ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20056

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20054

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe complexities of neurobehavioral assessment of the fetus, which can be neither directly viewed nor manipulated, cannot be understated. Impetus to develop methods for measuring fetal neurobehavioral development has been provided by the recognition that individual differences in neurobehavioral functioning do not originate with birth and acceptance of the key contribution of the antenatal period to postnatal life. Research has centered around four aspects of fetal functioning: heart rate, motor activity, behavioral state, and responsivity to stimulation. Longitudinal studies have revealed that the developmental trajectories of these characteristics parallel the developing nervous system, detected a transitional period between 28 and 32 weeks gestation, and established within‐fetal stability during the second half of gestation. Despite the promise of fetal stimulation and habituation paradigms as measures of neural functioning, significant safety and ethical concerns exist. Construction of a unified fetal neurobehavioral scale is premature until a sufficient degree of normative data is available and the predictive validity of specific aspects of fetal neurobehavior to child developmental outcomes is better established. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20047

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis review provides an overview and definition of the concept of neurobehavior in human development. Two neurobehavioral assessments used by the authors in current fetal and infant research are discussed: the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Assessment Scale and the Fetal Neurobehavior Coding System. This review will present how the two assessments attempt to measure similar processes from pre to post‐natal life by examining three main components of neurobehavior: neurological, behavioral and stress/reactivity measures. Assessment descriptions, strengths and weaknesses, as well as cautions and limitations are provided. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:1

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20058

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNeuromaturation is the functional development of the central nervous system (CNS). It is by its very nature a dynamic process, a continuous interaction between the genome and first the intrauterine environment, then the extrauterine environment. Understanding neuromaturation and being able to measure it is fundamental to infant neurodevelopmental assessment. Fetal and preterm neuromaturation has become easier to observe with the advent of prenatal ultrasonography and neonatal intensive care units. A number of measures of degree of fetal maturation have been developed and used to estimate gestational age (GA) at birth. The most reliable measures of GA are prenatal measures, especially from the first trimester. Postnatal GA measurements tend to be least accurate at the extremes of gestation, that is, in extremely preterm and post‐term infants. Observations of measures of neuromaturation in infants born to mothers with pregnancy complications, including intrauterine growth restriction, multiple gestation, and chronic hypertension, have led to the discovery that stressed pregnancies may accelerate fetal pulmonary and CNS maturation. This acceleration of neuromaturation does not occur before 30 weeks' gestation and has a cost with respect to cognitive limitations manifested in childhood. The ability to measure fetal and preterm neuromaturation provides an assessment of neurodevelopmental progress that can be used to reassure parents or identify at risk infants who would benefit from limited comprehensive follow‐up and early intervention services. In addition, measures of neuromaturation have the potential to provide insight into mechanisms of CNS injury and recovery, much‐needed early feedback in intervention or treatment trials and a measure of early CNS function for research into the relationships between CNS structure and function. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20059

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Amiel‐Tison Neurological Assessment at Term (ATNAT) is part of a set of three different instruments based on a neuro‐maturative framework. By sharing a same methodology and a similar scoring system, the use of these three assessments prevents any rupture in the course of high risk children follow‐up from 32 weeks post‐conception to 6 years of age. The ATNAT which takes 5 minutes to administer may be used in clinical setting as well as in research. Clustering of severe to mild neuro‐cranial signs in the neonatal period permits identification of children who could benefit from early intervention. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20049

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn an ideal world, each neonate should have a comprehensive neurological examination but in practice this is often difficult. In this review we will describe what a routine neurological evaluation in the full‐term neonate should consist of and how the Dubowitz examination is performed. The examination has been used for over 20 years and can be easily performed in a short time as the recording sheet provides simple instructions together with simple diagrams to make the recording and the scoring easier. We will also indicate how the examination can be used to identify infants with neurological abnormalities, describing clinical signs which can help to differentiate infants with peripheral neuromuscular disorders from those with central nervous system involvement. The correlation between clinical and imaging findings in infants with neonatal brain lesions will also be reported. Finally we will briefly describe how and when to apply an optimality scoring system in a research setting. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:5

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20048

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGeneral movements (GMs) are part of the spontaneous movement repertoire and are present from early fetal life onwards until the end of the first half a year of life. GMs are complex, occur frequently, and last long enough to be observed properly. They involve the whole body in a variable sequence of arm, leg, neck, and trunk movements. They wax and wane in intensity, force and speed, and they have a gradual beginning and end. Rotations along the axis of the limbs and slight changes in the direction of movements make them fluent and elegant and create the impression of complexity and variability. If the nervous system is impaired, GMs loose their complex and variable character and become monotonous and poor. Two specific abnormal GM patterns reliably predict later cerebral palsy: 1) a persistent pattern of cramped‐synchronized GMs. The movements appear rigid and lack the normal smooth and fluent character. Limb and trunk muscles contract and relax almost simultaneously. 2) The absence of GMs of fidgety character. So‐called fidgety movements are small movements of moderate speed with variable acceleration of neck, trunk, and limbs in all directions. Normally, they are the predominant movement pattern in an awake infant at 3 to 5 months. Beside a sensitivity and specificity of 95% each, the assessment of GMs is quick, noninvasive, even nonintrusive, and cost‐effective compared with other techniques, e.g., magnetic resonance imaging, brain ultrasound, and traditional neurological examination. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20051

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNeonatal neurobehavioral assessments describe a newborn's spontaneous behavioural repertoire and observable responses to environmental stimuli. Infant developmental assessments document the range of developmental skills that emerge and develop over the first years of life. This review highlights two neonatal assessments (Einstein Neonatal Neurobehavioral Assessment Scale, Neurobehavioral Assessment of the Preterm Infant) and two infant assessments (Alberta Infant Motor Scale, Test of Infant Motor Performance). A general description of these tests is followed by their content and psychometric properties. These standardized tests of neurologic integrity are useful in characterizing current developmental status and in monitoring change in performance over time. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:68

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20052

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe development of feeding and swallowing is the result of a complex interface between the developing nervous system, various physiological systems, and the environment. The purpose of this article is to review the neurobiology, development, and assessment of feeding and swallowing during early infancy. In recent years, there have been exciting advances in our understanding of the physiology and neurological control of feeding and swallowing. These advances may prove useful in furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology of dysphagia in infancy. Progress in developing standardized, reliable, and valid measures of oral sensorimotor and swallowing function in infancy has been slow. However, there have been significant advances in the instrumental analysis of feeding and swallowing disorders in infancy, including manometric analyses of sucking and swallowing, measures of respiration during feeding, videofluoroscopic swallow evaluations, ultrasonography, and flexible endoscopic examination of swallowing. Further efforts are needed to develop clinical evaluative measures of dysphagia in infancy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:74

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20055

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY