摘要:

ABSTRACTWhey protein, a high-biological-value protein from milk, is available with and without immunoglobulins. The possibility of providing passive immunization through food is unique to mammals, who receive it through colostrum at birth. Colostrum contains both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive immunoglobulins. Later, the mammals are able to make their own immunoglobulins, but in time of illness that ability may become impaired. Some of the whey proteins contain bovine immunoglobulins, which are similar to human immunoglobulins. This type of whey may be of clinical importance to patients who are immunocompromised. However, all whey proteins are rich in cysteine and glutamate. These serve as precursors of glutathione, a potent antioxidant, which is needed in greater quantities during stress. In this review, the benefits of consuming whey protein with and without immunoglobulins are examined. Characteristics of these products are discussed, and an account is given of supportive studies using the whey containing immunoglobulins in the clinical setting. Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cancer are used as examples. Finally, a guide on use of whey protein is provided.

ISSN:1096-620X    

DOI:10.1089/jmf.2000.3.1

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTRecent epidemiological studies have indicated that intake of grapes and other food products such as red wine derived from grapes may lower incidence of cancer and coronary heart diseases. Grapes and grape extracts, in addition to the traditional nutrients such as sugars and vitamins, are also rich sources of polyphenolic antioxidants. A study was undertaken with the overall objective of evaluating the antioxidant potential of the grape extract Biovin®(Cyvex Nutrition, Inc., Irvine, CA) bothin vitroand in healthy human subjects. A dose-response relationship between the grape extract and its antioxidant potential was observed in thein vitroand in liposome system. Fourteen subjects (7 men and 7 women) were orally given Biovin, 375 mg/day for 4 weeks, followed by a 2-week washout period during which consumption of Biovin was discontinued. Fasting blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the treatment period and at the end of the posttreatment washout period. Serum polyphenols, antioxidants, and biomarkers of oxidation including lipid, protein, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation were measured. Results showed that Biovin polyphenols were well tolerated by the subjects and were absorbed readily. On discontinuation of consumption of the Biovin capsules, serum levels of the polyphenols were depleted rapidly. Consumption of Biovin was also associated with increased serum antioxidant potential and lower protein and LDL oxidation. Levels of other antioxidants measured did not differ with the treatment. Results from this study strongly suggest an important beneficial role for Biovin polyphenols in enhancing the antioxidant capacity of the serum and protecting proteins and LDL cholesterol against oxidative damage. These outcomes can significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and coronary heart diseases

ISSN:1096-620X    

DOI:10.1089/jmf.2000.3.15

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe increased public awareness about herbal products has led to a growth of the botanicals market and attracted the interest of the pharmaceutical industry. The laws that regulate the sale of manufactured herbal products differ between regions and countries of the Western world. The European Union favors the classification of the remedies as medicinal products. However, differences in the interpretation of European law by the Member States have meant that herbal products have been assigned to various sale categories across the European market. The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products is working to introduce changes to achieve harmonization within the market. Canada and Australia have embarked on similar reforms to improve product regulation without imposing undue restrictions on marketing. In these countries, herbal products have been assigned a status that respects their therapeutic role. Changes introduced in the United States of America in 1994 led to a deregulation of the market with herbal products being classified as dietary supplements and excluded from the stricter regulatory requirements applicable to drugs and foods. However, a United States Presidential Commission has advised that a study is needed regarding an alternative system for botanical products that are not used solely as dietary supplements but that cannot meet the requirements applicable for conventional over-the-counter drugs.

ISSN:1096-620X    

DOI:10.1089/jmf.2000.3.23

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTA significant proportion of the general public has the misconception that herbal products are safe because they are of natural origin. Toxicity may arise from inherent properties of the herbal ingredients that result in adverse reactions, which may be serious, or from interactions with conventional drug substances. Toxicity may also be caused by misuse, abuse, and overuse of products and by adulteration of products or misidentification of plants. Regulatory authorities are undertaking to provide a reasonable assurance of efficacy and improved safety of herbal products through monitoring programs and control of herbs that are known to be toxic. Action is taken by the authorities to protect public health when herbal preparations are shown or suspected to cause harm. Case reports of toxicity due to herbal products and actions taken by regulatory authorities are summarized in this article. In the European Union, applicants for marketing authorizations may be required to provide scientific proof of safety and efficacy by reference to bibliographic data, where available. The relevance and credibility of published data needs to be assessed against recommended criteria in order to avoid unnecessary repetition of tests on animals or humans.

ISSN:1096-620X    

DOI:10.1089/jmf.2000.3.41

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe concept of quality in the manufacture of herbal products is directed toward ensuring that the required standard of product is attained through processes that involve good manufacturing practice and quality control. This article reviews the need for quality assurance of herbal products, approaches taken by regulatory authorities in Europe to address this issue, and analytical methods applicable to the evaluation of herbal products. The natural ingredients that are used to prepare herbal products give rise to problems that are not encountered with conventional medicinal products. Quality standards are applied to both starting materials and finished products. Pharmacopoeial monographs, even when not forming part of official compendia, lay down criteria for analytical testing, including materials and methods, test limits, and acceptance ranges for results. Analytical tests are employed to establish the identity of the plant material or of the active principles, the content of active principles or characteristic marker compounds by assay, and the purity of the product by exclusion of specific adulterants or contaminants. Advances in instrumentation and test methods provide the analyst with powerful tools to determine the level of quality. Nevertheless, there still exist limitations to testing because of the complex and variable nature of the herbal ingredients. The standards and requirements for quality of herbal products as applied in the European Union are also intended to provide further assurances on the efficacy and safety of products.

ISSN:1096-620X    

DOI:10.1089/jmf.2000.3.59

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL