摘要:

Current pressures for change to the Milk Marketing Scheme arise from the difficulties of reconciling the activities of the Milk Marketing Boards and the private dairy companies in the United Kingdom with the common organisation of the European Community's milk market. Community legislation to achieve this in 1978 (Regulations (EEC) 1421/78 and 1422/78) has come under increasing attack. The paper discusses the challenges by producer‐retailers and contract processors, the returns from liquid and manufacturing milk, the problems of pricing in the EC framework and current proposals for changing both pricing arrangements and the form of the producers' organisation itsel

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1993.tb00246.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper considers the proposals put forward by the EC at the GATT Uruguay Round in December 1990. The EC's objective of rebalancing the Common Agricultural Policy in the context of a partial liberalisation of agricultural support on the world cereals market is assessed, as is the choice of base year from which liberalisation would have been initiated. The US's proposal for more significant reduction in agricultural support is also considered. The results show that the EC would not necessarily have benefited from rebalancing, since the effects would have depended on the choice of base period. For example, with 1986 (1988) as the base year, net welfare changes would have been 20 (50) percent higher (lower) with rebalancing, relative to the case without. Not surprisingly, the more substantial liberalisation proposed by the US would have resulted in greater net welfare gains even if rebalancing was conceded by the US.

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1993.tb00247.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1993.tb00248.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper develops three commodity models which exhibit chaotic behaviour. The examples chosen are a demand system and two cobweb supply and demand models. The latter differ from the standard forms in that they include risk aversion and a new specification for the formation of price expectations. Simulation of the model highlights three implications of chaos: such systems generate complex time‐paths even if the exogenous variables within the model are held constant; the simulated time path is critically sensitive to the starting value of variables, and parameter values; and the average behaviour of the system is critically sensitive to parameter and exogenous variable values. ‘Critically sensitive’ means that very small changes in parameter or starting values leads to substantial changes in the time paths of the variables in the model. These results suggest that if real commodity sectors can be characterised as chaotic systems, then the ability to conduct forecasting and policy analysis of such sectors will be severely curt

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1993.tb00249.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The economic returns from replanting commercial forests are estimated using an investment model which links physical resource information with economic data, including appropriate monetised values for the major non‐market benefits such as recreation and carbon storage. The area and location of sites in Scotland which are uneconomic, i.e. forests, which if replanted with commercial crops, would fail to achieve the current government target rate of return of 6%, are identified. Depending on the values and assumptions used, between 12% (105,000 ha) and 48% (532,500 ha) of existing forests were found to be uneconomic. Because data on the water resource costs of commercial forests are not available and the higher biodiversity value of natural regeneration could not be included in the opportunity cost of land, these percentages are likely to be lower‐bound estimates. On the grounds of economic efficiency, abandonment to natural regeneration is the most appropriate land use for these sites, but this might be considered undesirable because of land management considerations. Modified grant payments for natural regeneration under the Woodland Grant Scheme to ensure delivery of enhanced non‐market benefits through judicious management and silviculture are suggested. Cautious implementation of this new policy is, however, recommended while further research on the physical suitability of sites for natural regeneration is carried out. More work is also needed to value the non‐use benefits of different fores

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1993.tb00250.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper employs the hedonic regression technique to construct constant‐quality price indices and quality change indices for two agricultural inputs ‐ tractors and fertilisers ‐ over the period since World War II in the UK. The technique is described and related to productivity measurement in order to show its relevance for measuring price changes for inputs subject to technological improvement. Problems of application are discussed with reference to the two inputs. The constant‐quality price indices derived for tractors and fertilisers are briefly compared with available ‘official’

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1993.tb00251.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1993.tb00252.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fertilizer is one of the critical inputs used in improving smallholder food and agricultural productivity in Malaŵi. However, analytical studies to identify factors influencing fertilizer adoption have so far never been conducted in Malaŵi and effects of policy changes relating to fertilizer adoption appear to be assessed subjectively. In this paper, a logit model is employed to identify the main factors influencing fertilizer use in farms surveyed in the Lilongwe Rural Development Project. In descending order, crop, farming system, crop variety, credit access, income from off‐farm employment and regular labour are the main factors influencing fertilizer adoption, thus, policies impinging on these variables would be expected to have most effect on the number of fertilizer adopters, especially wholly subsistence and groundnut cash‐crop farmers most of whom use no fertilizer at pr

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1993.tb00253.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Unlike those flexible functional forms which are local approximations, the ‘Constant Difference of Elasticities’ (CDE) function is globally well‐behaved. Due to its properties and parsimony in the number of parameters, the CDE functional form offers many potential applications. Two empirical applications are presented. First, aggregate CDE input demand functions are specified and estimated econometrically for the feed concentrate markets in Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom. The second empirical application illustrates how a matrix of compensated price elasticities can be obtained with only a priori knowledge of its direct and diagonal elements. The suggested approach exploits some of the properties of the Allen elasticities of substitution associated with the CDE functional

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1993.tb00254.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this paper is to test for price integration in the British‐French markets for lamb in the period after the introduction of the EC sheepmeat regime in 1980. A Holmes‐Hutton rank order procedure is used to determine if price changes in one market cause price changes in the other market and thus define an integrated market. Using weekly price data for the period 1983‐86, the results indicate that the British‐French lamb markets are integrated in that a price change in one market is fully reflected in price changes in the other. However, there is considerable lag time in response to price changes. This may be attributed to less than perfect substitution between the British and French product, to the ex post nature of the clawback provision that existed in the British price support system during the period of analysis, and to informal trade b

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1993.tb00255.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY