摘要:

AbstractIn a preceding article we discussed the links between norm and attitude change: a particular phenomenon in this relation will be developed in the present article. During a group discussion, and in the presence of a consistent confederate defending positions which follow the trend of the norms on the global level of society, subjects tend to polarize their attitudes much more than in control groups. In the opposite situation, we observe a division of the group: a number of subjects are sensitive to the confederate's reactionary positions; these subjects are initially, that is, before the interaction, ‘moderate’. The other subjects, with firmer initial positions, resist the consistent confederate, thus resigning themselves to not reaching the consensus demanded of them by the experimenter, and enduring the conflict resulting from the standstill in the group negotiat

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBoth folklore and much of the social psychological literature suggest that influence and numbers go hand in hand. The more the people espousing a particular position, the more they are presumed to be correct, and the more influence they will exert. Such a contention has received support in the conformity literature (Asch, 1955). However, recent work in minority influence demonstrates that a few people, provided they show particular consistency and confidence, are able to exert influence on a majority. We have hypothesized that such perceptions of consistency and confidence bear an inverse relationship to size of the minority. Combining these two findings, we predicted that, as size of the minority increases, their presumed competence increases but their presumed confidence in their position decreases. We further predicted that a combination of the two perceptions is the best predictor of influence exerted by that minority. These predictions received support in the present study.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious research on visual interaction has indicated that Looking1may serve a number of important functions in social interaction. In particular, the apparent relationship between the timing of Looks and the patterning of speech has led to the suggestion that visual communication serves to regulate the flow of conversation and to synchronise transitions from speaker to speaker. This was tested in the present experiment by comparing face‐to‐face dyadic encounters with similar discussions which took place over an audio intercom link which precluded visual communication. Simultaneous speech, which resulted generally from interruptions, occurred more frequently and for longer in total face‐to‐face than in the audio condition, while the length of utterances and the incidence of speech disturbance were both greater in the audio condition. This pattern of findings was quite different from that predicted, and suggests that the role of visual communication is to allow participants to converse spontaneously and interrupt freely by enabling them to send and receive nonverbal signals which maintain the interaction and prevent the breakdown which interruption might otherwise threaten. Suggestions for testing this interpretation further are o

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRepresentative samples were drawn from particular areas of five countries: New York, U.S.A.; Orani, Italy; Teheran, Iran; Djakarta, Indonesia; and Belgrade, Jugoslavia. Descriptions of behavior ranging from criminal through deviant to nondeviant acts were presented to the respondents who were asked to indicate to which agencies of social control they would refer the act. The social institutions of religion, party politics or education were rarely chosen. All country samples invoked the police and family, but the more industrialized countries also reported to government bureaucracy and the medical system. Less developed countries favored the family and village level of social control. Results were interpreted to suggest that the current view of labelling theory, that all social institutions are agencies of social control, needs to be reassessed. A distinction between socializing institutions and controlling institutions is suggested.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe research investigated the relationship between managerial decision‐making and a set of specified contingent situational factors: decision type, perceived skill requirements and objective skill inputs. The study was based on 663 German and British managers in two interlocking senior management levels of 37 large enterprises. The data were collected by means of Group Feedback Analysis as part of a large study of managerial decision‐making in eight countries.The results show a significant (p =<.05) relationship between the choice of decision styles and the postulated contingency variables. Only 1 % of 615 senior managers consistently use a single decision style, more than two‐thirds use four or five different styles. Very large variations occur as a function of different decision tasks, perceived skill requirements and objective skill availability.There are differences between the relatively well matched samples of German and British managers, but they are less significant than the broadly similar way in which both samples respond to the particular contingencies under investigation.The results are interpreted in the context of an open systems contingency framework. Their action implications are seen to suggest a link with sociotechnical theory on job design and wider issues of organisational and social p

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractArgues that the comparative neglect of the cognitive component and social origins of social attitudes has produced serious inadequacies in social psychology and limited its social relevance. Discusses critically the question of how far social change can be brought about by changing attitudes. The argument is exemplified with reference to the literature on authoritarianism and recent British research on racial prejudice and mass communication. Concludes that the psychology of social attitudes needs to take greater account of the way the production and communication of culture are related to social structure and change.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe role of three subject variables in the mediation of reactance to pro‐ and anti‐LSD messages was investigated: sex, authoritarianism, and suspiciousness that the purpose of the experiment was to study persuasion. No reactance effect occurred reliably either overall or in any subgroup of subjects for the anti‐LSD message which supported the initial views of most subjects (evening‐division undergraduates). In the pro‐LSD case, reactance effects occurred among highly suspicious male subjects only. It was suggested that reactance could be a responce to perceived threat from the experimenter rather than, or as well as the communicator, and that male and female subjects responded to such threat in accordance with their culturally prescri

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY