ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper three experimental studies are reported in which leaders were given a choice between intergroup competition or ‐cooperation under the threat of being deposed or not by their followers.Consistent with our predictions, threatened leaders were more likely to opt for intergroup competition, especially when their group was internally divided and when they had a strong bargaining position. However, they only chose intergroup competition, regardless of their chances of bringing the intergroup conflict to a successful conclusion, when their tenure of power was very precariou

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInvestigated the effect of the verb on inferences in reasoning tasks with conditionals. Subjects were 60 pupils, both male and female, aged 17 to 18 years. Six verbs (buy, have, understand, ignore, hate, avoid) served as independent variables in conditional tasks consisting of two premises. The results which are statistically, highly significant, show an effect due to the verb depending upon the logical form of the task (2Î = 86.1, df= 30). indicate that certain semantic characteristics implicit in verbs determine the way in which a reasoning task is interpreted.A second experiment investigated why verbs differ in this way. Interviews were carried out with subjects using the verbs ‘buy’ and ‘ignore’. It is suggested that implicit meanings acquired through processes of social attribution play an essential role in verbal reasoning. In the present case, such attributions concern the depositional and episodic character of verbs and appear to be responsible for the interpretation of the premises of our tasks. It is concluded that any logical model aiming at an adequate representation of language in reasoning must take these implicit social attributions into

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCompared choices among solutions of problem by individuals andgroups from two populations: 251 university students, aged 18 to 25 years, and 364 trade school students, aged 15 to 18 years. All subjects gave first their solution of Maiers horsetrading problem. Discussing groups were composed of one individual holding the correct answer while other members held each a different wrong solution. In one of the further individual conditions, single subjects were provided with all solutions without comment, and in the other, together with a brief summary of supportive arguments. As predicted, in the population of university students, the proportion of correct answers increases in all experimental conditions (p<.05). No significant difference is observed between individual and group choices. Group members defending the correct answer are more certain of their solution, talk more and are perceived as more confident than supporters of wrong solutions. In groups of trade school students, the reverse is true, and the proportion of correct answers decreases following both discussion (p<.01) and exposure to all solutions (p<.02). In this population, performance improves only when single subjects are provided with written arguments in favour of various solutions (p<.01). Results are analysed in terms of low solution verifiability depending on task, situational, and population factors.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFemale undergraduates, in groups of four, voted several times on appropriate treatment for a delinquent, using an electrical signalling device. Two simulatedgroup members consistently agreed with subjects' initial position. A third simulated member (target) exhibited one of nine response patterns. In six movement conditions (which formed a 2 × 3 design), the target (a) gradually moved a short distance toward or away from modal group opinion and (b) manifested high, medium, or low net agreement with the majority position. In three stable conditions, the target consistently (a) agreed with modal opinion, (b) disagreed, or (c) took a neutralposition. In movement conditions, the target was evaluated significantly more favourably in the toward than in the away condition and in the high agreement than in the medium and low agreement conditions. In stable conditions, the agreeing target was liked significantly better than the neutral and disagreeing targets. The target's response pattern also affected subjects' attributions about the target's motives, communication to the target (in notes interspersed between votes), and opinion change. Results were discussed in terms of previous research dealing with majority reaction to moving and stable attitudinal deviates

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis studv was designed to test hypotheses concerning the influence of sex roles and social status on future orientation (FO). The latter was measured in various categories (spheres of life),on the dimensions of density (number of hopes andfears cited by the subject), extension, and optimism‐pessimism. Also included was a measure of ‘internal vs. external control’ (the subject's assessment as to whether the realization of his hopes and fears is dependent more on himself or more on external factors). Subjects were 100 employed men and women of the lower and middle class. It was found that, in comparison with women, men voiced more hopes/fears in the public sphere (economy, politics, environment) and fewer in the private sphere uamily, occupation, personal development). Men had a more extended FO in the occupational and economic spheres; women, in contrast, in the private sphere. (These results contradicted the assumption of earlier studies that FO is a general orientation, not varying across different domains of life.) Middle‐class (in comparison to lowerclass) persons manifested a, wore extended FO, envisioned the distant future more optimistically, and believed more markedly that the realization of their hopes and fears depended on the

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudied the effect of a normative model (maximization of expected value) upon group and individual choice. 109 MBA students in a Lain square research design chose between two alternatives differing in expected value and in range of outcomes. Group choices were significantly (p<.05) closer to those predicted by the normative model than were individual choices. This difference was not due only to information about the presence and applicability of the normative model but rather it was due to the persuasiveness of the model in a group as a cogent and correct solution to the choice dilemma. Task instructions emphasizing the rewards from risk taking produced significantly more choices (p<.05) of the riskier alternative, particularly by individuals as opposed to groups, than did instructions emphasizing the penalties of risk taking. ‘Risky’ and ‘conservative’ shifts in choice between groups and individuals were explicable through knowledge of the influence of the normative model in individual and group

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDemonstrated in two studies ( N = 64, N = 79) that information about a hypothetical stimulus person that appears to be 3 hold is judged more positively than information that appears to be 45 min old (p<.03, p<.007 respectively). In both instances, the information was received 1½ hago, but by unobtrusively manipulating the speeds of a clock by a factor of two, subjects were led to believe that they received the information either 45 min or 3 hago. The implications of thefindings for theories of attribution and social judgment are pointed out

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY