摘要:

AbstractRecent studies have reported that the variable of social categorization per se is sufficient for intergroup discrimination. This paper presents an explanation of these findings in terms of the operation of social comparison processes between groups based on the need for a positive ingroup identity. The relationship between perceived social identity and intergroup comparison is elaborated theoretically, and it is argued that social comparisons give rise to processes of mutual differentiation between groups which can be analyzed as a form of ‘social’ competition. Social competition is distinguished from realistic competition (conflict of group interests). New data is reported which strengthens this interpretation of the ‘minimal’ categorization studies. It is found that minimal intergroup discrimination takes place in the distribution of meaningless ‘points’ as well as monetary rewards and that social categorization per se does not lead to intergroup behaviour where the subjects can act directly in terms of ‘self’. Other studies on intergroup biases are reviewed to argue for the generality of social competition in interg

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPredictions concerning aggression displacement, derived from Miller's conflict model, were investigated under conditions in which subjects' inhibitions about aggressing against an attacker were manipulated. Half of the high‐attacked subjects were placed in a high‐inhibition situation, designed so that strong inhibitory tendencies competed with strong aggressive tendencies; the remaining high‐attacked subjects were placed in a low‐inhibition situation, designed so that weak inhibitory tendencies competed with strong aggressive tendencies. Low‐attacked control subjects also received the inhibition treatment. High‐ and low‐attacked subjects were then confronted with one of four target persons, varying in similarity, toward whom they could aggress with electric shock.As expected, under high inhibition, the target most similar to the attacker received more shocks from high‐attacked subjects than did either the attacker or two less similar targets. Contrary to expectation, the attacker did not receive the most shocks under low inhibition; personality evaluations of the attacker suggested that high‐attacked subjects in substitute target conditions may have been unintentionally angered further by being denied the opportunity for d

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSince independence, the government of India, through various constitutional and legislative measures, has tried to root out the evils of the caste system. In order to study the effect of these measures and of various socioeconomic changes on intercaste attitudes, a study of intercaste attitudes conducted by the author in 1968 is used as a baseline to study the changes over the four‐year period. The responses to the 15 items compared deal with general caste attitudes, attitudes toward special privileges for the scheduled castes and, the caste Hindus' attitudes toward Harijans (former ‘untouchables’). The comparison of the responses to these items in 1968 and 1972 (the follow‐up study) indicates that a higher percentage of respondents gave liberal responses in 1972 than in 1968 to the questions dealing with public and peripheral areas of interaction. However, very little change was found in those spheres of interaction which are relatively personal and central or involve intimate interaction, e.g., the theory of Karma, attitude toward the caste system as such and attitudes toward dining with or acceptance of food from Harijans. The results lend further support to the ‘cognitive imbalance’ theory of atti

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a reconsideration of the achievement‐motivation theory it is assumed that moderate stimulation releases positive affects and very low or high stimulation negative affects. It is further assumed that as far as the achievement‐motivation system is concerned the most stimulating situation is that where the probability of success (Ps) is about .50, the least stimulating that where Psis near 1.00 or .00. The motive to achieve success (Ms) and the motive to avoid failure (Mf) are thought of as moderators of the stimulation provided by a given situation. Ms‐dominated individuals should experience positive affects (moderate stimulation) where Psis about .50 and should therefore engage in such situations. Psnear 1.00 or .00 implies very low stimulation; hence, negative affects should be released, resulting in resistance to such situations. Mf‐dominated individuals should experience negative affects (very high stimulation) where Psis about .50, while they should experience moderate stimulation, and thus positive affects, if at any point, only where Psis either very high or very low. This implies that the relationship between Msstrength, respectively Mfstrength, and degree of engagement should vary from positive to negative, depending on the probability of success in the situation. Results from previous investigations are related to these vie

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have presented two experiments on the processes of normalization (appraisal of an ambiguous stimulus). In the first experiment, pairs of subjects were taken from natural groups whose structure and functioning we had previously studied; the subjects were paired off in terms of (a) sociometric choices which they had put forward and (b) difference in hierarchical position in the ordinary life of the group. In the second experiment a definite image of the other ‘subject’ (an accomplice) was created in the subject such that he appeared very similar or very different to him (in areas in no way connected with the task). Furthermore, in the ‘collective’ phase of the estimation the accomplice replied exactly like the subject or in a way which was remote or very remote from the subject's replies.We did not observe the contrast phenomenon described by some authors, but we were able to show that the patterns of interaction of everyday life, stabilized social relationships or images of the other which are unconnected with the tasks to be performed play a role in the influence that the replies of one subject have on those of another. Apart from differential assimilation we have shown a process of dissimilation, these two phenomena being, in our opinion, rooted in the structures of action of the social agents' lives.Negotiation in influence is rarely something symmetrical, even in situations of normalization where the dissymmetry of everyday life can be transfered. We have shown, too, that in these types of situations the subjects do not always try to minimize conflict since when they are in agreement (there is nothing to negotiate) they can diverge from one another. It can thus be said that subjects are not rational in the usual sense and are quite clearly something different from logicians or statisticians. The explanation which we have outlined shows how notions of social identity, differentiation and otherness are brought in

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY