摘要:

The words ‘strength of performance’ are often used in discussing schemes of examination assessment. However, they are seldom defined further. Here we contrast and compare two distinct notions of strength of performance, the relative and the absolute. Both notions are discussed in terms of a multi‐attribute value theoretic (additive conjoint) approach to examination asses

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00841.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Tversky and Kahneman's demonstrations of people's inability to handle probabilities are examined in detail. The inherent ambiguity in the concept of probability and the rules of conversational logic are used to justify subjects' apparent fallacies. Moreover even in the framework of mathematical probability some of Tversky and Kahneman's subjects' behaviour is defended. The relevance of mathematical probability to everyday decisions is seen as being open to question. Conceptualizing a problem sensibly is held to be more important than having beliefs which are demonstrably consistent with a quantitative probabilistic model. The conceptualization should have regard to the sense in which probability is being used, how different possibilities should be categorized and the reliability of the presented information.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00842.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A linear model for estimating the size of a closed population is developed that will accommodate both dependent samples and heterogeneity of capture in multiple recapture sampling studies. Model parameters are estimated under exact and stochastic linear constraints and a Wald statistic is defined for evaluating constraints on model parameters and subpopulation sizes. Applications to survey research and experimental psychology are discussed.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00843.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Social interaction data record the intensity of the relationship, or frequency of interaction, between two individual actors. Recent methods for analysing such data have treated these relational variables as continuous. A more appropriate method, described here, views these dyadic interactions as variables in multidimensional discrete cross‐classified arrays, thus permitting analysis by log‐linear models.These methods extend previous approaches to social interaction data, which were limited to binary relations, by focusing on discrete‐valued relations. Dyadic interactions, measured for a single discrete relational variable, are modelled stochastically using tendencies towards expansiveness (actor‐effects), popularity (partner‐effects) and reciprocity. Actor‐characteristic variables may be used to group actors into a substantive partition, thus simplifying the analysis and subsequent inte

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00844.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The advantage of the Bishop–Dudewicz ANOVA procedure is that, without assuming equal variances, the experimenter can guarantee that the Type I and Type II error probabilities areexactlyequal to α and β respectively. Because unequal variances are known to affect both Type I and Type II errors, their procedure can be important in practice. However, to use their procedure, the experimenter must determine the constant, sayd, such that Pr[Σ(Tj–T̄+(μj–μ)/√d)2≥c] = 1 – β, where theTjs areJindependent Student'strandom variables, each having ν degrees of freedom,cis the critical value used in the Bishop–Dudewicz procedure, μ = Σμj/J, and the μjs are the means ofJindependent normal random variables. Bishop&Dudewicz proposed a method of approximatingd, but for many researchers and students, the procedure is inconvenient to the point that few would apply it. This brief note proposes and examines two simple approximations tod. One of these, which is based on a new approximation of the non‐null distribution, appear

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00845.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Attention is focused on the estimation of the KR20 reliability coefficient when data are incomplete. In terms of point estimate, it is found that the analysis of variance procedure (Henderson's Method 1) would be most suitable among the three techniques studied. Confidence coefficients are provided for the KR20 when data are incomplete.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00846.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Colman (1984) has proposed a new justification for studying the weak Borda effect. He argues that it represents the violation by the plurality procedure of the weak dominance axiom. Weak dominance is a condition which some social choice theorists consider that a fair and reasonable collective choice procedure should satisfy. However, there are fundamental difficulties associated with this new position. The criterion defined by Colman as underlying the weak Borda effect differs considerably from the weak dominance axiom. It is also inconsistent with the definition of the weak Borda effect itself. Moreover, it can be argued that the criterion underlying the weak Borda effect is in fact an unreasonably severe standard. It confounds an undesirable requirement (that only tied winners should be permitted when there is a cyclical majority) with a desirable requirement (the Condorcet criterion). Thus, only social choice procedures with a tendency to produce indecisive outcomes can satisfy the criterion. Other problems with the approach are pointed out. It is concluded that the weak Borda effect is of little relevance to social choice theory.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00847.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A number of misleading statements and errors in Gillett's paper are identified, and the points at issue are briefly discussed. A computational error in Colman's earlier paper is acknowledged.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00848.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A long history of restriction of range research has developed in the psychometric literature under the assumption of strict truncation. A conceptualization of the general problem of non‐random sampling is proposed leading to a model of which both restriction of range and Berkson's Fallacy (Berkson, 1946) are special cases. Cast in the framework of unequal sampling probabilities operating separately on the variables of interest, two major forms of the model are investigated: an additive and an interactive (multiplicative) form. The influence of unequal selection probabilities on population values of the bivariate normal correlation (ρ) is described and findings from other research on restriction of range are shown to be special cases of these results. Implications for inferences from data and evaluation of research designs are discuss

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00849.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents an illustration of the complementary use of the algebraic and the ‘information processing’ points of view in the domain of experts' choice. Our main proposition, supported by experimental results, is that the decision process itself can be represented by an algebraic rule. A systematization of this approach leads to the general notion of choice polynomials. Such polynomials are able to translate into mathematical terms psychological hypotheses and/or observations. They also give a new insight into the nature of the so‐called lexicographical

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00850.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY