ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00372.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The economic impacts of policies to reduce water pollution from agriculture have been explored in a number of studies. A standard assumption in this literature is that farm income support policies are given. However, the modern public choice view of agricultural policy suggests that significant environmental initiatives in agriculture would likely be accompanied by changes in farm income policies to protect those with a significant stake in agriculture. We explore the potential effects of such compensating adjustments on the costs and effectiveness of taxes on polluting chemical inputs in US corn production. We find that compensating farm policy adjustments can greatly increase the costs and reduce the effectiveness of the environmental protection measure. The results also indicate the potentially high costs of poor policy co‐ordinatio

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Current legislation in Great Britain has set up a class of protected land under the designation Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). However, what values are to be protected, and how, are questions largely left unanswered. Areas which are designated as worthy of protection can still be threatened by gradual erosion due to rural development. The designation of a site as being of conservation value requires an agency which enforces protection from development. We highlight the conflicts which have arisen between landowners and conservationists over SSSI management and analyse the role of a conservation agency under alternative environmental philosophies. We show how the values underlying the motive for conservation will affect the environmental management process chosen. This provides contrasting views as to the future for countryside management, and focuses concern on the current trend towards the free market in which trade‐offs based upon the anthropocentric usefulness of nature are fundamenta

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00374.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Non‐point pollutants such as nitrates are difficult to monitor and hence control. This paper considers nitrate abatement policies for the Tyne catchment in northern England. The analysis is based on an aggregate‐level LP model which predicts producers' production decisions and estimates the resulting spatial distribution of nitrogen applications and nitrate emissions. The policy evaluation compares a catchment‐level nitrate emission quota, a catchment‐level nitrogen input quota and nitrogen input quotas targeted at individual land classes as alternative measures to achieve nitrate concentration standards. The results indicate that targeted nitrogen input quotas provide a feasible and relatively efficient abatement policy when a lack of information on individual farms prevents the use of the least cost emiss

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nonpoint pollution from agricultural production continues to force regulators to rethink policies aimed at reducing input sources such as herbicides and fertilisers. This paper considers how a producer's choice of an input strategy defined by application rate or persistence affects input‐use patterns, and consequently, nonpoint pollution. Working within an endogenous risk framework, we explore how input sets with herbicides defined either as self‐insurance or self‐protection are affected by increased risk of herbicide treatment failure. Our results suggest that increased risk will generally decrease both herbicide and fertiliser application rates, resulting in the use of less flexible and less persistent herbicides. In addition, a quantity constraint policy restricting the amount of herbicide applied will decrease the amount of fertiliser ap

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00376.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper we report estimates of the specialisation gains associated with trade in intermediate agricultural and food inputs. A Vertically Integrated Sectors (VIS) modelling approach is employed to compare the levels of factors required to produce imported intermediate inputs domestically with those required to produce the “compensating” exports needed to purchase the imported intermediates. On the basis of the 1979 UK input‐output tables, an average of 10.6 per cent fewer factors would have been required in agriculture and 2.2 per cent fewer in food processing with trade in intermediate inputs than without. The results support the view that the promotion of domestic production of agricultural inputs via import substitution would be c

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00377.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1982/83, due to either economic pressure or profit motivation, 30 per cent of the men in a random sample of 200 smallholder banana‐coffee farms in the Kagera region of Tanzania had adopted a more liberalised division of labour, and engaged in operations and horticultural farm enterprises that traditionally are the responsibility of women. A linear programming model is used to estimate the impact of gender roles on farm incomes and resource productivity among the sample. The results suggest that by liberalising sex roles, cash incomes could increase by up to 10 per cent while the productivity of labour and capital would improve by 15 per cent and 44 per cent respectively. In view of the economic benefits to be reaped, it is recommended that, within the framework of economic adjustment, African governments should launch campaigns to enhance this process because gender roles impair efficienc

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00379.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The paper estimates the impact of milk quotas on the UK economy using a modified SAM‐based Leontief model. Since milk quotas involve the control of gross output as opposed to final demand, it is argued that the traditional form of a Leontief model needs to be adapted so as to make the output of dairy producers exogenous to the system. Modifications to both the demand‐driven and supply‐driven Leontief model are suggested thus allowing the estimation of both the backward and forward linkage effects of quotas. The results suggest that, in total, the backward linkage effects of milk quotas are more significant than the forward linkage effects, with the magnitude of the latter constrained by the pattern of milk marketing. Taking both types of linkages into account, it is estimated that the potential 3 per cent further reduction in quota levels being discussed in the context of CAP reform threatens a total of 11,000 jobs in the ec

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00380.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Legislation emanating from the European Community is establishing pressures to take action to reduce the level of nitrates in water, and the principles established towards environmental management indicate an emphasis on prevention rather than treatment. This paper analyses three possible approaches by means of controls on fertilisers, on nitrate leaching and on land use. These are incorporated into a linear programming model of a catchment in Cambridgeshire. The results indicate the superior cost‐effectiveness of controls over leaching and the severe impact which taxes would have on farm incomes. A system of permits on land use is found to be relatively cost‐effective and to offer an administratively feasible alternat

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY