摘要:

AbstractThe ‘diffusion of responsibility’ hypothesis as an explanation of helping behavior (or lack of same) is qualified by suggesting that the hypothesis applies only in non‐interacting situations. It is hypothesized that interacting groups who are aware of a help‐demanding situation actually focus the responsibility and, therefore, take action as a group more rapidly than will a non‐interacting group. Evidence is gathered in a contrived help‐demanding situation employing a 2 × 3 (sex × condition) in which three conditions — alone, non‐interacting (pseudo) groups, and interacting groups — are used. The evidence substantiates the major hypothesis. Speculation is also presented concerning the relationship of the ‘alone’ condition to the interacting and non‐interacting groups a

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this article we have presented a theoretical outline and a body of empirical work relating to the processes of social differentiation and social originality.If, in a competition, someone else seems to possess a decisive advantage or if mere comparison with this other person constitutes a threat to social identity, there are signs, in given conditions, of a tendency to differentiate oneself from the other, to be different or to do something else, to invent new criteria of being or doing with others or to combine accepted criteria in an original way. In other words, one tends to give proof of originality or, to use a Darwinian metaphor, to occupy ‘vacant places’. Doubtless the strategies described here only apply to certain social systems in which the visibility of the agent is an important social value and in which comparison may pose a threat to that identity. The restoring of identity by way of the search for otherness merits the attention of social psychology.But originality is not necessarily accepted or not necessarily immediately. Innovation may take time, may necessitate the creation of schismatic groups and the waging of battles for recognition, etc.We give a brief account of observations made with regard to groups of children in summer camps, laboratory experiments and the results of surveys in the scientific and artistic communities which fit into our theoretical framework. It will not be difficult for the reader to see that this article is a first step in a direction which, in our eyes, holds out a great deal of prom

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn reaction to the decades of research that tended to assume that social influence is synonymous with conformity, recent work has concentrated on the ability of a minority, by having a system of answers of its own, to influence the majority in the direction of their judgments. A study by Moscovici, Lage and Naffrechoux (1969) demonstrated this phenomenon but found that consistency of response, in the sense of repetition, was necessary for minority influence to be effected. They assumed that repetition was necessary to give the minority judgment the same value as that of the majority and to intensify the conflict that was engendered by the differences in opinion. Our position is that the lack of repetition in that study was construed to mean that the minority did not really have a position in which they were confident. As such, they were discounted. Thus, it is the attribution of consistency and confidence that leads to minority influence, not intensification of the conflict. The present study found that non‐repetitious behavior by a minority could be seen as reflecting consistency and confidence and could lead to minority influence provided the inconsistency was patterned with some property of the stimulus. Such ‘inconsistency’ was perceived as favorable and as effective as any other condition and even more effective than one of the repetitious condi

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA content analysis is reported of child‐rearing manuals published in sixteenth to nineteenth centuries and of the themes of the Don Juan plays in seventeenth to twentieth centuries. The relationship between the content of the manuals and the themes of the plays supports the thesis that child‐rearing patterns advocated in one century are reflected in the next in the attitudes expressed in popular cultural activities towards aggression, achievement and sex ro

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY