摘要:

The article first considers the various senses of the terms “litera ture” and “work of literature,” as these terms are employed by the contemporary reader. Four major senses are distinguished:(a) “literature” by form, referring to specific formal textual features;(b) “literature” by value, referring to complex textual qualities or effects considered valuable by the reader;(c) “literature” by status, referring to a special cognitive and illocutionary status of the text, i.e. “fictionality;”(d) “literature” by reception, referring to a special mode of reception of the text.The article then discusses in detail the nature of (a) through (d), and the various subdivisions of each, and proposes sets of rules governing the actual employment of the term “literature” in each case. It goes on to discuss the interrelations between these different sets of rules, and concludes with a description of several borderline cases of “literature” and the role

ISSN:0105-7510    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0730.1976.tb00512.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Arnims in der Reformationszeit angesiedelte Novelle ‘Die Kirchenordnungg’ (1821) enthät eine Fülle von Anspielungen auf innerkirchliche, konfessionelle und politische Konflikte der Jahre um 1820 und stellt somit ein wichtiges Beispiel für die zeitkritische Novellistik des späten Arnim dar. Ein Vergleich mit zeitgenössischen Quellen, die sich ebenfalls mit den Problemen der preuβischen Kirchenordnung, der Wiedervereinigung der Kirchen und des Kirchenübertritts befassen, ergibt, daβ Arnim in dieser Erzählung ähnlich wie in den ‘Metamorphosen der Gesellschaftg’ (1826) die auf politischem wie auf religiösem Gebiet vielfach hervortretende Unduldsamkeit seiner Zeitgenossen kritisiert. Der Entwicklungsgang seiner Hauptfiguren soll konstruktive Haltungen aufzeigen, welche zur Beilegung der Spannunge

ISSN:0105-7510    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0730.1976.tb00513.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mme. de Staël'sDe L'Allemagne, long recognized as a major intermediary between France and Germany, provided much real illumination, but was also in some respects misleading, notably in Mme. de Staël's presentation of the Storm&Stress as German Romanticism. Her treatment of German prose fiction clearly reveals her preference for the Storm&Stress and her disregard of the Romantics. This bias is due not to her ignorance but to a complex of outer and inner factors such as the political intent ofDe L'Allemagne, Mme. de Staël's working methods, her language problems and her own personality and prejudices. As her view of Germany and German literature was accepted for much of the nineteenth century, her substitution of the Storm&Stress for Romanticism had far‐reaching consequences: it led to a longlasting neglect of theFrühromantikerwho were not appreciated in France until the Symbolist p

ISSN:0105-7510    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0730.1976.tb00514.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The function of language‐writing, language and philosophy, language and action‐became a significant theme within romantic writing in general. More particulary Musset'sFantasioand Vigny'sChattertonoffer apparently divergent “ethics of language.” Fantasio uses speech, with its rhetoric and pseudo‐philosophy, as a self‐conscious, self‐contained means of entertainment whereas Chatterton, in despair of attaining communicable knowledge, prefers silent meditation. Words, spoken rather written, become for Fantasio a perpetually renewed means of escape from metaphysical thought and action. For Vigny a disequilibrium of philosophical and poetic values leads to a negation of words and communication, that is to silence. Whereas Musset considers words as substitutes for action, Vigny conceives of writing as an activity sufficient in itself and of literary works as monuments to a writer's achievement, hence subscribing to a “new critical” view of texts. the metaphysical uncertainties of the romantic writers are intimately reflected in the uncertainties of romantic writing, of the value of words as communication or entertainment and as

ISSN:0105-7510    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0730.1976.tb00515.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Roman mauriacien modèle,Le Noeud de vipèresest aussi une étude sur les destinations d'un récit et sur leurs conséquences. Incapable de s'exprimer autrement que par l'écriture, Louis, le protagoniste, compose un texte qui prend tour à tour les allures d'un réquisitoire, d'une confession, d'une recherche. Mais tout en l'écrivant, le héros ne sait au juste à qui l'adresser et il change à plusieurs reprises de destinataire. Son discours ne va pas sans se nourrir de ce va‐et‐vient perpétuel entre différentes destinations possibles: he texte de lettre devient journal puis tend à prendre la forme d'une histoire, d'un simple récit. De plus, he ton adopté, les situations présentées, les détails rapportés varient selon le lecteur envisagé. Surtout, les hésitations de Louis quand à son destinataire illuminent le chemin qui mène à la conclusion du roman: désespérant de trouver un lecteur humain qui le comprenne, Louis finit par se rendre compte que Dieu seul peut dépasser les apparences et lire en lui la vérité. Mais Dieu lit au‐delà d'un texte, Dieu n'a pas besoin de texte. Louis peut s'arrêter d'écrire. II meurt. Mais c'est pour rena

ISSN:0105-7510    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0730.1976.tb00516.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY