127.tion and oxidation of, 841.P.Pachnolite, 265, ’716.- from Colorado, 21.Pallas meteoric iron, 416.Palm-cake and palm-meal, 631.Palni-meal, palm-cake and, 631.Palm-oil residue as fodder, 355.Palmityl chloride, 1125.Panclastite, 1452.Pancreatic ferment, changes which pro-te’id matters undergo by the action of,1056.Papaverine, 186.Paper, incombustible, 379.Parabutyltoluene and its derivatives, 301.Paracetotoluide, nitration of, 1012.Paracresol, rtmido-, and its ethenyl-de-Paracresol-chloral, 187.Paracresyl benzyl ether, nitro-deriva-t,ives of, 1337.- Iaurate, 1125. - mpristate, 1125. - palmitate, 1185.rivative, 901.Paracresyl phosphate, 1338. - stearate, 1126.Paracyanoquinoline, 1051.Paradioxybunzophenone, oxime of, 1182.Paradipropylbenzenesulphonamide, 457.Paradipropylbenzenesulphonic acid, 457.Paradipropylsulphonamide, oxidationParethoxycarbanil, 1159.Parethoxyphenylurethane and some ofits derivatives, 1159.Paraffin, liquid, as areagent for the pre-sence of water in alcohol, ether andchloroform, and its use in the pre-paration of hydrobromic and hydr-iodic acids, and of the alkyl iodides,10’73.- - of the German Pharmacopceia,1073.Paraffin-shale from Servia, 879.Paraffins, action of benzaldehyde on themononitro-derivatives of, 313.- and their derivatives, some, 166. - substituted derivatives of, proposeddivision of, into two distinct types,730.Paraguay tea, notes on and analysis of,354, 479.Parahydroxybenzaldehyde, action ofzinc chloride on, 1164.Parahydroxybenzide, and its derivatives,446.Parahydroxybenzoic acid, dry distilla-tion of, 4 6 . -- para- and ilipara-hydroxy-benzoyl, 447.Parahydroxybenzonit,rile, 447.ParahydroxybenzoylparahydroxybenzoicParahydroxybennylsulphonic acid, 69.Parahydroxydiphenylamine, and its de-Parahydroxytoluquinoline, 1199.Paraisopropylorthonitrophenyl-p-bromo-Paraisoprop ylorthonitrophenyllacticParaldehyde, physiological action of, 199.Paraldol, action of heat on, 579.Paramethoxyphenylacetic acid, 1176.Paramethoxytoluquinoline, 1199.Paramethylimesatin, 48.Pmamethylindophenin, 48.Paramethylisatin, 48.Paramethylisatinimide, 48.Paramethylisatinmetabromoparatolyl-Paramethylisatinorthotolylimide, 48.Paramethylisatin-paratolylimide, 47.Paramethglisatinphenylimide, 48.Paramethylnitroso-oxindole, 48.Paramethylquinophthdone, 335.of, 457.acid, 447.rivatives, 592.propionic acid, 1352.acid, and its salts, 1353.irnide, 481540 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Parapheneto’il-azoparacresol, 1147.Paraphenetoil-azoresorciriol, 1147.Paraphenoxy benzoic acid, 447.Paraphenylenediamine, nihation of, 738.Paraphenylene-diamines, preparation of,Paraphenylenedithiocarbamide, deriva-Paraphenylpyridine, and its salts, 1194.Paraphenylpyridinetetmcarboxylic acid,Paraquinolinecarboxylic acid, 1052.Paraquinolinesulphonic acid and its ho--- and its salts, 757.Parasulphophenylazoparacresol, and itsParasulphophenylazorthocresol, 902.Parathymotic acid, preparation of, 56.- alcohol, 56. - aldehyde, 56.Paratolueneazoacetone, 1342.Paratoluidine, azophenine of, 743. - nitration of, 1012. - orthotoluidine, and aniline, sepa-- sulphate as a test for nitric acid,Paratolumethgloxyquinizine, 1154.Paratolunitrile from formoparatoluide,Paratoluquinolinemonosulphonic acid,Paratolylazoparacresol, and its aceticParatolylethylthiourethane, orthonitro-,Paratolgl-y-hydroxyquinaldine, synthe-Parat ol y 1-p- imidobutyric acid, synthesisParatolyl-a- and @-napbthylamine, 80.Paratolyloxamides, 1141.Paratolylparamethylimesatin, metabro-- preparation of, 47.Paratolylphenylthiocarbamide, orthoni-Paratolylpropaldehyde, and its deriva-Paratritolylstibine oxide and hydroxide,Paratolylthiocarbamide, orthonitro-, 307.Paratolylthiocarbimide, orthonitro-, 307.Paraxylenol, bromo-, 1329.Paraxylic acid, monobromo-, and itsParazoaniline, 666, 1016.Parazobenzyldisulphonic acid, 69.Parazoethylbenzene, and its reductionParazoxyacetanilide, 301.49.tives o f , 50.and its salts, 1193.mologues, 1051.salts, 9OL.ration of, 46.365.734.1199.and benzoic derivatives, 901.307.sis of, 1198.of, 1198.mo-, 48.tro-, 307.tives, 1342.1136.salts, 1347.904.Parazoxyaniline, and its derivatives,Parazoxybenzanilide, 666.Parenchyma, living, osmotic functionsParvoline, and its derivatives, 172.“ Patent block composition,” Harris301.of, 1403.oxidation of, 173.-Hewit’s, 1058.Pathological liquid, a, composition of,1060.Patina, imitation of, 1444.Pea, white, grey, and sand, cultivationPeas, barley, and malk, comparative- comparative growth of, in mineralPeat compost, manuring with, 867.- litter, analysis of, 925. - - and straw litter, comparisonof, 1418.Peaty waters, self-purification of, 781.Pectose, 860.Pentamethylparaleucaniline, 607.Pepsin, commercial, digestive power of,471.Peptone, from protei’d matters by theaction of pancreatic ferment, 1057.- gelatin, 344.Peptonisation, studies on, 1390.Perfumes, extraction of, 378.Periodic law, history of, 958.Peronospora viticola, 1406.Perowskite, artificial production of,- from Rympfischwang near Zermatt,Persite, a sugar analogous to mannitol,- nitro-, 1285.Perspiration, chemistry of, 189.Perthiocyanogen, fixing of, in printing,Perthiomolybdates, 1268.Petroleum, American, hydrocarbons- Caucasian, 1276. - determination of the flashing point- Galician, 166.- gas, compressed, liquid hydrocar-bons from, 879. - investigation of, 500. - lamps, researches on, 936. - Russian, researches on, 936. - testing, 369. -- in tropical climates withPetroleums, physical properties of, 277.Peziza aurantaa and P. conuexula,orange-red colouring matter of, 847.of, 770.feeding value of, 206.and organic Rolutions, 1208.565.analysis of, 402.1285.796.from, and their derivatives, 1106.of, 1431.Abel’s apparatus, 877INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1541Phellandrium aquaticum, 331.Phellanthrene, 331.Phenacetolin as an indicator, 691, 869.Phenaceturic acid, 1061.Phenanthraquinone, derivatives of‘, 328. - hydrocyanide, saponification of,- Laubenheimer’s colour reaction for,- monisonitroso- and dioximide-deri-- nitro-, 82.Phenanthrone and its monochlorinated- dichloro-, reduction of, 81.Phenethyl compounds, 1000.Pheneto’ii, amido-, action of monochlor-- hydrochloride, tetramido-, 1161.- nitro-, experiments on the prepara-- trinitro-amido-, 1161.Phenol, action of an alternating current-- on ketonic acids, 55.-- quinonechlorimide on, 593. - bromodinitro-, 55. - colouring matters, 1340. - diorthonitroparamido-, and itssalts, 308. - estimation of, in commercial car-bolic acid, 503. - in the stem, leaves, and cones ofPinus sylvestris, 863. - methyl ethers of, 589. - monobromo-, a fourth, 55. - nitroso-, ethereal salts of, 1003. - ortho- and para-amido-, action ofmonochloracetic acid on, 11 44. - paranitro-, action of the nitrate oforthodiazobenzoic acid on, 1014.- triamido-, and some of its derira-tives, 309. - trinitro-, detection and estimationPhenol-blue, preparation of, 594.Phenolphthalein, as an indicator, 691,869. - as indicator in the estimation of‘carbonic anhydride in mixtures ofgases, 1072.Phenols, action of aldehydes on, 597,598. -- aromatic hydroxy-acids on,310.I_- diazobenzene on, 1146. -- phosphorus trisulphide on, 54. - bromo-, 900. - compounds of, with ethylaceto-acetate, 1331. - condensation of aromatic aide-hydes vith, 590.329.1038.vatives of, 62.derivative, 82.acetic acid on, 1 1 4 .tion of, 433.on, 1136.of, 221.Phenols, high-boiling, contained in coal-- nitro-, ethylene et.hers of, 433.- nitroso-, 735, 1137,1327.Phenolsulphonic acids, amido-, andtheir relationship to Liebermann’scolouring matters, 1354.Phenolsulphuric acid, preparation of,from urine, 1353.Phenomalonic acid, trichloro-, and itsbromine-derivative, 1122.Phenosafrsnine, 538.Phenoxyacetic acid, derivatives of,-- orthonitro-, action of reducingPhenoxymucobromic acid, 731.Phenyl benzyl ethers, paranitro-, 1005.- cyanate, preparation of, 1002. - ethers of phosphoric acid, nitrationof, 1337. -- para-, and ortho-nitro-, ofdinitrophenol and of picric acid,1328.tar, 1003.1170.agents on, 1170.laurate, 1125. -- mercaptan, preparation of, 1328. - methyl glycols, two isomeric, 1003. - myristate, 1125. - palmitate, 1125. - para- and ortho-nitrophenyl oxide,a-dinitro- and trinitro-, 1328. - parahydroxybenzoate, 448.- paranitrobenzyl ethers, 1005. - phenylpsrahydroxybenzoate, 447. - phosphate, mononitro-, 1337. - stearate, 1126. - thienyl acetoxime, 1168.Phenylacetaldehyde, action of nitric- derivatives of, 1020.Phenylacetamidine, and its derivatives,Phenylacetic acid, isonitroso-, ethers of,-- orthoparadinitro-, 178.Phenylacetimido-acetate, 1134.Phenylacetimido-ethyl-ether, and itsPhenylacetonitrile, transformation of, inPhenyl-P-acetylalanine, orthonitro-, lac-Phenylacridine, and its derivatives,- diamido-, 749. - from chrysaniline, 749.Phenyl-P-alanine, orthonitro-, and its-- lactam of, 305. - paranitro-, and its derivativesketone, 1168. --acid on, 1020.1134.584.hydrochloride, 1134.the organism, 1061.tam of, 305.1356.derivatives, 304.11721542 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Phenylamidoazobenzenepoly sulphonicPhenylammaniochelidonic acid, 1196.Phenyl- a -anilidocrotonamide, 1345.Phenyl-a-anilidocrotonic acid, 1345.Phenyl-a-anilidocrotononitrile, 1345.Phenyl-P-anilidopropionic acid, para-Phenylarabinosazone, 128’7.Phenylazocresols, reduction of, 1146.Phenylazocumenol, and reduction of,Phenylazoindoxyl, 74.Phenylazometacresol, 902.Phenylazoparacresol, and its acetic andPhenylazoparacresolsulphonic acid, 901.Phenylazorthocrescl, and its acetic andPhenylbenzo-P-naphthacridine, 1359.Phenylbromacetic acid, action of, onacids, preparation of, 237.nitro-, 1173.1147.benzoic derivatives, 736, 900.benzoic derivatives, 736, 902.ethyl acetoacetate.746.Phenilbromopropionic mid, metanitro-,1175.Phenjl -P-bromopropionic acid, and itsderivatives, 603.-- orthonitro-, and its deriva-tives, 65.Phenylbutyrolactone, action of halogenacids and of gaseous ammonia on,744.Phenylcinnamic acid, derivatives of,1348.Phenylcumazonio acid, 304.Phenylcyanamide, preparation of, 115’7.Phenyldiethylalkaline, l u l l .Phenyldipropylphenylguanidine, 1008.Pheiipldisazomet,acresol, 902.Phenjldisazomethoxybenzene, 902.Phenyldisazoresorcinol, 1147.Phenyldisazorthocresol, 902.Phenylenediimidobutyric acid, synthesisPhenylenedithiocarbamides, 49, 50.Phenyleneorthodiacetic acid, 898.Pheny lethylparatolylthiocarbamide,Phenylgalactosazone, 1287.Phenolglucoside, tetracetyl-, 439.Phenylglycidic acid, 604.Phenylglyoxime, 52.a-Pheiaylhydrazidoisobutyric anhydride,a-Phenylhydrazidoisobutyrimide, 1153.a-Phen ylhydrazidoisobutyronitrile,a-Phenylhydrazidopropionic acid, anda- Phen y lhydrazidopropionitrile, and itsPhenglhydrazine, action of ethyl aceto-of, 1198.1321.1153.1152.its salts, 1152.amides, 1152.acetate on, 302.Phenylhydrazine, action of ethyl diaceto---- succinosnccinate on,-- on cyanhydrins, 11 52.-- on imido-ethers, 743, 1323.-- substituted acetoacetates on,- compounds of, with ketonic and- derivatives of hydroxynaphtha-- preparation of, 597. - reactions of the salts of, 89’7. - reagent for aldehydes and ketones,Phenylliydrazineglyoxylic acid, 1151.Phenvlhvclrazinemesoxalic acid. 1151.succinate on, 1381.1154, 1380.1380.aldehydic acids, 1151.quinone, 1359.1150.., u . Phenylhydrazinepropionic acid, 53.Phenylhydrazinepyroracemic acid, 1151. - - and its ethvl-derivative,52.dine, 65.chloride, 65.methyl and ethyl salts, 1344.Phenylhydroxyacetimido-ether and ami-Phenylhydroxyamidine, and its hydro-Phenyl-a-hydroxycrotonic acid, and itsPhenyl-a-hy droxy crotononitrile, 1344.Phenyl-P-imidobutyric acid, action of-- synthesis of, 1198.Phenylindolecarboxylic acid, synthesisPhenylisocrotonic acid, action of nitricPhenylisopropyl ethylene glycol, 833.Phenyl-/3-lactanilide, paranitro-, 1173.Phenyllactic acid, metanitro-, aiid p--- paranitro-, p-lactone of, 604.Phenyl-@-lactic acid, nitro-, etherifica--- orthonitro-, 58, 66.-- paranitro-, and its ethyl- andmethyl-derivatives, 604.Phenyllactic aldehyde, orthonitro-, 58.Phenyl-IJ-lactone, orthonitro-, 65.Phenylmelilotic acid, synthesis of, 176.Phenylmethy 1-P-naphthylthiocarbamide,Phen ylmethylparatolylthiocarbamide,Phenyl-P-naphthacridine, 1357, 1358.Phenyl-a-naphthylacetoxime, 1182.Phenyl-a and P-naphthylamine, 80.Phenylnitroethylene, 313, 906.Phenylnitroproyylene, 313.Phenylorthonit roparatolylthiocarbam-Phenyloxyacrylic acid, Erlenmeyer andnitrous acid on, 1368.of, 1181.acid on, 906.lactone of, 1174, 1175.tion of the three isomeric, 1351.1321.1321.ide, metanitro-, 307.Blaser’s, 605INDEX OF SUBJECTS.1543Phenylparaconic acid, constitution of,Phenylparacoumaric acid, synthesis of,Phenylparamethylimesatin, 48.Pheny lparaoxy p henylthiocasbamide,Phenylparatolylthiocarbnmide, meta-Phenylquinoneimide, monochlorodi-Phenylsulphhydantoic acid, 907.PhenylsulphhydantoCn, 907.Phenylsulphometanitro- and amido-Phenylsulphorthonitro- and amido-Phenylthienylmethane, 1001.Irhenylthiocarbamide, compounds of,with metallic salts, 1018.- metanitro-, and its derivatives,306.P-Phenyltribromopropionic acid, 603.8-Pheuylumbelliferone, 67.Yhonolites of Elfdalen, 276. - of Hegau, chemical composition of,Phlobaphen, 321.Phloroglucinocarboxylic acid, 1335.Phloroglucinol, deriratives of, and theirrelation to daphnetin and sesculetin,1335.906.176.metanitro-, 307.nitro-, 307.anilide, 431.paratoluide, 51.anilide, 51.568.- di- and tri-ethjl ether, 1336.Phlorol, chemical nature of, 174.Phlorolcarboxglic acid, 174.Phosphate from the Rata Island,analysis of, 360.- of lime, basic, as an addition tocattle fodder, 194.Phospliates, acid, of the alkaline earths,deconiposition of, in presence ofwater, 556. - dissolved and undissolved, com-parison of, 774. - insoltible, 213. - native, commercial assap of, 1075. - ret,rograde, Gladding’s process forPhosphines, action of zinc-ethyl on,Phosphoric acid, biological function of,-- estimation of, 871. --- as magnesium pyrophos---- in arable soils, 871.the estimation of, 639.985.1392.phate, 493.- in manures. 217. -- I - - - - in superphosphates,1424. --- oxalic acid method ascompared with the molybdic method,929.Phosphoric acid in rocks and soils, assi--- maniifacture of, 260.-- reverted, 1424.--- application of ammo-nium citrate for the estimation of,1075. --- examination of, at vari-~ U S periods, 744. -- volumetric estimation of, 110. - anhydride, three modifications of,Phosphorites, origin of, in limestmePhosphoroso-molybdates, 661.Phosphorous anhydride, action of sun-Phosphorus, estimation of, in iron and- moist air, and carbonic oxide, 660,- origin and distribution of, in coal- oxpchloride, preparation of, 155. -- preparation of, from phos--- heat of formation of, 250.- sulphides, 1259. - trisulphide, sulphur salts derived- white, 154.Phospho-ranadio-molybdstea, 71 3.Phospho-vanadio-tungstat es, 7 14.P hospho-vanadio-vanadico-tungstates,715.Photographic films, expedients €or ren-dering them sensitive to green, yellow,and red rays, 1081.Photosantonic acid, specific rotatorypower of, 464.Phthalacene, 11’76.Phthalacene-derivatives, 1189.Phthalacenic acid, 1190.Phthalaconecarboxplic acid, and itsPhthalic acid, dibromo-, and its anhy-- - monobromo-, and its anhy--- tribromo-, and its salts, 1186.- anhydride, action of, on secondary- - condensation-products from,- -. tribromo-, 1186. - chloride, constitution of, 1187.- metuisocymidide, and its nitro-Phthalide, dibromo-, 842.Phthalopseudocumidamide, 1319.Phthalopseudocumide, 1318.milability of, 868.1258.districts, 1272.light on, 156.in iron-ores, 875.711.and cannel coal, 1270.phates, 392.from, 555.derivatives, 1176.dride, 842.dride, 843.monamines, 448.1176.- glycol, 1000.compound, 471544 LNDEX OFPhthalopseudocumidic acid, and itsPhthalyl chloride, constitution of, 1024.Phyllites of the Tyrolean Alps, 274.Phylloxera, 99, 355, 481. ’ - suggestions for the destruction of,Physiological action, connection betweenPicolinecarboxylic acid, and its deriva-Picolinic acid, 1201.Picric acid, detection and estimation of,Picrotoxin, 845, 846.Picrot oxininbenzoic anhydride, 845.Pigeons, feeding experiments on, 473.Pigments, urine-, &c., some unusual,Piles, dry, conversion of liquid batteries,Pilocarpine, action of bromine on, 468.- influence of, on lactation, 1396.Pimaric acid, and the hydrocarbon from,Pimelic acid, and its salts, 423.-- from camphoric acid, ideiitityof isopropjlsuccinic acid with, 296.Pinite from Auvergne, 403.Pinnoite, a new borate from Stassfurt,1271.Piniis sylrestris, phenol in the stem,leaves, and cones of, 863.Piperethylalkine bromide, and its deri-vatives, 760.Piperidine, 945. - and its homologues, synthesis of,I_ bases, conversion of pyridine bases-- synthesis of, 1195. - synthesis of, 760, 1202.Piperilene-phthalamic acid, 452.Piperpropylalkine, and it$ derivatives,Piperylenamine-phthaleh, and its di-Piperylhydrazine, and its derivatives,Piperylsemicarbazide, 468.Piperylthiocarbazide, 468.Piperylthiosemicarbazide, 468.Piscidin, the active principle of JamaicaPisum nrvense, cultivation of, 769.Pit-water, analysis of, 782.Pitchblende from Norway, 1101.Pitchstone-porphyrite, 413.Pith parenchyma, 861.Pliigioclase and scapolite minerals,chemical resemblance between, 567.Plant, chemical processes in the, 670.salts, 1319.920.chemical constitution and, 348.tives, 758.221.194.into, 1240.1364.1054.into, 760.1054.bromide, 458, 453.467.dogwood, 332.3UBJECTS.Plant development, influence of light-- growth, effect of altitude on, 627.- -life, .poisonous action of ammo-ilium tbiocjanate on, 768. - sap, easily oxidisable substances in,918.Plants, absorption of nitrogenous food-stuffs by, 1401. - action of liydroxylamine salts on,1210. -- - rain, dew, and watering on,766. - ash of Ieaves of, grown in theearth under water-culture, 98.- assimilation of carbon by, 202. - behaviour of zinc salts in the soil,- chemical phenomena of the respi-- chemistry of, 765.- concentrated nutritive 0uid for,- contributions to the doctrine of- contributions to the histochemistry- cultivated, influence of climate, ofcondition, and extent of soil on thestem production of, 624.- distribution of water in helio-tropically inclined parts of, 35%. - effect of depth of sowing on thegerm ination and growth of, 1404. - effects of light on the respirationof oxygen by, 916. - etiect of mowing and feeding-off,on the product.ion of side shoots, 625. -- variations in the quantity ofoxygen on the growth of, 625. -- water holding sodium chlorideand zinc sulphate in solution on, 856.- functions of tannin in, 628.- glycogen in, 354. - higher, development of starch-transforming ferments in the cells of,9L7,1063. - - formation of diastatic fer-ments in the cells of, 1402.- influence of constant temperaturesin the soil on, 916. -- light and hrat on, 1206. -- radiant heat on the growing-- water on the growth of, 1401.- leguminous, absorption of nitrogenby, 1401.- lime and magnesia in, 917. - means of protecting, against frost,1067. - methods of studying the influenceof light on the respiration of, 1066.and heat on, 855.and with, 856, 1407, 14Q8.ration of, lU3.1205.thermic constants in, 1067.of, s47.parts of, 626lNDEY OF SUBJECTS. 1545Plants, poisonous effects of arsenic andlead on, 1407.- structure and functions of theepidermic system of, 1066. - transpiration in, in the tropics,14~03. - water, constituents and propertiesof some, 108.Plasmolysis, 1065.“ Plastering,” influence of, on the com-Plastin, 90.Platinum, absorption of gases by, ’702. - phosphides, 400. - vessels, action of lithium carbonatePoison of Batrachians, 764.Yolarised light, action of solutions ofPolyoxides, constitution of, 1260.Polyporus oflcinalis, constituents of,Polysulphides, constitution of, 1260.Porphyrite, Tuedian, from Stichill,Porphyrites, Cheviot, 413.Porphyritic obsidian, analysis of, 28.Portland cement, detection of adultera-Potable waters, analysis of, 1431. -- prothiatological examination-- titration of organic matter in,Potash, examination of, 928.- manuring with, 774. - quantitative separation of, fromferric oxide, alumina, lime, andmagnesia in silicates, 110. - soda felspar, triclinic (microclase),970. - volumetric estimation of, 695.Potassium alcoholate, heat of solutionof, 4. - arsenite and arsenate, behaviour of,with indicators, 869, 870.7 bromate, testing of, 218. - bromide, inhence of, on nutrition,850. - ferricyanide, reduction of, bypotassium cyanide, 35. - ferrocyanide, estimation of, 501. -- production, 501. - fluorides, heat of formation of, 5. - glyoxal-hydrogen sulphite, prepa-ration and heat of formation of, 989. - hydrogen carbonate, estimation of,in presence of normal carbonate, 869. - hydroxide, preparation of, 15. - iodide, commercial, assay of, 366..- permanganate, action of, on certainposition of wine, 646.on, 1071.cellulose on, 833.353.analysis of, 413.tion in, 876.of, 369.by means of permmganate, 499.sulphur-compounds, 151.Potassium seleniocyanate, action ofiodine on, 1109.- succinate, normal and acid, waterof crystallisation of, 584. - sulphide, action of cupric sulphideand of mercuric sulphide on, 963,964.Potato starch, preparation of, 134. - waste, three processes for obtainingPotatoes, change in the composition of,- cultivation of, 101, 483, 1411. - preservation of, 101.- effect of drying the seed tubers on- -- potassium and sodium nitrates- heaping, 772. - influence of krngite on the per-- influence of manuring on the com-- krugite as a manure for, 926,1401.- manuring, 101, 102, 635, 865, 866.-- of, with bone-meal, 637. - with lime as a manure, 1419. - and sweet potatoes, 208.Poudrette, preparation of, 489.Pre-Cambrian rocks, supposed, of St.Prehnite from Cornwall, Lebanon Co.,Pressure, influence of, on the temperaturePrinting, fixing perthiocyanogen in, ’796.Propaldehyde, action of ammonia on,Propargyl iodide, and triiodide, 979.Propenylbenzoic acid, amido-, action ofand its derivatives, 327.the slbuminoid matter from, 948.by ripening, 1400.the yield of, 624.on the growth of, 361.centage of starch in, 1401.position of, 102.David’s, 411.Pa., 266.of volatilisation of solids, 252.172.nitrous acid on, 1022. ----- nitro-salts of, 317.Propetone, 1388.- from protei‘d matters by the actionof pancreatic ferment, 1057.Pro pimine thiocyanate, and its deriva-tives, 664.Propionamidine hydrochloride andplatinochloride, 723.Propionic acid, chlorotribromo-, decom-position of, by alkaline hydroxides,663.up-dibromo-, action of, onethyl malonate, 991.* -- tetrabromo-, and its salts, 664.Propionic acids, substituted, 663.Propionitrile, transformation of, in thePropionylcodeine, and its derivatives,Propyl glycol, action of aldehyde on, 35.--organkm, 1061.61425413 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Propyl nitrite, preparation of, by doubledecomposition, 1110.Propplaniline, 1376.Propylbenzoic acid, 1009.Propglcarbamide, dibromo-, and its deri-Propyleneacetnl, 35.Propylenecarbamide, bromo-, and itsderivatives, 733.Propyleneglycolcarboxylic acid, 1301.Propyleneoxycarboxylic acid, and its de-Propylethylquinoline, 1376.Propylidene-acetic acid, 423.Propylidene-diacetic acid, 423.Propglnaphthalene, preparation of, 1357.Propylphenyl cyanide, 1009.Propylphenylamine, deriratives of,Propylphenylcarbamide, 1008.Propylphenylthiooarbamide, 1008.Propylphenylthiocarbimide, 1008.Propylpiperidines, 1196.y-Propyl-pyridine, 759.Propy lpy ridines, 1196.Prosopite, 22, 266.- from Colorado, 22.Protalbumose, 1389.Protein-compounds, changes which theyundergo by the action of pancreaticferment, 1056. - vegetable, solubility of, in watercontaining hydrochloric acid, 1390.Protococeus piuvialis, constant produc-tion of oxygen by the action of sun-light on, 201.Protoplasm, aldehydic nature of, 202.Prout’s hypothesis, 550.Pseudacetopyrroline, 289, 291, 1044. - action of bromine on, 289, 291.Pseudacetyl-a-carbopyrrolic acid, and itsPseudobutylene bromide, dichloro-,Pseudocumidine, derivatives of, 1318.Pseudoindoxyl, 73.- isonitroso-, 74.Pseudoisatin, 73.Pseudoisatin-a-ethyloxime, 74.Pseudoisatin-a-oxime, 74.Pseudomorphine, and its derivatives,Pseudotriacetonalkamine, 1290.Pseudotriacetonine, 1291.Pseudotropine, and aome of its deriva-Pteris aquilina, analysis of, and of itsPtomaine hydrochloride, influence of,Ptomalnes, 342, 343, 469, 617, 618,vatives, 732.rivu tives, 1301.1007.methyl salt, 1045.295.616.tives, 761.ash, 207.on nerves and muscles, 618.1056.Ptoma’ines, so-called, in relation to toxi-cological researches, 342, 469.Pulvic acid, constitutional formula of,841.Pulvinic acid, products of the reductionand of oxidation of, 841.Purpurin, oxidation of, 1040.Purpurogallin, 175.Putrefaction, in%uence of high pressures- loss of nitrogen by organic matterPyridic hydrides, synthesis of, 1047.Pyridine, action of phthalic anhydride- bases, action of alcoholic iodides-- action of boiling water on thefrom coal-tar, 611.-- process for preparing dye-- - reaction for, 1438.-- synthesis of, 1195. - compounds, 944.- constitufion of, 1193. - derivatives, 1048, 1195, 1368. -- and condensation of, 758. - dibromo-, 1195. - di- and tri-chloro-, 1195, 1369. - propiodide, action of heat on,- and benzene, relation between,y-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1194.-- - from y-isopropylpyridine,on, 1399.during, 1214, 1417.on, 335.on, 612, 759.platinochlorides of, 612. --stuffs from, 798.1195.758.1048.Pyriclinedicarboxylic acid, 173, 758,1048. - - and some of its salts,758.Pyridinedisulphonic acid, and its salts,1195. -- formation of, from piperidine,Pyridinemonocarboxylic acid, 337. - - copper salt of, 758.Pyridines, methylated, eondeneatioa-PJ rites, cobalt-, nickel- and iron-,- estimation of sulphur in, 492.- residues, zinc from, 788. - Spanish, and Massachusetts, corn-Pjrocoll, 176.- derivatives of, 292. - perchloro-, action of phosphoruspentachloride on, 176. --- perchloro-octochloride or perchio-ride of, 292.- syntheeis of, 585, 725.945.products of, 335.1098.position of, 230INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1547Pyrocoll, tetrabromo-, 292.Pyrocressol, so-called, 79.Pyrodithiomolybdates, 1268.Pyroelectricity of blende, sodium chlo-rate, and boracite, 3.Pyrogallol, derivatives of, and theirrelation to daphnetin and aesculetin,1335. - electrolysis of, 175.- new reactmion for, 1078.Pyroligneous acid, occurrence of valero-from, lactone in, 1118. -- of the German Pharmacopoeia,371. -- removaI of furfuraldehydefrom, 1304.Pyromeconic acid, action of hydroxyl-rtmine on, 1302.Pyrometer, Boulier's, 543.Pyromucic acid, bromo-derivatives of,-- substitution-derivatives of,Pyrophthalone, and its derivatives,Pyrophyllite in anthracite, 273.Pyroracemic acid, hpdrazines of, 52.-- indogenide of, 76.Pyrostilpnite from St. Andreasberg,403.Pyrosulphuric chloride, heat of forma-tion of, 250.Pyrotartaric acid, action of aniline on,1006. -- new method of formation of,and a new reaction for, 1123. - chloride, reduction of, 297.Pvrotartrylfluoresce'in, 1019.Pyrotritartaric acid, action of brominePyroxene, cupriferous variety of, 272. - relation between the optical pro-perties and chemical composition of,971.1305.1305.335.on, 993.- synthesis of, 11 05.Pyrroline, action of acetic anhydride- action of alkaline hypochlorites and- blue colouring matter from, 740. - derivatives, synthesis of, 1368. - dyestuffs, 1045. - group, 586. -- series, decomposition-products of,- tetrachloro-, and the synthesis of,Pyruvic acid, uvitonic acid from, 759.- ureydes, 957.and benzoic anhydride on, 1044~hypobromites on, 1367.1045.292, 293.Q9Quartz, estimation of, in siliceous rocksand soils, 872.Quartz-trachyte covered with a depositfrom the Echinus Geyser, pebble of, 28.Quassic acid, 1193.Q,wasside, 1192.Q,uassin and its constitution, 1192. - preparation of, 908.Quercetin and its derivatives, 846. - derivatives of, 1365.Quinaldic acid, and its salts, 185.Quinaldine, and its derivatives, 756.- bases, 183, 1373. - dichloro-, 1028.- formation of, 1373. - homologues of, 1375. - methiodide, 184.- nitro- and amido-derivatives of,- preparation of, 183, 337. - preparation of, on the large scale,Quinaldinecarboxylic acids, and theirQuinaldinesulphonic acids, 1373.Quinaldines, preparat,ion of, '757.Quinidine, constitution of, 86.Quinine, action of aromatic aldehydes-- of benzyl chloride on, 465.- and the formation of an anhy-dride from, 1384. - chloride, 1383.- compound of, with chloral, 186. - constitution of, 86. - e th y lcyanide, 338.- mono- and di-chloracetate of, 465. - oxidation-products of, 1383, - phenolsulphonate, 339. - sulphate, assay of, 1080.Quininic acid, 86.Quinisatic acid, and its salts, 79.Quinisatin, 78, 1029.Quinisatoxim, 1029.Quinizine-derivatives, constitution of,Quinol, action of aniline on, 591. -- phosphorus pentachloride on,- mixed ethers of, 1138. - monochloro-, 429.Quinoline, and its derivatives, 756. - bases formed by the addition ofhalo'id ethereal salts to, 1050.-- bases, process for preparing dye-stuffs from, 798. - compounds, 944.- derivatives of, 1048. -- method for the synthesis1373.337.salt?, 1200.on, 466.1377.429.of, 10301548 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Quinoline derivatives, synthesis of, 1198. - ethobromide, action of nacent hy-drogen on, 1051. - ethoxy-, 1049. - metachloro-, and its derivatives,- paradibromo-, and its derivatives,s- the ammonium bases derived from,- trichloro-, synthesis of, 1050.a-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, and its salts,185./3-($uinolinecarboxylic acid, a-chloro-,and u-ethoxy-, 1020.Q uinolinem e tacarboxy lic acid, somederivatives of, 1197.Quinolinemethyl hydride, physiologicalproperties of, 474.Quinolinequinol, 1371.Quinolinequinone, and its deriratives,Quinolines, methylated, condensation-Quinone, action of acetic chloride on,- action of various substances on,- derivatives, 58.- diiodo-, 431. - tri- and tetra-chloro-, 431.Quinonechlorimide, dibromo-, prepara-tion of, 594. - diiodo-, 431. - trichloro-, 431.Quinone-dianilide, mono- and di-chloro-,Quinonedimethylanilinimide, trichloro-,Quinone-dimethylanilide, diiodo-, 431.Quinonehydrodicarboxylic acid, and itsQu-nonephenolimide, dibromo-, 594.Quinones, constitution of, 429.Quinonimide hydrochloride, trichloro-,Quinophthalone, Traub’s, 335.Quinoterpene, 1191.Quinovic acid, and its derivatives, 1191.Quinorin group, 1191.Quinovite, 1191.Quinoxalines, 1052.1196.757.1357.13’70.products of, 335.430.429.431.595.derivatires, 834.431.R.Radiant heat, influence of, on the grow-Radiant matter spectroscopy, 241.Radiation, energy, and temperature,ing parts of plants, 626.relation between, 249.Radiation spectra,, infra-red, 1.Rails, testing of, 520.Rain collected a t Rothamsted, ammo-nia, chlorine, and sulphuric acid in209.Rain-water, ammonia in, 104.Rainfall, influence of, on the wheatcrop, 206.Ralstonite, 265.Rays of high and low refrangibility,Red clover, American, 920.Reductions with zinc and ammonia,Refractory earths, influence of titanicRefuse, nitrogenous, manurial value of,Rennet, Blumenthal’s prepared, 535.- ferment from the seeds of WithaniCccoagulans, 535.Resacetophenone, 66.Resin essences and oils, 843.ReYins, red, known as dragon’s blood,Resorcinol, action of aniline on, 591.-- benzaldehyde and of acet--- chloral hydrate on, 598.-- diazobenzene hydrochloride- mononitroso-, ethereal mlts of,- oxide, and nitro-, 1139. - t?rinitro-, derivatives of, 1004.Resorcinols, nitro-, 174.Resorcinolsulphonic acid, a- and u-amido-, 1354, 1355.Resocyanin, constitution of, 736.Respiration in a superoxygenated atmo-- influence of, on elimination, 91.Respiratory combustion, by yeast-cells,Retene, 1040.Retistene-fluorene alcohol, 104.Q.Retistene-glycollic acid, 1040.Retistene-ketone, 1040.Retistene-quinone, 1040.Retort furnaces with gaseous fuel, 509.Rezbanyite, a new mineral species, 266.Rhabdite, in the Cranbourne meteorite,Rhabdophane and scovillite, identity of,Rhodium, a compound of, 400.- salt, a new, 660.Rhdonite, artificial production of, 164,- from Via, 164.Rhodope, tracliyte region of, 414.Rice culture in Japan, 672.separation of, 241.some, 301, 665.acid on tho fusibility of, 784.211.462.aldehyde on, 507, 598.on, 1146.1003.sphere, 911.857.417.827.565INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1549Rice, Perurisn (Chenopodium Qui?zon),- system on which, may be used inRichellite, a new mineral species, 1102.Ripidolite from Mont Blanc, analysisRivers, sewage-contaminated, self-puri-Rock from the Volcano Yate, andRocks, decay of, geologically considered,- of Noyang, analyses of, 972. - of the Yellowstone Park, analysesof, 28.- supposed prc-Cambrian, of St.David's, 411.Roemerite, 269.Roots, composition of, 861. - of various plants, influence of theamount of soil on the developmentof, 626.Rosa centiyolia, flowers of, analyses of,97.Rosanilines, possible number of homo-logous and isomeric, 739.Roseo-salts, relation between luteo-saltsand, 1093.Rosin spirit, two butyltoluenes occur-ring in, 300.Rosolic acid, as an indicator, 691, 869. -- salts and ethers of, 1339.Rotation, left-handed, determining, withthe Scheibler-Ventzke-Soled polari-scope, 691.Rubeanhydric acid, so-called, 1109.Rubellan, 1105.Ruficoccine, 84.Rum, formic acid in, 378.Ruminants, effect of copper on the orga-Russian petroleum, researches on, 936.Rutile, conversion of, into ilmenite,- from the itacolumite of EdgeRye grain, contribution to a knowledge- manuring experiments with, 103. - meal, separation of wheat mealcultivation of, in Austria, 769.brewing, 235.of, 4Q3.fication of, 932.analyses of, 973.567.nism of, 474.1104.Hill, Pa., 270.of, 532.from, 376.S,Saccharic acid, antimony derivatives of,424.Saccharimeters, new observation tubefor, 1219.Saccharin, 171.VOL.XTlVI.Saccharin, action of sodium-amalgamSaccharine liquors, purification of, 645,Saccharogen, 914.Saccharometers, half-shadow, facilitn-Saccharose, formation and accumula-- physiological functions of, 345.Saculmic acid, 923.Saculmin, 923.Saaorite from Schneeberg and Bieber,- and spathiopyrite, identity of, 405.Safmle, and its constitution, 1338,1339.Sagvandite, 564.Sails, methods used by fishermen for" barking )' and in other ways pre-serving, 800.Sainfoin, experiments with, a t Grignon,1883, 1070.Salicin, synthesis of, from syntheticalhelicin, 439.Salicyl orcinol ether, and its derivatives,312.Salicylaldehyde, action of zinc chlorideon, 1164.Salicjlethylene nitrophenol ethers, 436.Salicylic acid, action of, on starch, 233.-- action of phenyl phosphateon the sodium salt of, 326. - - action of phosphorus oxy-chloride on the neutral potassiumsalt of, 335. -- boiling points of the etherealsalts of, 897. -- detection of, in dietetic sub-stances, 372 -- in beer and wine, 778.-- influence of, on alcoholic fer-a-metamido-, action of ben-on, 574.791.ting the use of, 1236.tion of, in the bet?t,476.1098, 1099.mentation, 764.zoic chloride on, 308.--Salicylphenol, and its derivatives, 311.Salicylresorcinol, and its derivatives,- ether, and acetyl-derivative, 311.Saline solutions, cohesion of, and of-- freezing point of, 1248.-- very dilute, electric conduc-tivity of, 881, 882.Salt as manure, 866.Salt solutions, molecular volurncs of, 658. -- normal, specific gravity of,Salt works of Giraud in France, 513.Saltpetre, Chili, rubidium, cmium, li-- effect of, on the growth of pota-311.their admixtures, 2251.144.thium, and boric acid in, 968.toes, 361.5 1550 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Saltpetre (potassium nitrate), depositof, a t Cochabamba, Bolivia, 1271.Salts, certain, comparative nitrifyingaction of, 1417. - containing water, dissociation of,and relation of the dissociation to themolecular volume of the combinedwater, 952.- curves of eolubility of, 807. - decomposition of, by water, 807. - dehydrating action of, 1251. - densities of solutions of, 251. - heat of hydration of, 803. - hydrated, electrolysis of, 654. - melting points of, 3. - neutral, relative absorption of, inthe human stomach, 193. - of ammonium, the amines, thealkali metals, and the alkaline earths,physiological action of, 348. - of bivalent metals, freezing pointsof solutions of, 808. - of the aikali metals, freezing pointsof solution of, 701. - solubility of, 887. -- in water a t high tempera-- various, comparative nitrifying- water of crystallisation of, 806.Samarskite, analysis of, 111.- from Berthier Co., Quebec, 894.Sanitation of large towns and value ofthe refuse matter from them, 642.Santonous acid, products of the decom-position of, 327.Saponetin, 334.Saponin, and its acetyl-derivatives, 463. - from Saponaria oflcinalis, 332. - position of, in the roots of certainplants, 847. - products of decomposition of, 334.Sarcosine, 994. - anhydride, and its salts, 994. - formation of urea from, 1394.Sarcosine-mesouric acid, 1129.- bromo-, 1128.Sarcosine-uric acid, 1128." Scab," in potatoes, 1419.Scales of temperature and molecularweights, 804.Scapolite and plagioclase minerals,chemical resemblance between, 567. - group, 566.Scatole, synthesis of, 4%.- transformation of, into indole, 458.Schists, crystalline, of Kaiserberg, inSchreibersite, in the Cranbourne meteo-Schweizer's solution, 957.tures, 254.effect of, 924.Styria, 412.rite, 417.ovillite, a new phosphate of didgmium,yttrium, and other rare earths fromSalisbury, Conn., 26.Scovillite, "and rhabdophane, identityof, 827.Sea-mud, 106.Sea-water, influence of the salts of, on- physical properties of, 889.- solid and gaseous constituents of,Secondary amines, action of sulphonicSeed tubers, effect of drying, on theSeeds, effect of drying on the germina--of forest trees, mineral constituents- of Leguminosae, occumence OF citricacid in, 1304. - of various sizes, plants from, 352. - ratio of nitrogen to phosphoricacid in, 1404.- relation between chemical meta-morphosis and transforniatiori offorces during the germination of,1207.manuring with, 867. --fresh-water animals, 620.31.chloride on, 285.yield of potatoes, 624.tion of, 629.Of) 353.- valuation of, 200.Selenium minerals, from Cachenta, 406.Separators (cream), comparison of, 1447.Serradella a t various ages, compositionand digestibility of, 206.Sesame seed, properties of, and beha-viour of, in the animal system, 852.Skrres blue, manufacture of, 644.Sewage, methods used for the disposalof, 642.-use of carbolic acid in the disin-fection of, 697. - ulilisation of, 1418.Sewage-contaminated rivers, self-purifi-Sewer slime, manurial vdue of, 107.Sheep, urine of, 1204.Shellac, refining of, 380.Silage, 864.- changes which take place in the- composition of, 770.Silent discharge, action of, on oxygenand nitrogen in presence of chlorine,710. -- compounds obtained by meansof gas batteries and, 1242.Silesian farm without cattle, 636.Silfbergite, 409.Silica, artificial pseudomorphism of,- estimation of, in ores, 493. - function of, in the vegetation ofcation of, 932.conversion of hay into, 772.895.maize, 201INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1551Silica, importance of, in the culture of- soluble, preparation of, 958. - vitreous and ordinary amorphous,Silicates, artificial production of, 564.- quantitative separation of potashand soda from ferric oxide, alumina,lime, and magnesia in, 110.Silicon fluoride arid hydride, spectra of,649.-- heat of formation of, 1246, - -- temperature of solidification- line epectra of, 242.Silken goods, process for finishing, withSilkworms, development and nutrition- in their different stages, analyses- Japanese (Bomhyx mori), develop-Silver chloride, action of light on, 1238.-- bromide, and iodide, actionof bromine and iodine on, 393, 556. -- displacement of chlorine bybromine in, 1245. - compounds, with, 8, As, and P,156. - cyanide, detection of, 118. -- reactions with, 118. - electrochemical equivalent of,- extraction of, from ores hy means- ferricyanide, reactions with, 118. - ferrocyanide, reactions with, 118. - iodide, dimorphism of, 16. -- relation between the pressureand the temperature of transforma-tion of, 1260.- nitrate and ammonia, 261. -- reaction between mercuriccyanide and, in presence of ammonia,168.oats, 1211.1258.of, €31’7.amber. ’799.of, 1202.of, 668.merit and nutrition of, 66’7.1089.of sodium thiosulphate, 1084.- nitrite and ammonia, 157.I_ nitrocyanide, 168. - permeability of, to oxygen, 961. - toughening, in the melting crucible,Sinapic acid, and its salts, 138’7.Sinapine, investigations on. I. SinapicSkim-milk, estimation of the fat in,-- utilisation of, 534.Skrivanoff’s cell (pocket form), 881.Slag, basic, crystalline appearance of,__. process for the recovery of, 1226.Slags, formation and use of, 1226.1445.acid, 1387.1435.1085.Slags, phosphatic, utilisation of, 783,Sleepers, solution for the preservationSmaltine from Schneeberg, 1100.Soap analysis, 223.Soap varnishes, 648.“ Soda caustique,” Renz’s, 1088.- industry, notes on, 643, 1442. - ,quantitative separation of, fromferric oxide, alumina, lime, and mog-nesia in silicates, 110.Soda-lime, preparation of, 639.Sodium, a new microchemical test for,- alcoholate, heat of dissolution- alcoholates and sodium salts of or-ganic acids, action of carbonic oxideon mixtures of, 38. -- heats of formation and dis-solution of, 142. - arsenite and arsenate, behaviourof, with indicators, 869, 870. - bicarbonate, preparation of, 712. - calcium carbonate from the crudesoda solution of Leblanc’s process,1442. - carbonate, artificial, history of tliopreparation of, from common salt,16.1228.of, 1233.366.of, 4.- chlorate, pyroelectricity of, 3.- chloride as a manure, 926. -- electrolysis of, 541. --- and its indushial appli-cations, 248. - fluorides, heat of formation of,546. - hydrogen carbonate, estimationof, in presence of normal carbonate,869. - hydroxide, estimation of small pro-portions of, in presence of large quan-tities of carbonates, 869.preparation of, 15. - malonic ether, action of ethyl-- mercaptide, action of sulphur on,- nitrite, commercial, 514.- nitrosophenol, preparation of, 1003. - polysulphides, 1260. -- stannate, analysis of, 498.- sulphate, formation of, in bricks,-__. heat of dissolution of, 4. -- maximum solubility of, 556. - sulphites, normal and acid, heats- thiosulphate, dimorphism of, 819.Soil, arable, assimilation of the organic--a-bromisovalerate on, 423.1282.127.of solution of, 803.matter of, 2081552 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Soil, behaviour of zinc salts with plants- chemical changes in, 633.- effect of water holding sodiumchloride and zinc sulphate in solutionon, 856. - influence of a crop and shelter onthe physical properties of, 922. - influence of artificial manures OEthe physical properties of, 210.I_ influence of the amount of, on thedevelopment of rootp of variousplants, 6%6.and in the, 1408.- of barley plots, nitrogen in, 687. - of bean plots, nitrogen in, 687. - of clover plots, nitrogen in, 687.- of root plots, nitrogen in, 687.- sandy, manuring with kainite andbone-meal, 868.- some of the changes which thenitrogenous niatter in, experiences,490.-- tempemture in relation to the airtemperature, 357.- which had been removed from itsoriginal position and subsequently re-placed, fertility of, 773.acid in, 871.acid in, 868.357.680.Soils, analysis of, 921.- arable, estimation of phosphoric- assimilnbility of the phosphoric- a t Rothamsted, nitric acid in,- certain, in Japan, examination of,- chemical study of, 677. - different, rich in humus, and theirbehaviour with water, 632. - heavy, raw, how to bring, into cul-tivation, 1412.- micro-organisms in, 486. - of experimental fields st Rotham-sted, determinations of nitrogen in,and bearing of the results on thequestion of the sources of nitrogen ofour crops, 682.- of experimental mixed herbageplots, nitrogen in, 690. - of experimental wheat plots, nitro-gen in, 685. - of Melilotus Zeucantha and whiteclover plots, iiitrogen in, 688. - phosphates in, 14<24. - thermal conductivitp of, 923.- use of gypsum and its mode ofaction as a dressing for, 1418.Soja bean, notes on, 918.Solar rays, influence of, on the tempera-- tenipernture, approximate estima-ture of trees, 917.tion of, 211.Solid bodies, perfect elasticity of, 255. - substances, solubility of, in w.aterat various temperatures, 1090.Solids and liquids and gases, a new rela-tion between, 256.- determination of the density of,by means of the sp. gr. bottle, 213.influence of pressure on the tem-perature of volatihation of, 252.Soluble substances in dilute solutionsand water, attraction between, 1065.Solution, nature of, 253.- thermal effect of, 1244.Solutions, dilute, electrical conductivitySolvents, general law of freezing of,Sorbin, action of cupric hydroxide on,Sorgho-sugar making in America, 699.Sorghum halepense, cultivation of, 921.Sowing, effect of depth of, on the gcrmi-nation and growth of plants, 1404.Spark-spectra emitted bp metallic ele-ments under varying conditions, 801.Sparteine and its derivatives, 337.Spathiopyrite and safflorite, identity of,405.Specific gravities of several organiccompounds at temperatures near theirmelting points, 1089. - -- of normal salt solutions, 144. - heat of mellite, 1644. - volumes of saturated and unstttu-rated alkyl salts and hydrocarbons, 8.-- of some double chlorides,956.-- of liquids, 147, 1252.Spectra, infra-red, 1. --- radiation, of metallicvapours, 1237. - of silicon fluoride and hydride,649. - ultra-violet spark, emitted by me-tallic elements, and their combinationsunder varying conditions, photo-graphic inrestigations of, 137.Spessartite, artificial production of, 410.Sphene, artificial production of, 565.Spheroidal state, 957.Spice, champion, 865.Spices, exaniination of, 642.Spirit, artichokes a source of, 526. - preparation of, 132.Spjrogjra, albumin in, 343.Splenic fever, inoculation against, withSpodumene fi*om Dakota, 23.Spi-outing of grai:i, chemical changes in-Stables, Stnssfurt salts as absorbents in,-of, 1241.9.52.1112.Pastenr’s protective lymph, 914.duced by, 200.491INDEX OF SUBJECTS, 1553Standard soap solution, 1072.Stannnte of soda, analysis of, 498.Stanno-platinic compound3, 823.Stannous salts, estimation of, by potas-sium chromate, 1078.- selenide, action of hydrochloricacid on, 19. - sulphide, action of hydrochloricacid on, 18. - telluride, action of hydrochloricacid on, 19.Starch, action of acetic anhydride andacetic chloride on, 420. -- dilute acetic acid on, 284. -- dilute hydrochloric acid on,721. - behaviour of, in the presence ofinorganic and organic acids, 36, 574. - behaviour of, towards gases, 1250. - estimation of, in food, 930. - iodine reaction of, 576.- manufacture of, 1234.-- from maize, 528.- potato, preparation of, 134. - relation of red colouring matter ofthe phanerogams to the migration of,1402. - soluble, 36. - varieties detected by the swellingprocess, 370.Starch-grains, chemical nature of, 575.Starch-paste and swollen starch, differ-Starch-sugar, occurrence of, in a com-Starches, &c., estimation of moisture in,Stature, influence of, on the interchangeStearic acid, amido-, 89.Stearocutic acid, 859.Stearoxime, 1115.Stearyl chloride, 1126.Steel, analyses of, 1231. - castings, evolution of gas from,787. - modern processes for the maniifac-ture of,and the properties alid methodsof testing these materials, 519.-new method of estimating carbonin, 1427. - so-called burning of, 935.Stephanite, crystal of, frvm WhealSterile soil from California, 486.Stibnite from Japan, 22.Stomach, human, alteration of cane--- relative absorption of neutralStone, artificial, preparation of, 379.- fruit, ratio of flesh to stone in, 477.ence between, 576.mercial raspberry- juice, 778.927.of matter and energy, 1393.Newton, 405.sugar in, 91.salts in, 193.Stonework, process for preserving andStony concretions in animals, 340.Stratiotes aloldes, constituents and pro‘perties of, and its use as a manure108.Straw, aerobic and anaerobic fermentation of, 1412, 1413. - effect of high farming on theamount of nutritious matt,er in, 772.Straw-litter and peat-litter, compositionof, 1418.Strontia process, recovary of sugar by,133.Strontia-sugar, production of, frommolasses, b ) Scheibler’s process,1236.Strontium compounds, recovery of,394. - hydroxide, preparation of, 712,1229.- monosaccharate, table of the solu-bility of, in water a t different tem-peratures, 134.rolouring, 880.- oxpsulphide, 1263.- separation of, from calcium, 497,- sulphate, process for working up,-- solnbility of, in acids, 813.Strychnic acid, 188.Strychnine, a product of the action of- behaviour of, in the animal orga-- conversion of brucine into, 88.- ethylcyanide, 338.- solubility of, and preparation ofsome of i t s salts, 187.Styphnic acid, derivatives of, 1004.Styrene dibromide, orthonitro-, 66.- dibromo-, action of bromine-- orthonitro-, action of sulphuric- paranitro-, and its dibromide, 604.Stjrolene, metanitro-, and its dibromide,- orthonitrochloro-, and orthamido-Sitberin, 860.Sublimates, apparatus for obtaining,Subsoils at Rothamsted, nitric acid in.Succinic acid, di-isonitroso-, and its salts,- chloride, action of phosphorusSuccinimide, derivatives of, 1115.Succirubm bark, natural and renewed,1077.1225.potassium permmganate on, 188.nism, 188.Tapour on, 603.acid on, 66.1175.chloro-, 1030.364.357.584.pentachloride 011, 4.0.analysis of, 919.5 m 1554 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Sugar, action of carbonic anhydride on- analysis, 502, 503.I_ distribution of, in beet, and theposition in the beet of the meanamount of sugar, 766.calcareous solutions of, 419.- estimation of, in beetroot, 642.-- in pure aqueous solutions,- examination of, 1219. - factories, use of magnesium sul-phite and ferric chloride in, 939. - improvements in the maiiuiictureof, 1235. - recovery of, by the strontia pro-cess, 133.I_ refinery, working of, 791. - refining of, by means of concen-- separation of, from molasses, 133,- sorglio-, making in America, 699.-- Steffen’s process for obtaining,Sugar-cane, researches on, 1212.Sugars, action of cupric hydroxide on,- some reactions of, 778.SunAower-seed cake as fodder for milchcows, 483.Sunlight, action of, on water and oilcolours used in dyeing and printing,700.Sulphamineparapropylbenzoic acid andsome of its salts, 456, 457.a- and P-Sulphaminephthalic acid, de-rivatives of, 380.Sulphrtnilazocumenol, potassium salt of,1147.Sulphides, conversion of, into sulphates,1092.- formed by pressure, infiuence ofrepeated compression on the amountSulphonic acids, amido-, aromatic,- derivatives, action of chlorine on,Sulplioparah~ droxybenzoic acid and itsa- and P-Sulpliophthalic arid and itsSulphorthotolylazometacrcsol, 902.Sulphur, action of, on oxides, 959. - atomic refraction of, 149. - compounds, certain, action of-- volatile organic, analysis of,- crystallisation of, 889, 1254. - estiiiiation of, in organic com-1219.trated acetic acid, 790.527, 1447.from molasses, 1235.1111.of, 959.acetyl-derivatii es of, 1024.1127.salts, 446.salts, 320.potassium perrnttnganate on, 151.1215.pounds, 500.Sulphur, estimation of, in pyrites,- experiments to combine mlphur- from the fumaroles of Montecito- octohedral, solidification of, 390. - oxychlorides, heat of formation of,- red, 391.- salts derived from phosphorus tri-- Schaff iier and Helbig’s process for- superfused, duration of the solidi--- soliciification of, 389.Sulphuric acid, action of, as a manure,-- as a manure, 926.-- density of’, 1256.-- dilute, electrolysis of, 654.-- estimation of, in presence of-_ - formation of, in the lead-- Japanese, lead-chamber de--- loss of nitre in the nianufac--- manufacture of, 126.--I_ free from arseiiic and-- - from pyrites in America,--- in America, 230.Sulphurous acid and its salts, titiation- anhydride, cornpounds of, 1226.-- in tlic air of Lille, 710.- chloride, conversion of, into disul-Superphosphate as manure, 867.Supcrphosphates, a cause of the differ-ences noticed in the estimation of,639.492.with, 1255.in the Islaud of Ischia, 1099.250.sulphide, 555.the recovery of, 228.fication of, 553.775.organic matter, 109.chambers, 693.posit from, 392.ture of, 1222.selenium, 126.1082.of, 776.phur dichloride, 1255.- action of, on the soil, 1071.- analysis of, 1426. - estimation of phosphoric acid in,- influence of, on the quality of the- retrogression of, 1214.-use ot; 925.Syenite, Biellere, presence of yttriumSylvic acid, and the hydrocarbon fromFyntlict icnl mineralogical studied, 565.Syntonin, 1383.Syssderite of Atacama, anaijsis of the1424.yield, 360.in the spheile of, 158.it, 1364.sockg portion of, 414INDEX OF SUBJECTS.1555Syssiderite of Lodran, geological his-tory of, 41’7.T.Tachylyte of the Western Isles of Scot-Talc, alteration of, into anthophyllitc,- pseudomorphous after magnetite,Tannic acid, oakbark, 321.Tannin, acetylisation of, 1178. - action of air on solutions of, 1438. - and oak-bark tannin, behaviour of,towards various reagents, 1355. -- estimation of, 696, 1438. - extracts, examination of, 931. - function of, in plants, 628, 1209. - hemlock-, and some of its deriva-- in hops, behaviour of, towards the- oak-bark-, 1439.Tannins, bark, and some of their deriva-Tartar emetic, substitute for, in dyeing,Tartaric acid, estimation of, 372. -- from erythrol, attempt to ob-tain, by electrolytic oxidation, 29’7.-- trustworthiness of Berthelotand Fleurier’s method for the estima-tion of, 371.land, 570.272.273.tives, 1025.albuminoi’ds in malt, 527.tives, 1025.796.- glucoside, synthesis of, 1304.Tartr onamide, 11241.Tartonic acid, derivatives of, 1123. -- from glycerol, attempt to ob-tain, by electrolytic oxidation, 297.Tellurium, reactions of, 663.Tellurous anhydride, compounds of, withacids, 1256.Temperature, effect of, on the electro-motive force and resistance of bat-teries, 243. - influence of, on the rate of certainreactions, 1295. - radiation, and energy, relationbetween, 249. - regulator, 656, 883. - scale of, 804.Temperatures, constant, in the soil, in-Tephroite, 972.Terebic acid, and some of its derivatives,Terebilic acid, chloro-, and some of its-- derivatives of, 459.Terephthalaldoxime, and its ethyl- andfluence of, on plants, 916.459.salts, 460.acetyl-derivatives, 581.Terephthalamidine, and its salts, 1158.Terephthalic acid from isobutylbenzoicTerephthalonitrile, derivatives of, 1157.Terperie, from isoamylamine, synthesisTertiary alcoholic iodides, some reactions- amp1 compounds, rapour-densityTetracetamidodihydroxypheny lquinol,Tetracetamidodihy droxyp henylquinone,Tetracetylphenolglucoside, 439.Tetradecylene bromide, 1108.- preparation of, 571.Tetradecylidene, 1108.Tetrahydrazoresorufin, 1334.Tetrahydroanthracenecarboxjlic acid,Tetrahydronaphthalenedicarbosylic acidTetrahydronaphthalenesulphonic acids,Tetrahydroquinaldine, and its deriva-Tetrdiy droquinolinemetacarboxylicTetrahydrorthohydroxyquinaldine, andTetrahydrorthomethoxyquinaldine,Tetrahydroxamylidene - phosphoniumTetrahydroxethylidene - phosphoniumTetrahydroxybenzene, nitramido-, 58.Tetramethoxydiamidodiphenyl, and itsTetramethylallylrtlkine, 1114.Tetramethylamidobenzene, 1320.Tetramethylammonium cyanide, anddouble salts of silver cyanide with, 286.-- and its salts, 338.Tetramethylbenzene, 44.- and thiocarbimide and thiocarb-Tetramethylbenzidine, and its deriva-Tetrame thyldiamidodiphenylamine , oxi-Tetramethyldiamidotriphenylmethane,Tetramethyldie thylparaphenylammo-Tetramethylphenylene-safranine, 533.Tetramcthylpiperidine, moniodo-, 1290.Tetramethylsulphonamide, 285, 286.Tetmmethylthioaaniline, and its salts,Tetramethyluric acid, 1310.acid, 1010.of, 1190.of, 167.of, 1119.309.309.330.(PP), synthesis of, 907, 908.608.tives, 183.acid, 1197.its derivatives, 1374.1374.iodide, 1119.iodide, 1119.derivatives, 1330.amide of, 1320.tives, 747.dation of, 597.orthonitro-, 1315.nium iodide, 178.1141.5 m 1556 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Tetraphenylethane, 1034.- unsymmetrical, 326.Tetrethj lallylalkine, 11 14.Tetrethyldiamidotriphenylmethane,orthonitro-, and its amido- and colour-base, 1316.Tetrethylsafrsnine, 539.Tetric acid, and its homologues, 41.Tetronerythrin, 196.Teucrin, action of nitric acid on, 332.Thallium dihydrogen pyrophosphate,397.Thapsia resin, 460.Thapsic acid, and its salts, 461.Theba'ine, and its derivatives, 1201.Thenardite, and preparation of the arti-Thermic substitution constants, law of,Thienpl, 586.Thioaldehyde, oxidation of, 294.!L'hiocarbamidazobenzene, 114 9.Thiocarbamide, compounds of, withmetallic salts, 1017.Thiocarbimides, action of, on amido-acids, 907.Thiocarbonates, volumetric estimationof carbon bisulphide in, 1077.Thiocyanates, estimation of, 501.Thiodilactglic acids, 1298.Thiodiphenylamine, and its derivathes,595, 1156.Thioeosin, 1025.Thiofluoresce'in, 1025.Thiohydracrylic acid, 1299.Thioisophthalamide, 1157.Thiolactic acids, and their salts, 1298.Thiomolybdates, 161, 1268.Thiophene, artificial formation of, andits derivatives, 45.- chloro-, and iodo-derivatives of,1130,1131. - condensation-products of, withaldehydes, methylal, and benzylfirial variety, 969.883.al( 01101, 1000. - derivatives, nitration of, 1314. - group, 45, 586, 1130. - homologues of, 586, 1131. - iodonitro- and dibromodinitro-,- series, isomerism in, 1131. - simple condensation-products of,Thiophenecarbcxylic acid, 46.Thiophenenitrile, 46.Thiophenesulphonic acids, 45, 1133. -- derivatives of, 1130, 1133.Thiophenic acid, 46.Thiophthalic anhydride, 1025.Thiosulphuric acid, estimation of, 492. - - time of existence of, in aque-Thioterephfhalamide, 1158.1314.586.ous solution, 554.Thiotolene, and di- and tri- brorno-,1132.Thomsenolite, 265, 716.Thoria, separation of, from the otherThorite of Arendol, 406.Thymodialdehyde, 5'7.Thymol, derivatives of, 56.Thymol-chloral, 187.Thymoparacrylic acid, and its methyl-Thyro'id gland of men and oxen, chemi-Timbers, solution for the preservationTin, antimony, and arsenic, qualitative- bromine compounds of, 1265.- brucine as a test for, 498.Tinplate, estimation of lead in, 10'78.Tissues, determination of the rate ofconsumption of oxygen in, by meansof the spectroscope, 1391.Titanates, artificial production of certain,564.Titanic acids, gelatinous modification of,1093.-- influence of, on the fusibilityof refractory earths, 784. - oxide, separation of alumina, ferricoxide and, 640.Titanium, atomic weight of, 395.- double fluorides and oxyfluorides- monosulphide, 1093.Tobacco fat, 173.- manuring of, 362, 490.- smoke, wax-like body from, 173. - stems from Virginia, analysis of,Toluene, action of methylene chloride-- the induction spark on, 1243. - bromiso-orthodiamido-, 1143. - chloronitro-, Wachendorff 's, 1133. -. purest, of commerce, sulphur com-- tetra- and hexa-hydrides, fromToluenedisulphonic acid, parabromo-,Toluene-orthosulphinic acid, paramido-,Toluene-orthosulphonaniide, paramido-,Toluene-orthothiosulphonic acid, par-Toluene-parasulphinic acid, orthamido-,Tolneneparasulphonamide, orthamiclo-,- orthochloro-, 72.oxides, 111.derivative and salts, 57.cal constituents of, 1060.of, 1233.separation of, 7'77.of, 264.99.on, 1312.pound in, 46.resin essences, 8 a .and its derivatives, 70.and its salts, 454.and parachloro-, 73.amido-, 454.and its salts, 454.and its derivatives, 72INDEX OF SUBJECTS.1,557Tolueneparathiosulphonic acid, orth-Tolueneparasulphonic acid, orthochloro-,Toluenesulphamiiie, 454, 455.Toluic acid, nitro-, from nitro-meta-Toluidine, nitro-, action of ethylene bro-- - (m. p. 91.5') prepared fromToluidines, action of' cyanogen on, 1141.Toluquoinosaline, and its salts, 1053.Toluquinoline, deri! atives of, 1198,Toluquinone, tribromo-, action of potas-Toluglaldehjdes, and their derivatives,Toluylenediamine, 1316.Tolyldiphen ylcarbinolmetacarboxplicTo1 yld ip heny lmethane, 3 22.Tolyldiplienyliiietlianecarboxylic acid,Tolylatibine, and its derivatives, 1135.Tolylthiobiuret, and its acetyl-deriva-Topaz from Maine, U.S., 27.Tracliyte of Gleichenherg, action ofwater containing carbonic acid on,569.ainido-, and its salts, 453.73.isocymene, 46.mide on, 1142.liquid dinitrotoluene, 1316.1199.sium hydroxide on, 175.1161.acid, 323.322.tire, 1140.- region of the Rhodope, 414.Trees, influence of solar rays on theTriacetonealkamine, preparation of,Triacetonamine and its homologues,Triacetonine, 1290.- nitroso-, 1290.Triacetylfornianiiclil, 723.Triacetyl-triamidophenol, 309.Tribenzoylmethane, 64.Tribromhydrin, crude, a monobromo-glycol obtained by the saponificationTricalcium phosphate, preparation of,Tricnprylarnine, 985.Tricarbopyridinic acid, and its salts, 758.Triethoxybenzaldehyde, 68.Triethosy benzoic acid, 68, 1043.Trietlioxlyphenylpropionic acid, 68.a- and p-Triethylaesculetic acid, andTriethyldaplinetic acid, and its ethylTriethylgallic acid, and its salts, 1335.Triethylpyrogdlocarboxylic acid, 1335.Trihydroxydimethylpurin, 997, 998.temperature of, 917.1290.1290.1 1 1 ribeiizoylmesitylene, .1000.of, 57.892.their ethyl salts, 68.salt, 1042, 1043.Trihydroxyoleic acid, and its salts,Triisobutylphenylguanidine, 1010.Trimesitinic acid, and its salts, 758.Trimethylazobenzeneammonium iodide,Trimethylene-derivatires, 1154.Trimethjlene-ring, existenc e of, 992.Trimethylamine aurouhloride, 286, 577.Trimethylmediamine, and its salts, 1289.Trimethylenedicarboxylic acid, and its-- and its ethyl salt, 832.- and vinylmalonic acids, identityTrimethylenediethylalkine, 1115.Trimethylenemonocarboxylic acid, andits derivatives, 832.Trimethylenetetracarboxylic acid, andits salts, 1300.Trimethylenetricarboxylic acid, and itssalts, 992, 1300.Trimetl~~lhydi~oxethyla~nmonium liy-droxide, 1202.Triniethj 1-lencinc, periodide of, and theaction of silver hydroxide on, 425.Trimetliylpiperidiiie, iodo-, 1291.Trimethylpropylphenylammonium io-Trimethylquinaldine, 1 375.Trimethyluric acid, 1309.Trimethylvinylammonium hydroxide,Trioctvlamine, 984.Trioxymethylene, 170.Triparacresyl phosphate, 1338.Triphenyl phosphate, trinitro-, 1338.TriphenSlaniidometliane, action of halo-- a ~ c l its deriratives, 1031, 1032.Triphenylcarbinolcarboxylic acid, 323.Triphenylethane, 837.Triphenplethylaiiiine, and its hydro-Triphenylgnaiiidine, action of ethoxalylTriphenylnietliaue, amido-derivatives--violet.derivatives of, 606, 749.Triphcnglmethane - anhydrocarboxylicTriphenylmethanedicarboxylir: acid, 323.Tri phenylme t hy 1 bromide, reactions of,- tliiocyanate, 1030.Triphenylmethylamine, 899.Triplienylmet hyl-aniline, 1031, 1033.- nitroso-, 1031.Triphenylmethylaniline-sulphonic acid,Triplienylmethyl-benzylamine and its239.1149.anhydride, 992.of, 992.dide, 1006.1202.gens on, 1033.chloride, 1031.chloride on, 1159.of, 1031.acid, 323.1030.1032.hydrochloride, 10311558 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Triphenylmethyl-paratoluidine, nitroso-,Triphenylmethyl-toluidines, 1032.Triphenylphosphine oxide, nitro- andTriphenplthiocarbamide, 1321.Tripropylphenylguanidine, 1008.Tritochlorite ? 24.Tubes, coloured, for Nesslerising, 1072.Tungsten compounds, reduction of, 559.-- estimation of, 1429. - iron and steel, composition of,Tungstoborates, new, 1266.Turf fibre as cattle litter, 105.Turkey-red dyeing and printing withalizarin, abridged process for, 1238. -- - oil, composition of, tmd itsmodes of action, 238, 946.Turquoise found a t Alexandria, 269.Type metal, analysis of, 1429.1032.amido-, 1180.1231.U.Ulmin, natural and artificial, morph-ology and chemistry of, 923.Ultra-violet absorption spectra of albu-minoi’ds, 242.- spark spectra emitted by metallicelements and their combinationsunder varying conditions, photogra-phic investigations of, 137.Ultramarine, in a fine state of division,similarity of the behaviour of, to thatof metallic sulphides in the colloidalshte, 147.Umbelliferone, 1174.Uranium compounds, 825..__ mineral from Moss, and on theoccurrence of uranates generally,1L02.- nitrate or acetate from residues,397.Urea and inorganic salts, excretion of,with the urine under the influence ofan artificially increased temperature,1394. - estimation of, 122, 507. -- formation of, from sarcosin, 1394. - poisonous action of, 1398.Uric acid, constitution of, 426, 1310. - -- derivatives of, 996, 1188,Urinary pigment, a, 1059.Urine, alkaline bismuth solution as a- detection of mercapturic acid in,- dog’s, estimation of chlorides and1308.test for glucose in, 1433.1395.chlorates in, 1423.Urine, elimination of hjpophosphites by,- estimation of iodine in, 1423.- estimation of the total nitrogen in,1440. - excretion of urea and inorganicsalts with, under the influence of anartificially increased temperature,1394- extraction of indogitin and indi-rubin from, 1059. - hemialbumose in, 854. - influence of intellectual activity onthe elimination of phosphoric acid by,1394. - occurrence of glycerolphosphoricacid in, 1053. - of cows and sheep, 1204. - paytially oxidised sulphur in,347. - proportion of incompletely oxi-dised phosphorus contained in, 013. - source of hippuric acid in, 1057. - Volliard’s volumetric estimation ofchlorides in, 14$24.Urobilin, febrile, 197.Uroerylhrin, 198.Urohaematin, and Harley’s, 197.Uromelanin, lC60.Urorubin, 1059.Uvitonic acid, formation of, from pyru-vic acid, 359.1038.V.Valerie acid, a-isonitroso-, 42.Valero-betayne, derivatives of, 425.Valeyolactone, occurrence of, in psro-Vanadates of the alkali-metals, prepara-Vanadic acid, sulphur-derivatives of,yanadio-molybdates, 561.Qanadio- tungstates, 562.Vanadio-vanadico-molybdates, 714.Vttnadio-vanudico-trlngstates, 715.Vanadium, diffusion of, in the mineraland vegetable kingdoms, 159.Vanillin and dimethylaniline, condensrt-tion-product, of, 1316.- preparation of, 1343.Vapour, arising from electrified surfacesof liquids, electrical neutrality of,243.Vapour-densities, determination of, bygaseous displacement under low andvariable pressures, 886.ligneous acid, 1118.tion of, 395.1269.Vnpour-density apparatus, 956INDEX OF SUBJECTS.1559Vapours evolved on heating iron, &c.,at atmospheric pressures, spectrosco-pic examination of, 801.Variolite, a t IIausdorf, in Silesia, 408.Vasculose, 858.Vaugnerite a t Trigny (Rhone), 4Q5.Vegetable acids, part played by, incausing the tmgescence of cells,1064. - extracts, estimation of amides in,1438. - fibres, method of imparting theappearance of silk to, ’799. - juices and extracts, detection ofasparngine and glutamine in, 373. - - - estimation of ammoniain, 373. - organisms, poisonous effects ofarsenic, zinc, and lead, on, 1407. - tissues, behsviour of, towardsgases, 1250. -- constituents of, 858. -- nature of the gitses containedVegetables used as food in Japan, and“ Vegetaline,” 1088.Vegetation, influence of weather on,Verdigris, adulteration of, 1236.Vermilion, explanation of the met pro-Vesuvian, decomposition-proclucts of,Yicia f a b c , occurrence of viciii iu, 1405.Vicia villosa, cultivatiou of, 769.Vicin, occurrence of, in broad beansVine diseases and their remedies, 481.Vinegar, testing for free sulphuric acidVines, manuring, 103. - sulphuring of, 629.Vinejards, artificial manures for, 63’7.- manuring of, 1421.Vinyl bromide and tribromide, actionof benzene on, in presence of alurni-nium chloride, 753, 754. - methyl ether, dichloro-, 1282.Vinyldiacctonalkarnine, 1291.VinTldiacctonamine, 1291.Vinyldiacetonine, 1291.Vinylnialonic acid, and its clerivatives,-- - and trimethvlenedicarboxylicViola-quercitrin, a new glucoside, 1191.Vitreous humour of the human eye,Volcanic ashes from the last eruption ofVolcanoes of Northern California,in, 670.analyses of them, 6’74.856.cess for the manufacture of, 964.566.(Yiciafuba), 1405.in, 215.295.acid, identity of, 99s.albumino’ids in, 198.Krakatoa, 415.Oregon, aiid Washington, 28.Volhard’s volumetric estimation of theVoltaite, 1103.Voltameter, weight, for measuring elec-Voltzine, cr? stallised, 1101.Volume, change in, on melting, 1080.Volumes, law of smallest, 12.Volumetric analysis, 213.Vulpic acid, derivatives and constitu-tional formula of, 841.chlorides in urine, 1424.tric currents, 654.W.Water, absorption of, by flower petals,- absorption spectrum of, ’701.- analysis, the ammonia process for,696. - athaction between soluble sub-stances in dilute solutions and, 1065. - colour of, 259. - distilled, electrical conductivity of,1241. - estimation of organic matter in,369. - holding sodium chloride and zincsulphate in solution, effect of, on thesoil and on plants, 856. - microscopic examination of, fororganic impurities, 221. - of a thernial spring in the Islandof Pantellaria, analpis of, 1105. - of the Danube above Vienna inthe year 1878, chemical composition- of the new mineral springs a tFrepersbnch, composition of, 1274. - plants, constituents and proper-ties of some, 108. - solvent action of, on zinc, andeffects of drinking water contami-nated with zinc, 878.14.03.Of) 122.- suspencled matter in, 11’7.Waterproof materials, preparation of,Waters, peaty, self-puri6cation of, 781.- potable, prothistological examina-Weeds in soils, 211.Weight of a body, method of correct-ing, for the buoyancy of the atmo-sphere when the volume is unknown,13.Wheat, American, cornposition of, 1404. - chaff, digestibility of, and thechanges which it undergoes by dif-ferent methods of preparation, kc.,77s.379.tion of, 3691560 INDEX OP SUBJECTS.Wheat, continuous cultivation of, a t Wo-- crop, influence of rainfall on, 206. - experiments with, a t Grignon,- germinated, chemical exaniination- Indian, 355, - manuring experiments with, 103. - meal, separation of, from rye- starch, elementary composition of,White iron, decomposition of, by heat,- lead manufacture, 1232.Wine, analyses of, 645. - analysis, 1432. -- chemistry of, 131, 1445.- detection of artificial colourjng-- Bordeaux red in, 370. -- sulphurous anhydride in,-- the colonring matter of- estimation of acetic acid in, by-- alum in, 1077. -- free tartaric acid in, 501. -- magenta and tannin in, 1432. -- sugar in, by Fehling’s solu--- tartaric acid in, 504. -- the dry extract of, 1432. - examination, 131, 501. -_ inferior, improrement of, by addi-tion of tlie husks of superior grapes,938.burn, 482.1883, 1068.of, 1087.meal, 376.284.1444.matters in, 3’70, 502.1440.Campechy wood in, 502.distillation with isteam, 64d.tion, 502.- plastered, 233, 646. -- potassium tartrate in, andestimation of tartaric acid, 372. - reaction of ashes from, 642. - red, manufacture in Germany,130. - reduction of extractive matter byclearing of, 938. - salicylic acid. in, 7’78.- souring of, 646. - Tyrolese, 1883 rintage, extractivematter in, 130. - yeast, cultivated, 1399.Wines and other vegetable and animalproducts, presence of manganese in,879. - clouding and fining of, 233. - free from artificial colouringmatter,presence of arsenic in, 526. - from Anjou, analyses of, 646. - of MQdi.ah, analyses of, 1086. - from Palestine, &c., analyses of,646.Wines from sugar, 1086. - Lorraine, examination of, 131. - preservation of, 130. - testing for free aulphuric acid in,Winter flax, cultivation of, 921.Withania coaplans, “ rennet ” fermentWollastonite, artificial production of,-- from Sardinia, 270.Wood cellulose, manufacture of, 1451.- colour mordants for, 379. - constituents of, 860.- decayed, chemical changes in, 4’77. - elementary composition of certainkinds of, with a calorimetric investi-gation of their combustibility, 477.- products of the dry distillation of,a t low temperatures, ’788.Woody fibre as fodder, 864.- tissues, chemical composition, ofWool-dust, examination of, 637.Wool mashing works, utilisation of theWormseed oil, 1363.-- action of the halo’id acids on,215.from the seeds of, 535.564, 1262.test; for, 118. --285.waste waters from, 783.1363.x.Xanthine, broino-, 467.Xanthoquinic acid, 86.Xenotime from Norway, 1101.Xylene, orthodibromo-, and orthodi-- tetrahydride, from resin essences,Xylenes, 1000. - coal-tar, English and Scotch, 898.- three, in coal-tar, analytical esti-mation of, 1431.Xylic acid, bromo-, 1347.Xylide, aceto-, 737.chloro-, 1000.844.Y.Yarns, bleaching, 1234.Yeast, action of air on, 939. - fermentative strength of, in distil-lery mash, 939. - cells, effect of tlie presence ofcertain organic substances on therespiratory combustion, 857.- influence of alcohol, and eulphuricand salicylic acids on, 476INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1561Yeast, pressed, preparation of, 138. - - utilisation of malt combings- sowing, the favourable tempera-- strong, preparation of, 789. - testing of, 931.Yttrium, presence of, in the spenhe ofin the manufacture of, 790.ture for, 789.Biellese syenite, 158.Z.Zeolites in the dolerites of Chaux-de-Bergonne (Puy-de-DBme), 829. - production of, in the cold, 405.Zephro‘ite, artificial production of, 164.Zinc amalgam, position of, in electro-- arseniferous, purification of, 962. - atomic weight of, 256. - blende f rum Cornwall, Lebanonpotential series, 382.Co., Pa., 266.Zinc, detection and estimation of, in- electrolytical deposition of, 933. - electro-plating, with nickel, 231. - from pyrites residues, 788. - from Sitgor, 1231.. - in drinking water, 697.- iodide, sp. gr. of, 394. - isobutyl, boiling point of, 1117.- salts, beliariour of, with plants andin the soil, 1408. - solvent action of water on andeffects of drinking water contaminatedwith, 878. -- verification of the atomic weightof, 82 5.Zinc-ethyl, action of, on arnines andphosphines, 985.Zincammonium compounds, manufac-ture of, and their technical applica-tion, 1232.presence of iron, 367.Zircon, disintegration of, 821.- from the itacolumite of Edge Hill,Pa., 2’70

ISSN:0368-1769    

DOI:10.1039/CA8844601496

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC